Chain sentence examples. Ways of linking sentences in a complex syntactic whole

By the nature of the connection between sentences, all texts can be divided into three types: 1) texts with chain links, 2) texts with parallel links, and 3) texts with connecting links.

Of course, here, as well as in the case of functional-semantic types of speech, the distinguished types of texts are far from always found in their pure form. In reality, in practice, mixed texts are more common, in which this or that type of communication prevails.

Chain-linked texts

Chain links used in all styles of the language. This is the most massive, most common way to combine sentences. The widespread use of chain links is due to the fact that they are in most correspond to the specifics of thinking, the peculiarities of the connection of judgments. Where thought develops linearly, sequentially, where each subsequent sentence develops the previous one, as if following from it, chain links are inevitable. We meet them both in description and in narration, and especially in reasoning, that is, in texts of various types.

And yet, in some styles, chain ties are especially characteristic.

First of all, they are characteristic of the scientific style. In a scientific text, we meet with a strict sequence and close connection of separate parts of the text, individual sentences, where each subsequent follows from the previous one. Presenting the material, the author sequentially moves from one stage of reasoning to another. And this way of presentation is most consistent with chain links.

Consider an excerpt from L.S. Vygotsky "Thinking and Speech":

Our research, if we try to schematically reveal its genetic conclusions, shows that basically the path leading to the development of concepts consists of three main stages, of which each breaks up again into several distinct stages, or phases.

The first step in the formation of the concept most often manifested in behavior baby early age, is the formation of an unformed and disordered set, allocation of a heap of some items when he faces a task that we, adults, usually solve with the help of the formation of a new concept. This bunch of things given off by a child united without sufficient internal kinship and the relationship between its constituent parts, suggests a diffuse, undirected distribution word meanings, or a sign replacing it, into a series of externally connected elements in the child's impression, but not internally united with each other.

The meaning of the word at this stage of development, there is an undefined, unformed syncretic linkage of individual objects, one way or another connected with each other in the child's representation and perception in one fused image. In education this image the decisive role is played by the syncretism of children's perception or action, therefore this image is extremely unstable.

All sentences of the quoted passage are connected by chain links, mainly by pronouns, and among the latter, connections with the demonstrative pronoun prevail this, which is far from accidental. These connections are characterized by a special strength of the connection, since they combine lexical repetition with additional indication (this) on the designated item. Closely and clearly connecting sentences, this method of communication is one of the most economical, since it allows you not to repeat the entire preceding phrase and at the same time introduce new definitions of the basic word (of the three main steps - the first step; heaps of any objects - this heap of objects allocated by the child etc.).

Another feature of the structure of scientific speech, which is also manifested in the analyzed passage, is that the chain connection of sentences is carried out, as a rule, at their junction. It is especially important to emphasize the position of the repeating member of the sentence at the beginning of the next sentence (in the analyzed passage, this applies to all sentences except the first). Thanks to this, continuity and consistency of reasoning is achieved. Each time at the beginning of a new sentence (except for the first one, which opens the reasoning), thought, as it were, returns to the main element of the previous sentence, which becomes the starting point for the development of thought in a new sentence. The location of a repeated word (or phrase) at the junction of sentences is explained by the fact that scientific speech, as a rule, consists of complex sentences... Under this condition, the location of the common member of adjacent sentences at the beginning of each subsequent sentence is important from the point of view of clarity and clarity of presentation. Otherwise (if the related members are located not at the junction of sentences), understanding the relationships would be difficult.

It is interesting to note that some sentences of the analyzed passage are connected by double chain bonds (second and third sentences). This shows the special importance for scientific speech of the strength of the connection (cohesion) of sentences.

Among the various types of chain communication in terms of the way of expression, the most widespread, as already mentioned, are chain pronouns (with a demonstrative pronoun this), which are the most accurate, unambiguous and neutral. This connection is used in all types of scientific speech, for example:

In a large category face nouns in all Slavic languages, a group of expressively colored faces is richly represented. These nouns, passing on different attitude to the named person, allow you to express a wide range of feelings, ranging from condescending and affectionate to contemptuously derogatory ("Research on the aesthetics of the word and the style of fiction").

Quite often used in scientific literature and chain communication through lexical repetition. Its necessity is often caused by the requirements of terminological accuracy of presentation. The repetition of a word (or phrase) denoting the described concept, phenomenon, process, often turns out to be more desirable than various kinds of synonymous substitutions:

Wiring diagram - This is a drawing that shows the location of parts and their connection with wires. Individual details on wiring diagram are not indicated by conventional signs, but are depicted as they roughly look (construction details are usually not shown). Often on wiring diagrams connecting wires are conventionally depicted as lines. Lamps and other electric vacuum and gas-discharge devices do not show, but depict their panels (bottom view). Schemes, which are a cross between the two described main species, usually called semi-assembled or principle and assembly. They to some extent reflect the features and designs of the device and the location of its parts, but at the same time they use conventional signs for all or some of the parts. Wiring diagrams complement the principle ones, when checking and repairing the device, they allow you to quickly determine the location of parts and parts of the device.

All kinds of chain communication are represented in the language of journalism. Their use depends largely on the nature of the text, on the genre. But the most characteristic, most fully corresponding to the nature and objectives of the journalistic style, should be recognized as synonymous chain and chain pronominal synonymous with their wide possibilities of commenting and evaluating the content of the statement. For example:

AND horses of the Bolshoi Theater nothing obscured. Apollo's chariot bursts into the sky. She needs to zip over the square quite a bit, slip between the spiers of the Historical Museum, the Kremlin towers and land on Ivanovskaya Square winged taxi artists of the Bolshoi Theater who have chosen their second couple in the Palace of Congresses (L. Kolodny).

Before us is a chain synonymous connection addition - subject, in which the structural correlation of the members of sentences is expressed by synonyms - horses of the Bolshoi Theater - the chariot of Apollo. Figurative synonym chariot of apollo not only makes the connection of sentences, but also gives the text elevation, evokes certain associations, diversifies speech. Wed also used further winged taxi, which brings the text back to the ground, to the present.

Retreating, Napoleon ordered to blow up the bell tower, but it survived, only crack walked over the stones. And a little later, when they healed these wounds, young cadet Lermontov climbed to the upper tier (L. Kolodny).

Sentences are linked by a chain pronominal synonymous link: subject - object (crack - these wounds). Choosing a synonym (wounds) shows very well how the author relates to the event, which, of course, is transmitted to the reader.

In the language of fiction, as well as in journalism, you can find almost all types of chain communication. The closest internal connection between the proposals of a literary text is not only a law, but also one of the conditions for mastery.

Of course, the prevalence of this or that type of chain communication largely depends on the individual style of the writer, his creative intentions, on the genre of the work, the nature of the text and many other factors. But in general, the main principle of the language of fiction in the field of connection of complete sentences is, apparently, the desire to make the syntactic connection between sentences not as explicit and open as, for example, in scientific literature. This is an effort to avoid so-called syntactic braces whenever possible. The "seams" that connect sentences should not be visible. Therefore, in the language of fiction, among chain ties, connections with personal pronouns are widespread (The little three-window house of the princess has a festive look. It has definitely grown younger. A.P. Chekhov), demonstrative pronoun this is, as well as chain links through lexical repetition.

Mitka Zinushkin - the guy is extremely red. A person with imagination would definitely compare the ones crawling out from under the cap Mitka's vorticeswith tongues and wisps of flame that burst from under the jams of a burning house.

But Mitka without a hat, because it is not winter in the field, but a stifling July afternoon. That's why on Mitka there is nothing but a white shirt and trousers made of calico.

Mitka I would be glad to take off the last of these clothes, if it was happening somewhere near the river, so that you could, having scattered, jump farther and plunge into the water.

Now Mitka lies on a shock of dry clover, arms and legs spread wide. He looks up and down. Stir him laziness, although it would be necessary to move, because one hard cloverine rested below the shoulder blade and tingles all the time " (V. Soloukhin).

Lexical repetition in a literary text is often a topic word, often varied by a pronoun.

Often, the presence of the same lexical repetition coincides with the boundaries of a paragraph, and the transition to a new lexical element means at the same time the transition to another paragraph. But this is far from necessary - there are no less frequent cases when one lexical repetition passes through several paragraphs.

Business speech from the point of view of the use of chain links is closest to the scientific style. The predominance of chain pronominal ties is caused by the requirements of accuracy in the official style, and chain communication through lexical repetition is also encountered.

