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Nenets Autonomous Okrug region. The main thing about the region The main people of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Nenets Autonomous Okrug

This area of ​​European Russia is the northeastern end of the NWFD. NAO is a subject of this district, but is also part of. On the western border, it borders on the rest of it, on the south - with, on the east - with. In the north, the NAO is surrounded by islands, also belonging to the Arkhangelsk region.

This patch is called "the most sparsely populated place in Russia."

One of the northernmost corners of our Motherland began to be settled by people as early as the 8th millennium BC. An unknown people inhabited this territory until the 10th century BC. In the Iron Age, the first reindeer herders came here. Their ethnicity has also not been established. Only in the 5th century AD, the Sirtya people appeared on the scene. This was the name of the clans of the Nenets, who migrated here in the 8th century. The Russians called Sirtya the word "pechera" - in honor of the river of the same name.

Pechera in the 9th century already paid tribute to Rus'. This was during the time of her cohabitation with the Nenets. About the mysterious disappeared nation, only what the Nenets themselves told us in their legends is known. It is as if the Sirts have dissolved in the Samoyed invaders, who densely populated the regions of polar Europe adjacent to Asia ... The Nenets themselves also came from Siberia - they are a kindred people for the same Samoyeds (they speak the same language with them, have a common folklore). The Nenets and Samoyeds occupy the largest (after the Finno-Ugric) territory in the world - from the Gulf of Ob (and north of it to the Yenisei) in the east to the Onega River in the west. In relation to the south-north, this language group occupies the zone of the subpolar taiga and the tundra located to the north of it.

The Nenets and Samoyeds entered Russian history under the name Samoyeds. The Nenets and Samoyeds themselves called themselves "neneynits" - "a real man." Therefore, already in Soviet times, the population of the present NAO was called "Nenets". It was only in the 13th-15th centuries that the Novgorod Republic succeeded in finally conquering the non-neinits. After Novgorod went to Moscow (in 1478), the Nenets became part of the Muscovite state.

In the very early XVI century, Prince Semyon Kurbsky (voivode, who began his service under Ivan III) organized a paramilitary expedition to Pechora and laid the administrative center here - Pustozersk (now it does not exist). After 200 years, Pomors appeared here (specifically, on the Kaninsky Peninsula) - the descendants of the "Arctic" colonists from the Novgorod Land. Further history the region is a joint biography of these disappearing peoples.

Since the 19th century, their land has been part of the Mezen and Pechersk districts of the Arkhangelsk province. In Soviet times, permanent settlements appeared here. One of them is the former settlement of Beloshchelsky, the center of the Northern Shipping Company. Later it became the village of Telvisochny, and in 1932 it turned into the working settlement of Naryan-Mar. Here the heads of the so-called tundra councils gathered - electoral districts of the land that was not built up with villages, now called the Zapolyarny municipal district. On the contrary, Naryan-Mar developed as a city (now it is an urban district that has subjugated hundreds of kilometers of the south). Not a single war came here. In this city and its environs, wood has been sawn for more than a century - a sawmill at the mouth of the Pechora was built in 1892 (and the idea itself arose even after the Kruzenshtern expedition - in the 1860s).

Today, this part of European Russia is a land controlled by various bodies of the government of the Arkhangelsk region. It consists of the 1st urban district and the 1st municipal district.

Relief and climate Nenets Autonomous Okrug

This section of the Arkhangelsk region is its eastern half. It is located on the coast of the White Sea, occupying the territory from the Cheshskaya Bay to the Baydaratskaya Bay.

The relief and climate of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is typical for the entire polar north of our country. The weather here is subarctic, turning on the coast into temperate maritime. The relief is predominantly flat - only the Pai Khaoi Ridge and the Timan Ridge protrude. Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra are swampy.

The relief and climate of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug explain the specifics of the local natural conditions. In January, the average temperature ranges from minus 3 degrees on the shores of the White Sea to minus 22 degrees in the southeast. The maximum temperature can be minus 31 degrees. In July, the normative indicator is 8 degrees of heat on the coast and 16 degrees in the southeast. Precipitation is only 350 mm. in year. For these places, polar day and night, as well as permafrost, are considered normal.

The special relief and climate of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug explain the birth of three vegetation zones. Only 8% of the southwest lies on the territory of continuous forest (taiga). 15.5% of this corner of Russia is forest-tundra (where rare pines and dwarf birches turn into shrubs in the north). 76.5% of the region is solid tundra (frozen soil where only grass, moss and lichen grow). In its southern subzone, one can still find dwarf birch, wild rosemary and northern juniper. But in the Malozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya parts, only grass grows. Only at the extremity of small (facing to the sea) mountains there are thickets of shrubs, and to the south - dwarf birch.

