Most complete reference table major dates and events in Russian history from 6th to 12th century. This table is convenient for schoolchildren and applicants for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and USE in history.
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Main events of the 6th -12th century |
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Formation of tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs |
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Creation of early state associations of the Eastern Slavs in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Dnieper and Lake. Ilmen |
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Joint sea campaign of the Dnieper Slavs and Varangians to Constantinople (Constantinople) |
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Reign of Rurik in Novgorod |
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Board in Kiev of princes Askold and Dir |
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Oleg's reign in Kiev |
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Oleg's trek to Constantinople. The first treaty of Russia with Byzantium on friendly relations, norms of international trade and navigation |
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The second treaty between Russia and Byzantium |
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Igor's reign in Kiev |
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The first campaign of Prince Igor against Constantinople, which ended in failure |
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The second campaign of Prince Igor to Constantinople. Treaty between Russia and Byzantium. (Russia lost the right to duty-free trade and undertook to provide assistance in the protection of Byzantium's border possessions). |
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Olga's reign in Kiev (after the murder of her husband Prince Igor by the Drevlyans). |
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945 – 972(973) |
Reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich in Kiev |
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Princess Olga's embassy to Constantinople. Her adoption of Christianity (under the name Elena) |
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The defeat of the Khazar Kaganate by Prince Svyatoslav (on the lower Volga). Establishment of control over the Volga - Caspian Sea trade route. |
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Hike of Prince Svyatoslav to Danube Bulgaria. Wars with Byzantium and the Pechenegs |
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Defeat of the Pechenegs near Kiev |
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Treaty of Russia with Byzantium |
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972(973) – 980 |
Civil strife in Kiev after the murder of Prince Svyatoslav by the Pechenegs |
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Reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich in Kiev |
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Creation of a single pantheon of pagan gods in Kiev |
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Hike of Prince Vladimir to the Volga Bulgars |
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Baptism of Russia |
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Construction of the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin (Tithe Church) in Kiev |
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The internecine wars of the sons of Vladimir I for the grand prince's throne. |
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The reign of Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise in Kiev. Compilation of the code of laws "Yaroslav's Pravda" - the most ancient part of the "Russian Truth" |
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The uprising in the Rostov-Suzdal land; suppressed by Prince Yaroslav |
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The division of Russia between Yaroslav the Wise and his brother Mstislav along the Dnieper: The right bank (with Kiev) went to Yaroslav Left bank (with Chernigov) - to Mstislav |
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Construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov |
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The victory of Prince Yaroslav the Wise over the Pechenegs, which ensured peace for Russia for a quarter of a century (before the Polovtsy came to the Steppe) |
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Construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev |
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The last campaign of Rus (led by the son of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich of Novgorod) to Constantinople; failed |
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Construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod |
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Izyaslav Yaroslavich's great reign in Kiev. Compilation of "Pravda Yaroslavichi" - the second part of "Russian Truth" |
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Polovtsian raid on Russia. The campaign of the Russian princes (Yaroslavichs) against the Polovtsians; defeat on the river. Alta. The uprising of the townspeople in Kiev. Flight of Izyaslav to Poland. |
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Uprising in Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal land |
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Transfer of the relics of Prince Boris and Gleb (sons of Prince Vladimir I), killed by supporters of Svyatopolk, who became the first Russian saints, to the new church in Vyshgorod |
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Expulsion of Prince Izyaslav from Kiev |
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The great reign of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich in Kiev |
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Vsevolod Yaroslavich's great reign in Kiev |
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Great reign in Kiev Svyatopolk Izyaslavich |
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The defeat of the princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh in the battle with the Polovtsy on the river. Stugna |
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The victory of Prince Svyatopolk over the Polovtsy in the battle of Pereyaslavl. |
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Congress of Princes in Lublech |
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Dolob congress of Russian princes to prepare a campaign against the Polovtsians |
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The campaign of princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsians |
