Syntax- a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of syntactic units.
Syntax- Greek word, it means "composing", "building". Syntax shows how words are combined into syntactic units.
The basic units of syntax are phrases, sentences, text.
The study of syntax contributes to the development of speech, as it helps to correctly build sentences, choose expressive types of phrases and sentences that are most suitable for the style of speech needed in a given situation.
Knowledge of the structure and meaning of syntactic units serves as the basis for the formation of the ability to logically harmoniously express thoughts, as well as correctly put punctuation marks.
Punctuationcontains a system of punctuation marks and rules for their setting. Signs help to segment the text into sentences, to establish connections and relationships between words in a sentence.
Punctuation marks help the writer express thoughts and feelings accurately and clearly, and the reader to understand them.
K. Paustovsky tells how once a familiar writer brought to the editorial office a story that was difficult to comprehend, but interesting on the topic. The proofreader took the manuscript and vowed that he would correct it without throwing away or attributing a single word ... “The next morning,” recalls K. Paustovsky, “I read the story and was numb. It was transparent, cast prose. Everything became convex, clear. Not a shadow remained of the previous crumpledness and verbal confusion. At the same time, not a single word was really thrown out or added.
It's a miracle! - I said. - How did you do that?
- Yes, I just placed all the punctuation marks correctly…. I set the points especially carefully. And paragraphs. This is a great thing ... "
Artists rightly compare punctuation marks to notes.
The main purpose of punctuation
- to indicate the semantic division of speech. So, the statement of the point indicates the completeness of the sentence from the point of view of the writer.
At the same time, punctuation marks serve to identify various semantic shades inherent in individual parts of the written text. For example, putting a question mark at the end of a sentence indicates not only the division of speech, but also the interrogative nature of the sentence, its special type in terms of the purpose of the statement. The choice of a sign between the parts of a non-union complex sentence, conditioned by this or that understanding of the relationship of these parts, in turn serves as a means of revealing the semantic relations between them.
The Russian punctuation system is very flexible: along with the mandatory rules, it contains indications that allow punctuation options, which are due to the rules for the placement of punctuation marks.
There are ten characters in Russian punctuation: point, semicolon, colon, dash, question mark, exclamation mark, ellipsis, brackets, quotation marks . The function of a punctuation mark is also performed by a paragraph (writing on a new line).
Differentiate signs separating (period, question mark, exclamation mark, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis) and marks highlighting (two commas, two dashes, brackets, quotes).
Syntax rightfully occupies a significant place in the school course of the Russian language. It allows in a new way, from the functional point of rhenium, to evaluate all the means of language and speech, previously studied in the sections of phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation and, especially, morphology. The study of morphology on a syntactic basis requires attention to the morphological and lexical-morphological properties of syntactic units. It is especially important to study the syntactic structure of the Russian language in the interests of the development of speech. Knowledge of the laws of combining words and constructing sentences allows you to correctly build combinations and sentences, enrich the syntactic structure of speech, express thoughts more fully and accurately, prevent speech errors, etc.
The study of the syntactic structure of the Russian language contributes to the development of students' thinking, arouses interest in the study of language and speech. The syntax also provides the necessary basis for the formation of many spelling skills, of which we note the previously case endings of controlled and agreed words.
Punctogram- the correct use of the punctuation mark (or its absence), in accordance with the rules or tradition, a specific case of the use of the punctuation rule; eg , a comma for homogeneous members, a period at the end of a sentence, etc. The verbal expression of a punctogram usually includes the name of a syntactic unit and an indication of the sign, its function. The punctogram expresses a punctuation problem, the punctuation mark is the result of its solution, obtained by applying the rule, and also chosen on the basis of communicative expediency (if the rule allows variations).
List of punctograms studied at school:
1. Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence.
2. A dash between the main members of the proposal.
3. Dash in an incomplete sentence.
4. Punctuation marks between homogeneous members.
5. Punctuation marks for homogeneous terms with generalizing words.
6. Punctuation marks for separate definitions.
7. Punctuation marks for stand-alone applications.
8. Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances.
