In Russian, case endings are characteristic only for full adjectives, which depend on such grammatical features as gender, number, case. Short adjectives are never inflected in cases and have several constant endings. The article provides many examples of adjective endings available.
Spelling features of case endings of adjectives
The spelling of the endings of adjectives depends on the grammatical features of the word - its gender, number, case, and in some cases the lexico-grammatical category.
Word which one helps to determine the end of the adjective in the simplest way - it is enough to choose the desired question form for the case form of the adjective. The ending of the question will coincide with the ending of the adjective (for adjectives with a solid base, vowels will be written in the endings -ы-, -o, -y- with soft base and base on sizzling - -, -e, - -y-).
Examples of: snowy oh (as oh?) field, in large yu (as yu?) plate, over green th (as them?) meadow.
Important! In Russian, case endings have only full adjectives, short adjectives are not inflected in cases and have only four endings - zero, -a (-s), -o (-e), -s (-s)... Examples: light, green and, great about, hot and .
Case endings of full adjectives
The ending system of adjectives is shown in the table with examples.
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||
| Masculine gender | Feminine gender | Neuter gender | ||
| I. p. | Funny oh,
Good ui, Loud ui, Ptich ui |
Funny and I,
Good and I, Loud and I, Ptich ya |
Funny oh,
Good her, Loud oh, Ptich th |
Funny th,
Good not, Loud not, Ptich s |
| R. p. | Funny wow,
Good him, Loud wow, Ptich his |
Funny oh,
Good to her, Loud oh, Ptich th |
Funny wow,
Good him, Loud wow, Ptich his |
Funny s,
Good them, Loud them, Ptich their |
| D. p. | Funny oh,
Good him, Loud oh, Ptich hey |
Funny oh,
Good to her, Loud oh, Ptich th |
Funny oh,
Good him, Loud oh, Ptich hey |
Funny th,
Good them, Loud them, Ptich bim |
| V. p. | Funny oh/ funny wow,
Good ui/ good him, Loud ui/ loud wow, Ptich ui/ bird him |
Funny yu,
Good yu, Loud yu, Ptich ew |
Funny oh,
Good her, Loud oh, Ptich th |
Funny th/ funny s,
Good not/ good them Loud not/ loud them Ptich s/ bird them |
| T. p. | Funny th,
Good them, Loud them, Ptich bim |
Funny oh,
Good to her, Loud oh, Ptich th |
Funny th,
Good them, Loud them, Ptich bim |
Funny yim,
Good by them, Loud by them, Ptich imi |
| P. p. | Oh funny ohm,
Oh good eat, | |||
Spelling of case endings of adjectives can be checked raising the question which one? , since the endings of the interrogative word and the endings of adjectives are the same. An exception is the masculine nominative singular, where under stress the ending is written -Oh (young oh man, fields oh flower), and without stress written th or th (old th warrior, sin ui scarf).
Feminine in nominative singular is written -and I or -th: new and I syn yaya blouse (what sweater?), and in the neuter gender is written th or -her: new oh syn her coat (what coat?).
In plural all three genera are written ending -th or -th: new th syn not scarves, dresses, sweaters (what kind?).
In the masculine and neuter in the instrumental singular, the ending is written th or -them (answers the question how?), and in the prepositional - th or -eat (answers the question what?): admired new th syn them suit (dress), talked about new ohm syn eat suit (dress).
In feminine, the ending is written in the accusative singular th or -yu (answers the question which one?), and in the instrumental - -Oh or -to her (-th or to her) (answers the question which one? what?): bought new yu syn yuyu sweater, we admire new oh (-th) syn to her (to her) sweater.
After the hissing in adjective endings under stress written oh no stress written e, eg: stranger aboutth, great aboutth, stranger aboutmu, big aboutmu; redhead ego, big ego, red emu, big eatat (compare with nouns).
After adjectives sizzling in names under stress suffix is \u200b\u200bspelled -ow- (penny ov oh, hedgehog ov oh, brocade ov th, canvas ov th), and without stress - suffix -ev- (plush ev oh, bite h ev a'ya water).
Note. Remember spelling a word dash ё́в th (cf. cheaper).
In short adjectives under stress after sizzling written about: the food is hot about (about ending), ridiculous aboutn (about fluent in suffix).
In adjectives on th, -th, -th (fox, fox, fox) in all forms, besides masculine nominative and accusative singular (fox), before finishing written b: fox bhim, fox bhim fox band etc.
Diminutive adjectives are formed by the suffix -enk-: syn enk oh fat enk ui; after r, k, x possible and -onk-and -enk-: lay down onk ui and lay down enk oh, wide onk ui and broad enk oh, quiet onk ui and quiet enk ui.