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The founding of the city by Prince Vladimir II Vsevolodovich |
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The uprising in Kiev against the usurers. The vocation of Prince Vladimir II Vsevolodovich |
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The great reign of Vladimir II Vsevolodovich Monomakh in Kiev. Strengthening the grand ducal power. Publication of the "Charter of Vladimir Monomakh"; restraint of usury |
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Victory of Prince Vladimir II Monomakh over Cumans |
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The great reign of Mstislav Vladimirovich in Kiev |
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Reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in Rostov-Suzdal land |
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1127 - about 1155 |
The reign of Rostislav Yaroslavich in Ryazan |
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The reign of Rostislav Mstislavich in Smolensk |
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Campaigns of Prince Mstislav of Kiev to Lithuania |
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The great reign of Yaropolk Vladimirovich in Kiev |
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Riots in Novgorod. Expulsion by decision of the veche of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich. Strengthening the "boyar republic" and the principle of inviting the prince |
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Vsevolod Olgovich's great reign in Kiev |
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The first mention in the annals of Moscow |
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The great reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in Kiev |
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The departure of Prince Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky from Kiev to Rostov-Suzdal land |
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First election of an archbishop in Novgorod |
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Uprising in Kiev |
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The great reign of Andrey Bogolyubsky in the Vladimir-Suzdal land |
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Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir |
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Transfer to Vladimir from the Kiev Vyshgorod monastery of the icon of the Mother of God (Our Lady of Vladimir) |
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The campaign of the Russian princes against the Polovtsians |
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The capture and plundering of Kiev by the troops of Andrey Bogolyubsky |
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Battle of the Suzdal people with the Novgorodians. The defeat of the Suzdal people |
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The assassination of Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky by boyars-conspirators |
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Strife and uprisings in the Vladimir-Suzdal land |
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The great reign in the Vladimir-Suzdal land of the brother of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky - Vsevolod Yurievich the Big Nest |
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The united campaign of the South Russian princes against the Polovtsians. Defeat of Khan Kobyak on the river. Orel |
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The unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsians of Prince Novgorod-Seversky Igor Svyatoslavich, which served as the theme for "The Lay of Igor's Regiment" |
He opened the period of cruel princely strife.
After Yaroslav, the eldest of his living sons became the Grand Duke, Izyaslav Yaroslavich(1054 - 1078). The first troubles were started by the outcast prince Rostislav Vladimirovich, the father was also the son of Yaroslav, and older than Izyaslav, but he died during Yaroslav's life. Rostislav, dissatisfied with his Vladimir-Volyn region, recruited a squad and captured Tmutarakan in the Crimea, but here he was poisoned by the Greeks. However, he has sons Volodar and Vasilko. The Polovtsian nomads, who appeared at that time in the southern steppes, defeated the combined forces of the Russian princes. The Kievans wanted to fight the Polovtsians again, but Izyaslav opposed this, and then Izyaslav was expelled from Kiev (1068). With help polish king Izyaslav again occupied Kiev (1069), but soon quarreled with the brothers, was expelled by them and fled to Western Europe... The grand-ducal throne was not rightfully taken (1073) by his next brother, Svyatoslav of Chernigov. Only after the death of Svyatoslav, Izyaslav returned to Kiev again.
Izyaslav died (1078) in the fight against Oleg Svyatoslavich and Boris Vyacheslavich, who, in alliance with the Polovtsy, rebelled against him and his brother Vsevolod, since the uncles did not want to give the volosts to their nephews. Izyaslav was succeeded in Kiev by the weak Vsevolod Yaroslavich(1078-1093), whose reign was very restless, since the younger princes were in disputes over the inheritance, and the Polovtsy attacked the Russian land. Only with the help of his famous son, Vladimir Monomakh, Vsevolod could stay on the throne until his death. We know about Vsevolod from the teachings of his son Monomakh that he was very fond of education and knew 5 languages; in general, love for education was hereditary in the family of Yaroslav.
Russia in the 11th - early 12th century
Vsevolod was succeeded by seniority (Igor and Vyacheslav Yaroslavich died in the early years of Izyaslav's reign) by the weak and indecisive, but power-hungry Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich (1093 - 1113). Under him, Oleg Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsians devastated the Russian land several times, wishing to regain his father's city of Chernigov.
To end civil strife, the princes gathered for a general council in Lyubech (1097), where they made everyone own what his father owned: Svyatopolk - Kiev, Monomakh - Pereyaslavl, Svyatoslavichs (Oleg, David and Yaroslav) - Chernigov-Severskaya and Muromo- Ryazan lands. The outcast princes David Igorevich and Rostislavich Volodar and Vasil'ko were given the Vladimir-Volyn land, divided into 2 parts - Volyn, which David got, and Chervonnaya Rus, which Rostislavich received. “Why are we ruining the Russian land,” the princes said at the congress, “raising a quarrel on ourselves? Let us live better with one accord and will not let the Polovtsians destroy the Russian land, ”and at the same time they sealed the peace treaty with a kiss of the cross.