As a result, the urban district of Naryan-Mar, surrounded by taiga forest, is better populated.

Roads - Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The region communicates with the Vaigach and Big Earth the rest of the NWFD (by water).

The roads of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug are two road directions. The first connects Ukhta and Usinsk (cities of the Komi Republic) with the Nenets river Kharayakha. The second highway is of local importance - from the center of Naryan-Mar it leads the traveler to the Shapkina River. It is called the Laya-Vozhskaya road and passes through all the settlements to the southeast of Naryan-Mar - from the Village of Seekers to the distant camp of geologists (near the Shapkin River).

The remaining roads of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug are the so-called winter roads (strips of snow compacted and plundered by graders). They are preserved only at sub-zero temperatures.

Tundra Nenets (Khasova) are able to move along animal paths on reindeer teams (they breed huge herds of deer here).

The winter roads of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug connect all corners of the Okrug inhabited by the settled population with Naryan-Mar. They can also be used to get to the more southern lands - the regions of the Komi Republic. But Naryanmar residents fly to the tundra and to the east, for the most part, on small planes or helicopters.

Naryan-Mar is a river port. From here, along the Pechora River, you can go to the White Sea (only in rare navigable months). Frozen crossings serve as bridges across reservoirs for residents of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. These are artificially "poured" strips of additional ice.

The capital has an airport designed for small aircraft. From the Naryan-Mar terminal you can fly to Ukhta or Arkhangelsk (sometimes even to St. Petersburg, Murmansk and Moscow). And in good weather it is possible to get to any place in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug by local planes and helicopters.

Leisure - Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The spheres of tourism inherent in this region are extreme and local history. On the territory of the district, a person learns his countless abilities related to survival in the conditions of the Far North, and also gets acquainted with the culture of the original local population.

Rest in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is, first of all, a dynamically developing extreme direction called Arctic tourism. Its development is the merit of recognized Russian schools of survival. Snowmobile and dog sled tours are just one of the offerings.

Local history recreation in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is organized by a certain number of tour operators that directly cooperate with local governments. The direction is associated with a visit to 10 protected protected areas, where the ancient economic structure of the Nenets has been preserved, as well as the cultural institutions of Naryan-Mar. This list includes 16 museums (2 state ones), as well as dozens of traveling exhibitions that immerse guests of the Russian north into the world of Nenets crafts. Among the listed establishments, three are the most popular with group tourists - the district museum of local lore, the Ethnocultural Center of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and an exposition dedicated to the life of the Pomeranian population.

It remains to be added that recreation in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is also summer rafting on numerous rivers (16 port points on various reservoirs of the Okrug are at the service of watermen), fishing for a variety of local fish, as well as hunting for northern animals that have long disappeared in more southern regions of our country.

In the future, the Committee for Tourism of the Arkhangelsk Region is to continue organizing seasonal car races "Naryan-Mar - Ukhta" on difficult winter roads.

Outdoor recreation in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Leisure in various recreations of this administrative unit, located more than 1500 km. from Moscow, can be anyone. Outdoor recreation in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is associated with organized tours to reindeer herders' nomad camps (an expensive pleasure regarding helicopter travel), and even independent trips to the reserves of a distant Russian province.

4 specially protected natural areas(Vaigach Island, Nizhne-Pechorsky, Shoinsky and Pustozersky nature reserves) can only be accessed with the help of special vehicles. The reserves "More Yu", "Canyon Big Gate", "Stone City", "Pym-Va-Shor" work by prior arrangement with guides who gather groups.

As mentioned, outdoor recreation in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug can be arranged on your own. The most accessible for an ordinary tourist is the Nenets national park. In fact, the conversation is about 2 autonomous protected areas - natural and zoological reserves. This is a characteristic section of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra, located in the middle reaches of the river with the mysterious name More-Yu. The "business card" of the location is a relic spruce woodland and rare inhabitants of the northern tundra. In the height of summer, you can camp here with tents - it is quite picturesque on the Seashore. Do not just forget about the terrible insects and the peculiarities of temperature fluctuations.

Thinking about outdoor recreation in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, you should know that in summer it is more convenient to travel here by small water transport (rivers and bays are freed from ice), and in winter - by car with winter tires (driving on winter roads). The Ministry of Emergency Situations does not recommend citizens to go along the winter road in conditions of poor visibility - it is quite easy to lose its edge and drive into the wilds.

Tourism - Nenets Autonomous Okrug

As you know, tourism in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is primarily organized tours of water ("summer") and winter ("Arctic") extreme sports.

