What you can know about a person. What can you find out about a person from the state of his desktop? Date of birth numerology

The Russian people never sat idle, except that on holidays they allowed themselves to relax a little.

There were respected and rare professions in Russia, complex and mysterious. Some have not reached our times, others have received a new birth, and others have completely disappeared. What was the labor market in Russia?

Spitters

The spitters didn't make their living by what you might think. They sowed turnips. Why spitters? Because turnip seeds are very small, in one kilogram - more than a million. It is simply impossible to sow them in the usual way. So they came up with the idea of \u200b\u200bspitting out the seeds. This profession was one of the most honorable in Russia, and good spitters were worth their weight in gold.

Degtecura

In Russia, this profession was quite widespread. Degtekurs drove tar from birch bark. Tar was a versatile agent used both for lubricating wheel axles, locks or boots, and for impregnating sleepers and greasing the lower rims of wooden log cabins to protect them from moisture and water. But the main thing for which tar was needed was for the production of black (otherwise Russian) yuft, a special leather with a pleasant resinous smell, which was used to make shoes and harnesses. Resin workers worked next to the tar - they extracted resin from conifers by distillation.

Coachmen and cabbies

The profession was so popular that it left a huge cultural layer in Russian art and literature. It should be distinguished: coachmen are like modern long-distance drivers, and cabbies are city taxi drivers. Coachmen transported not only people, but also postal parcels and correspondence, as well as various goods, such as goods for shops. Among the cabbies there was a classification. So, the vans represented economy class services. These were mainly visitors from villages who sometimes did not have their own transport. They had to rent both a horse and a carriage. For the trip, the vans took 30–70 kopecks. The cargo taxi - lomoviks - worked on draft horses. Wealthy people took reckless drivers who had well-fed and beautiful horses, plus very comfortable carriages. The reckless men estimated their work at 3 rubles. In addition to private traders, city cabbies also worked - "darlings", or "frisky". They were easy to recognize by their uniforms and license plate. It was possible to order a city cabman at a special exchange. Such a trip rarely cost more than a ruble.

Mowing grass has long been perceived in Russia as a common cause. However, the main "striking force" was still the mowers - usually very strong and hardy men. If there weren't enough of them, both women and old people went out to mow. By the way, some older people could give odds to young guys. They began to mow on the first dew, which moistened the grass and facilitated the course of the scythe. A certain position of the hands, a wave of the scythe, its direction - there are many subtleties in this work. On how well the mower works, it directly depended on what product the cattle in the barn and the person on the table would receive. Usually during mowing they sang - amicably, cheerfully, thereby creating the necessary rhythm of work, because if one of the mowers hesitates, it’s not far from trouble. Haymaking is one of the most popular subjects in Russian art. Mowing is easy, you say. Of course, but only if it is not about mowing the grass.

Peddlers

The peasants who traded all over Russia were called peddlers, walkers, or offenders. They wore their goods (usually various useful little things) in large popular boxes, hence the name - peddlers. Their society, their own code, their concept of honor and even their own slang, which only people of this profession knew, distinguished peddlers from many other Russian workers. Word formation in the language of Ohen took place different ways: Russian words were distorted beyond recognition, replaced in the sentence by borrowings from other languages, and often just invented. The attitude of the people towards the women was different. On the one hand, ofeni were often the only sources of news, narrators of tales and gossip, on the other hand, the Russian people somehow always treated people offering to buy something with distrust.

Buffoons

The king at court was entertained by a jester, but people in the streets and squares were amused by buffoons. The buffoons especially loved to work during fairs and various folk festivals. Still would! The people were kind, for a good joke and could give a new hat. The buffoons were jack of all trades: witches, musicians, singers, and performers of various scenes. Do people need a thrill? Here's a bear! Want to be sharp and quick? The buffoon is ready to tirelessly perform all kinds of acrobatic steps. Each buffoon had its own role: comedian, funny man, lomaka, jester. As you know, the authorities did not really like people of this profession, but it was quite difficult to catch buffoons. They did not stay in one place, wandering from one city to another.

Mourners

In Russia, not a single ritual act, be it a wedding or a funeral, could do without mourners, or screams. Professionally trained to cry from an early age, because crying had to have a special melodic warehouse. The more piercingly the mourner moaned, the more reward she received in the end. If the tears for the deceased in most cases were sincerely shed by relatives, then not all brides, saying goodbye to their parents, managed to truly grieve for their girlish life. So women were invited, capable of shedding tears for hours on end, accompanying crying with various kinds of lamentations. The mourners were also present when the recruits were seeing off. Mourners were a mandatory attribute; their absence, for example, during a funeral was considered shameful.