The consent of the princes, however, did not last long. Soon after the congress, David Igorevich, dissatisfied with his lot and afraid of the warlike Rostislavichs, especially Vasilko, brave and enterprising, captured the latter with the consent of Svyatopolk and blinded him. There were new strife, ending with the second congress of the princes - in Vitichev (1100), at which they punished David, taking away Vladimir Volynsky from him. The Polovtsi, taking advantage of the continuous strife of the princes, repeatedly ravaged the Russian land. Vladimir Monomakh, after the end of the troubles, convinced the princes to unite and march against the Polovtsians. There were 2 trips. During the second of them, the princes, having gone deep into the Polovtsian lands, defeated the Polovtsians on their heads at the river Sale, which flows into the Don (1111). The complete victory over the Polovtsy, the constant enemies of Russia in the depths of their steppes, made a strong impression in the Russian land, since after Svyatoslav Igorevich, whose campaigns very few people remembered, not one of the princes went so far east. It is clear what kind of fame he gained main character this campaign - Monomakh. For a long time there was a legend about how he drank the Don with a golden silk, how he drove the accursed Hagarians through the iron gates.
After the death of Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125) became the Grand Duke. With this strong and intelligent ruler, strife in Russia temporarily ceased. You can read about him in the articles on our website Vladimir Monomakh - a short biography, Vladimir Monomakh - a historical portrait.
Monomakh and his entire family acquired such a disposition of the people that after Vladimir's death his eldest son Mstislav occupied Kiev, although he was not the eldest in Rurik's house. Mstislav ruled the Russian land (1125 - 1132) like his father and kept the appanage princes in obedience. At that time, the Monomakh House owned Kiev, Novgorod, Smolensk, Pereyaslavl, Turov, Volyn, Rostov and Suzdal. In addition, Mstislav took possession of the Polotsk principality and gave it to his son Izyaslav, and sent the Polotsk princes as exiles to Greece. Thus, the house of Monomakh in its possessions was stronger than all the other Rurikovichs. During the time of Mstislav, he was strong and brotherly unanimity of all its members.
Mstislav was succeeded in Kiev by his brother Yaropolk (1132 - 1139), during which contentions occurred between the Monomakhovichs - the nephews wanted to be older than their uncles and inherit the Kiev reign. The Olgovichs, the sons of Oleg Svyatoslavich, took advantage of these discord and began to fight the Monomakhovichs for seniority. The Polotsk princes also took advantage of these strife and again occupied the Polotsk principality.
After the death of Yaropolk, Vsevolod, the eldest of the Olgovichi, became the Grand Duke, expelling Vyacheslav Vladimirovich from Kiev (1139 - 1146). His brother Igor wanted to inherit Vsevolod, but the Kievites, who did not like the Olgovichi and were tied to the Monomakh house, called on Izyaslav II Mstislavich (1146 - 1154), and Igor was killed. Izyaslav occupied Kiev in addition to his eldest uncles Vyacheslav and Yuri, but he thought little about which side was right: "no place goes to the head," he said, "but head to place."
His uncle Yuri Dolgoruky armed himself against Izyaslav for violating seniority; there was a stubborn struggle for Kiev, in which other Russian princes, as well as Hungarians and Cumans took part. Twice expelled from Kiev by Yuri, but who did not want to yield to him, Izyaslav gave Kiev to his elder, but incapable uncle Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (1151 - 1154), and ruled Kiev under his name until his death. After Izyaslav II, Yuri Dolgoruky finally occupied Kiev and owned it until his death (1157).
By the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th century. Kievan Rus turned into a fairly developed state largely due to the development national economy: a regular system of land use appeared, new agricultural crops were mastered, cattle breeding developed. Specialization of production and the process of division of labor gradually took place. Together with the villages, cities also developed: by the beginning of the 12th century. in Russia, there were about 300 major cities, their well-being grew.
However, quite serious changes began to take place in the political life of the state. First of all, the 12th century. (its second half) was marked by a gradual decline in the power of Kiev and the decline of the Kiev principality.
Decline of Kiev. Domestic policy in Russia
There were several reasons for the weakening of the Kiev principality:
- reducing the importance of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", which was of great importance for the region's economy;
- strengthening of the princes on the ground (the growth of their prosperity led to the fact that the princes no longer needed significant support from Kiev);
- growing military tension in Kiev. The city was constantly attacked by both nomads and other princes who wanted to achieve a great reign. Every year the situation in the principality became more tense.