However, in general, business speech tends to syntactic constructions that fully develop the thought and close it within the framework of one sentence. Hence the predominance of complex, mostly complex sentences with clear connections between parts, with an abundance of subordinate clauses, introductory words, inserted structures, etc. Let's give an example:

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

FULLY DECISIONS

save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lives has brought untold sorrow to humanity, and

to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equality of men and women, and in the equal rights of nations large and small, and

create conditions under which justice and respect for obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be observed, and

to promote social progress and better living conditions in larger freedom,

AND FOR THESE PURPOSES

be tolerant and live together, in peace with each other, as good neighbors, and

unite our forces to maintain international peace and security, and

to ensure, by adopting principles and establishing methods, that armed forces are used in no other way than in the general interest, and

use the international apparatus to promote the economic and social progress of all peoples,

DECIDED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS

TO ACHIEVE OUR GOALS.

This is the preamble ( introductory part) Of the UN Charter. This whole long piece of text is one sentence, in which infinitive turns are underlined in paragraphs and significant parts are highlighted in font.

Business speech sentences are usually as independent as possible in a semantic sense, therefore interphrasal communication in business texts is not very widely represented, although all types of chain communication can be found in them. The most characteristic of the official business style are chain links with demonstrative pronouns, which accurately convey the semantic connection between sentences and are stylistically neutral, as well as chain links with personal pronouns of a third person

Chain links play a large role in speech. Chain stanzas make up the bulk (80-85%) of verbal tissue in all styles of speech. This is the most common, most elementary type of relationship.

The chain links between the sentences of the stanza are quite loose, leaving a lot of room for creativity. If this were not so, it would hardly be possible to talk about prosaic speech as such, characterized by some freedom in combining units of speech - sentences. However, this freedom is relative. In stanzas with chain links, there are common, similar methods, means of connecting sentences, although diverse, but acting with coercive force.

Chain ties prevail in business, scientific, journalistic speech, they are very frequent in fiction, in general they are present wherever there is a linear, sequential, chain development of thought.

Compose text on any topic using different types of chain link.

Parallel linked texts

Stylistic resources parallel connections are also very significant. They have a whole range of stylistic shades - from neutral to solemn, even pathetic. For instance:

Meanwhile, the societies presented the most entertaining picture. Education and the need to have fun brought all states together. Wealth, courtesy, fame, talents, the strangestness, anything that fed curiosity or promised pleasure was received with equal favor. Literature, scholarship and philosophy left their quiet study and appeared in the circle of the great world to please fashion, controlling its opinions. Women reigned, but no longer demanded adoration. Superficial politeness replaced deep respect. The leprosy of the Duke of Richelieu, Alcibiades of modern Athens, belongs to history and gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe mores of this time ( A.S. Pushkin).

The quoted stanza from the novel "Arap of Peter the Great", sustained in a neutral style, consists of an opening, decorated with introductory words (meanwhile) and containing the thought-thesis of the entire stanza (societies presented the most entertaining picture),and a series of sentences that reveal this idea. All sentences are syntactically parallel to the beginning: all begin with a subject (expressed in the overwhelming majority of cases by abstract nouns), all have the same direct word order, all predicates, except for the last sentence predicate, are expressed by past tense verbs. The violation of the temporal unity of the stanza in the last sentence (the verb of the present tense is used) is one of the means of syntactic design of the ending. Although the ending is parallel to the rest of the sentences, a different type of connection appears in it - a chain pronominal synonymous connection (o morals of this time), referring to all previous sentences, which also serves as a means of completing the stanza.

Reflecting the nature of thinking, naming actions, events, phenomena located side by side (side by side), parallel connections by their very nature are intended for description (as in the above example from Pushkin) and narration.

The syntactic features common to all narrative contexts are the parallelism of structure and the unity of the forms of expression of predicates (verbs of the past tense). The parallelism of the structure is usually expressed with more or less completeness; cases of complete parallelism, when all sentences of the stanza are parallel, are relatively rare. Parallelism, as a rule, is expressed in the fact that the predicates precede the subject and often open a sentence. This is the most common word order in sentences of narrative stanzas, due to the specifics and purpose of the latter. Narrative contexts reveal closely related phenomena, events, actions as objectively occurring in the past. The sentences of the narrative stanzas do not describe actions, but narrate about them, that is, the event itself, the action itself, is conveyed. The location of the predicate after the subject as a basis for parallelism is quite rare, for example:

The last day before Christmas is over. Winter, clear night has come. The stars looked. The month majestically ascended to heaven to shine a light on good people and the whole world, so that everyone would have fun caroling and praising Christ (N.V. Gogol).

The specialization of parallel links is also expressed in the description. It is the syntactic parallelism of sentences and the unity of the species-temporal forms of predicates that characterize the descriptive contexts of speech. However, unlike the narrative, the verb predicates in the description stand in the present or the past tense of an imperfect form.

Steamers and barges are descending towards them, but they are still few. Rafts are crawling, but sparingly. Quite often you come across tugboats with huge iron tank barges sitting low in the water. This state shipping company pulls oil cargoes of "Azpefti" (M. Koltsov).

Predicates of all sentences are expressed by verbs in the present pictorial tense. This is the most characteristic verb form of descriptive speech contexts. The real pictorial does not reproduce an action as a process (does not convey its duration, relation to the result, etc.), but only names it. It is thanks to this property that sentences in the present pictorial are easily transformed without losing their grammatical properties into nominative sentences (in our example: steamers descending towards, crawling rafts ...) and are easily combined in descriptions with two-part sentences (Night. The breeze is blowing). Calling the action, the forms of the present pictorial tense show it as stopped: without losing the generalized meaning of the present tense, which directly reflects the real reality, the forms of the present pictorial partially lose their verb value, acquiring a qualitative meaning. This explains the ease of transition of two-part sentences with the present pictorial in the nominative and the wide prevalence of the present pictorial in descriptive speech.

In the above stanza, the predicates stand in the present figurative. In the first three sentences, they are in front of the subjects. Thus, all three sentences have a parallel structure. The fourth sentence, due to a change in the method of communication (it is joined by means of a chain pronominal connection, the previous sentence is the subject, this is) serves as an ending. And in a semantic sense, the fourth sentence is final, final: it refers to all previous sentences, comments their- description replaced by commenting.

Equally often, in descriptive contexts, the past tense of the imperfect form of predicate verbs is used. "The past tense of an imperfect form," wrote Academician V.V. Vinogradov, "represents the past action in its course, and not as a result of it, picturesquely and figuratively. It is used in cases when attention is not drawn to the movement and change of past actions , but to the reproduction of these actions themselves. The past tense of an imperfect kind does not move events. It is descriptive and pictorial. By itself, it does not determine the sequence of actions in the past, but places them all in one plane, depicting and reproducing them. "

When we approached Elsinore, there was a heavy fog and the coast of the strait, where the famous castle stands, was barely visible in the gray daylight. Despite noon, lighthouses were burning and spinning, and somewhere near the castle, or perhaps even on its tower, a howl desperately howled. The inspection of Hamlet's castle was accompanied all the time by these signals, causing thoughts of shipwrecks and sea disasters. (E. Dolmatovsky).

The basis of the stanza is the parallelism of the structure (in most sentences the predicates are located in front of the subjects) and the unity of the forms of the past descriptive tense of predicate verbs. The stanza ends with a sentence that breaks the parallelism of the structure, connected with the preceding chain pronouns.

Very characteristic of descriptive contexts formed by parallel links, nominative (nominative) sentences. Some texts consist entirely of nominative sentences, in others nouns appear in combination with types of sentences that are close to them in syntactic meaning. Texts consisting only of nominative sentences are relatively rare. The famous poem by A. Fet can be cited as an example:

Whisper. Timid breathing.

Nightingale trills.

Silver and wobble

Sleepy brook.

Night light. Night shadows

Shadows without end.

A series of magical changes

Nice face.

In the smoky clouds, purple roses

Reflection of amber,

And kissing and tears, -

And dawn, dawn! ..

Emphasized emotional, expressive character are parallel connections, reinforced by lexical parallelism - anaphora (unity of command). Here is a typical excerpt, telling about Xerxes' campaign against Greece, from the book by M.L. Gasparov "Entertaining Greece":

Detachment after detachment, people after people, followed the tsar's army. The Persians and the Medes walked in felt hats, in motley shirts, scaly shells, with captive shields, short spears and large bows. The Assyrians walked in helmets made of copper strips, with clubs studded with iron nails. The Lycians walked in feathered caps and with long iron braids in their hands. There were the Khalibs, who had spears instead of spears, bull ears and copper horns on their helmets, and red patches on their shins. The Ethiopians walked, throwing on leopard and lion skins, before the battle they paint half of the body with plaster, and half with red lead. The Paphlagonians walked in bast helmets, the Caspians walked in seal skins, the Parthians, Sogdians, Matiens, Mariandins, Maras, Saspeirs and Alarodia walked. Floated three-decker triremes brought by the Phoenicians, Cilicians, Egyptians and Greeks from the cities of Asia Minor.