9. Punctuation marks for separate additions.
10. Punctuation marks for specifying members of a sentence.
11. Punctuation marks at comparative turns and constructions with the union like.
12. Punctuation marks in addresses.
13. Punctuation marks for introductory words, introductory and inserted sentences, words-sentences YES, NO, interjections.
14. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence.
15. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.
16. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence.
17. Colon between parts of a non-union complex sentence.
18. Dash between parts of a non-union complex sentence.
19. Punctuation marks in the design of direct speech and quotations.
20. Using quotes.
Russian language - basic rules (vocabulary, syntax, spelling, punctuation)
GRAPHICS is a branch of linguistics that establishes the composition of the styles used in writing, studies the relationship between letters and sounds. The main graphics terms are:
A letter is a graphic sign used to represent the sound of speech in writing. Letters are large (or uppercase) and small (or lowercase). Lowercase letters are written at the beginning of sentences and at the beginning of proper names.
The alphabet is a collection of all letters arranged in a certain generally accepted order. The Russian alphabet has 33 letters:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
10 letters convey vowel sounds(A, E, E, I, O, U, Y, E, Y, Y)
;
21 letters convey consonants(B, C D, D, F, Z, Y, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, F, X, Ts, Ch, Sh, Shch
)
;
lettersB
andB
do not convey any sounds, but they perform the function of separation, and also denote the softness of the preceding consonant, thereby often playing a sense-discriminating function (see examples below).
The designation in writing the softness of consonants.
The softness of consonants in writing is indicated in two ways:
with the letter b: all, blood (compare with the words weight, blood),
with the help of the letters E, E, I, E, Yu standing after the consonants (measure, lying, ball, place, love).
Calligraphy is the art of writing clearly and beautifully. This term only refers to handwritten letters.
10. Concept of vocabulary, word.
LEXICO is the vocabulary of a language.
LEXICOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of vocabulary.
WORD is the main structural and semantic unit of the language, which serves to name objects, phenomena, their properties and which has a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features. The characteristic features of the word are integrity, distinguishability and integral reproducibility in speech.
The main ways to replenish the vocabulary of the Russian language.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is replenished in two main ways:
Words are formed on the basis of derivational material (roots, suffixes and endings),
New words come to the Russian language from other languages \u200b\u200bbecause of the political, economic and cultural ties of the Russian people with other peoples and countries.
11. LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD - the correlation of the sound design of a linguistic unit with one or another phenomenon of reality, fixed in the speaker's mind.
Unambiguous and ambiguous words.
Words are unambiguous and ambiguous. Unambiguous words are words that have only one lexical meaning, regardless of the context in which they are used. There are not many such words in Russian, it is
scientific terms (bandage, gastritis),
proper names (Petrov Nikolay),
newly emerged words that are still rarely used (pizzeria, foam rubber),
words with a narrowly subject meaning (binoculars, cans, backpack).
Most words in Russian are polysemantic, i.e. they are capable of several meanings. In each individual context, one meaning is actualized. A polysemantic word has a basic meaning, and the meanings derived from it. The main meaning is always given in the explanatory dictionary in the first place, followed by derivatives.
Many words that are now perceived as polysemous initially had only one meaning, but since they were often used in speech, more meanings began to appear in them, breaking the main one. Many words that are unambiguous in modern Russian can become polysemantic over time.
Direct and figurative meaning of the word.
Direct meaning is the meaning of a word that directly relates to the phenomena of objective reality. This value is stable, although it can change over time. For example, the word "table" in Ancient Rus meant "reign, capital", and now it means "piece of furniture".
A figurative meaning is such a meaning of a word that arose as a result of transferring a name from one object of reality to another on the basis of some similarity.
For example, the word "sediment" has a direct meaning - "solid particles that are in a liquid and settle on the bottom or on the walls of a vessel after settling", and the figurative meaning is "a heavy feeling that remains after something."