Despite the increasingly difficult state of affairs, Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich (son of Vladimir Monomakh) made attempts to re-unite Russia under the leadership of Kiev, which, however, were unsuccessful. By the end of the 12th century. the center of Russia more and more shifted towards the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Although Kiev did not lose its political influence until the beginning of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, at the end of the 12th century. Vladimir was a serious competitor to the old capital.
Strengthening of individual principalities led to the fact that the country became more fragmented, in the regions their own centers of power began to appear, uniting several nearby principalities under their command. The economic and political life of Russia by the end of the century also lost its centralization.
The development of feudalism in the 12th century
In the 12th century. the formation process is actually being completed social structure society, characteristic of most medieval states: society is divided into free and dependent people, social strata appear.
With the development of society and the economy, land interests began to play an increasing role. The princes, who previously owned most of all land holdings, gradually transferred part of their administrative rights to the lands to the boyars and monasteries, so that they could independently collect tribute from the territories entrusted to them, freeing the princes themselves from this. This is how the system of private, boyar and monastic land tenure began to form. Later, the boyars and monasteries, who received rights to land, were able to expand their own farms at the expense of the princely territories; in these new, more extensive farms, peasants, debtors, or those who sought protection from the boyar increasingly worked. Feudalism developed.
Foreign policy
The main direction of foreign policy during this period - which periodically attacked Russia, as well as attempts to conquer some nearby lands and establish strong contacts with the border European principalities.
Life and culture of Russia in the 12th century
It was formed under the influence of pagan traditions and ancient lifeas well as the traditions of recently adopted Christianity. Traditional Russian culture with all its national features and differences during this period is just beginning to form - new crafts are developing, art, architecture.
Main events:
- 1100 - Congress of princes in Vitichev;
- 1103 - the beginning of a series of campaigns against (1103-1120);
- 1110 - the beginning of the creation of the "Tale of Bygone Years";
- 1111 - victory over the Polovtsy at Salnitsa;
- 1113 - the beginning of the reign of Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125);
- 1115 - aggravation of relations between Novgorod and Kiev;
- 1116 - a new victory of the Kievites over the Polovtsy;
- 1125 - creation of the "Instruction" by Vladimir Monomakh;
- 1125 - the death of Vladimir Monomakh, the Kiev throne is occupied by Mstislav, the eldest son of Vladimir Monomakh (1125-1132);
- 1128 - Mstislav takes away independence from Polotsk principality;
- 1130 - the first princely letters of gratitude given to the Novgorod monasteries;
- 1131 - the beginning of successful campaigns against Lithuania (1131-1132);
- 1132 - death of Mstislav; this moment is considered the beginning of the period of fragmentation and feudal wars;
- 1136 - expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavich from Novgorod, the beginning of the era of Novgorod's independence;
- 1139 - riots in Kiev, seizure of power by Vsevolod Olgovich;
- 1144 - the unification of the Galicia-Volyn lands into a single Galician land;
- 1146 - the reign of Izyaslav (1146-1154) in Kiev, the son of Mstislav, whom the Kievites invited to inherit the throne after the death of Vsevolod; the beginning of a fierce struggle of the princes for the throne in Kiev;
- 1147 - the first mention of Moscow in chronicles;
- 1149 - the struggle of the Novgorodians with the Finns for Vod; attempts suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky to recapture the Yugra tribute from the Novgorodians;
- 1151 - war of the Grand Duke of Kiev Izyaslav in alliance with Hungary against Vladimir, Prince of Galician;
- 1152 - foundation of Kostroma and Pereyaslavl-Zalessky;
- 1154 - reign
History Kievan Rus officially begins in 882 - as recorded in the annals, it was then that Oleg from Rurikovich, having killed Askold and Dir, began to rule the principality with the capital in Kiev. His campaigns, as well as the wars of conquest of other princes, led to the fact that the land at the hand of Kiev became more and more. Kievan Rus in the 9-12 centuries is a large and developed European state.
Foreign and domestic policy of the ancient Russian state
From the very beginning foreign policy had several directions at once: it was necessary to resist both Byzantium, which extended its expansion to the Northern Black Sea region, and the Khazars, who hindered trade in the east, and the nomadic Pechenegs - they simply devastated Russia with their raids.