In the suffix -an-, -yan-, forming adjectives from nouns, write one n: skins an oh, sand an th, silver yang th, with the exception of three words: trees yann oh, tins yann oh, glass yann th.
In adjectives formed with a suffix -n- from nouns stemming from n, written two n: kame nn th, with nn th, long nn th.
Note. From such adjectives must be distinguished adjectives with one n: yu noh, swi noh etc. (they dont Have suffix -n-).
In the suffix -in-, forming adjectives from nouns with the meaning of belonging or property, one is written n: goose in oh, sparrow in oh, donkey in th.
Note. One n written in the noun gOST in and Iwhich used to be an adjective: living room.
In the suffix -he N-forming adjectives from foreign words, written two n: divisions he N th, revolution he N th, constitution he N th.
In the suffix -enn-, forming adjectives from nouns, write two n: productions yenn oh, celebrations yenn th, kinship yenn oh, straw yenn th, cranberries yenn th.
Note 1. Adjective the wind en th written with one n... Prefixed adjectives derived from the word wind are written with two n: withoutthe wind yennth, behindthe wind yennth, underthe wind yennth etc. Distinguish adjectives the wind en th (with the suffix -en-) and the wind yang oh (with the suffix -yan-). Suffix -en- is written in adjectives with the meaning "with the wind": the wind en and I weather (windy weather), the wind en oh summer (summer with the wind), as well as used figuratively: the wind en and I girl, the wind en oh behavior. These adjectives have short form: the weather is windy, the girl is windy... Suffix -yan- used in adjectives with the meaning of "driven by the wind": the wind yang and I mill, the wind yang oh engine. These adjectives do not have a short form... With suffix -yan- the name of the disease is also written: the wind yang smallpox (chickenpox).
Note 2. The first stem of complex adjectives is written two nif it is formed from an adjective with two n: wave nno-tractor station (wave station nnth and tractor), vago nno-locomotive fleet (park vago nnth and locomotive). But if the first stem is formed from a noun in n, then one is written in it n: wave nbuilding plant (machine building plant), vago nrepair plant (car repair plant).
Note 3. Nouns on -Nick--nice and -ostformed from adjectives with two n, are also written with two n: morning nnuh-morning nnhic; society nnth-society nnir society nnitza society nnawn; revolutionary nnth-revolutionary nnawn; production nnth-production nnhic; tse nnoh-tse nnspine, and educated from adjectives with one n are also written with one n: hemp nth - hemp nhic, sand nth - sand nhic, u nth - th nspine.
Note 4. With two n nouns formed with suffixes are also written -Nick – -nice from nouns stemming from n: make friends na - be friends nnuk-friends nnitza, mosh na - moshe nnuk-moshe nnitza.
Complete adjectives that have two n, save them in short form: tse nnth thing - th thing nnand.
Before the suffix -sk- letter b written after l (village - sat down b sc s) and in adjectives formed from the names of the months on nb, pb: december b sc oh, nov b sc uh, june b sc uh, jul b sc ui (exception: word january sc ui).
In other cases, after n and r before the suffix -sk- letter b not written: horse - to n sc oh, bogatyr - rich r sc ui.
To distinguish between suffixes -to- and -sk-, must remember what's with the suffix -to- high-quality adjectives are formed that have a short form (bottom to ui - low, knot to uy - narrow), and with the suffix -sk- - relative adjectives, shorthand (Frenchman sc iy, Kyrgyz sc oh, Circassian sc ui).
Note. From nouns stemmed to k, h and c relative adjectives are formed with the suffix -to- , moreover the sounds to and h replaced by sound c: kaza to - kaza c to uh, weave h-tka c to oh, dumb c-neme c to ui. But in some, mainly book, formations sounds to and h do not change and the suffix is \u200b\u200bused -sk-: uzbe to-uzbe to sc uh, embers h-coals h sc ui, also Pfal c-pfal c sc ui.
Adjectives in ny short form ends in -en: calmly ny- calm en, hot ny-no en , besides worthy ny - worthy in .
Note. Short form participles honored from the verb honor written by general rule: honored en .
Are written with a capital letter adjectives, derived from their own names using suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -yn- (Gave ev dictionary, Ivan ovoh childhood, Liz ina doll, Zhuchk ins puppies, etc.) with the exception of phraseological combinations used figuratively, in which lost contact with your own name (Adam ovoh apple, grazed ova disease, sisi fov labor, prokr ystove bed, etc.).
Are written with a lowercase letter adjectives, formed from people's own namesif adjectives contain a suffix -sk- (turgenev scnot "Notes of a Hunter", pushkin scstyle, lyermontov scth prose, etc.).
Note. With a capital letter adjectives are written with a suffix -sk-, if a they are part of names that have meanings "Name, memory", eg: Lriot police scnot reading, Lenin scand I premium.
