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Easter - when will it be in 2020:
Easter, also called Light Christ's Resurrection, is the most important event church calendar 2020.
Easter is a transitional date, as it is calculated according to the lunisolar calendar. Every year, the Resurrection of Jesus Christ is celebrated on the first Sunday after the full moon following the vernal equinox. For Catholics and Orthodox Christians, the number of celebrations usually differs, since in Orthodoxy the calculation is carried out in accordance with the Julian calendar.
Easter 2020 will be celebrated in the Orthodox Church April 19, 2020, and for Catholics a week earlier - April 12, 2020.
Dates of Orthodox and Catholic Easter in 2020:
* April 19, 2020 - for Orthodox believers.
* April 12, 2020 - Catholics.
Description of the holiday and tradition of the meeting:
Easter is established in honor of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ and is the oldest and most important holiday among Christians. Easter was officially celebrated in the second century AD.In both Orthodoxy and Catholicism, Easter always falls on a Sunday.
Easter 2020 is preceded by Great Lent, which begins 48 days before the Bright Holiday. And after 50 days celebrate the Trinity.
Popular pre-Christian customs that have survived to this day include dyeing eggs, making Easter cakes and curd cakes.
Easter treats are consecrated in the church on Saturday, on the eve of Easter 2020, or after the service on the very day of the Feast.
To greet each other on Easter should be the words "Christ is Risen", and to answer - "Truly Risen."
For the Russian team, this will be the fourth game in this qualifying tournament. Recall that in the previous three meetings, Russia "at the start" lost to Belgium with a score of 1:3, and then won two dry victories - over Kazakhstan (4:0) and over San Marino (9:0). The last victory was the largest ever for the existence of the Russian national football team.
As for the upcoming meeting, according to the bookmakers, the Russian team is the favorite in it. The Cypriots are objectively weaker than the Russians, and nothing good can be expected from the upcoming match for the islanders. However, we must take into account that the teams have never met before, and therefore we can expect unpleasant surprises.
The Russia-Cyprus meeting will take place on June 11, 2019 In Nizhniy Novgorod at the stadium of the same name built for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Start of the match - 21:45 Moscow time.
Where and what time do the national teams of Russia and Cyprus play:
* Location of the match - Russia, Nizhny Novgorod.
* Game start time - 21:45 Moscow time.
Where to watch live broadcast Russia - Cyprus on June 11, 2019:
Channels will show the meeting of the national teams of Russia and Cyprus live "First" and "Match Premier"
. Direct start time from Nizhny Novgorod- 21:35 Moscow time.
In this meeting Russian victory is absolutely expected.
The San Marino midget team is the outsider of the group. The bookmakers do not expect anything supernatural from the Sanmarines in the upcoming game, offering bets on their victory with odds of 100-185, against a bet on the victory of the Russian team at 1.01.
Over the past 12 years, the Russian team has met with opponents of such a low level three times, and won three confident dry victories. The Russians twice defeated the Andorran team with a score of 6:0 and 4:0, and once the Liechtenstein team (4:0). By the way, the Russian football team won the biggest victory in the history of its existence over San Marino on June 7, 1995 with a score of 7:0.
Euro 2020 qualifying match Russia vs San Marino starts on June 8, 2019 at 19:00 Moscow time. The meeting will be shown live "Channel One" and "Match Premier".
What time will the UEFA EURO 2020 qualifying match Russia - San Marino on 8 June 2019 start, where to watch:
* Start time - 19:00 Moscow time.
* Channels: "First" and "Match Premier".
Since 2014, “winter” time has been in effect in Russia and it is no longer necessary to turn the clock hands forward and back an hour every year. Nevertheless, the “temporary” issue remains relevant today, because from the lips of various officials, statements about the return of “summer” time are heard every now and then.
First of all, entrepreneurs are interested in the transfer, they calculated that in this way they can save up to 4 billion rubles due to more rational consumption of electricity. Given this, interest in the issue, will there be a return summer time in Russia in 2018, does not fade away.
Authorities say that there are no prerequisites for such a transition yet, and, most likely, Russians will continue to live according to "winter" time. This decision is supported by doctors and scientists, according to whom the “summer” time disrupts the daily rhythm of a person and negatively affects the state of health. Ordinary citizens also do not welcome the annual clock change, remembering the inconvenience and difficulties that he dragged along with him.
A bit of history
In the USSR, the concepts of "summer" and "winter" time came from the West: the clock hands were first transferred in England, then in Germany. For the first time, the Russians were introduced to the transition to "summer" time in 1917.
This innovation was actively supported by economists, pointing to energy savings, but ordinary Russians did not like it. Citizens simply forgot to translate the arrows on time, which is why they were late for work and faced other troubles.