12. OMONIMS - these are words that are different in meaning, but the same in pronunciation and spelling. For example, a club is a "spherical flying smoky mass" (a cloud of smoke) and a club is a "cultural and educational institution" (a club of railway workers). The use of homonyms in the text is a special stylistic device.
13. SYNONYMS - these are words that are close to each other in meaning. Synonyms form a synonymous series, for example, assumption - hypothesis - guess - assumption.
Synonyms can vary slightly in sign or stylistically, sometimes both. Synonyms that completely coincide in meaning are called absolute synonyms. There are few of them in the language, these are either scientific terms (for example, spelling - spelling), or words formed using synonymous morphemes (for example, guard - guard).
Synonyms are used to make speech more varied and avoid repetitions, and to give a more accurate description of what is being said.
14. ANTHONYMS - these are words that are opposite in meaning.
Antonyms are words that are correlative in meaning; you cannot put in an antonymic pair words that characterize an object or phenomenon from different sides (early - late, fall asleep - wake up, white - black.).
If the word is polysemantic, then each meaning is matched with its own antonym (for example, for the word "old" in the phrase "old man" the antonym is the word "young", and in the phrase "old carpet" - "new").
Like synonyms, antonyms are used to make speech more expressive.
15. Categories of words by origin.
All words in Russian are divided into:
primordial Russians, which include Indo-European peisms (oak, wolf, mother, son), common Slavic peksika (birch, cow, friend), East Slavic vocabulary (boot, dog, village), Russian vocabulary proper (bricklayer, leaflet);
borrowed words, which include borrowings from Slavic languages \u200b\u200b(finger, mouth - Old Slavicisms, borscht - Ukrainian borrowing, monogram - Polish borrowing) and non-Slavic languages \u200b\u200b(Scandinavian - anchor, hook, Oleg; Turkic - hut, chest; Latin - audience, administration ; Greek - cherry, lantern, history; German - sandwich, tie; French - battalion, buffet, etc.)
16. Obsolete words and neologisms.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing: some words that were used very often before are now almost inaudible, while others, on the contrary, are used on the web more and more often. Such processes in language are associated with changes in the life of the society that it serves: with the emergence of a new concept, a new word appears; if a society no longer refers to a certain concept, then it does not refer to the word that this concept designates either.
Words that are no longer used or are used very rarely are called obsolete (for example, child, right hand, mouth, Red Army, People's Commissar.
Neologisms are new words that have not yet become familiar and everyday names. The composition of neologisms is constantly changing, some of them take root in the language, some do not. For example, in the middle of the 20th century, the word "satellite" was a neologism.
From stylistic angst of sight, all words of the Russian language are divided into two large groups:
stylistically neutral or common (can be used in all styles of speech without restriction);
stylistically colored (they belong to one of the styles of speech: book: scientific, official-business, journalistic - or colloquial; their use "not in their style" violates the correctness, purity of speech; you need to be extremely careful in their use); for example, the word "hindrance" belongs to the colloquial style, and the word "banish" belongs to the book style.
8. In Russian, depending on the nature of the functioning, there are:
Common vocabulary (used without any restrictions),
- vocabulary of a limited scope.
17. Vocabulary of limited scope:
dialectisms are words that belong to a particular dialect. Dialects are Russian folk dialects that contain a significant number of original words, known only in a certain area. Dialectisms can be
lexical (known only in the territory of distribution of this dialect): kushak, tsibula,
morphological (characterized by a special inflection): in me,
phonetic (characterized by a special pronunciation): [tsai] - tea, [hverma] - farm, etc.
professionalism are words that are used in various fields of production, technology, etc. and which have not become common; terms - words that name special concepts of any sphere of production or science; professionalisms and terms are used by people of one profession, in one field of science (for example, abscissa (mathematics), affricates (linguistics)),
jargon are words that are used by a narrow circle of people united by a common interest, occupation or position in society; for example, they distinguish youth (ancestors - parents), professional (nadomae - undershooting of the landing mark), camp jargon,
argotisms are the same as jargon, but they are used as a conventional sign, as an encrypted code, so that people who do not belong to this group cannot understand the meaning of these words; as a rule, this is the speech of socially closed groups, for example, thieves' argo.