Rafting expeditions begin at the end of June, when the water on the rivers has already warmed up enough to not catch a cold if you fall into it. Kayakers use such water "highways" as the Pechora, its 3 channels, Kuya and Gorodetskaya (the latter is convenient because it crosses the urban district itself). After all, they all pass near Naryan-Mar and the local "road of life" - the Naryan-Mar highway - the Shapkina River. The Shapkina River itself is navigable for boats and rafts, but to swim far along it means dangerously alienating yourself from civilization and risking being in the middle of unexplored swamps.

"Arctic" tourism in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is attractive for fans of snowmobiles, as well as dog and reindeer teams. As for the last two types of transport, tour operators, together with the local population, make traveling on them a completely affordable tourist product. On different segments of the mini-winter roads, participants in the races (sometimes they have the form of competitions) are waiting for wintering huts. However, between these travelers, the Arctic wanderer can only rely on himself. In his backpack, he should have only the most necessary - that which can save his life in an emergency.

Tourism in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug can be limited for cautious people to a trip only around the urban district of Naryan-Mar. However, here you can find interesting places for yourself - see ancient architecture, climb caves, take a walk for mushrooms between the swampy lakes Solovyovskoe, Bezymyannoye and Molodezhnoye. In bad weather, a traveler can always hide here in the southern outlying villages.

Hunting and fishing - Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Fishing in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Good fishing in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is possible everywhere. The most attractive for anglers are the wide mouths of large rivers and their large tributaries - Pechora (lower reaches 220 kilometers long, has several channels), Vizhas, Oma, Sheaf, Pesha, Volonga, Indiga, Chernaya and More-Yu. Reservoirs passing through the ridges are sometimes rapids. The duration of freeze-up is from 7 to 8 months. The ice has the greatest thickness of 1.2 meters. In these rivers, fans of northern travels can catch grayling, salmon, and whitefish. It will not do, of course, without pike and perch.

Fishing in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is associated with numerous lakes, always connected by deep eriks. The most significant of these reservoirs are Golodnaya Guba, Gorodetskoye, Varsh and Nes. Some lakes are systems. These include Vashutkinskoye, Urdyugskoye, Indigskoye and many others. Here the fishermen go to hunt for omul and nelma.

It should be borne in mind that fishing in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is also an exit to the mouth of the Pechora - to the nearest bay of the White Sea. And here you can already catch simply giant representatives of the ichthyofauna - whitefish, navaga, huge cod. There are also herring, salmon and catfish.

It makes no sense to limit fishing activities here - there are almost no people in the area. Tourists are also rare guests. In general, nature still dominates in this patch of the East European Plain. Only a small part of it is protected from a person. However, several fish are still listed in the local Red Book. This list includes nelma, river eel, whitefish, common sculpin, as well as all types of whales and minke whales.

Hunting in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Hunting in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is an exciting activity that can be done all year round (it is worth remembering who and when you can hunt, as well as studying local rules).

Commercial hunting in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is limited to 7 hunting bases. As for hunting farms, there are also less than 10 of them in the district.

in the east Nenets Okrug there is a place called by scientists "an earthly paradise for birds." Birds come here every spring from all nearby regions. All flying wanderers are drawn to the river Yabtoyakha, familiar from adolescence (in Nenets, this expression means “goose river”). Everyone who came here is still shocked by the quantity and variety of waterfowl on its hospitable shores. The “king” of local birds is the wild goose, which is respected by hunters. The nearby village - Karatayka - can shelter hunters for several days.

Hunting in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug prohibits the hunting of several species of land mammals and birds listed in the local Red Book. These are brown earflaps, Brandt's night bat, flying squirrel and polar bear, as well as big bittern, white gull, all representatives of hawks and ducks, gray shrike, peregrine falcon, red-footed falcon, hobby falcon, gyrfalcon and all breeds of owls and hoards. Of the loons, only the white-billed loon is a rare animal.

Wild reindeer is allowed to be shot only from October 1 to the end of February. Other ungulates can be hunted from 20 August to the end of January. They go out to bear only after receiving a huntsman's briefing - from mid-August to the end of February. Various furs are available here from July to February (hare - from September 25 to the end of February). Production is strictly limited. Forest game is a rarity, and tundra - swamp-meadow - can be shot from August to November.

Nenets Autonomous Okrug- a subject of the Federation in the north-east of the European part of Russia. The district is located on the northeastern outskirts of the East European Plain. The relief of the territory is mostly flat; the Timan Ridge and the Pai-Khoi Ridge stand out, between which the swampy Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundras are located.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug, being an independent subject of the federation within the Northwestern Federal District, is part of the Arkhangelsk Oblast. The administrative center is the city of Naryan-Mar.