Visual arts

Pre-revolutionary HR, or Forgotten professions on the canvases of Russian artists

The labor market does not stand still. Some professions are corrected by technical progress, while others disappear into oblivion. What occupations were in demand in the past centuries? Ofenya, a water carrier, a batman ... Considering the paintings of Russian painters.

Water carrier

Sergey Gribkov. Water carrier. 1873

If in a Russian village almost every courtyard had its own well dug, in the city it was difficult to find water. In the central regions, the water in rivers and ponds was most often undrinkable, therefore clean water the townspeople had to bring. The delivery was handled by a water carrier. To become one, you had to have a horse-drawn cart or two-wheeled carriage and a large barrel. In St. Petersburg, the color of the barrel spoke of the quality of the water in it: water from the canals was transported in green barrels, and drinking water in white ones. Often the water carrier was accompanied by a dog: it notified the residents of the arrival of the cart with a loud bark. IN large cities this profession persisted until the beginning of the 20th century, until a centralized water supply appeared.

In 1873, the work of a water carrier was captured in his painting by the artist Sergei Gribkov. At that time, this profession was considered prestigious and, importantly, very profitable: this can be judged by the good-quality clothing of the employee. Water carriers often took advantage of the fact that the townspeople did not have a choice, and they took from them exorbitant prices.

Batman

Pavel Fedotov. Officer and orderly. 1850-1851

Order officers were called soldiers of the Russian army who were on permanent service with an officer as a servant. According to historians, the name is derived from the French de jour, which means "orderly, duty officer." The orderly passed on the officer's orders to subordinates, cleaned his uniform and boots, and, if necessary, performed the duties of a bodyguard. Under Peter I, not only commoners, but also people from a noble family served in this post. The latter, as a rule, carried out diplomatic and secret assignments of the king. This "profession" was abolished in 1881, but unofficial orderlies existed during the Great Patriotic War. Their duties were performed by drivers.

Lamplighter

Leonid Solomatkin. Morning at the inn. 1873

The profession of a lamplighter in a more simplified form existed in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome: Even then, at night, the streets were lit with oil lamps and torches. In Russia, in the 19th century, retired military men who could work night and day were taken to the position of a lamplighter. In an hour, they walked around at least 50 lanterns: they adjusted the wicks and filled in hemp oil. Theft was not complete. To stop this, they began to add turpentine to the oil, and later it was completely replaced by kerosene. With the advent of electric lights, the work became somewhat easier, although they were still turned on and off manually. Only after the 30s of the XX century did the automatic mode of lighting the lanterns appear, and this once prestigious profession has sunk into oblivion. In some cities, you can still find a lamplighter, although this is more an attempt to preserve traditions than a necessity.

In the painting by Leonid Solomatkin "Morning at the tavern" you can see how the lamplighter, having climbed the ladder, goes about his business - extinguishing a candle. Each worker also had a long pole with which he lit and refueled the lanterns.

Saddler

Mikhail Klodt. Saddler. 1860s

Blinders were called eyecups that cover the horse's view on the sides. This is where the word "blinkered" comes from - this is how people who are unable to accept other points of view are called. The harness element gave the name to the whole profession. However, the master was engaged in the manufacture of all horse harness: saddles, bridles, stirrups. Each harness had to be unique. The first saddlers existed in Ancient Russia, and now only rare specialists decorate thoroughbred horses for racing.

Mikhail Klodt's painting shows a saddler at work. This craft was laborious and required skillful skills. What was it worth to choose the right skin! And still it was necessary to sew belts, put rivets. Everything was done by hand with the simplest tools. Each artisan followed certain rules. For example, it was possible to bend arcs only during the summer sap flow, and dry them exclusively in the shade.

Cooper

Traditionally, wooden barrels are used for pickling cucumbers and aging wine. In the old days, the cooper was engaged in their manufacture. Widespread in Russia, this profession came to naught in the XX century. Previously, the number of professional coopers reached a thousand people in each province, but now there are only a few of them. Filling the barrels was extremely difficult. Suffice it to recall an episode from a book about Robinson Crusoe: on the island he tried to learn how to make kegs. I pored for several weeks, hammered together boards, but still I could not do anything worthwhile.

In the painting by Sergei Skachkov, you can see the cooper at work. With the help of an ax and improvised carpentry tools, he attaches wooden or iron hoops to the body. The boards should be knocked down so tightly to each other that they do not let water through.