58. Principles of Russian spelling, spelling
Spelling is a system of spelling rules. Main sections of spelling:
writing morphemes in different parts of speech,
continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words,
the use of upper and lower case letters,
hyphenation.
Principles of Russian spelling. The leading principle of Russian spelling is the morphological principle, the essence of which is that morphemes common to related words retain a single outline in writing, and in speech they can change depending on phonetic conditions. This principle applies to all morphemes: roots, prefixes, suffixes, and endings.
Also, based on the morphological principle, a uniform spelling of words related to a certain grammatical form is formed. For example, b ( soft sign) is a formal sign of the infinitive.
The second principle of Russian spelling is phonetic spelling, i.e. words are written as they are heard. An example is the spelling of prefixes in zs (mediocre - restless) or a change in the root of the initial and in s after prefixes ending in a consonant (play).
There is also a differentiating spelling (compare: burn (noun) - burned (vb)) and traditional spelling (the letter and after the letters ж, ш, ц - to live, sew).
Spelling is a case of choice when 1, 2 or more different spellings are possible. It is also a spelling that complies with the spelling rules.
A spelling rule is a spelling rule for a Russkhog language, which spelling should be chosen depending on language conditions.
59. The use of uppercase and lowercase letters.
uppercase letterlowercase letter
It is written at the beginning of a sentence, paragraph, text (I want to go for a walk. When I do my homework, I will go outside.)
- It is written at the beginning of a direct speech (She said: "Come in, please.")
It is written in the middle and at the end of the word (mother, Russia).
- It is written in the middle of a sentence, unless the word is a proper name or some kind of title (He arrived late at night).
Capitalized
Written with a lowercase letter
The names of institutions and organizations, incl. international (State Duma, United Nations Organization),
- names of countries and administrative-territorial units (Great Britain, United States of America, Moscow region),
- names, patronymics and surnames (Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich)
- the names of historical events and holidays are proper names): March 8, the Great Patriotic War.
Names of ranks, ranks (Lieutenant Popov),
- words comrade, citizen mister, mister, etc. (Mr Brown, Citizen Petrov)
60. Word hyphenation rules
Words are carried over syllables (ma-ma, ba-ra-ban),
You can not separate the consonant from the subsequent vowel (ge-ro "y),
You can not put aside on the line or transfer part of the syllable (pus-styak, pus-tyak - right; empty-yak (wrong),
You cannot leave one vowel on a line or transfer, even if it represents a whole syllable (ana-to-miya - right; a-na-to-mi-me - wrong),
You can not tear ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign) from the previous consonant (bypass, less),
The letter does not break away from the previous vowel (paradise-on),
When several consonants are combined, transfer options are possible (sister, sister, sister); in such cases, such a transfer is preferable in which the morphemes are not disassembled (wait).
61. Spelling of vowels in the root.
If at the root the vowel is in a weak (unstressed) position, then the problem of choosing which letter to write arises in writing.
If you can choose a related word or change the word so that this vowel is stressed, then such a vowel is called testable. For example, pillars - one hundred "foreheads; reconcile (friends) - mi" p.
If an unstressed vowel cannot be checked by stress, then such vowels are called unverifiable, and the spelling of words with such vowels must be memorized or checked using a spelling dictionary (carto "fel, elixi" p).