Byzantium has repeatedly tried to subjugate Ancient Russiabut not all of her attempts were successful. So, after Oleg's naval campaign against Constantinople, a trade agreement was concluded between the countries, which was beneficial for the East Slavic state, however, during the reign of Igor, after his less successful military actions, the conditions changed to less favorable for Russia.
The most successful in foreign policy was the reign of Svyatoslav - he not only defeated the army of the Khazar Kaganate and the Volga Bulgaria (having previously captured the Vyatichi), but also conquered the North Caucasian tribes and founded the Tmutarakan principality.
Figure: 1. Svyatoslav Igorevich.
He also concluded a treaty with Byzantium, after which he turned his gaze to the Balkans. However, the conquest of the Bulgarian kingdom in 967 turned an insidious ally against him: the Byzantine ruler supported the Pechenegs, they went to Kiev, but were defeated by Svyatoslav. He returned to the Danube again and with the support of the Bulgarians went to Constantinople. The map of military operations was constantly changing, then Svyatoslav, then the Byzantine side took the upper hand, and at some point the Kiev prince decided to return to his capital, but on the way he was killed by the Pechenegs.
TOP-5 articleswho read along with this
It is believed that the Byzantine diplomats sent to them were persuaded to murder Svyatoslav the Pechenegs.
The reign of his son Vladimir was the most politically stable, but already in 1015 a struggle for power began, which lasted more than 20 years - only in 1036 Prince Yaroslav began to rule in Kiev, after whose death his sons only strengthened the power of Kievan Rus. But this did not save the state from feudal fragmentation, the beginning of which was already laid: the autocracy of the Kiev princes fell. Vladimir Monomakh, who tried to resist her, achieved only a temporary increase in power, and under his son Yaropolk, the process of the collapse of the state was finally completed.
Figure: 2. Vladimir Monomakh.
Economy and culture of Kievan Rus
Russia in the 9th and early 12th century was a state with feudal land tenure... The owners of the land were not only princes, but also boyars and vigilantes, and a little later the church was added to them. The labor force on which the economic development of Kievan Rus was based were slaves, smerds and other categories of the population. They took food rent from them.
As for culture, it was largely formed under the influence of the Byzantine tradition - this applies not only to architecture, but also to painting. Own literature was also formed under the influence of translation, but it was ideologically rich and perfect in artistic terms. Most famous works of that time - this is "The Tale of Bygone Years", "Teachings" of Monomakh and, of course, "The Lay of Igor's Campaign."
1100
The reign of the English king Henry I (1100 - 1135) began. Strengthening the system government controlled; the permanent royal council began to play a significant role.
1100
"Charter of liberties", guaranteeing the observance by the king of the rights and privileges of large owners - the charter of Henry I (Britain).
1103
The proclamation by Henry IV of the universal land peace.
1103
The beginning of a series of campaigns by Vladimir and Svyatopolk against the Polovtsians (1103 - 1120).
1104
Revolt against Henry IV and his son (lasted 1104 - 1106).
1106
The reign of the German king and emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire" Henry V (1106 - 1125) began. He ended the struggle with the papacy for investiture.
1107
A compromise agreement between Henry I and Pope Paschal II, according to which the king refuses the investiture of bishops and abbots, and the pope recognizes his right to receive a feudal oath from all English prelates who came into possession of church lands.
1107
The capture of Suzdali by the Volga Bulgarians.
1108
The reign of the French king Louis VI began. Strengthening the central power, put an end to the resistance of the feudal lords in the royal domain (their castles are destroyed or occupied by the royal garrisons).
1109
The Polish-German War of Henry V.
1110
During these years, the "Tale of Bygone Years" was written.
1110
Henry V's campaign to Italy, the conclusion of an agreement with Pope Paschal II (the campaign lasted 1110-1111).
1111
Victory over the Polovtsy at Salnitsa.
1113.04.16
Svyatopolk died.
1113
The uprising of dependent (enslaving) people against the princely power and merchants-usurers. "Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich".
1113
The beginning of the reign of Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125).
1118
The reign of the Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus (1118 - 1143) began.
1122
The Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos defeated the Pechenegs.
1122
The Worms concordat between the pope and the emperor - the end of the struggle for investiture - the loss of power by the German emperors over the Italian episcopate.
1124
The Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus defeated the Serbs.
1125
"A lesson to children" by Vladimir Monomakh.