The Russian people never sat idle, except that on holidays they allowed themselves to relax a little. There were respected and rare professions in Russia, complex and mysterious. Some have not reached our times, others have received a new birth, and others have completely disappeared. What was the labor market in Russia?

1. Spitters

2. Degtecura

3. Coachmen and cabbies

The profession was so popular that it left a huge cultural layer in Russian art and literature. It should be distinguished: coachmen are like modern long-distance drivers, and cabbies are city taxi drivers. Coachmen transported not only people, but also postal parcels and correspondence, as well as various goods, such as goods for shops. Among the cabbies there was a classification. So, the vanka provided economy class services. These were mainly visitors from villages who sometimes did not have their own transport. They had to rent both a horse and a carriage. For the trip, the vans took 30–70 kopecks.
The cargo taxi - lomoviks - worked on draft horses. Wealthy people took reckless drivers who had well-fed and beautiful horses plus very comfortable carriages. The reckless men estimated their work at 3 rubles. In addition to private traders, city cabbies also worked - "darlings", or "frisky". They were easy to recognize by their uniforms and license plate. It was possible to order a city cabman at a special exchange. Such a trip rarely cost more than a ruble.

Mowing grass has long been perceived in Russia as a common cause. However, the main "striking force" was still the mowers - usually very strong and hardy men. If there weren't enough of them, both women and old people went out to mow. By the way, some elderly people could give odds to young guys. They began to mow on the first dew, which moistened the grass and facilitated the course of the scythe.
A certain position of the hands, a wave of the scythe, its direction - there are many subtleties in this work. On how well the mower works, it directly depended on what product the cattle in the barn and the person on the table would receive. Usually during the mowing they sang - amicably, cheerfully, thereby creating the necessary rhythm of work, because if one of the mowers hesitates, then trouble is not far. Haymaking is one of the most popular subjects in Russian art. Mowing is easy, you say. Of course, but only if it is not about mowing the grass.

5. Peddlers

The peasants who traded all over Russia were called peddlers, walkers, or offenders. They wore their goods (usually various useful little things) in large popular boxes, hence the name - peddlers. Their society, their own code, their concept of honor and even their own slang, which only people of this profession knew, distinguished peddlers from many other Russian workers.
Word formation in the Offeni language took place in various ways: Russian words were distorted beyond recognition, replaced in sentences by borrowings from other languages, and often simply invented. The attitude of the people towards the women was different. On the one hand, ofeni were often the only sources of news, narrators of tales and gossip, on the other hand, the Russian people somehow always treated people offering to buy something with distrust.

6. Buffoons

7. Mourners

8. Potters

In those distant times, pottery was entirely in skillful female hands. These bowls did not differ in particular beauty and sophistication, but they were made with their own hands, each housewife has her own bowl. Each craftswoman spiced up her work with an individual style and some kind of quirk, whether it be simple river sand, beautiful pebbles, and who is richer - decorated the craft with small pearls. In addition to bowls for household use, craftswomen made toys for their little ones, and even clay beads.

9. Shepherds

To help the producers of this airy delicacy, the girls were selected very strong and hardy. Two female workers had to beat continuously for two days homogeneous mass from sour Antonovka. After that, the peasant women laid out the pasta in an even layer so that it dries up and waited several days until the applesauce hardened, then they cut this delicacy into strips. It was quite hard work. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was very fond of pastila, his wife even came up with her own special recipe, which was very popular with relatives and guests of the house, the recipe had its own name - "Pastila Tolstoy".

10. Forge

Often in Russian lower folklore, it is mentioned about all kinds of evil spirits that confused horse manes and yarn. Since ancient times, various knots have been known, carrying both bad and good. It turns out that there were women, great craftswomen in this part of the intricacies ...
Ladder charms were woven with them to protect a person from being thin, other weaves could bewitch or even completely destroy. Silk or woolen ropes were woven into different unusual items: bones, needles, even bat wings. Such magic was considered to be very powerful and dangerous for humans.

11. Midwives

Such women accepted newborn babies in families, and after that the midwife should have been honored and respected throughout her life. Other behavior was considered a sin among the people. Especially good midwives were placed in the coffin in mittens, out of respect for their skillful and magic hands. Men at that time were not allowed to approach women in labor, so the midwives took the whole process into their own hands. They knew a huge number of ancient prayers and conspiracies to protect the mother and newborn baby.
The midwife stayed with the young mother for forty days, helped to bathe, treat the baby, and most importantly, whit. In the old days, swaddling was called swaddling! These are the women's crafts in Russia, for us it is interesting Facts, and at that time these crafts were certainly in demand, and were an important part of the life of these people.