Russian has a number of roots with alternating vowels. As a rule, the vowel that is heard is written under stress; the choice of a letter in an unstressed position depends on certain conditions:
from stress:
Gar-gore: under stress is written a (zaga "p, razga" p), without stress - o (sunburn "ly, burn? T), exceptions: you are" garki, and "burn, with" burn;
Zarzor: without stress it is written a (zarni "tsa, illuminate" t), under stress - what is heard (zo "ryka, for" roar), exception: dawn "t;
Clan-clone: \u200b\u200bwithout stress it is written about (pre-clone "nie, lokloni" tsya), under stress - what is heard (klaj "nyatsya, poklo" n);
Creator: without stress it is written about (create "be, creation"), under stress - what is heard (your "rity, tva" rb), with the exception: "creation";
from subsequent letters or letter combinations:
Cas- kos: if the root is followed by a consonant n, then it is written about (touch "touch, touch"), in other cases, a (touch "touch");
Lag-lodge: before g is written a (attach, adjective), before g is written about (application, suggest), exceptions: by "log;
Rast- (-rach-) - grew: before the article and u it is written a (to grow ", nara" shivag), before c it is written about (for "grew up, you" grew up), exceptions: about "trasl, grow" to, you "growth-current, usurers" K. Rosto "in;
Jump-skoch: before k is written a (jump "t), before h is written about (you" jump), exceptions: jump "to, jump";
From the presence or absence of the suffix - after the root:
Werewer-, -der- dir, -mer-mir, -per- feast, -ter- dash, -shine-blist, -zhegg-gig, -stel-steel, -cheat-read: before the suffix -a- it is written and (collect "t, light" t, flooring "t), in other cases it is written e (bleat" t, za zhe "whose), exceptions; combine" t, combination ";
Roots with alternating a (i) - im (in): before the suffix -a it is written by it (in) (hitching "t, clamping" t), in other cases it is written a (z) (hush "b, press" th) ;
from the value:
Mak-mok: -mak- is used in the meaning of “immersed in liquid, make it wet” (poppy “to put bread in milk), -mock - in the meaning of“ let the liquid pass ”(shoes get wet);
Equal: -ravt- is used in the meaning of “equal, the same, on a par” (equal to “ts”), -svn - in the meaning of “even, straight, smooth” (in “ro-ven, zarovnya”);
Float-float-float: o is written only in the words plov "ts and plovchi" ha, y - only in the word quicksand ", in all other cases it is written I (llavu" honor, float "k).
62. Spelling of vowels after sibilants and C.
After the sibilant consonants Ж, ч, Ш, Щ, the vowels a, y, and are written, and the vowels I, u, y (thicket, bold) are never written. This rule does not apply to words of a foreign language origin (parachute) and to compound-abbreviated words in which any combination of letters is possible (Mezhurburo).
Under the stress after the sibilants, it is written in, if you can pick up related words or another form of this word, where e is written (yellow - yellowness); if this condition is not met, then it is written about (clink glasses, rustle).
It is necessary to distinguish the noun burn and its related words from the verb in the past tense burn and its related words.
A fluent vowel sound under stress after sibilants is indicated by the letter o (scabbard - knife "n).
Spelling of vowels after c.
In the root after c is written and (civilization, mat); exceptions: gypsy, tiptoe, chick, chicks are their root words.
The letters I, u are written after c only in proper names of non-Russian origin (Zurich).
Under the stress after c it is written about (tso "cat).
Vowel selection; and or e.
In foreign words, e (adequate) is usually written; exceptions: mayor, peer, sir and their derivatives.
If the root begins with the letter e, then it remains after the prefixes or cut by the first part of a complex word (save, three-story).
After the vowel and is written e (requiem), after the rest of the vowels - e (maestro).
The letter and is written at the beginning of foreign words (iodine, yoga).
63. Spelling of consonants at the root.
In order to check dubious voiced and voiceless consonants, you need to choose such a form or a related word so that these consonants stand in a strong position (in front of a vowel or sonorant (l, m, u, p)) sound: a fairy tale - say.
If a dubious consonant cannot be checked, then its spelling must be memorized or found in a spelling dictionary. ;
Double consonants are written:
- at the junction of morphemes: prefix and root (to tell), root and suffix (long),
- at the junction of two parts of abbreviated words (maternity hospital),
- in words that need to be remembered or determined by the spelling dictionary (reins, yeast, burning, buzz, juniper and words of its roots; words of foreign language origin (for example, group, class) and derivatives from them (group, class).