The text is very expressive. And its expressiveness is achieved, which is interesting, primarily by syntactic means. A number of repetitive, emphatically parallel sentences (in structure, in content) seem monotonous at first glance. But these repetitive, seemingly monotonous sentences convey a slow rhythm, the heavy tread of the marching units. And anaphora, which opens almost all sentences (walked, walked, walked ...), reinforces, intensifies the meaning of plurality (walked, walked, walked ... and it seems that there was no end to them)

To organize emotional, expressive speech, a series of interrogative sentences, anaphoric and non-anaphoric, is often used.

Rhinoceros

See monkeys are racing.

With a wild cry at the vines,

Hanging low, low

Do you hear the rustle of many feet?

It means close, close

From your forest glade

Angry rhino.

See general confusion,

Do you hear stomp? There is no doubt

Even if the buffalo is sleepy

Retreats deeper into the mud

But, in love with the alien,

Do not seek salvation for yourself

Running away and hiding.

Put your hands up high

With a song of happiness and separation,

Eyes in pink mists

Thought will take you far

And from the promised lands

We are invisible feluccas

They will sail for you.

(I. Gumilyov)

The compositional-syntactic framework of the poem is formed by anaphoric interrogative sentences (See ..., hear ...) repeated in the first and second stanzas, built in parallel; predicates are used in the present pictorial. In the third stanza, final, final, parallelism is violated.

A classic example of an interrogative anaphoric stanza is found in A.S. Pushkin:

Who did not curse the station keepers, who did not curse them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them the fatal book in order to write in it his useless complaint of oppression, rudeness and malfunction? Who does not regard them as monsters of the human race, equal to the deceased clerk or, at least, to the Murom robbers? Let us, however, be fair, try to get into their position and, perhaps, we will judge them much more leniently. /

What is a station keeper? A real martyr of the fourteenth class, protected by his rank only from beatings, and even then not always (I refer to the conscience of my readers). What is the position of this dictator, as Prince Vyazemsky jokingly calls him? Isn't it real hard labor? Peace neither day nor night. All the annoyance accumulated during a boring ride, the traveler takes out on the watch.

The first three sentences are strictly parallel and anaphoric. Rhetorical questions posed in a row are a means of strong, energetic affirmation (who did not curse ... - everyone cursed). The fourth sentence due to the forms of predicates (we will and others) completes the stanza and opens a new one. The ending serves as a means of transition to reasoning speech, contains the general idea of \u200b\u200bthe next stanza (we will try to get into their position). And it is very characteristic that the series of parallel questions in the first stanza are replaced by question-and-answer unities in the second, which exactly correspond to the tasks of reasoning speech. The second stanza is structured like a dialogue in a monologue.

Due to their emotional, expressive nature, parallel anaphoric connections are widely used in journalism.

It was on Victory Day. It was in a sunny city, in a park, where lush greenery, bright flowers and cheerful children - everything speaks of spring and life.

It was where the eternal flame burns over the mass grave (Izvestia).

With the help of the anaphora, the repeated member of the sentence (word or phrase) is subjected to strong semantic highlighting, emphasized logically and emotionally, for example:

Can whether the elephant cry from grief? Can gorilla watching the sunset? Characteristic Do animals have human emotions at all? Scientists observing the behavior of the inhabitants of zoos and nature reserves are convinced that our "younger brothers" are capable of experiencing the same feelings as we do (Izvestia).

Apparently, there has never been such a case here that a person was refused admission. Accept everyone who came. Accept on the same day at the same hour the visitor arrived. Accept readily resolve the matter quickly and efficiently (Izvestia).

Of course, he won the battle with a dangerous criminal. But he won it on points. AND he wants knockout. He wants "pure victory". He wants leave not a single crack, not a single loophole for protection. He wants find a piece of evidence that alone would be worth all the others.

What is the most common manifestation of sentence parallelism in narration and description?

Texts with connecting links

The third kind of connection between independent sentences is accession. This is a principle of the structure of an utterance, in which part of it in the form of a separate, as if additional information is attached to the main message, for example.

Efremov's wife was reputed to be a smart woman - and not without reason (I.S. Turgenev).

"I'll see you tomorrow! - And not here,

And not furtively "

(A.S. Pushkin).

There is no need for me to justify myself, and it is not in my rules (A.P. Chekhov).

The connecting structures are very diverse and expressive. By attaching additional information - by association, in the form of an explanation, commentary, etc. - they imitate living activity with its relaxedness, naturalness, ease and this is primarily attractive to writers.

Here is a typical illustration from K.I. Chukovsky "Chekhov":

And to such an extent he was an artel, a choral person that he even dreamed of writing not alone, but together with others, and was ready to invite the most inappropriate people to be his co-authors.

"Listen to Korolenko ... We will work together. We will write a drama. In four acts. In two weeks."

Although Korolenko never wrote any dramas and had nothing to do with the theater.

And Bilibin [ Bilibin V.V. - contemporary of A.P. Chekhova, writer-humorist, author of many one-act plays, comedies and farces]: "Let's write a vaudeville together in 2 acts! Come up with the 1st act, and I - the 2nd ... The fee in half."

And Suvorin [ Suvorin A.S. - contemporary of A.P. Chekhov, fiction writer, playwright, journalist and publisher]:

"Let's write a tragedy ..."

And to him in a few years.

"Let's write two or three stories ... You are the beginning, and I am the end."

The fragment is interesting for its wide and peculiar use of connecting structures not only for connecting sentences within stanzas, but also for connecting the stanzas themselves.

The beginning of the fragment opens with an alliance and in the adjoining meaning and contains a general idea for all the following stanzas: i was ready to invite the most inappropriate people to be my co-authors. After conception without the usual introductory verb in such cases (wrote, spoke etc.) is followed by someone else's speech. Next comes a sentence, which is a syntactically subordinate clause of a complex sentence, but designed as an independent adjoining sentence This sentence refers to an implied verb. The joining sentence ends the first stanza. Then follow three stanzas with parallel inceptions, which are incomplete sentences, designed as connecting structures (with the union and in the adjoining meaning) to those related to the same verb implied in the beginning, introducing someone else's speech.

However, in comparison with chain and parallel communication, joining has a narrower application in text formation. The connecting link is not capable of independently forming texts. Already from its name it is clear that it can only attach any parts, additions, comments to the main statement, for example:

The Oka, on which Gleb spent his best days, washes Kaluga too. City at a high 6epegu. Quiet, white, in churches, gardens, across the river from the Przemysl highway and very picturesque. The cathedral, the linden trees of the city garden looking at the Oka, the houses in the greenery along the hill, golden crosses, domes ... Otherwise, everything is as it should be. The governor in the governor's house, the bishop in the courtyard, the police chief, the theater, the court, education. The main street is Nikitskaya. Nikolskaya is at an acute angle to her. And at the point of their intersection there is a gymnasium: one facade on Nikitskaya, the other on Nikolskaya (B.K. Zaitsev).

What are connecting structures and how are they used for communication within stanzas and between stanzas? Give examples.

Prepare essay on the topic: "Repetitions, compositional joint, rhetorical question-answer, connecting structures as a means of communication and expressiveness of speech." Cm.: Nikitina E.I. Russian speech: grades 8-9. - M., 1995.- S. 33-34; 47-49; 53-56; 75-76.

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By the nature of the connection between sentences, all texts can be divided into three types:

1. chain-linked texts;
2. texts with parallel links;
3. texts with connecting links.

Chain (serial, line) communication, perhaps, the most common way of combining sentences (compare the sequential connection of clauses in a complex sentence). The widespread use of chain links in all styles of speech is due to the fact that they are most consistent with the specifics of thinking, the peculiarities of connecting judgments. Where thought develops linearly, sequentially, where each subsequent sentence develops the previous one, as if following from it, chain links are inevitable.

Among the various types of chain communication in the way of expression, the most widespread are:

• pronominal connections (nouns, adjectives, numerals are replaced in the subsequent sentence by pronouns and pronominal adverbs);
• lexical and syntactic repetitions;
• synonymous substitutions.