Finally, the transition to "summer" and "winter" time took root in 1981, according to a special decree of the government of the USSR. Nevertheless, the Russians did not understand the expediency of such a decision for a long time and could not get used to the change of clocks.
Further "temporary" experiments began already in 2011: at the direction of the then Dmitry Medvedev, the transition to "winter" time was canceled.
But this decision did not last long enough, which was largely influenced by medical research, which proved that "summer" time does not coincide with the daily rhythm of a person. Living in this regime, people were more likely to get sick and feel worse. Because of this, in 2014, the "winter" time was returned, and the Russians again began to prepare for the transfer of arrows an hour ago. But in the same year, the authorities decided again to abandon the transition, but this time to stop at a constant "winter" time.
Considering that the government changed its mind several times and left the issue of transition to "summer" time open, it is not surprising that citizens are still checking whether the arrows need to be translated.
Will summer time return to Russia in 2018?
The "temporary" changes of 2011-2014 created doubts in the society about the stability of the authorities' position on this issue. Interest in "summer" time was constantly "heated up" by bills that were supposed to return the annual clock change. But none of these initiatives were supported by the government, and officials officially announced in the media that “winter” time in the Russian Federation would remain the only one.
The transition continues to be advocated by many in the economic sector, pointing to the rational use of daylight and potential resource savings. But this opinion is refuted by numerous studies that prove that the savings are still less than the cost of reconfiguring equipment at enterprises, restructuring the schedule public transport and other expenses associated with the translation of arrows.
The inexpediency of returning "summer" time is also confirmed by medical studies. Doctors unanimously say that the clock shift creates an unnecessary shake-up for the body, as a result of which chronic diseases are exacerbated, sleep patterns are disturbed, attentiveness and concentration are dulled. As a result, an increase in the accident rate and, again, the cost of sick leave for employees of enterprises.
Pros and cons of changing clocks
Many countries, including Russia, have already abandoned the transition to "summer" time, but opinions on this matter are still different. There are many adherents of the clock translation and their arguments are quite weighty. On the other side of the "barricades" less people who consider unnecessary the annual transition to "winter" and "summer" time.
Many representatives of the energy sector considered the abolition of "summer" time too hasty and thoughtless. In their opinion, it is unreasonable to refuse the savings that the clock change brings with it, especially today, when the whole world is talking about the need to use energy resources rationally. The power engineers were also outraged by the fact that the authorities made a decision without discussing this issue with them and without giving them the opportunity to prove their position.
Every year there are fewer and fewer adherents of "summer" time, but their number still includes people who, due to their work, are often forced to fly to countries where the clock change is still in effect. Previously, the arrows were translated synchronously, and there was no confusion in flights and meeting times, but now you have to constantly take into account what time another state lives.
Citizens who advocate the most efficient use of daylight hours also complain about the abolition of "summer" time. They believe that the reasons why the USSR decided to move the clocks are still relevant today, and that refusing to switch leads to waste.
It is noteworthy that there are studies that prove that moving the clock forward and backward by 60 minutes helps to "shake" the body and switch it into activity mode.
Doctors remain the main opponents of "summer" time. They have repeatedly proven that the need to get up an hour earlier increases fatigue, knocking people out of their usual “rut”. Weather-sensitive citizens and those who have problems with the cardiovascular and nervous systems are especially affected by this.
According to doctors' research, in order to adapt to a new daily routine, a person needs 1-1.5 months, during which he feels worse and is more prone to various diseases. During this period, the risk of professional "burnout" and stress increases.
Interestingly, representatives of the same energy sector often oppose the return of "summer" time. According to them, in the European part of the Russian Federation, the volumes of energy consumption almost do not change after the clock change, so there is no talk of significant savings. Moreover, you have to spend additional funds to reconfigure the equipment.
Ordinary citizens do not want to return to "summer" time either. Due to the clock change, many citizens not only felt worse, but also suffered significant inconvenience, being forced to “adjust” their work schedule to the new conditions.
Although there is still some talk of a return to daylight saving time, such an outcome is unlikely. The government has long weighed all the pros and cons, and are in favor of a permanent "winter" time. In addition, elections are scheduled for 2018, so it is unlikely that the authorities will want to make another controversial decision during this period that could cause protests among citizens.
Winter time
in spring: Change from "normal" to daylight saving time
autumn: Change from daylight saving time to "normal" time
Regions where daylight saving time applies regions where daylight saving time has never happened regions where the transition was canceled
Summer time- time shifted forward by 1 hour relative to the time accepted in the given time zone. Sometimes normal standard time is called "winter time", but this term is not correct.