The territory of the region is 176,810 km2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) is 43,937 people.

Surface water resources

The territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to the basin of the Arctic Ocean, most of it belongs to the basin of the Barents and Pechora Seas, the extreme West Side- the White Sea basin, the extreme eastern one - the Kara Sea basin.

The river network of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is represented by 1854 rivers with a total length of 47,144 km (the density of the river network is 0.27 km / km 2), most of which belong to small rivers and streams. The rivers of the Autonomous Okrug are predominantly of ranvin character. They are characterized by a mixed diet with a predominance of snow (up to 75%). The rivers of the region belong to the Eastern European type of water regime, they are characterized by spring floods with a sharp rise in water level, summer-autumn low water, occasionally interrupted by rain floods, and low winter low water. The duration of freeze-up on the rivers of the Autonomous Okrug is 7-8 months, many rivers freeze in winter. The lower parts of the Pechora, Kara and Korotaikha basins, as well as a number of medium and small rivers flowing into the Barents and Kara Seas, are located on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Also, the largest rivers, partially or completely flowing through the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, are the tributaries of the Pechora of the first and second order - Sula, as well as Adzva and Kolva (tributaries of the river Usa). Among the regions of the federal district, the Nenets Autonomous District occupies the last place in terms of the density of the river network.

The area and number of lakes and artificial reservoirs, swamps and wetlands are not constant, they depend on natural (water regime, climatic phenomena, swamping, etc.) and anthropogenic (drainage of territories, etc.) factors.

Groundwater resources

Functions for the provision of public services and the management of federal property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Department of Water Resources of the Dvinsko-Pechora BVU for the Arkhangelsk Region and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Powers in the field of water relations transferred to the subjects Russian Federation, functions for the provision of public services and the management of regional property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Department natural resources, ecology and agro-industrial complex of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

On the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, Government program"Security environment, reproduction and use of natural resources”, aimed at the protection and rational use of water bodies, ensuring the protection of the population and economic facilities from the negative impact of water and solving other problems.

In preparing the material, data from the State reports "On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the state and use of water resources of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the state and use of land in the Russian Federation in 2015", “On the state of the environment in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 2015”, collection “Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2016". In the ratings of regions by surface and underground water resources indicators of cities of federal significance are not taken into account -

The most sparsely populated region of the country, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, is located in the northwest of its Eastern European part. You can get an idea about the district, consider its borders, cities and other objects using a satellite map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The lands between the Pechora and the Ugra are mentioned in chronicles belonging to the 9th-10th centuries. The indigenous population (Nenets) moved here from the banks of the Ob, but after some time passed into the control of the Novgorod princes, who constantly collected tribute from the northern regions.

If you look at the map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug with diagrams, it becomes clear that most of the land is located in the Arctic. The county shares borders with:

  • Arkhangelsk region;
  • Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug;
  • Republic of Komi.

The district owns several islands and peninsulas. The most northern territories of the Okrug are limited by the waters of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. All objects are displayed on the maps of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug with regions. You can easily find cities, and by zooming in, you can view the streets in detail, the location of buildings, find train stations, shops, and administrative offices. The map is an indispensable assistant in travel, business trips, tourist trips. Download the map to your smartphone or tablet and view any object as magnified as possible.

Districts on the map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Everything on the territory of the district is unique - nature, culture of indigenous peoples and even territorial division. This is the only region in the country in which only 1 region is territorially allocated - Zapolyarny. There are 19 villages on its territory. All other villages of the region are not included in the district, but belong to the urban district. IN detailed map In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, even small settlements are represented.

The following rivers flow in the area:

  • Longvozh;
  • Pechora;
  • Voyvozh;
  • Sher-Vozh.

The main administrative unit here is the village of Seekers. The village has television, radio broadcasting, partial coverage of cellular communications, and bus routes connecting the village with the city of Naryan-Mar. In the settlements that are displayed on the map of the region of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the number of residents is very small. A little more than 1,500 people inhabit only the village of Krasnoye, in other villages it is even smaller.

Transport links in the district are poorly developed. Only 28% of all roads are paved. Motor transport connection with other regions is interrupted by weather conditions, and sometimes is absent long time. Look at the location of the main roads in detail on the map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and you will be convinced of the scarcity of transport links.

The main burden in the movement of residents and guests of the region falls on air transport. Some villages can be reached by helicopter, and from the airport you can fly by plane to cities such as:

  • Arkhangelsk;
  • Saint Petersburg;
  • Pechora;
  • Moscow.