As an example, we will give an excerpt from the story of I.S. Turgenev "County doctor":

One autumn, on my way back from a field leaving, I caught a cold and fell ill. Fortunately, a fever caught me in the county town, in a hotel; I sent for a doctor. Half an hour later, the district doctor appeared, a man of short stature, thin and black-haired. He prescribed me the usual diaphoretic, ordered me to put on a mustard plaster, very deftly slipped a five-ruble note under his cuff, and, however, coughed dryly and glanced to the side, and was just about to go home, but somehow he got into a conversation and stayed.

When constructing this text, each subsequent sentence develops the previous one, and the most significant information in the previous sentence is repeated by various means in the subsequent, becoming the basis for the introduction new information... And this new information is repeated in the next sentence, becoming the basis for the next new information.

So the first sentence: One fall, on my way back from a field leaving, I caught a cold and fell ill - can be conditionally divided into two parts according to the type of transmitted information. First, a description of the general situation is given ( one fall, on the way back from a field leaving), and then - the most meaningful part, characterizing what, in fact, happened ( i caught a cold and fell ill). In the second sentence: Fortunately, the fever caught me in the county town, in the hotel; I sent for a doctor - this information is repeated. Noun ( fever) correlates with the information transmitted earlier by verbs of the same thematic series ( caught a cold and fell ill). New in this sentence, and therefore most significant, is the information that the narrator sent for the doctor. In the next sentence: Half an hour later, the district doctor appeared, a man of short stature, thin and black-haired - this information is repeated again (for this, a synonymous replacement is used: doctor → doctor), and the description of the doctor is new. This is followed by a reference to the previous text (for this, the pronoun is he), and as new information, the doctor's actions and behavior are reported.

Chain ties are very typical for business, scientific, journalistic speech, that is, they are present wherever there is a linear, sequential, chain development of thought.

In texts with parallel (centralized) communication meaningfully related sentences usually have the same subject (compare complex sentences with a parallel connection of subordinate clauses). Naming actions, events, phenomena located side by side (side by side), parallel links by their very nature are intended for description and narration.

The most typical structure for texts with parallel communication is the following. First, there is an opening containing a thought-thesis of the entire text. Then follows a series of sentences that reveal this idea, and the syntactic features of these sentences are:

• parallelism of their structure;
• the unity of the forms of expression of predicates.

Only at the end is it usually allowed to change the time plan and the absence of parallelism.

As an example, consider an excerpt from the story of I.S. Turgenev's "Khor and Kalinych", in which the author gives a comparative description of his characters:

Both friends did not resemble each other in the least. Khor was a positive, practical man, an administrative head, a rationalist; Kalinich, on the other hand, was one of the idealists, romantics, enthusiastic and dreamy people. Khor understood the reality, that is: he settled down, saved up some money, got along with the master and with other authorities; Kalinich walked in bast shoes and interrupted somehow. The chorus bred a large family, submissive and unanimous; Kalinich once had a wife whom he was afraid of, but he never had children at all. Khor saw right through Mr. Polutykin; Kalinich was in awe of his master. Khor loved Kalinich and protected him; Kalinich loved and respected Khor ... Khor spoke little, laughed and understood to himself; Kalinich explained himself with fervor, although he did not sing like a nightingale, like a lively factory man ...

The first sentence is the initial thesis: Both friends were not at all like each other. Each next sentence contains the opposition of Khor and Kalinich (there are two subjects, but they are combined into one whole at the beginning - both buddies) on some basis, and this opposition is given through a system of parallel structures. The parallelism of structures is manifested, in particular, in the fact that sentences are complex non-union constructions, the first part of which characterizes Khor, the second - Kalinich, and their names, repeating, open each part. This is usually followed by a group of predicates, and all verbs are in the past tense, usually imperfect: was, belonged, understood, got along, walked, in awe etc. Since the purpose of the description is to prove the complete opposite of the characters of the heroes, I.S. Turgenev uses a system of parallel contextual antonyms: practical person, administrative head, rationalist - idealist, romantic, enthusiastic and dreamy person; understood reality, settled down, saved up some money - walked in bast shoes, interrupted somehow; spawned a large family - there were no children at all; saw right through Mr. Polutykin - in awe of Mr. etc. Thus, narrative contexts reveal closely related phenomena.

The third kind of connection between independent sentences is accession... This is a principle of constructing an utterance, in which a part of it in the form of a separate, as if additional information is attached to the main message, for example: Efremov's wife was reputed to be a smart woman - and not without reason (Turgenev); I don't need to make excuses and it's not in my rules (Chekhov).

Connecting structures usually contain additional information - by association, in the form of an explanation, comment, etc. They imitate live speech with its ease, naturalness, etc. G.A. Solganik in the text Stylistics, as a characteristic illustration of this type of connection, cites an excerpt from an essay by K.I. Chukovsky "Chekhov":

And to such an extent he was an artel, a choral person that he even dreamed of writing not alone, but together with others, and was ready to invite the most inappropriate people to be his co-authors.
“Listen, Korolenko ... We will work together. Let's write a drama. In four steps. In two weeks. "
Although Korolenko never wrote any dramas and had nothing to do with the theater.
And to Bilibin: “Let's write a vaudeville together in 2 acts! Come up with the 1st action, and I - the 2nd ... The fee in half. "
And Suvorin: "Let's write a tragedy ..."
And after a few years:
"Let's write two or three stories ... You are the beginning, and I am the end."

notethat attachment, in contrast to chain and parallel communication, has a narrower application in text formation and is usually not able to independently form texts.

In addition, text, especially a fairly voluminous one, is usually not built using any one type of link. As a rule, their combination is observed in the text, depending on the specific author's tasks.

WAYS TO COMMUNICATE PROPOSALS IN TEXT

The thought contained in the sentence is completed only relatively: the syntactic form is completed, the structure of the sentence, which contains this thought, - the thought itself is not complete and requires its development. The continuation, development of thought is possible only in a similar syntactic form, that is, in a different sentence. Several sentences, connected in a whole by the theme and main idea, are called text(from Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a dot are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of the text. Moreover, not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be opposed to the content of another; the content of two or more sentences can be compared to one another; the content of the second sentence can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third can reveal the meaning of the second, etc.

Thus, any text is a combination of sentences according to certain rules, i.e. sentences, united by the development of one thought, can be combined in the text chain or parallelcommunication.

Chain link

One of the most common ways to combine self-contained sentences is - chain link.

We speak and write, in particular, we combine independent sentences, according to separate rules. And their essence is quite simple: in two adjacent sentences, the speech should be about the same subject. The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of the sentence (this is the structural correlation) is the main feature of the chain link. For example, in sentences Behind the garden was forest . Forest was deaf, running the relationship is based on the subject-subject model, i.e. the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next; in sentences Physics is the science . The science must use the dialectical method- model "predicate - subject"; in example Boat docked to the shore. Shore was strewn with small pebbles- the "circumstance - subject" model, and so on. Connections can be different, and they can be expressed in different ways too.

Consider three pairs of sentences:

I watched film. Film was amazing.

I watched film. He was awesome.

I watched film. Action movie was amazing.

All three pairs of sentences have one communication model: "subject - object". But this model is filled in differently:

1) using lexical repetition;

2) by means of pronouns (instead of repetition);

3) by using synonyms (action movie).

Based on this, we single out a chain link expressed in lexical repetition, chain pronominalcommunication and chain synonymouscommunication.

However, repetition can be implied, but it is easy to detect if you go to the language of judgments. For example, in sentences the semantic connection is undeniable, and we intuitively feel, understand that the first sentence – it is a kind of frame for the picture drawn in the second sentence. In the "language" of judgments, it will sound something like this: I affirm that it is now (at this moment) morning. Morning -this is the time when the sun rises above the horizon. " The connection between judgments is obvious: it is a chain link "subject - subject", carried out thanks to lexical repetition. But natural, ordinary language strives for an economical, laconic expression of thought and avoids repetition if there is no need for it. Therefore, in our example Morning. The sun is already over the horizon sentences are linked by implied, but not explicitly, direct repetition.

Clean lexical repetition - a relatively rare phenomenon. A long tradition, coming from ancient rhetoric - teachings about eloquence, teaches to avoid repeating words, to strive for lexical diversity. Still, there are three most characteristic uses of chain communication through lexical repetition. The first area is the transmission of unsophisticated speech, for example, for children (the likelihood of such texts appearing on the Unified State Exam is very small, so we will not dwell on this).

The second area is scientific and business literature. It is known that lexical repetitions give speech accuracy, clarity, and severity. The repetition of a word is also the strongest, most reliable connection between sentences. The prevalence of chain communication through lexical repetition in a scientific style is also associated with the stability of terminology, the undesirability (for the sake of accuracy) of synonymous substitutions.