1128
Marriage of Matilda, daughter of Henry I, and Count Geoffroy V Plantagenet of Anjou.
1128
The liquidation by Mstislav Vladimirovich of the independence of the Polotsk principality (during 1128 - 1130).
1128
Famine in Novgorod, Pskov, Suzdal, Smolensk and Polotsk lands.
1132
Campaign of Lothair II to Italy (1132 - 1133).
1135
The Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus defeated the Seljuks.
1135
"Charter" of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich on the management of traffickers.
1135
The beginning of feudal strife after the death of Henry I. Struggle for power of King Stephen Blaussky with Matilda, daughter of Henry I, heir to the throne.
1135
The reign of the English king Stephen of Blois (1135 - 1154), nephew of Henry 1, began. Strife and the weakening of the central government caused by the claims to the throne by Matilda, daughter of Henry 1.
1136
Campaign of Lothair II to Italy (1136 - 1137).
1136
Falling away of Kievan Rus from Novgorod.
1137
The Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus established Byzantium's sovereignty over Antioch.
1137
Catalonia and Aragon united into one kingdom - Aragonese.
1137
The reign of the French king Louis VII (1137 - 1180) began. By his marriage to Alienora, heiress of the Duchy of Aquitaine, he annexed the territory of southwestern France to his domain.
1138
Election of King Konrad III of Hohenstraufen.
1139
Unrest in Kiev and its capture by Vsevolod Olegovich.
1144
As a result of the antipope uprising of the Romans under the leadership of Arnold Brescia, the Roman Republic was created. In 1155 it was liquidated with the help of Frederick I Barbarossa, the power of the pope was restored.
1144
Unification of Galicia-Volyn lands into a single Galician land.
1144
The Seljuk Turks captured Edessa.
1146
The beginning of the fierce struggle of the princely clans for the Kiev throne (Monomakhovichi, Olgovichi, Davidovichi) - continued until 1161.
1146
The campaign of Emperor Konrad III to Poland.
1147
The second began crusade (1147 - 1149). Leading the campaign french king Louis VII and the Emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire" German King Conrad III The reason was the capture of Edessa by the Seljuk Turks.
1147
The first mention of Moscow in chronicles.
1152
Divorce of Louis VII from Caliente. After that, Aliena of Aquitaine married Henry II Plantagenet, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, which led to the loss of Aquitaine by France and marked the beginning of a long struggle between France and England.
1152
The reign of the German king Frederick 1 Barbarossa (1152 - 1190) began, from 1155 - the emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire". He tried to subjugate the northern Italian cities.
1153
Wallingford Agreement - Matilda recognized Stephen as king, Stephen recognized Matilda's son Henry II Plantagenet as heir.
1154
The accession to the English throne of Henry II Plantagenet. Accession to England of the possessions of the Angevin house.
1154
The beginning of Frederick I Barbarossa's campaigns in Italy (1154 - 1186).
1154
The reign of the English king Henry II Plantagenet (Henry of Anjou), the first of the Plantagenet dynasty, began (from 1154 to 1189). He also owned extensive holdings in France. He carried out reforms that strengthened the royal power. Defeated the Irish clan leaders and forced them to recognize him as "supreme ruler".
1155.02.05 - 07
The probable time of birth of the "man of the millennium" Genghis Khan. Or in 1167
1155
The return of Bavaria to Heinrich Welf (Leo).
1157
Frederick I Barbarossa's campaign to Poland (1132 - 1133).
1157
The uprising of smerds in Kiev (1157 - 1159).
1157.06.04
(June 4, according to the Julian calendar) The beginning of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157 - 1174). He was elected (!) Prince of Rostov and Suzdal, which later transformed into Muscovy. The act of electing Andrei Bogolyusky can be viewed as the first manifestation of a new emerging people - the Russians.
1158
Roncal Agreement prescribing transfer to the emperor supreme power over Italian cities.
1158
King Alphonse VIII (1158 - 1214) began to rule in Castile.
1159
The beginning of the Franco-Angevin war (1159 - 1299).
1160
Revolt of Novgorodians against Svyatoslav Rostislavovich.
1162
Destruction of Milan by Frederick I Barbarossa.
1164
Andrei Bogolyubsky's hike to the Volga Bulgarians. Novgorod victory over the Swedes.
1164
"Clarendon Constitutions" - limiting the jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts.
1166
The beginning of the judicial reform of Henry II (lasted until 1179).