Along the rivers of the region, the settlements, which are indicated on the map with the villages of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, can also be reached by river transport, but navigation lasts for a very short period - from mid-June to October.

Map of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug with cities and villages

When you try to find the city on the map, you will be surprised. There is only one locality with this status. Naryan-Mar is the "heart" of the district in the literal sense. This is a trading port that provides life for the Polar region. As the map with cities and villages of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug shows, you can come here by car only along the Laya-Voyage road, which stretches from the east and is a “winter road”.

The city has its own, a few attractions:

  • administration and post office buildings;
  • monument to the sailors of the steamship "Komsomolets";
  • monument to reindeer herders;
  • house of culture.

The population of the city slightly exceeds 20 thousand people. The main nationalities are Nenets and Russians. Over the past 10 years, modern, comfortable houses have appeared in the city, which can be found on a map with the settlements of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Also using online service you can find the main streets, access roads to the port and airport.

Economy and industry of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The region's economy is based on oil and gas production and traditional industries. The region has the largest oil and gas condensate fields:

  • Khasyrey;
  • Tedinskoye;
  • Toravey;
  • Kharyaginskoe.

In total, 96 fields are already being produced in the region and more than 20 are being developed.

On Yandex maps of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, you can see large, undeveloped territories that are occupied by pastures. More than 2,000 people are involved in reindeer herding, mostly representatives of the indigenous peoples of the region. There are also more than 10 fishing cooperatives with their own trawl fleet. There are several processing plants within Naryan-Mar.

The harsh northern region is beautiful and distant. These definitions fully apply to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. On this land, surrounded by pristine nature, indigenous peoples live according to the customs of their ancestors, and rich subsoil is developed according to modern technologies. Yamal has always attracted travelers with its unique appearance. Here, the stinginess of the sun and the originality of nature, the severity of the climate and the hospitality of the locals, the fantastic palette of autumn and the silent whiteness of winter are combined in the most amazing way. Scientists love Yamal for its cultural richness and unique nature. Therefore, be sure to come to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (the capital of Salekhard) in order to enjoy the purest air and to see more closely the beauties of the remote corners of our great country.

Geography

Russia is beautiful and rich: the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the black pearl of the northern part of our country. And it occupies neither more nor less - 770 thousand square kilometers of the West Siberian Plain. The district includes: Gydansky and, of course, the Yamal Peninsula. Most of the district is located beyond the Arctic Circle. From the north, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is washed by Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, eastern neighbors - Taimyr and Evenk Autonomous Regions, from the west it borders on the Arkhangelsk Region and the Komi Republic. The relief of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug can be divided into flat and mountainous. All three peninsulas are dotted with small rivers, hollows, ravines and swamps. The mountain range stretches for two hundred kilometers in a narrow strip along the Polar Urals. The climate of the YaNAO is sharply continental, severe, divided into three zones: the northern strip of the West Siberian lowland, subarctic and arctic. The population is about 500 thousand people with a density of less than one person per square kilometer.

Flora

The vegetation cover in the YNAO has a pronounced latitudinal zonality. Five landscape zones can be distinguished: northern taiga, forest tundra, shrub, moss-lichen and arctic tundra. In the northernmost, arctic zone, vegetation is very sparse. Here you can find only mosses, lichens and sedges. Small bushes and herbs are already growing in the moss-lichen tundra. In the next zone (shrub tundra), dwarf birches and willows grow, along the rivers - berries and mushrooms. There are many swamps and small rivers in the forest-tundra. Here grow dwarf birch, larch, small spruce. In the southernmost zone of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - taiga, there are many lakes, swamps, rivers. The entire territory is covered with dense light and dark coniferous forests.

Fauna

If vegetable world YaNAO is quite poor, then the animal is rich and diverse. Thirty-eight species of mammals live in the county's five climate zones. Most of all there are predators and rodents - fourteen species each. Five names of pinnipeds, three - insectivores, two - ungulates. Twenty species of fur-bearing animals are of great commercial importance.

Useful natural resources

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (the capital of Salekhard) is famous for its hydrocarbon reserves. About 78% of the total reserves of Russian oil and gas are concentrated here. YNAO is the world's largest hydrocarbon resource base. Developments for the extraction of valuable raw materials are being carried out at the Nakhodka and Urengoy gas, Ety-Purovskoye, Yuzhno-Russkoye, and Yamburgskoye oil fields. About 8% of the total production of "black" gold and about 80% of "blue gold" are mined annually in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Chromium, molybdenum, tin, iron, lead, phosphorites, barites and other minerals are being mined.