For instance:

A participle is a non-finite form of a verb that denotes a sign of a name associated with an action and is used attributively. IN communion the properties of the verb and the adjective are combined. Grammatically verb participles in a number of languages \u200b\u200bit is manifested in the presence of the category of collateral, type, time, in the preservation of models of management and contiguity.

Proximity participles to the adjective is manifested in the presence of participles in a number of languages \u200b\u200bof the concordant categories of gender, number, case. Like the adjective, the participle performs the syntactic functions of the definition or, less often, the nominal part of the predicate.

Name designated communion , can denote the subject of the action and the object of the action. / N. Kozintseva /

The third area of \u200b\u200buse of lexical repetitions is journalism.

The chain link through lexical repetition is often expressive , emotional, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Here disappears from the map of the Fatherland Aral sea .

Whole sea ! /IN. Selyunin /

Chain synonymous connectiondoes not differ in its structural (syntactic) essence from a chain link through lexical repetition. Here are the same structural relationships common to all types of chain communication (models "subject - addition", "addition - addition", etc.)

For instance:

Launching into swimming , I passed the pillars of Hercules and went, accompanied by a favorable wind, into the Western Ocean. The reason and the reason for my travels there were part curiosity, part passionate love for everything extraordinary and a desire to find out where the end of the ocean is and what kind of people live on the other side of it. / Lucian /

There is a complement-complement relationship between two sentences. But the related members of neighboring sentences are expressed not by the same word, but by synonymous words (swimming -travel). The lexical proximity of these words serves as an indicator of the structural correlation of sentences.

However, synonymous vocabulary is not only a neutral, external indicator of the structural correlation (connection) of sentences. It allows you to express a variety of semantic relationships between sentences: to show the attitude of the writer to the content of the previous sentence, to evaluate, comment on this content. A chain synonymous connection makes speech more flexible and diverse, allowing you to avoid repetitions of the same word.

In terms of its stylistic function, it approaches a synonymous chain link. pronominal. Just like the first, it avoids repeating words. Instead of a repetition or synonym, the second of the related members of the sentence is replaced by a pronoun. It is the simplest, most economical, durable and stylistically neutral communication method.

There was a room in the house that bore three names: small, walk-through, and dark. It contained a large old cabinet with medicines, gunpowder and hunting equipment. From here a narrow wooden staircase led to the second floor, on which cats always slept. There were doors here: one to the nursery, the other to the living room. When Nikitin came in, the door from the nursery opened and slammed so that both the stairs and the cupboard trembled. /AND. Chekhov /

It is also possible to combine various types of chain links in one case, for example, lexical repetition and pronouns:

But Baturin sleep did not tell. Hostility towards it sleep scared his, is he blushed and turned the conversation to another topic.

IN dreams is heof course I didn't. But the power their over him was amazing. /TO. Paustovsky /

Chain links are used in all styles of speech. This is the most common way to combine sentences. The widespread distribution of chain links is explained by the fact that they are most consistent with the specifics of thinking, the peculiarities of connecting judgments. Where thought develops linearly, sequentially, where each subsequent sentence develops the previous one, as if following from it, chain links are inevitable. We meet them and in descriptionand in the narrative, and especially in deliberation, i.e. in texts of various types.

The situation is somewhat different with styles. And yet, in some styles, chain ties are especially characteristic.

First of all, they are characteristic for scientific style... In a scientific text, we meet with a strict sequence and close connection of separate parts of the text, separate sentences, where each subsequent follows from the previous one. Presenting the material, the author successively move from one stage of reasoning to another. And chain links are the most consistent with this method of superposition.

Chain communication through lexical repetition is quite often used in scientific literature. Its necessity is often caused by the requirements of the terminological accuracy of the imposition. The repetition of a word (or phrase) denoting the described concept, phenomenon, process is often more desirable than various kinds of synonymous substitutions (see above example about participle).

IN journalistic styleall types of chain communication are presented. But the most fully consistent with the nature of the tasks of the journalistic style should be recognized as a chain synonymous, chain pronominal and chain pronominal synonymous connections with their wide possibilities of commenting and evaluating the content of the statement:

Oleg Menshikov is the first Russian actor to be awarded laurence Olivier Prize . This prize was awarded to him in London in April 1992 for the role of Yesenin in the play "When She Danced", where Oleg played together with the famous Vanessa Redgrave. This prestigious annual award - something like an American "Oscar" for filmmakers. She is a rather heavy bust of Olivier in a suit of Henry V and a diploma in a frame under glass. No dollars are attached to the listed accessories, but prestige, of course, is more expensive than any money, themes more for the actor who received this award for the first time./ From the newspaper /

In the artistic style, as in journalism, almost all kinds of chain communication can be found. The closest internal connection between the proposals of a literary text is not only a law, but also one of the conditions of mastery.

Of course, the prevalence of this or that type of chain communication largely depends on the individual style of the writer, his creative intentions, on the genre of the work, the nature of the text and many other factors. But in general, the main principle of the language of fiction in the field of complete sentences is, apparently, the desire to make the syntactic connection between sentences not as explicit and open as, for example, in scientific literature. This is an effort to avoid so-called syntactic braces whenever possible. And yet, some authors resort to lexical repetition:

ANDbehind the cemetery were smoking brick factories. Thick black smoke he walked in big clubs from under the long reed roofs, flattened to the ground, and lazily climbed up. The sky over the factories and the cemetery was dark, and the big shadows from the smoke crawled across the field and across the road. IN smoke people and horses were moving near the rooftops, covered with red dust ... /AND. Chekhov /

Parallel communication

With parallel communication, it is sometimes called syntactic parallelism, sentences are not linked with one another, but are compared, while due to the parallelism of structures, depending on the lexical "content", comparison or opposition is possible. The features of this type of connection are the same word order, the members of the sentence are usually expressed in the same grammatical forms, or the repetition of the first word of sentences:

The blue boat washed ashore. The boat that lost control was smashed into chips.

Here, the structural correlation is expressed in complete parallelism of sentences: sentences are of the same type (both impersonal), have the same word order, the members of sentences are expressed in the same grammatical forms. The fact that the connection between sentences is of a syntactic nature is confirmed by the possibility of various lexical "filling" of structurally related parallel sentences, for example:

Small branches bent to the ground. The yellow leaves were blown away.

Parallel communication helps to draw as briefly as possible the complete picture of what is happening and is usually used by the authors when describing:

He sat for a long time with Berg at the open window. Stars blazed in the gaps of the heavy foliage. The salty air flowed like a river. The spillway hung in the night as a swarm of fiery bees that flew up and stopped. Warmly and tenderly the steamer thrashed into the sea. /TO. Paustovsky /

And outside, for God knows what, winter was still angry. Whole clouds of soft coarse snow circled restlessly above the ground and did not find a place for themselves. Horses, sleighs, trees, a bull tied to a post - everything was white and seemed soft and fluffy. /AND. Chekhov /

Very often, some members of the joined sentences (often the first ones at the beginning of the sentence) have the same lexical expression. In this case, parallel communication is enhanced anaphora, those . unity of command, repetition of the first word of sentences, and it can be called parallel anaphoric:

What is culture, why is it needed? What culture how is the value system? What is the purpose of the wide humanitarian education that has always been our tradition? /IN. Nepomniachtchi /

Not pillar,raised over your corruption, will preserve your memory for future posterity. Not a stone with the excision of your name will bring your glory in the centuries to come. /AND. Radishchev /

Here down the street in the shade of the acacias, playing with whips, two officers in white tunics marched. Here a bunch of Jews with gray beards and caps drove along the line. Here the governess walks with the director's granddaughter ... Catfish ran somewhere with two mongrels ... And here varya went in a simple gray dress and red stockings. /TO. Chekhov /

A striking example of a parallel anaphoric connection is the story of V. Dragunsky "What I Love ...":

I really love lie on your stomach on your father's knee, lower your arms and legs and hang on your knee like this, like linen on a fence. Still i really love play checkers, chess and dominoes, just to be sure to win. If you don't win, then don't.

I like listen to the beetle digging in the box. And I love on the day off to dad, climb into bed to talk to him about the dog: how we will live more spacious and buy a dog, and we will deal with it, and we will feed it, and how funny and smart it will be, and how it will steal sugar , and I will wipe the puddles after her myself, and she will follow me like a faithful dog.

I love also watch TV: it doesn't matter what is shown, even if only one table.

I love my mom's nose ear I especially love to sing and always sing very loudly.

Terribly in love stories about red cavalry, and so that they always win ... etc.