Chronicles mention the presence in Russia of Greek and German artists (and in South-Western Russia and Polish). But there is no doubt that the gifted Russian people had their own masters in almost all branches of art. For example, the existence of Russian foundry workers who prepared things from lead and copper, as well as who knew how to make alloys like bronze from them, are indicated by the chronicle news, especially about the construction of temples; for the latter, bells were cast, copper or bronze gates, copper or lead roofs and platforms, sometimes fused from tin and copper, were built. To perform such work, a significant number of knowledgeable people were required.

Sources give us a few names of native craftsmen of that era; so with great care history should preserve these names for posterity.

The following Russian architects are known: "master" Peter, who, according to the chronicle, "worked" on the construction of the stone church of St. George in the Novgorod Yuryev monastery, on behalf of Prince Vsevolod-Gabriel in 1119; "artist" Miloneg, baptized also Peter, who erected in 1200 a wall under the Vydubetsky monastery, on behalf of the Grand Duke Rurik; Korov Yakovlevich, "master" from Lubyanskaya Street in Novgorod, who built the stone monastery church of St. Cyril in 1201, at the expense of two wealthy boyars; Aleksa, "the man is cunning", whom in 1276 the Volyn prince Vladimir Vasilkovich sent to build the city of Kamenets (Lithuanian) and who, under his father Vasilka, "cut down" many cities (that is, built their oak walls). Rubrukvis, ambassador french king Louis IX to the great khan Mang in the middle of the 13th century, speaks of one young Russian in the Horde (without calling him by name), who knew the art of building well.

Other artists are mentioned: Obadiy, the "cunning", or sculptor, who decorated the doors of the Church of St. John, erected in the Hill by Daniel Romanovich, with patterns carved in stone; goldsmith and silversmith Lazar Bogsha, who built a cross by order of Euphrosyne of Polotsk in 1161, and another goldsmith Kuzma, taken prisoner by the Mongols, whom he met in the main Horde of Plano Carpini; the latter saw his work the throne and the seal, made for Khan Gayuk.

Further known: Nezhila, the "silversmith", and Gavrilo, the "shitnik", both Novgorodians, who fell in battle with Lithuania in 1234; Anton, "Kotelnik", is also a Novgorodian, who fell in the famous Lipitsk battle with the Suzdal people in 1216. And in 1200, in the same battle with Lithuania, among the fallen Novgorodians, there was Strashko "the silver of silver", that is, he supervised the dignity or breakdown of silver items entering the trade; but he was probably a master himself.

Regarding the Tatar invasion, the Volyn chronicler speaks of a great number of all kinds of masters who fled from barbarian captivity; including “saddlers” and “archers”, “tulniks” and “blacksmiths of iron, copper and silver”.

P. S. R. Let. Collected Ober Alterthum und Kunst in Russland. Wien. 1822. His "List of Russian Monuments". M. 1822. Zabelina "Traits of originality in ancient Russian architecture" (Ancient and New Russia. 1878, 3 and 4). His "On metal production in Russia until the end of the 17th century" (Western Archeol. General V. 1853). Khmyrov "Metals, metal products and minerals in ancient Russia". SPb. 1875.

The destruction of communal-clan relations and the emergence of specialists in narrow industries - these are the changes that are characterized in the eighth-ninth centuries Ancient Russia... Crafts lead to the emergence of cities, separating part of the population from work on the land. This is due to the appearance of the first specialists - masters in certain types of craft, which were concentrated in tribal centers - cities.

Cities - centers of craft

They tried to build the city so that geographical position made it possible to carry out trade as best as possible and at the same time successfully defend against enemies. For example, in the place where two rivers merge, or around a hill. Representatives of the authorities also settled in the cities. Therefore, they were well guarded. Gradually, with the development of handicrafts, cities began to represent not just military fortifications, but turned into trade centers.

In the center of the city was the Kremlin, where the prince lived. This part was surrounded by a fortress wall and surrounded by an earthen rampart. In addition, a deep ditch was dug around, which was filled with water. All these precautions were needed to protect against enemies. Outside, around the Kremlin, there were settlements of artisans, the so-called settlements. This part of the city was called posad. In many settlements, this part was surrounded by a defensive wall.