Indigenous peoples of the Yamalo-Nenets region

Today, twenty peoples live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. But the true indigenous people are the Khanty, Nenets, Selkup and Komi-Izhemtsy, who have lived in this territory since time immemorial. The rest settled only in the second half of the twentieth century. This is due to the development in the era Soviet Union territories of the Far North.

Khanty: since ancient times, this people lived in the territories of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The culture, language and customs of this people are very heterogeneous. This is due to the fact that the Khanty settled on a rather vast territory and therefore became somewhat fragmented.

The Nenets inhabit the vast territory of Russia - from to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. This people migrated from Southern Siberia in the first millennium of our era. He belongs to the Samoyedic group.

It is known that he has been living in this territory since the 1st millennium BC. This people is divided into northern and southern Komi. The first from time immemorial were engaged in reindeer herding, fishing and hunting. The second were hunters and fishermen.

The Selkups are the most numerous people North. The Selkups were traditionally engaged in fishing and hunting. Those representatives of the people who lived at higher latitudes still bred deer.

Administrative center

The capital of the YNAO is the city of Salekhard. It is located on the banks of the Ob (on the right side). The city is located on the Arctic Circle (the only one in the world). The population is about 40 thousand people. The city was founded in 1595. At first it was a small prison called Obdorsky. Half a century after its foundation, permanent residents appear here. Since 1923, the village of Obdorsk has become the center of the Obdorsky district of the Ural region. And already in 1930 the village was given the status administrative center Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Three years later, Obdorsk was renamed Salekhard. Today, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the capital of the Autonomous Okrug in particular, is developing at a fairly rapid pace. Many enterprises operate in the city: Yamalzoloto, a river port, a fish cannery, Yamalflot and others. The Yamalo-Nenets Okrug Museum and Exhibition Complex has been opened in the city, which houses an exhibition center, a museum of local lore and science Library. Also in Salekhard is county house crafts - state state-financed organization cultures of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. There are many branches of various universities in the capital of the YaNAO. It should be noted that the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (the capital of Salekhard) is experiencing big problems with access to the Internet. The fact is that there is no fiber optic network in the region yet.

Cities and districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug

There are seven districts, eight cities, five and forty-one rural administrations in the YaNAO. Districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Yamalsky, Shuryshkarsky, Tazovsky, Purovsky, Priuralsky, Nadymsky and Krasnoselkupsky. As mentioned above, the population density is very low. Despite vast territory, there are very few cities in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Cities: Noyabrsk (97 thousand), Novy Urengoy (89.8 thousand), Nadym (45.2 thousand), Muravlenko (36.4 thousand), Salekhard (32.9 thousand), Labytnangi (26, 7 thousand), Gubkinsky (21.1 thousand inhabitants). Below, some cities of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug will be described in more detail.

Gubkinsky

The city of Gubkinsky (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) in 1996 became a city of district significance and was named after the Soviet geologist. It is located on the left bank of the Pyakupur River, two hundred kilometers from the Arctic Circle. This city was formed as a base center for the development of oil deposits. Because Gubkinsky (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), mainly specializes in the oil and gas production and processing industry. The work with youth is well established in the city: sports and cultural centers, dance school, there is a recording studio. Young people have the opportunity to get an education in their hometown.

Muravlenko. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The city was founded in 1984. It received the status of a district in 1990. It was named after the oil engineer Viktor Ivanovich Muravlenko. Basically, the city budget is replenished at the expense of oil industry enterprises. Muravlenko (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) has its own radio and television companies. Newspapers are published: "Our City", "Kopeyka", "The word of an oilman".

Noyabrsk. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

After Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk is the second largest in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The date of foundation of the city can be considered 1973, when the first oil well was drilled on the site of today's Noyabrsk. Two years later, the first settlers arrived here, who mainly consisted of workers. Back in 1976, the village of Noyabrsk could only be found on the maps of oil workers, and already in 1982, the village was given the status of a district city. Oil and gas and developed very well. More than thirty companies work in this field.

Most of the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located beyond the Arctic Circle. It includes the islands of Kolguev and Vaigach.

Story

The first scientist to study these lands in 1837 was the Russian botanist Alexander Shrenk. He passed the Pechora, reached the Yugorsky Shar, reached the island, crossed the Pai-Khoi, and from there returned to St. Petersburg through Pustozersk. How difficult it was to do this can be seen from the fact that even a hundred years later, in 1930, the detachment of the geologist Nikolai Iordansky only spent more than two months on the road from Moscow to the mouth of the Vorkuta River, which flows into the Usa.

Pomeranian industrialists often became the organizers of expeditions: for example, Mikhail Sidorov in the middle of the 19th century, who sent his own expedition to Pechora, who discovered that “the coast of the Pechora River is replete with layers of coal lying on the ground in lumps.”