But anaphora is not a necessary, although a frequent condition for parallel communication.

Descriptions often use this kind of parallel communication as alignment of sentences... In this case, several sentences are combined with one item of the same typical value:

Was night. Frost crackled throughout the forest. The tops of age-old spruces, ghostly illuminated by arrivals, shone and smoked, as if they had been rubbed with phosphorus. / V. Kataev /

The cart drove into the village. The huts and houses behind the front gardens seemed deserted. The conflagration was smoking. There were several corpses lying around, half driven into the mud. Separate shots were heard here and there, - it finished off nonresident, pulled out from cellars and hayloft. A wagon train was in disarray in the square. The wounded screamed from the wagons. From somewhere withanimal screams and blows of nuts could be heard in the yard. The tall ones were galloping. At the fence a bunch of cadets were drinking milk from a tin bucket.

The sun shone brighter and bluer from the blue windy abyss. Between the tree and the telegraph pole, on a thrown pole, swayed in the wind ... seven long corpses -communists from the revolutionary committee and the tribunal. /A.K. Tolstoy /

Text is a sequence of sentences that are related common theme and a common thought. Moreover, in each of them, the author's thought is only partially completed. She demands further development, which is what the rest of the sentences serve.

Each new sentence in the text is created on the basis of the previous ones. In order for the topic to develop continuously, they must be connected to each other using a semantic or grammatical connection.

In contact with

It is thanks to this connection that different semantic relations between sentences can arise in the text. For example, one sentence can be opposed to another, explain its meaning, or clarify some details. This helps the author to better reveal his thought, more accurately convey emotions or show the reader various semantic shades.

Let's consider the main ways and means of communication between sentences in the text.

To combine sentences into clear and logical text, authors use two communication methods: chain and parallel. In the first case, all new sentences are linked to the previous ones, like links in one chain (hence the name). In the second case, the proposals with each other, at first glance, are in no way related, but they are built around one common thesis. Let's analyze both of these methods in more detail.

Chain link

This is the most common form of linking sentences in a text. It arises where the author expresses his thoughts in order, and each new sentence seems to continue or develop the previous one. In another way, this type of communication is called sequential or linear.

Such a connection works very simply: some information is taken from one sentence and develops in the next sentence. For instance:

A bright summer sun came out from behind the clouds. It lit up the wet streets and houses with its rays.

Here the word "sun" is used in the first sentence, but the story continues in the second. Thanks to this repetition, both statements look coherent and consistently develop the same topic.

The chain link is widely used. It can be found in all literary styles: artistic, business, journalistic, and especially in scientific, where the author is required to provide the most convincing and logical presentation of the material. It works equally well for description, storytelling, and reasoning. This popularity is due to the fact that the chain link to some extent copies human thinking.

It is easy to see that the point of a chain link is repetition. In order for two statements to connect with each other, they must repeat any words or they must talk about the same object. Here are the most common chain link options:

Parallel communication

When using parallel communication, sentences are not directly dependent on each other, but are usually built around some central thesis. Each of them looks independent in content, but at the same time it is part of some general list, comparison or opposition. For instance:

Evening came. The city was quietly deserted. The voices of people and signals of cars fell silent. Street lamps and shop windows came on.

Here the phrase "Evening has come" acts as a semantic center around which all other statements are built. By the way, in another way the parallel connection of sentences in the text is called centralized.

As a rule, the order of parallel clauses does not matter. They can be interchanged as you like and the meaning of the paragraph will not change from this.

Typically, the structure of a text with parallel links looks like this:

1. The beginning, that is, the central thesis around which the rest of the text is built.
2. A series of statements that reveal or prove a thesis.
3. Optional part: plan change. This is the very last sentence, which can be a conclusion from everything that has been said or serves as a "bridge" to the next text.

Here is an example paragraphbuilt according to this scheme:

Our cat Vasily is a harmful animal. At night he runs from room to room and wakes everyone up with his stomp. In the morning he asks for food and meows to the whole house. Not a week goes by without him breaking a cup or a plate in the kitchen. However, we still love him very much.

Centrally linked offers have two characteristic features:

1. Parallelism of the structure. This means that sentences generally retain their word order and form. And sometimes, for greater expressiveness, the first word is repeated in them.
2. Unity of predicate forms. Most often these are verbs in one form (as in the example above: runs, wakes up, asks, meows).

Centrally linked texts help the author to talk about several phenomena, objects or events at once. This technique is often found in description and narration.

Combination of different communication methods

Daisy chain and parallel communication rarely occurs alone. If the text is comparatively large, then it will probably contain both. Usually, the author chooses the appropriate way to combine sentences in the text based on his specific goals and objectives. For example, a writer might use centrally linked text to describe the protagonist's room, and chain-link text to describe his day.

But it also happens that both methods can be applied even in one paragraph. For instance:

There was no bus, and people at the bus stop began to worry. Every minute a man in a rumpled hat pulled a watch out of his pocket and examined its dial. The old woman winced and looked hopefully at the evening highway. But the highway was still empty and deserted.

Here the second and third sentences are connected using a parallel link, and the fourth is connected using a chain link.

To create a chain and parallel connection, various linguistic means, both semantic and grammatical, are used. Today philologists divide them into three groups:

• Lexical,
• Morphological,
• Syntactic.

Let's consider each of these groups in more detail..

Lexical means

These means of communication can be roughly divided into six categories:

1. Lexical repetitions, that is, repetition of words or phrases. For instance:

The man was holding a huge bouquet of flowers in his hands. The flowers were expensive, but already withered.

2. Single-root words:

We hoped to get a good harvest in the fall. And our hope was not in vain.

3. Synonyms. This group also includes various synonymous replacements: contextual synonyms, descriptive phrases, generic words, and so on.

Book from afar after four months. but novel caused a storm of indignation among critics and readers alike.

Pushkin wrote the tragedy "Boris Godunov" in 1825. The great poet managed to very accurately convey the atmosphere of that era and the characters of the characters.

4. Antonyms, including contextual ones. For instance:

And then it turned out that Vasily Petrovich had few friends. Enemies turned out to be much more.

5. Linking words showing the logic of presentation: therefore, in conclusion, for this reason etc. Example:

Fruits and vegetables contain many vitamins. That is why it is advisable to eat them every day.

6. Words on the same topic:

Has come winter... After a week of lunge l snow and strong began frosts.

Morphological agents

Various parts of speech are used to create a morphological connection:

1. Conjunctions, union words and particles at the beginning of a sentence. For instance:

While fishing, we drowned the boat and lost our fishing rods. But we caught two crucians and one gudgeon.

2. Pronouns. This group includes personal and demonstrative pronouns, as well as pronouns. For instance:

Tourists made a halt on the bank of a small river. They dthey did not even know what awaited them here.

3. Adverbs of time and place. Often these are adverbs applicable to several sentences in parallel:

The furniture was covered in a thick layer of dust. A huge gray spider web hung in the corners. The windows, apparently, have not been washed in five years. Here everywhere disorder and desolation reigned.

4. Predicate verbs in one tense form:

Has come late fall. From the trees in the park crumbled leaves. On the rooftops drummed long and dull rains.

5. Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs:

The parking space was great. It's better and it was impossible to come up with.

Syntactic tools

They can also be divided into five categories:

1. Syntactic parallelism, that is, the use of the same word order. Moreover, the words themselves are usually in the same morphological form:

The man was sitting in an armchair by the fireplace. The dog was lying on the floor near his feet.

2. Parcelling - the design of parts of a complete statement in the form of separate sentences.

The kittens have already matured and are crawling out of the box. They run around the room. They meow.

3. Incomplete sentences:

Do you know where chinchillas live? In the mountains of Peru!

4. Introductory words and sentences, addresses and rhetorical questions. Here are some examples:

First, he is the best doctor in town. And secondly, he plays the piano superbly.

Do you want to try something unusual in the summer? Make Spanish Cold Tomato Soup!

5. Using forward and reverse word order:

He will never forget this day. Never forget how his whole life flew downhill in an instant.

To learn to recognize correctly and use different means of communication, you need to remember the following:

PRACTICE "TYPES AND METHODS OF COMMUNICATION OF OFFERS IN TEXT"

Types of communication of sentences in the text:

Chain Link: Serial communication of the second sentence with the first, the third with the second, etc. (Chain connection diagram: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 ...). The chain link is due to the alternation of "given" and "new", the author's thought develops sequentially: what was "new" in the first sentence, becomes "given" in the second, and so on.