Life in the cities was in full swing, artisans created their goods, the craft and trade of Ancient Rus were actively developing. By the twelfth century, there were over sixty craft specialties. The craftsmen specialized in the manufacture of items of clothing, dishes, tools that ancient Russia needed. The crafts of Ancient Rus developed rapidly and rapidly. Talented professionals of various fields lived and worked in the settlements: masters of blacksmithing, jewelry, pottery, shoemakers, tailors, weavers, stone cutters, representatives of other crafts. The hands of these craftsmen created economic wealth and strength the old Russian state, its high material and spiritual culture.

Without iron - nowhere

Blacksmiths were professional pioneers. Their business became one of the most important areas into which the crafts of Ancient Russia of the 9-12 centuries were subdivided. This work is mentioned in folk epos and folklore: epics, legends and fairy tales, where the blacksmith is always a model of strength, courage and goodness. In those days, iron was obtained by smelting from swamp ore. It was mined in the off-season, dried and then delivered to workshops, where it was melted with the help of special furnaces. This is how metal was made. During excavations, modern archaeologists have often found slags, which are the waste of the metal smelting process, and energetically forged pieces of iron masses. The found remains of blacksmith workshops have preserved parts of forges and furnaces, near which artisans once worked.

There is a case for the blacksmith: goods for warriors and farmers

With the development of the production of metals, a new round of trade development begins, which the country, which had a subsistence economy, did not know before. in particular, blacksmithing, had a pronounced practical orientation. The products made by blacksmiths were required by everyone. They were needed by the soldiers who ordered weapons - arrowheads, sabers, spears, swords - and protective clothing - chain mail and helmets. The manufacture of weapons in Ancient Russia reached a special level of skill, which can be called a real art. Unique armor was found in burials and necropolises of Kiev, Chernigov and other cities.

Farmers needed forged instruments of labor: without iron scythes, sickles, openers, plowshares, it was impossible to imagine the cultivation of land. Any household required needles, knives, saws, locks, keys and other household items made in the smithy by talented craftsmen. Finds in the form of burials of blacksmiths showed that even their working tools - hammers and anvils, chisels and tongs - were sent to the graves together with blacksmiths.

Historians believe that Ancient Russia knew more than 150 types of metal products in the eleventh century. The crafts of Ancient Rus played an important role in the development of trade between settlements.

Craftsmanship in Jewelry Making

Blacksmiths craftsmen sometimes did small work, creating small masterpieces - jewelry. Gradually, goldsmithing became a separate industry. This is how the jewelry craft appeared in Ancient Rus. Russian craftsmen were so proficient in the technique of making jewelry that one could only wonder how they succeeded. Skillful things that have survived to our times - bronze amulets, pendants, buckles, earrings and necklaces - amaze with the subtlety of their workmanship. Jewelry was created using the grain technique, while a pattern was soldered on top of them, the basis of which was a lot of metal balls. Filigree was another way of making jewelry. This technique is characterized by the fact that the pattern was created with a thin wire, which was soldered onto a metal surface, the resulting gaps were filled with enamel of different colors. Jewelers also mastered figural casting, as well as the technique of the mob, which requires special art, when a pattern of silver plates was placed on a black background. Beautiful products with gold and silver inlays on iron and copper have survived to this day. Such sophisticated techniques indicate how high level reached the development of crafts in ancient Russia. Thus, the hands of ancient Russian artisans created high-value jewelry made in the technique. This was a kind of brand of Russian goldsmithing craft. The skill of Russian jewelers was a very complex technique, and their work was spread all over the world and at the same time was highly appreciated and in great demand everywhere.

Bricks and crockery were sculpted everywhere

The pottery craft of Ancient Rus became an independent industry a little later than the blacksmith's. The potter's wheel appeared among our ancestors in the eleventh century. This allowed the ancient craftsmen to create beautiful products. The device of the machine was simple, it rotated with the help of a foot drive, but the dishes that the potters of that time managed to create amazes with the skill of creation and a variety of forms. Originally, making pottery was a woman's business. However, in literary manuscripts Kievan Rus there is only mention of male potters.

They used clay for their products, which they specially processed, moistened with water and actively kneaded. Of all the pottery, the greatest demand was for pots and other vessels, which were made of different sizes and used for different purposes, it was possible to pour water into them or store food and berries in them. The pots were placed in the oven and food was cooked. Such dishes have survived to this day.

What were the ancient Russian masters famous for?