Summer time is introduced in many countries during the summer period in order to save electricity for lighting.
Story
Benjamin Franklin was the first to raise the issue of transferring arrows during his stay in France. As ambassador to France, Franklin noticed that Parisians go to bed at sunset and wake up at dawn. The scientist considered this custom worthy of imitation, and called in "Parisian pamphlets" to follow this example. According to an American scientist, life according to light time makes a person "healthier, richer and smarter."
The Briton, William Willitt, was able to draw public attention to the issue of the translation of the arrows. He proposed to "save" the daytime twice a year to translate the hands to 80 minutes. This was supposed to save candles and make it possible to work more efficiently in the summer. However, the British government year after year rejected Willett's proposal due to lack of evidence of economic benefits. William Willet - died in 1915, one year before the realization of his idea.
For the first time summer time was introduced in Germany in the year.
In Russia, the transition to daylight saving time was first implemented in July 1917 and was valid until 1930, when the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of standard time. This time was called "maternity", as it was introduced by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on June 16, 1930. Additionally, since 1981, summer time has been regularly introduced in the USSR. In March 1991, maternity and standard time were abolished in Russia, but in November of the same year both maternity and summer time were reintroduced.
Currently, 76 countries use DST in one form or another (of which 10 countries do not use it in all regions), and 128 countries do not. In the northern hemisphere, daylight saving time is used in the USA, Canada, European countries, and throughout Russia. In the southern hemisphere, summer time is used in Australia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, Chile. The equatorial countries do not use summer time. Japan, China, Singapore, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Kazakhstan also refused to introduce it.
In Russia and Europe, the transition to daylight saving time is carried out on the last Sunday of March at 2:00 by moving the hour hands 1 hour forward, and the reverse transition is carried out on the last Sunday of October at 3:00 by moving the hands 1 hour back.
Due to the use of summer time in Russia, Russians live with a shift of +2 hours in relation to standard time. The shift of 2 hours is due to the fact that the so-called "maternity leave" operates on the territory of Russia, which differs from standard time by +1 hour. Daylight Saving Time adds +1 hour to Daylight Saving Time, for a total of +2 hours to Standard Time.
Expediency
Switching the hands to daylight saving time is not appropriate in all latitudes. In tropical latitudes (less than 23.5 °), the seasons are slightly expressed, and the length of daylight hours practically does not change throughout the year. In polar latitudes (more than 66.33 °) there is another phenomenon - Polar day (lasting almost the entire summer period), and polar night (lasting the entire winter period).
In fact, the effective switching zone lies within latitudes from 30° to 55°.
In cities, the translation of arrows is not very effective - since most offices, shops, educational institutions and industries use lighting all day long. This is due to the large area of the premises and the relatively small surface of the windows, which leads to the need for constant illumination.
The greatest effect can be achieved in rural areas - but there is usually a floating work schedule tied to daylight hours.
Criticism
Critics of DST talk about the negative impact of changing the clock on people's health and point out that the economic benefits of DST have not been proven. Scientists from California found that the consumption of electricity in the US state of Indiana after the transition to daylight saving time decreased by only 1-3%. In general, in the United States, energy savings are only 1% according to estimates from the 1970s, in the Russian Federation 0.5%. According to some data (published in Der Spiegel), the transition to daylight saving time not only does not reduce, but even increases electricity consumption by 1-4%.
According to the research results of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, the transition period has a negative impact on human health:
- The number of heart attacks increases by 1.5 times.
- The number of suicides increases by 66%.
- The number of ambulance calls is noticeably increasing.
…studies conducted by the Committee for Technical Regulation and Metrology of the Ministry of Industry and Trade showed that the energy savings achieved by turning the clock in the spring were insignificant and, as a rule, were spent in the fall, when the return to the "winter" time.
The conducted studies also show that the use of the "summer" and "winter" time regime definitely affects the social factor, leads to an increase in the incidence of the population, an increase in road traffic accidents, an increase in industrial injuries, etc. A sociological survey conducted by the National Center for Healthy Lifestyle Formation of the Ministry of Health throughout Kazakhstan indicates that a significant part of the population (51 .6 per cent) reacts negatively to the time change. According to respondents, their health worsens, during these periods they most often suffer from insomnia and drowsiness. Many of the respondents have high blood pressure and irritability.
Serious problems in transport, in particular, on railways, are regularly noted when moving the hands of the clock.
Despite the fact that many modern operating systems (including MS Windows) are equipped with means for automatic changeover to winter-summer time, in some cases such transitions cause problems for computer users - for example, if a computer has several operating systems. In older operating systems, which are still in use for various reasons, automatic time translation was not provided at all. Equipment less intelligent than computers: electronic watches, video recorders, digital photo and video cameras, etc. are not equipped with an automatic time switch, and translation has to be done manually.