Parallel communication of sentences in the text: Subordination of the second, third, etc. proposals to the first. (Parallel communication scheme: 1: 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 ...). The first sentence contains the theme, gives a general outline of the picture, and all the rest are connected with it in meaning and grammar. They detail the general picture, concretize the topic of the text.

Spring is joyful, noisy and fragrant in the forest. The birds are singing loudly. Spring streams are ringing under the trees. Swollen buds smell like resin.

Somewhere beyond the horizon went storm.

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF SUGGESTIONS IN TEXT

Lexical means of communication:

Monothematic vocabulary

Descriptive turns.

Grammatical means of communication

Alliances

Temporal correlation of verb forms (one tense and one kind in adjacent sentences) - for example, all verbs are used in the past tense.

Incomplete sentences and ellipsis referring to previous text elements

(All proposals are two-part incomplete)

Sentences can link several linguistic means

( Demonstrative, synonym and particle)

1. There is a lamp on the table. Fire in the fireplace. There are shadows on the wall.

2. Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The then smart people extolled Napoleon with fanatical servility and joked

3. Friends worked well. Two boys were chopping wood. Three were putting them in a woodpile.

4. Once the reader picks up a book ... There is a memory of the experienced happiness or grief, and, amazed, he exclaims:

- How could this person express my feelings ?!

Empathy, the feeling of being one with the author is one of the sides of comprehension books.

5. Built the highway. The noisy, rushing river of life

6. Tourists came out into the clearing. Here they decided to stay for the night.

7. Love the book with all your heart. She is not only your best friend and helper, but also your faithful companion to the end.

8. My friends are my support. Any of them will always give me a helping hand.

9. Bison were brought from Belovezhskaya Pushcha to Volyn. The newcomers quickly took root and ceased to be afraid.

10. All the blessings and joys of life are created by labor. You cannot live honestly without labor.

.

15.

16. The wind was blowing in the field. There was silence in the forest.

17. Go in for sports! First, it will give you health. Secondly, it will strengthen your spirit and, finally, it will bring a lot of pleasure.

(D. Likhachev)

19. Someone unknown stood at the crossroads. I saw this man yesterday.

…

…

…

…

Exercise 4. Restore the order of sentences

1. And poor people often got no salt at all.

2. At the table, a salt shaker stood beside the owner.

3. That is why the word has survived to this dayoversalt in the sense of overdoing it.

4. The owner especially tried in front of a rich guest.

5. Salt was once very expensive in Russia.

6. He poured more to the one he respected.

7. From this came the expressionunwashed , which means "to leave without getting what was expected."

8. He himself poured salt to the guests.

9. And often too much.

Chorus. He Peasant

2. Khor was a positive person.it They are made Khor an authoritative person.

3. Singing dream, blooming color,

A fading day, a fading light.

Opening the window, I saw a lilac.

It was in the spring - on a flying day.

Flowers breathed - and on the dark cornice

The shadows of the jubilant robes moved.

The longing was choking, the soul was engaged,

I opened the window, trembling and trembling.

And I don't remember - where did I breathe in the face,

Singing, burning, she went up to the porch.(A. Blok)

the woods, mighty, untouched.In forests

talentedtalent.

In the forest we sawmoose. Elk

The call to protect forests should be addressed primarily to young people.

To herto her and decorate it.

He unexpectedly returned to his native village.His the arrival delighted and frightened the mother.

A dark sky with bright, spiky stars floated over the village.Such the stars are only in the fall.

With a distant, sweet twitch, the corncrake shouted.These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; they were preserved by pure vision forever.

So

AND joy soared into the sky like lights. (A. Alekseev).

All with the same talk and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again they put the samovar on dirty water.But

In a word

huge

If you go to the right, you will be rich. You go to the left - to be married. If you go straight, you will be killed.

They discussed the book they had read for a long time. That book turned out to be what they were waiting for. Their expectations were not in vain.

"Pushkin's work was of particular importance for the further development of the literary Russian language. The great poet in his works managed to combine foreign language borrowings, high Old Church Slavonicisms, as well as elements of spoken living speech.

A friend argues. The enemy assented.

A lot of salt is found in sea \u200b\u200bwater... That is why it cannot be used to prepare various dishes.

CHECKING WORK "TEXT. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF PROPOSALS IN TEXT "

One day the reader picks up a book ... A memory of the experienced happiness or grief arises, and, amazed, he exclaims:

How could this person express my feelings ?! Once a person begins to comprehend himself through a book - he writes it or reads it - he goes through with it the most complex process of self-knowledge and self-expression.

Empathy, the feeling of being one with the author, who understood the reader and showed him a similar face and soul, is one side of comprehending a poetic book.

Another no less significant feeling: after realizing oneself - a thirst for an answer, an impulse for action. A person opens his eyes to the world - he checks his words and deeds, he forms himself in himself with the help of someone else's word, someone else's feelings, someone else's thought ...

Once a person, confident that he knows everything and understands everything, who passed the exam in literature as "excellent", suddenly, as if having seen the light, begins to feel, almost touch the words that had not previously evoked in him strong emotions and associations:

The lonely sail is white

In the mist of the blue sea ...

Even yesterday these lines were not even recalled. Today they arose in memory, and at the same time the endless seascape appeared before the mind's eye ...

And the reader is filled with strength from what he has read, the desire to fly into the unknown, the desire to push off from the ordinary - the world seems to him an easily surmountable obstacle on the way to the sun.

One day, someone who is accustomed to cinema and television from childhood, always in a hurry on business, wants to stop, look around, feel ... A person will want like fresh air, flight, inspiration.

One day ... a person wants to comprehend the art of words ... This is a happy person.

Determine the topic of the text.

Find keywords in the text.

What linguistic means are used to communicate between sentences, between paragraphs?

What is the role of the repeated word "once" in the text? (The chapter from which the passage is taken is called “Once”).

Explain the meaning of wordsassociation, emotion, empathy.

Find contextual synonyms, antonyms, words in a figurative sense in the text.

Write down the last two paragraphs, sort out the sentences.

Write an essay "Why do I want to reread the book ...………." or write a short essay - give your opinion on the proposed text passage.

Answers:

Exercise 1. Define the types of communication of sentences in the text:

Spring is joyful, noisy and fragrant in the forest. The birds are singing loudly. Spring streams are ringing under the trees. Swollen buds smell like resin. ( Parallel communication )

Somewhere beyond the horizon went storm. On a hot summer night, she sent out decisive broad rumblings. Thunder, already almost exhausted on the way, revived under the dry roof ... Chain link

Finally we got to the sea. It was very calm and huge. This calmness, however, was deceiving. Chain link

Forests serve to heal our planet. They are not only giant oxygen producing laboratories. They also absorb poisonous gases and dust. Therefore, they are justly considered "the lungs of our land." ( Parallel communication )

Exercise 2. Determine the way of linking sentences in the text.

There is a lamp on the table. Fire in the fireplace. There are shadows on the wall. Incomplete sentences and ellipsis,

referring to previous text elements

2. Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV it was in fashion. Love for the fatherland seemed extolled joked

over our failures. (A. Pushkin) Temporal correlation of verb forms (one tense and one kind in adjacent sentences)

3. Friends worked harmoniously. Two boys chopped firewood. Three put them in a woodpile. Numerals (quantitative, ordinal, collective)

4. Once the reader picks up a book ... A memory of the experienced happiness or grief arises, and, amazed, he exclaims: - How could this person express my feelings ?! Empathy, the feeling of being one with the author is one of the sides of comprehension books.Monothematic vocabulary

5. Built the highway. connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov) Descriptive turns.

6. Tourists came out to the clearing . Here decided they stay for the night. Adverbs (pronouns-adverbs): here, here, there, everywhere, everywhere, once and others)

7. Love book with all my heart. She not only your best friend and helper, but also your faithful companion to the end. Pronouns (personal, demonstrative, attributive and others)

8. My friends - my support. Any of them will always give me a helping hand. Pronouns (personal, demonstrative, attributive and others)

9. They brought from Belovezhskaya Pushcha to Volyn bison. Newbies quickly settled down and ceased to be afraid. Synonyms (including contextual, descriptive turnover)

10. All blessings and joys life are created labor. Easily can't be honest live. Lexical repetition, cognate words

11. From an early age, learn to be true to the word. Fidelity to your word is your personal honor. (V.A. Sukhomlinsky) Lexical repetition, cognate words

12. A woodpecker knocking was heard overhead. The forest doctor examined the diseased tree. Synonyms (including contextual, descriptive turnover)

13. Nature has many friends. She has much fewer enemies. Antonyms (including contextual ones)

14. A terrible enemy is just around the corner. Much more dangerous is he behind . Antonyms (including contextual ones)

15. The war brought our country a lot of grief, misfortune and misfortune. But our people won because they were

completely devoted to his homeland. Alliances (mostly composing)

16. The wind was blowing in the field. In the woods the same there was silence. Particles (after all, and still others)

17. Go in for sports! At first , it will give you health. Secondly , will strengthen your spirit and, finally , will bring a lot of pleasure. Introductory words indicating the order of phenomena (thoughts) and the connection between them

18. To be able to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)Syntactic parallelism is the identical construction of several adjacent sentences.