The researchers of the region were not only selfless people, but often disinterested. In 1913, an expedition to the Verkhneusinsk Territory, which included local political exiles, refused to pay their labor for the sake of science. Local guides and workers in Russian expeditions at the beginning of the 20th century. they also did not take payment for work in money, preferring ... salt: there are fish places here, but there is no salt. And today, salt is delivered to Naryan-Mar along the Northern Sea Route.

The area goes to the three seas of the Arctic Ocean. Dunes and coastal ridges stretch along the sea coast, there are ersei: the local name for the hollows of blowing.

Over 3/4 of the territory is occupied by swampy tundra: Bolshezemelskaya, Pechorye and Malozemelskaya (Timanskaya). It grows mainly dwarf birch and moss, in the river valleys - dense thickets of willow, on peat mounds - dwarf birches, a lot of cloudberries and blueberries, mushrooms. But for all that - the dominance of midges, from which both people and animals suffer. The first explorers of the local tundra complained: “You can’t bring a spoon to your mouth, how the soup moves from mosquitoes in it.”

There is an abundance of fish in rivers and lakes, including grayling. There are many birds: tundra and white partridge, various kinds of geese and ducks, swan, snowy owl. Mammals are dominated by reindeer, arctic fox and lemming.

In the extreme northeast there is the Pai-Khoi ridge with mountains over 400 m. The southern regions are occupied by forest-tundra, which is characterized by spruce and larch 3-4 m high with a crown twisted by the north wind. In the far south-west is the taiga, where elk, brown bear, and lynx live. Of the birds, the boreal owl, the three-toed woodpecker, and the hawk owl are characteristic.

There are many small rivers and small thermokarst and glacial lakes in the region.

The main river and main waterway in the tundra, the river is navigable during the summer season. On it to the city of Naryan-Mar - the administrative center of the district - ships rise from the Barents Sea. To protect the rare Arctic flora and fauna in the Pechora Delta, the Nenetsky Nature Reserve has been created.

The Nenets National Okrug itself was formed in 1929.

The development of the region accelerated significantly in the 1970s-1980s, when large deposits of oil and natural gas were discovered, including on the sea shelf.

The population of the district lives mainly near Pechora.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a very rich region, but difficult to access. Everywhere - the tundra, through which cars will pass only in winter, but it was possible to lay a pipeline through it. In the north - the seas of the Arctic Ocean, through which only everything necessary for the life and work of the city can be delivered to Naryan-Mar.

“Naryan-Mar, my Naryan-Mar, the town is not big and not small, near Pechora by the river ...” is sung in a famous song. However, for the Nenets Autonomous Okrug it is almost a metropolis, its significance in the life of the Okrug is enormous.

The settlement of the lands of the current Nenets Autonomous Okrug began no later than 9 thousand years BC. e.: this period includes archaeological finds in the area of ​​the Pymvashor River and the village of Kharuta.

The Nenets belong to the tundra group of this people with migrations to the forest tundra only in winter time and speak the tundra dialect of the Nenets language. The name of the Nenets is a modified self-name "nenets" (person).

The Nenets are one of the Samoyedic peoples: hence the previously common name "Samoyeds". At the beginning of the first millennium, the Samoyeds occupied the forest-steppe regions from the eastern spurs of the Urals to the Sayan Highlands. In II-IV centuries. under the onslaught of nomads - the Huns and Turks - they were forced out into the tundra. The Pechora tribes already lived here, long before the Samoyeds mastered the European North and laid the foundations of the tundra paleoculture. The Samoyeds displaced them or partially assimilated with them.

The process of assimilation was long. Until our time, legends have been preserved about the "siirta" (small tundra natives living underground), in which they appear real people with whom the ancestors of the Nenets fought and started families. Traditions describe them as living in the tundra before the arrival of the Nenets. Most likely, this was the disappeared Pechora tribe, although ufologist enthusiasts consider them as descendants of aliens.

These legends occupy an important place in Nenets mythology. In their view, the earth is motionless, but the sky moves. The universe is divided into three worlds - Upper, Middle and Lower. In the Upper, in the sky, the supreme god Num lives. The middle one is the earth, it is alive, every hill, river and lake has a master - a spirit. Bottom - under seven layers permafrost, Na - the spirit of illness and death rules there, the souls of the dead move into it.

At the turn of the XII-XIII centuries. Russian coast-dwellers learned about the Nenets, mastering the European North on kochs - wooden single-masted boats with a straight sail and several pairs of oars.