The choice of the ending of an adjective depends on the hardness or softness of the preceding consonant, as well as on the place of stress.
RED - [n] hard, based on -\u003e ending ЫЙ
BLUE - [n] soft, accent based on -\u003e ending II
NATIVE - stress on the ending -\u003e ending ОУ
It is not always easy for a foreigner to distinguish a soft consonant from a hard one by ear, so the spelling of adjectives must be memorized. It is not difficult for a native speaker of Russian to hear a soft or hard sound. this law is already laid down in our phonetic system... But almost all foreigners have problems when choosing a vowel ( sor and, at or yu, ohor e),after all, in their native languages \u200b\u200bthere is no systemic (phonemic) distinction between hard and soft consonants.
Foreigners can be asked to remember that most of the foundations are solid (i.e., end in -ОЙ). Gradually, as necessary and as they appear in the texts, in the textbook, acquaint them with words that end in - NIJ. In general, they can keep for themselves some kind of notebook with lists of adjectives with certain endings to remember. Will develop more over time phonetic hearing: the foreigner will better distinguish between hard and soft pronunciation. Although practice shows that even on high levels foreigners periodically confuse Russian language skills with -and-s.
Adjectives with the ending - (Н) ИЙ can be grouped by meaning:
1. Related to the expression of time:autumn ui, winter ui, summer ui, spring ui, morning ui, vespers ui, early ui, late ui, Saturday ui, long ago ui, ancient ui, last year ui, new year ui, five years ui, two years ui, former ui, last ui
BUT!: daytime oh, Sunday th
2. Formed from the adverbs of place and time:here ui, there ui, then ui, yesterday ui, today ui, current ui, present ui, tomorrow ui
3. Expressing spatial relationships:distant ui, close ui, internal ui, external ui, top ui, lower ui, front ui, average ui, rear ui, extreme ui, adjacent ui, near ui
The list is not limited to these adjectives. Is there some more blue, homely, sincere, outsider, one-sidedand etc.
When changing adjectives by case, pay attention to the following.
- If unstressed endings th, th, th and a solid base, as in words like "beautiful", in the genitive case there will be an ending th / th... And also if shock endingsth, th, th (as in words big, dear, mean; urban, dear, bad, foreign, big), when declining the words will change fromth / th.
- In unstressed endings-th, -ee, -th(early, late, hot) the declination will occur according to the soft option:-his / -s.
- In adjectives with unstressed endingth, th, th and a soft base on K, G, X in masculine gender (russian, English, distant, close, quiet) will be th / oh.
- In words with unstressed-th, -th, -eeand a solid base on a sizzling (good, fresh) will be -his / -s.
The lecture deals with the following groups of adjectives:
Shock ending
-OE, -AH, -OE, -IE
a) after K, G, X, F, W: city, dear, bad, alien, big
What does he mean? Name the parts of speech that are inclined.
Declination is a change in cases. All nouns are declined: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Only nouns are divided into three declensions, while other names do not have such a division. Pronouns, which are also declined, do not have it.
Let's decline the phrases: winter day, winter weather, winter morning.
I.P. (what?) Winter day, winter weather, winter morning
R.P. (what?) Of a winter day, winter weather, winter morning
V.P. (what?) Winter day, winter weather, winter morning
D.P. (to what?) Winter day, winter weather, winter morning
Etc. (what?) In the winter day, in the winter weather, in the winter morning
P.P. (about what?) About a winter day, about winter weather, about a winter morning
You have noticed that the question suggests the ending of the adjective, but not always exactly. In the question of the nominative and accusative cases of the masculine gender, the ending is -th, and in the words -th, or -th: which one? snowy, winter.
There is no coincidence even when in the word before the end there is not a hard consonant, as in the question, but a soft one: what? -winter; about what? -about winter.
In endings genitive masculine and neuter there are also orthograms: in place of the sound (B), the letter (G) -th is written, and at the end, the letter O.
These spellings are unverifiable, you can underline not each one separately, but the whole ending (s) (his).
2. Rules for declension of adjectives
1. Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of an interrogative word which: with a good (to and to?) Mood, about an interesting (to and to?) Book, etc.
2. Possessive adjectives in -iy, -ya, -ye, -yi (fox, fox, fox, fox) in all cases, except for the nominative and similar accusative case of the masculine singular, are written with ь: fishery, fishery, fishing, fishing, fishing, about fishing; fishing, fishing, fishing, fishing, fishing, about fishing. Note 1. Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns using the suffix -j- (iot), the indicator of which in indirect forms is the dividing b. Note 2. Possessive adjectives in -ii should be distinguished from adjectives in -чий such as recumbent, combustible, in which in indirect cases ь is not written, since they lack the suffix -j-; Wed: recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, etc.