Describing the crafts of Ancient Russia in the 9-12 centuries, we briefly note that the Russian Slavs of the pre-Christian period were able to make chasing, produced ceramics, mastered the art of fine embroidery, were famous for the skill of making enamels. The works of Kiev artists have survived to this day. These are unique samples of bone carving, blackening, metal engraving. The ancient Russian glassmakers and their tiles were famous all over the world.

Ancient Russia mastered various crafts, but the most skillful of them was woodworking. Outbuildings, dwellings, gates and bridges, fortresses and walls were built from this material. The boats were made of wood; all household utensils were lavishly decorated with wood carvings. It's no secret that the main souvenir that personifies the artistic craft in Ancient Rus is the matryoshka - a colorfully painted wooden doll with a void inside. From it, one after another, the same beauties are obtained, and each is slightly smaller in size than the previous one.

Art painting

The decorative and applied crafts of Ancient Rus were famous far beyond its borders. For a long time our ancestors admired the whole world with their painting. A variety of patterned motifs in Russian ornament led to the emergence of different schools and directions of this folk craft. Each of them had its own colors and lines.

Gzhel

Bright blue-blue painting with cobalt on a white porcelain background was named Gzhel, which came from the name of the town near Moscow, where this trend originated. It was first mentioned in the letter of Ivan Kalita. At first, the craftsmen made dishes and toys, later, with the development of production, the assortment expanded significantly. Fireplace tiles were especially popular. Gzhel ceramics became popular all over the world. Other murals of our ancestors also received names from the places of their creation and distribution.

Bright colors on a dark background

Artistic craft in Ancient Rus, which came in the eighteenth century from the village of the same name near Moscow. It is an oil painting on metal trays. It is easy to recognize it by its bright colorful flowers, fruits, birds, located on a dark background. The applied patterns are then coated with a special varnish, which is why they look so shiny. The technique of this painting is rather complicated; the image is created in several stages.

Very cheerful shades are pleasing to the eye, so trays were very popular in Russia and are still a decorative element in many homes and institutions.

Palekh

From the regional center in the Ivanovo region came This type of craft is a painting on lacquerware. Painted over a black background, colorful folklore, everyday life, religious subjects adorn boxes, caskets and other things. It is believed that the Palekh lacquer miniature appeared in the fifteenth century, when Ancient Russia was distinguished by the flourishing of cities and trade. Crafts originated in many different ways. For example, such a direction of ancient craft as Palekh miniature was created by ancient Russian icon painters. Skilled artists lived in Palekh, who received invitations from all Russian regions to apply murals in temples and churches. It was they who began to paint the boxes with all sorts of fabulous and historical subjects. All images were highlighted on top of a black background.

The technology of this type of craft is quite complex, the very process of creating miniatures is laborious and multi-stage. It takes a long time to study and master it, but as a result, an ordinary dark box turns into a thing of unique beauty.

Khokhloma

Another type of hand-painted wood painting is Khokhloma, which appeared more than three hundred years ago. Dishes and household items, painted with fiery scarlet flowers, attract attention with their uniqueness. Patterns that form beautiful ornaments are pleasing to the eye even today. There is a secret in the creation of Khokhloma products, which consists in the fact that they are varnished several times, and then tempered in an oven. As a result of firing, the coating turns yellow, and the products made of wood seem to be gilded precious utensils. In addition, the dishes become durable as a result of such processing. Its coating allows the use of Khokhloma cups, bowls, spoons for their intended purpose - for storing food, for eating.

Popular pictures

Lubok is another type of folk art representing the crafts of Ancient Russia. This lesson consisted of creating a print on paper using a wooden plate. Such folk pictures were common in fair trade in the seventeenth century and until the beginning of the twentieth century were the most massive and widespread type of Russian visual arts... The plots displayed by the splint are very diverse: religious and moralizing themes, folk epics and fairy tales, historical and medical information, which were always accompanied by a small text that could be instructive or humorous and told about the customs and life of their time with the wisdom inherent in the people.

Crafts of Ancient Rus, 18th century: Russian samovar

We have the right to be proud of the skill of our Russian craftsmen. Today, their work can be seen not only in museums, but also in our own homes. Certain types of crafts were especially popular in Ancient Rus. For example, a Tula samovar is found throughout our country to this day. In the eighteenth century, there were more than two hundred different types of these products. Nowadays in the city of Tula there is even a museum of samovars.

Who were the first masters for whom Ancient Russia was so famous? The crafts, unfortunately, did not retain the names of their creators. But things that have come down to us from time immemorial speak to us. Among them there are unique rare items and household utensils, but in each product one can feel the skill and experience of an ancient Russian craftsman.