Then the Novgorod Republic in the period of its highest prosperity included these lands, its extreme eastern borders passed along the Northern Urals.

In 1478 Grand Duke Moscow Ivan III subjugated and included the republic in the Muscovite state. In order to consolidate positions on the extreme northern borders, Ivan III in 1499 ordered the founding of Pustozersk, which became the first Russian city beyond the Arctic Circle (27 km southwest of modern Naryan-Mar). Until 1780, Pustozersk was the administrative, commercial, cultural and religious center of the Pechora region. And also a place of reference. The most famous exile was Archpriest Avvakum, the most prominent leader of the Old Believers. From here, for 14 years, he sent letters to his supporters, cursing the kings and the patriarch, for which he was burned in the hut. In 1620, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich closed the sea route to Siberia for foreign merchants, in the 17th-18th centuries. the devastating raids of the "Kharyuchi" - the Trans-Ural Nenets - became more frequent, the Gorodetsky Shar channel became shallow, which made it difficult to approach the city by water. Since the 18th century Pustozersk gradually lost its importance, in 1924 it lost its city status and was finally abandoned in 1962. In Naryan-Mar and Telvisk, streets were named after Pustozersk.

Naryan-Mar stands in the lower reaches of the Pechora, about 100 km from the Barents Sea. This is the capital and the only city of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, almost 70% of the population lives in it. Naryan-Mar is one of the few cities in the world beyond the Arctic Circle. Winter lasts 240 days a year, the last snow melts at the end of July. For two months a year, in December and January, it plunges into a long polar night. In winter, frosts are up to -45 ° C, in December, the polar lights shimmer over the city with all colors. Translated from the Nenets language, Naryan-Mar means “red city”. The post office building built in 1950 and crowned with a turret in the form of a Nenets plague became the symbol of the polar city.

Naryan-Mar today is an important transport hub of the region, an airport, a trading port on the Northern Sea Route.

general information

Location : north-west of the European part of the Russian Federation, coast of the Arctic Ocean.
Administrative affiliation : Northwestern Federal District.

Administrative division : the city of district subordination of Naryan-Mar, the Zapolyarny district and the urban-type settlement of Iskateley.
Administrative center : Naryan-Mar - 24,535 people (2016).

Educated: 1929
Languages: Russian, Nenets.
Ethnic composition : Russians - 63.31%, Nenets - 17.83%, Komi - 8.61%, Ukrainians - 2.34% (2010).
Religions: orthodoxy, shamanism.
Currency unit : Russian ruble.
Rivers: Pechora, Vizhas, Oma, Sheaf, Pyosha, Wolonga, Indiga, Black, Sea-Yu.
lakes: Vashutkins, Golodnaya Guba, Gorodetskoe, Varsh, Nes.
Airport: federal significance Naryan-Mar.
Neighboring subjects of the Russian Federation and water areas : in the north - the White, Barents and Kara Seas, including the adjacent islands that are not assigned to the jurisdiction of the Arkhangelsk region; in the east - the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the south - the Republic of Komi, in the west - the Arkhangelsk region.

Numbers

Square: 176 810 km2.
Length: from north to south - about 315 km and from west to east - more than 900 km.
Population: 43 838 people (2016).
Population density : 0.25 people / km 2.
Urban population : 72.4% (2016).
The length of the sea coastline : about 3000 km.
highest point : 423 m, Mount Moreiz (Wesey-Pe, Pai-Khoi ridge).

Remoteness (Naryan-Mar) : 660 km east of Arkhangelsk, 1501 km northeast of Moscow.

Climate and weather

Subarctic, in the extreme northeast - arctic.
Cool summers, long cold winters.
January average temperature : -12°C in the south, -22°C in the northeast.
July average temperature : +13°С in the south, +6°С in the northeast.
Average annual rainfall : from north to south 370-500 mm.
Average annual relative humidity : from south to north 75-85%.

Economy

GRP: 183.7 billion rubles (2014), per capita - 4,252,400 rubles. (2016).
Minerals : oil, natural gas, coal, fluorite, iron, manganese, titanium, diamonds, peat, building materials, mineral springs.
Industry: oil refining, timber (lumber), food (fish processing, butter, meat processing plant).

Seaport of Naryan-Mar.
Agriculture : animal husbandry (reindeer breeding, fur cage fur farming), plant growing (potatoes, vegetables, turnips).
Sea fishing and sea fur hunting.
Traditional crafts : tailoring of cloaks, production of souvenirs.
Services sector: tourist, transport (including shipping on the Pechora), trade.

Attractions

Natural

    Kolguev and Vaygach Islands

    Kara meteorite crater

    Lake Golodnaya Guba