In order to check the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants, having a combination of letters of branches, zdn, ndsk, ntsk, stl, stn, etc. it is necessary to choose such a single-root word or so change the form of the word so that after the first or second consonant there is a vowel (sad - to be sad, whistle - whistle); exceptions: to shine (although "shine"), a ladder (although a "ladder"), splash (although "splash"), a bottle (although "glass").
64. Spelling of prefixes.
The spelling of some prefixes must be remembered, they do not change under any conditions (convey, carry, add, etc.). The prefix c- belongs to the same prefixes, which in speech before voiced consonants becomes voiced, but does not change in writing (run away, do).
In the prefixes on e-s (without- - de-, carriage (vz) - - vos- (vs-), from- - is-, low- - nis-, ras- (ros-) - races. (Ros- ), through- (through-) - worm- (chres-)) is written z before eaon-, kim consonants or vowels (anhydrous, flare up), and before voiceless consonants it is written with (unlimited, revolt).
Particularly difficult is writing the prefixes pre- - pri-. Basically, their difference is based on their lexical meaning.
The prefix pre- is used in the meaning:
a high degree of quality (it can be replaced by the words "very", "very"): exaggerated (\u003d "very enlarged"), interesting (\u003d "very interesting");
"Through", "differently" (this value is close to the value of the prefix over-): to overstep (\u003d "overstep).
The prefix pri- is used in the meaning:
spatial proximity (suburban, border);
approach, accession (approach, swim);
incompleteness of the action (cover, pause);
bringing the action to the end (nail, knock);
committing an action in someone else's interests (hide).
In some words, the prefixes pre- and do not stand out and the spelling of such words must be remembered: abide (meaning "to be in some place or state"), despise (meaning "to hate"), neglect, president (word foreign language origin); device, order, charity (meaning "care"), etc.
4. If the prefix ends with a consonant, and the root begins with a vowel and, then instead of and is written s (pre-Jun, play); exceptions:
compound words (pedagogical institute), -to take,
prefixes inter- and super- (inter-institutional, super-interesting),
the word "two-pulse", etc.
foreign language prefixes des-, counter-, post-, super-, trans-, pan- (counterplay, subindex).
65. Spelling dividing b and b Spelling dividing b (solid sign).
1. Separating ъ (solid sign) is written before the vowels e, ё, yu, i:
after a prefix ending in a consonant: entrance, detour;
in words of foreign language origin after prefixes ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, per-, trans-) or after a composite particle pan- : adjutant, trans-European;
in compound words, the first part of which is two-, three-, four- numerals: two-tier, three-tier;
2. This rule does not apply to compound words: children.
Spelling of dividing b (soft mark).
The dividing b (soft sign) is written:
inside the word before the vowels e, e, yu, i: peasant, blizzard;
in some words of foreign origin before the letter o: medallion, champignon.
Spelling of vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings.
1. In the endings and suffixes of nouns, adjectives and adverbial suffixes, under stress after sibilants and c, it is written about, without stress - e (knife "m, large" go, book "nka, end" m, ring "vy-vy; BUT ekila "well, p" look, ry ", trade" vtsev, okoltseva "t).
2. After the sibilants under stress, e is written:
in the endings of verbs (laughs, you lie),
in the suffix of the verb -ёва- (uproot),
in the noun suffix -er- (trainee),
in the suffix of verbal nouns -ёk- (uprooting),
with the suffix of passive participles -yon (n) - (struck, harnessed),
in the suffix of verbal adjectives (burnt) and in words derived from these adjectives (zhzhenka),
in the pronoun about what,
with words, at all.