3. The adjectives suburban, intercity, suburban change according to the solid type of declension and are written with the endings -th, -th, -th, -th, etc.; the adjectives endless, nonresident change according to the soft variety of declension and are written with the endings -y, -yay, -ee, -e, etc. Forms long-distance and nonresident, endless are outdated and are not currently recommended for use.
4. Adjectives ending in -y have a short form in -en in the masculine nominative singular: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender.
3. Exercise exercises
1. Let's decline word combinations: Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance road. I.P. (what?) A difficult long-distance journey, a difficult long-distance road.
R.P. (what?) A difficult long-distance journey, a difficult long-distance road
V.p. (what?) Hard long way, hard long way
D. p. (What?) A hard long way, a hard long way
T.P. (what?) A hard long-distance journey, a difficult long-distance road
P.P. (about what?) About a difficult long-distance journey, about a difficult long-distance road
2. Working with text. Insert missing letters.
1) From cloudy… ..high… .the sky occasionally fell lonely snowflakes.
Sky (WHAT?) Cloudy, high
2) Clean ... white ... the earth was covered with a tablecloth.
A tablecloth (which one?) Is clean, white.
3) Here is an old ... stump pushed a fluffy ... fur ... hat on his forehead.
STUMP (WHAT?) OLD. A hat (what?) Is fluffy, furry. Memo "How to recognize letters in unstressed endings of adjectives?" 1. Find the noun on which the adjective depends. 2. Put a question to the adjective in the form required by the noun. 3. Recognize the letter by the shock ending in the question. (Be aware of possible mismatches)
1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baikova T.A. Russian language 4: Academbook / Textbook.
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.
3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.
1. Culture written speech ().
1. Fill in the table by entering the correct adjective endings.
|
light ... stripe |
on the top ... floor |
|
early ... morning |
white ... birch |
|
by evening ... train |
syn ... light |
|
beyond the blue ... by the sea |
merry ... songs |
|
winter ... weather |
tall ... building |
|
snow ... lump |
smart ... human |
|
brave ... to the partisans |
black ... cloud |
|
bottom ... shelf |
in a new ... house |
|
good ... student |
on snow ... road |
|
on fragile ... ice |
in warm ... fur coats |
2) Write down the text, changing the endings of adjectives in meaning, highlight them, indicate the case. Tall, century-old pines with red, mighty trunks were gloomy. They are tightly closed at the top with green peaks. In the cheese (s) corners stretched tall (s) stems of green herbs.
3) A) Make sentences with words - green leaves, dense trees, sonorous streams in genitive and prepositional cases. B) Sort out the adjectives by composition.
4) * Compose a descriptive text on a free topic using a variety of adjectives with a variety of case endings.
Unstressed case endings of adjectives are written in the same way as drums, except for masculine adjectives in the nominative case.
In order to correctly write the unstressed ending of an adjective, you need to find the noun in the sentence to which this adjective belongs and determine its gender and case. Then remember the ending of the adjective in this case. Next, compare the end of the adjective and the end of the question to which it answers.
The woodpecker was treated to delicious pine cones . → treated myself (than?) cones TP, cones (what?) tasty mi .
Masculine adjectives in nominative and accusative answer the question what? and have the endings -th, -th.
Male gender: how oh? -Oh, th, th: dashing oh , dare th , great ui
Neuter gender: what? th, -her: white oh , syn her
Example: There was a funny clown in the circus . → was (Who?) clown SP, clown (what?) dare th. m.r. SP
Genitive case answer the question what? and have endings th, -him: near him, funny .
Seryozha called his favorite puppy → called (who?) puppy RP, puppy (what?) love wow ... m.r. RP
Masculine and neuter adjectives in dative case answer the question (what?) and have endings th, -him: handsome oh , near him .
We drove up to a beautiful building . → drove up (for what?) to the building DP, building (what?) handsome oh ... s.r. DP
Masculine and neuter adjective in instrumental case answer the question (what?) have an ending th, -them: good them , merry th .
The plane was flying over a huge city . → flew over (than?) city TP, city (what?) huge th ... m.r. TP
Masculine and neuter adjective in prepositional case answer the question (which one?) and have endings th, -eat: o oars ohm , oh near eat .
I talked about my favorite writer . → told (about whom?) about the writer PP, the writer (what?) love ohm. m.r. PP
Feminine adjectives in genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, answer the questions what? and have endings -Oh, -to her. handsome oh , senior to her.
She was a fun girl . → was (by whom?) a girl TP, a girl (what?) merry oh ... r. TP
IN instrumental case there may be more endings -th, -her.
Feminine adjectives in accusative case answer the question what? and have endings - yu, -yuyu.
They went to an evening disco . → Let's go (where? for what?) to the disco VP, disco (what?) vespers yuyu ... r. VP