1167
The probable time of birth of the "man of the millennium" Genghis Khan. Or in 1155
1167
The Lombard League was formed - a union of Italian cities to fight the German feudal invaders.
1169
The beginning of the conquest of Ireland. Pale's formation (1171).
1169
Capture of Kiev by Andrey Bogolyubsky "on the shield".
1170
Assassination of Beckett by order of Henry II.
1170
Founding of the Principality of Mecklenburg.
1174
The murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky. The first mention in the chronicle of the name "nobles".
1175
The reign (1175 - 1193) of the Egyptian sultan Salah ad-Din (Sala-Din) began. Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. He headed the struggle of Muslims against the crusaders.
1176
The beginning of the reign of Vsevolod the Big Nest in Sudali (1176 - 1212).
1176
The German king Frederick I Barbarossa was defeated by the Lombard League at the Battle of Legnano. Frederick barely escaped. This was one of the first battles in which the knightly army was defeated by the militia of urban artisans and merchants.
1180
The reign of the French king Philip II Augustus (1180 - 1223). He successfully pursued a policy of centralizing the state (increased the royal domain by about 4 times, transformed government in it; limited the independence of the feudal nobility). He won back the French territories subject to him (Normandy, etc.) from John Landless, turned France into a leading European power.
1181
Confiscation of the possessions of Henry the Lion.
1183
The Peace of Constance between Frederick I and the Lombard League, Frederick's refusal from the Roncal Agreement, - the restoration of the rights of self-government of the Northern Italian cities.
1183
The reign of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus I Komnenos (1183 - 1185) began. He seized the throne, having achieved the support of the popular masses through demagogy. He pursued a policy of terror against the aristocracy. Overthrown by the nobility of Constantinople in 1185 with the help of the masses (whose situation did not improve) and executed.
1184
The reign of Queen Tamar (1184 - 1207) in Georgia began. During her reign, Georgia achieved great military and political successes. The poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" by Shota Rustaveli is dedicated to her.
1185
Unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor against Polovtsev.
1187
The Muslims took Jerusalem again, taking it away from the Christians: In the battle at Lake Tiberias, the Egyptian sultan Salah ad-Din defeated the troops of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and captured Jerusalem.
1187
The Second Bulgarian Kingdom was formed (1187 - 1396).
1189
The beginning of the reign of the English king Richard the Lionheart. He spent most of his life outside England, fighting against the French king and against the Muslims. Returning from the third crusade, he was captured by the emperor Henry VI, who demanded a huge ransom, which was paid, including thanks to the increase in taxes in England (1194).
1189
The third crusade began. (Lasted 1189 - 1192). The crusaders were led by the Emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire" Frederick 1 Barbarossa (died - drowned while crossing the Salef River), the French king Philip II Augustus and the English king Richard 1 the Lionheart.
1190
The struggle between Henry IV and the King of the Sicilian kingdom Tancreda (lasted 1190-1194). Passage of the kingdom under the control of the Hohenstaufens.
1190
Recognition of the independence of Serbia by Byzantium.
1190
The reign of the German king and emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire" Henry VI (1190 - 1197) began. By marrying the heiress to the Sicilian throne, he annexed the Kingdom of Sicily to his possessions.
1192
Richard 1 the Lionheart, having achieved success in Syria, conquering Cyprus and forming the Kingdom of Cyprus, concluded peace with Salah ad-Din, according to which a narrow coastal strip from Tire to Jaffa remained for the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Jerusalem remained in the hands of Muslims.
1195
Agreement between the Novgorodians and the Germans and the Gotland.
1195
The Livonian bishopric was established, the onslaught of Catholicism in the Baltic region is intensifying.
1195
King Alphonse VIII of Xtilia was defeated by the Arabs.
1196
Revolt of the citizens of London against the royal administration and the wealthy citizens.
1196
Henry IV's attempt to make the German crown hereditary.
1196
Recognition of Novgorodian liberties by the princes.
1196
Danish knights attack the eastern coast of the Baltic.
1197
Swedish feudal lords rob and burn the Estonian villages.
1198
Pope Celestine III proclaims the Northern Crusade. The Teutonic Order was founded (uniform - white cloak with black cross). Bishop Berthold with an army of crusaders comes to the Western Dvina, forcibly baptizes the Livs, imposes tribute on them.
1199
The IV crusade began (lasted 1199 - 1204).
1199
The reign of the English king John Lackland began.