19. Someone unfamiliar stood at the crossroads. Of this human I have seen and yesterday. (Demonstrative pronoun, synonym and particle)

Exercise 3. Linguistic problem

On the third day, when there was a mirror - the sun appeared from the case of the east, ...

On the fifth day, when the cover of night was torn from the head of the stars, ...

On the sixth day, when the sun's flame appeared in the east, ...

On the seventh day, when the crystal - the sun appeared from the dish cabinet of the sky, ...

…the king's slave girl with a burning heart came to the courtroom and began to cry for justice.

…the king's slave girl, with a face that shone like a mirror, came to the courtroom and began to cry for justice.

…the king's slave came without a cover to the courtroom and began to cry for justice.

…the slave girl took a bottle of oil, appeared in the courtroom and said: "If today I do not achieve my rights, I will burn myself with this oil."

((To solve this problem, it is necessary to pay attention to such means of communication of sentences in the text as conceptslexical repetition and words of one thematic group:

1 – B Mirror - the sun \u003d with a face that shone like mirror .

2 – C Plucked cover nights - without cover

3 – A Flame sun - from flaming heart

4 – D Of dishware sky cabinet - bottle oil))

Exercise 4. Restore the order of sentences ( KEY: 5 2 8 6 4 9 3 1 7)

1.5. Salt was once very expensive in Russia.

2.2. At the table, a salt shaker stood beside the owner.

3.8. He himself poured salt to the guests.

4.6 He poured more to the one he respected.

5.4. The host especially tried in front of a rich guest.

6.9. And often overloaded.

7.3. That is why the word has survived to this dayoversalt in the sense of overdoing it.

8.1. And poor people often got no salt at all.

9.7. From this came the expressionunwashed , which means “to leave without receiving

expected ".

Exercise 5. Determine the type of connection and the means of communication of sentences in the text.

1. On the threshold of the hut, an old man met me: bald, short, broad-shouldered and stout - himselfChorus. He he looked like Socrates: the same high knobby forehead, the same small eyes, the same snub nose.Peasant felt his dignity, spoke and moved slowly, occasionally chuckling from under his long mustache.1 text - parallel communication, - grammatical (personal pronoun, unity of temporal forms of verbs), - lexical (words of one thematic group)

Khor was a positive person.it manifested itself in his self-control and attitude towards people.They are also appreciated other qualities of the peasant.Thrift, the ability to manage time correctly, to establish a life made Khor an authoritative person. ( 2 text - chain link, - grammatical (pronouns: demonstrative and personal, the unity of the temporal forms of verbs)

Exercise 6. Determine the means of communication of sentences in the text.

Lexical repetition - repetition of the same word.Around the city on low hills stretched the woods , mighty, untouched. In forests there were large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks.

Single-root words. Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and not so {!LANG-8878d2110482d17d45745f59dda208b5!} {!LANG-77598d26fab758e11e7d8aac43af18d5!} {!LANG-b2e67de1de20c68b488ebac400fcef93!} {!LANG-e9188ddd01fef111f13d56b36010fb75!}

{!LANG-22021de8cf6f2386df804613f4f19b11!} {!LANG-dafbcb516fb67cd8df256ec333af0a2b!} {!LANG-f81216871682c6cef216856f849ca037!} . {!LANG-bdee63818e58f04a47022e03a86e756b!} {!LANG-575a4cb134ae39eb39e38a714d3dfef2!}

{!LANG-b41b8bca6f550966af6b97a7370c5343!} {!LANG-12d67fe3833d92f522f214302bb6d6cf!} {!LANG-fabf4f9bcb73a2a603ff86d195055aca!} . {!LANG-d25137546b8339980516dfd5be83d082!} {!LANG-55f01c00f7886a29ad77465756525ec0!}

Descriptive turns. {!LANG-eff10a38896740b9e2371ea97a14586a!} {!LANG-785894603d55f0204fd8e53a2badf1b7!} . {!LANG-b482f9b434772e0598b545a2ee670c23!} connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)

{!LANG-1ad14add13c5f30aedae105ceac02a0a!} {!LANG-3fbe94701ebcef7789015ec187706d79!} He {!LANG-84be3a76b23197df81d0883d3dfc7500!} {!LANG-d30302f4c32b9f6e0856187833d530b6!} {!LANG-5bd73fd20c9a58f1be6a9f6d23b68689!} {!LANG-54d9674fc3fa19cab69637c5279250b5!} {!LANG-03dce1335b662565f5428e1639f3f9a8!} {!LANG-98a672108547ba491b8254718f864af5!} {!LANG-514c94d7592c18e2684a44f9c8bc7db8!}

{!LANG-516a3ee0a222ba731c22fa9a871e9aca!} {!LANG-ebec3eb1947245a6e209f6f3b5760cd6!}{!LANG-37d95ccae5347482f18f073039571533!} {!LANG-6401a29047bae888058fa25d5dff5420!} {!LANG-e88cb697ee5e8562f63a766ed6bc4f52!} {!LANG-58027732d923c557d80669ef69f709f5!} {!LANG-724babc9987fdbe9e87489a9736d8e6a!}

{!LANG-7e38c9cae73310a17de8219b8ad6184f!} {!LANG-f9b62c22e7f17c39680a0151bf1d566c!}{!LANG-616ec9e471b630e96590f7a8a900415b!} {!LANG-995fcce091fdc34fa50d1376bff325b1!} {!LANG-c72dda9c4aed30802a50f2427fcdf93d!}

Alliances {!LANG-5f1e5eae1f1d41c5fc812e52327d5f20!}{!LANG-f4036df0c03f527a20240f9696142082!} {!LANG-8f8f6a464a1d7394099d59dad2d5912f!} {!LANG-b56c7356c4820be7be7507f27e7e5700!} {!LANG-2cf79cb5ebe82313bc10de40f200d7f9!} {!LANG-1fb412f15dbbfc974425a2ded3216e43!}

{!LANG-58ba2031b50acc8e2b7fc56fc9e68157!} {!LANG-6556bea4b4d454c4399daac8c657a906!}{!LANG-18e8b34c2e65134fd1c8061bfa1c2fcd!} {!LANG-9a9309152d72edce38b0e6ed3d9db6eb!} {!LANG-3dec7dfc6256b1725bf2ec949c4d6ee2!}

{!LANG-7a8f7fcee1b5b52ba210db3b7deafb61!} {!LANG-503fc550adf51d81f215e9f28f927cfb!}
{!LANG-2c26cb3b3a50deeea5ff9f12b7cdfd13!} it was in fashion. Love for the fatherland seemed {!LANG-c99f2809afddedca1e69dc5790fcf921!} extolled {!LANG-3789e4bed9c0d852c20cea0f7c221cab!} joked {!LANG-2357c195403a4d5a2d8c279099e3fb44!}

{!LANG-753a5c2585ffa695347451acc9028e14!} {!LANG-ea62bb2e28cc3a67fd2faa1f3b8e57c0!}{!LANG-abf33b82fef9afe0e1d99e342f7cfa24!} {!LANG-27c9303658f17e6367c1804caa26958d!} {!LANG-b7009206de9faef5f19030b5f1984810!}

{!LANG-a6d3085dcd2193eea1bb3d9f0e0b4d9d!} {!LANG-a6b9655c3f91138a418cc9fb2f9d7d4a!}{!LANG-b21caba1037a2886c3e48f63be13d9e7!}

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{!LANG-e83df4d767a8aee3a564ceede8298369!}{!LANG-0d86f0201b45a028ca811fd22230dc3f!}

{!LANG-934fbea9ad316f5cb0b61e24a64f289e!}{!LANG-848876ee8b715e78d7a794f46bc50a5a!}

{!LANG-fad10dd0861c790ba815e9237ac854e9!}{!LANG-05af8d8694e43c0d1c5265e867f88f05!}

{!LANG-d9a614d683c991984be08a9bc089eae3!}

{!LANG-c1d84b15dbf39fcad614459a8095afeb!}

{!LANG-37ccf08b166212c7a091c31b6f310c12!}