Disputes about the advisability of switching to daylight saving time have been going on for several decades in the EU countries, in the USA and in Russia.
According to rough estimates made by RAO UES (which ceased to exist on July 1, 2008), the switchover saves about 4.4 billion kilowatt-hours annually. If we divide this amount by the entire population of Russia (which is about 141 million people), then each of the Russians will save 31 kWh per year, that is, in terms of the tariffs of energy companies (1.85 r / kWh) - almost 60 rubles a year or 5 rubles a month. And all together - 8 billion 140 million rubles. According to some scientists, the total losses from the transfer of time exceed the savings. Also an argument against DST is that lighting is not in modern world the main consumer of electricity.
In addition, north of the 50th parallel, summer time does not make sense at all for saving on lighting, since in the summer in northern latitudes the day length itself is very long.
Notes
Links
- Map of countries that switch to daylight saving time and dates of transition
- On the negative impact of summer time on people's health and the economic situation in the country
- Graphical representation of time zones and daylight saving time
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "Winter time" is in other dictionaries:
Switching to "winter" time- on the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out on the last Sunday of October at 3:00 local time by moving the clock back one hour. For the first time, moving the clock hands an hour forward in summer and an hour back in winter in order to save energy ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
Switching clocks to "winter time"- The transition to winter time on the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out on the last Sunday of October and at 3:00 Moscow time by moving the clock back one hour. The country's main clock will be the first to switch to winter time Chimes on Spasskaya ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
Switching to "winter" time: economic "for" and medical "against"- October 28 at 3 o'clock (local time) in Russia there will be a transition to winter time. Moving the clock forward one hour in summer and one hour back in winter in order to save energy resources was first carried out in Great Britain in 1908. Idea … Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
Rise in the cost of work in the winter.- 11. Increase in the cost of work in the winter. The cost of increasing the cost of work performed in winter is determined by the Collection of estimated norms of additional costs in the production of construction and installation work in winter title = Collection of estimated norms ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
As far as historians know, the original idea to switch clocks to daylight saving time belonged to the American Benjamin Franklin // Photo: low.onvacations.co
Benjamin Franklin expressed his thoughts in an essay entitled "The Economic Project", which was published in 1784. In it, the politician wrote that only France could save almost one hundred million livres on candles, provided that they reset the clock in the spring. For those who flatly refuse to get up early, Franklin proposed introducing a special tax, and identify violators by lowered blinds during daylight hours. Another of his initiatives was the introduction of the norm of candles per family. At the same time, he did not deny that the translation of the clock hands would cause certain inconveniences. But what do they mean in comparison with such savings.
“It will be difficult in the first few days, and then the new regimen will become natural and easy. If you force a person to get up at four in the morning, then most likely he will want to sleep by eight in the evening. Benjamin Franklin noted in his essay.
Britannia
At the end of the 18th century, Franklin's ideas did not find their supporters. It is not known whether under the influence of an essay by an American politician, or inspired by his own thoughts, but in 1905 the Briton William Willet expressed exactly the same initiative. Willett also argued the need to move the hands of the clock with economic feasibility. He also tried to convey his thoughts to the people, but not in the form of an essay, but in the form of an article called "On wasting daylight."According to Willett's initiative, all of April in every British home the clocks were to be set back twenty minutes. The innovator assumed that it would not be difficult for the British, because they already wind up the clock every week. And twenty minutes will not bring any inconvenience to the population. It was proposed to move the arrows back in October. William Willet was convinced that with the help of these simple manipulations, the inhabitants of Foggy Albion would receive over two hundred hours of light and save an incredible amount of electricity.
It took a long time and an incredible amount of debate to approve summer and winter time in Britain // Photo: dvecher.com
Willett was very active in promoting his initiative. The authorities also appreciated it, but it took a long time and an incredible amount of debate to approve the clock change. Farmers, bankers and astronomers opposed the clock change. It is noteworthy that Britain began to translate clocks in 1916 after the innovation appeared in Germany. William Willett did not live to see this moment.
USSR
With such a concept as summer and winter time, the Russians were introduced in 1917. After the first clock change, the authorities recognized this initiative as unsuccessful, but returned to it in 1931. At the same time, maternity time was introduced. It was sixty minutes ahead of the belt. In the early 1980s, Daylight Saving Time was added to daylight savings time. The Russians have been moving arrows for two decades. In 2011, it was decided to abandon summer and winter time. Russian Federation did not begin to translate the clock, remaining on summer time. Three years later, a number of regions switched to permanent winter time due to the inconvenience created.
Where do the clocks change
At the moment, the transition to winter and summer time is carried out in most countries of the European Union, in the USA, in the CIS countries, except for Belarus, in a number of African countries such as Tunisia, Namibia and Egypt, as well as in Australia, but not everywhere. IN Latin America Clock hands are translated in Cuba, Mexico and Honduras. 
Nowadays, clock hands are translated in many countries of the world. But at the same time, a considerable number of states have abandoned this practice // Photo: shkolazhizni.ru
Asian states such as Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, China have long abandoned winter and summer time. They don't change clocks in Iceland. But not because they consider it inappropriate, but because in this country the time coincides with Greenwich Mean Time, lagging behind in the summer by only one hour.
Switching to winter time is carried out on the last Sunday of October
(in 2019 - 27th October- at 04:00 in Kyiv).
A person tends to get up at dawn in order to make the most of daylight hours. This is where the idea of summer and winter time originates, according to which people now live in many countries of the world. Combining the time of wakefulness with the daylight hours of the day allows you to save electricity consumption: in the spring, the hands of the clocks running according to standard time are set one hour ahead, and in the fall they are set back to standard time.
Divide the whole earth into sentries belts 15 degrees in each, and for the zero line to take the Greenwich meridian - the middle of the zero belt - was proposed by Canadian communications engineer S. Fleming. Inside the belt, time is assumed to be the same everywhere, and at the border, the arrows are moved one hour forward or backward. In 1883, the US government accepted Fleming's idea. And in 1884, at an international conference in Washington, 26 countries signed an agreement on time zones and standard time. Representatives of Russia were also at the conference. They did not like the new account of time for the same reason that Russia stubbornly held on to a mile and a pood: any change seemed to be a “shaking of the foundations” and an impetus to “national fermentation”.
After October revolution, February 8, 1918, zonal division was introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars "in order to establish a uniform account of time with the whole civilized world during the day, which determines on everything the globe the same clock readings in minutes and seconds, and greatly simplifies the registration of the relationship of peoples, social events and most natural phenomena in time.
By a government decree of June 16, 1930, the hands of all clocks in the territory Soviet Union were moved forward by an hour. formed maternity leave time, the introduction of which allowed to save electricity. The period of validity of maternity time was set "until abolition" (lasted until 1981).
By a resolution of the Council of Ministers on April 1, 1981, the hands of the clock were moved forward another hour. Thus, summer time was already two hours ahead of standard time. For ten years, during the winter period, the clock hands were set back an hour compared to summer time, and in the summer they returned to their place.
In March 1991, maternity time was abolished. The advance two hours ahead has been abolished. We switched to the summer-winter time reference system. Now the standard time is used in winter, and in summer the clock is moved forward 1 hour. This, in brief, is the history of the change in timing.
We measure time by the average solar day, divided into hours, minutes and seconds. Those. by the arithmetic mean of the duration of all true solar days per year (the difference between the duration of the true and average days reaches 15 minutes due to the non-circular orbit of our planet).
Rice. 1. Changes in daylight and darkness throughout the year
On fig. 1 shows the change in daylight and darkness during the year for a latitude of 50° (the latitude of Kyiv). The border between light and dark time is considered to be the beginning or end of the so-called civil twilight, that is, the time when the Sun sank 6 ° below the horizon. In the evenings, by this time, lighting should be turned on on the streets of the city. The chart shows sunny true time(true solar time begins and ends at noon, i.e. when the luminary passes through the meridian and stands as high as possible).
The average person gets up at 7 am and goes to bed at 11 pm local time. On the graph, the time of wakefulness of such a person is marked by two horizontal dotted lines. Beginning With Martha he gets up after dawn. By moving the clock forward, he is forced to get up earlier (solid horizontal lines). This is justified by the fact that he will get up during daylight hours and consume less electricity for lighting.
Return to winter time V October does not result in energy savings. As it turned out, this is done solely so that in winter people do not get up much earlier than sunrise. Therefore, the transition to winter time is not justified.
From the point of view of common sense, it is rational to return to standard time, abandon the annual clock change and live with the same countdown, which will be one hour ahead of standard time. Such a rhythm of life, from a biological point of view, is the most favorable for a person.
Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics On October 26, 2014, they switched to a new time standard and moved the hands in accordance with the third time zone of the international system.
On October 24, 2014, the DPR Supreme Council adopted a resolution “On the transition to Donetsk time”, now Donetsk will have the same time with Moscow and an hour difference with Kiev. A corresponding resolution was also adopted by the leadership of the LPR.