66. Spelling of nouns.
Spelling of endings in nouns:
in masculine and neuter nouns in which before case ending a vowel is written and, in an unstressed position in P. the ending -i is written; for feminine nouns, this rule applies to D.l. and P.p .; I. p. militia, genius, R.p. blade militia, genius, blades D.p. police, genius, blade V.p. militia, genius, blade Etc. militia, genius, P. p. blade about the police, about the genius, about the blade
in neuter nouns in -ye in P. p. without stress is written e, and under stress - and: about happiness, in oblivion;
in nouns on -ni with a preceding consonant or and in Gender. plural b (soft sign) at the end is not written: bedroom - bedrooms; exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawthorns, kitchens.
in nouns on -ov, -ev, -ev, yn, in, denoting Russian surnames, in TV.p. the singular ending is -im, and in nouns in-s, -in, denoting foreign surnames. -end: Ivanov, but Darwin.
nouns in -ov, -ev, -ii, yn, -ovo, -ino, yno, denoting the names of populated POINTS, have in T. p. ending -th: near Lvov, behind Khotkov;
if the noun with the suffix -isch- is masculine or neuter, then the ending -e is written, if the feminine is -a: a swamp is a swamp, but a hand is a hand;
animate nouns with suffixes, - ushk-, -yushk-, -him-, -ishk- masculine and feminine nouns with the same suffixes in I.l. have the ending -a: dyushka, grandfather; inanimate masculine nouns and all neuter nouns with these suffixes have the ending -o: bread, little house;
in neuter nouns after the suffix -a, the letter o is written: chisel, and in animate masculine and neuter nouns - a: crammed.
Spelling of noun suffixes:
1. If the suffix -ik - (- chik-) is written in a noun, then it is also preserved in indirect cases, and if the suffix -ek- (-chek-) is written, then in indirect cases e alternates with a zero of the sound (compare: a piece - a piece, a finger - a finger);
2. In masculine nouns, the suffix -ets- is written, in feminine nouns, the suffix -its-, and in neuter nouns, -c-, if the stress falls on the ending and -its-, if the stress falls on the syllable before the suffix ( Wed: handsome (m) - beautiful (f) - letter "(Wed) - pla" tice;
3. The diminutive-caress suffix -ink-is written in nouns formed from feminine nouns ending in -ina (scratch - scratch, straw - straw); BUT in words denoting female persons (for example, a refugee, a French woman), the combination -eik- is written (no diminutive meaning);
4. The combination -enk- is also written in words formed from nouns ending in -na or -nya, and not having a (soft sign) at the end of the word in genitive plural (cherry - cherry - cherry);
note: if nouns ending in -na, -nya have plural genitive at the end ь (soft sign), then the combination -enk- (kitchen - kitchen - kitchenette) is written;
5. In affectionate suffixes -onye- (written after hard consonants) and -enk- (written after soft consonants, less often after hard consonants), after n is written ь (soft sign) (for example, kisonka, Nadenka),
note: in modern Russian, the suffixes -ynye-, -new-, -ank- do not exist, words with such suffixes are found only in works of art up to the 19th century inclusively and in folklore (for example, lolosynka, Nadinka; compare modern stripes, Nadinka ), Exceptions: goody, zayinka, bainki (suffix -nye-);
6. The suffix -yshk is written in the essence of the neuter gender (sun-sun, feather-feather); the suffix -ushk- is written in masculine and feminine nouns (neighbor - neighbor, head - head); the suffix-yushk-is written in nouns of all genders, formed from nouns pine to a soft consonant (field - pole, uncle - uncle); some masculine nouns are formed using the suffixes -shek-, eshek-, ears- (wedges, pegs, spools, pimples, sparrows; pebble, edge; the words sparrow, pebble are used in folk, colloquial speech);
7.From nouns denoting people by the nature of their activity, the suffix -chik- is written in front of the consonants d, t, a, s, w (translator, lbtchik, deserter, etc.), and in all other cases, the suffix -shchik- (typesetter, layout designer);
note 1: in some words of foreign language origin, the suffix -shchik- (flute, asphalt) is written after t,
note 2: b (soft sign) is written before the suffix -shchik- only after the consonant l (roofer),
note 3: if the stem ends in consonants k, c, h, then before the suffix -chik- they are replaced by the consonant t (distribution - dispenser);
8. In many female patronymics [ishna] is heard, but it is written -ichna (Ilyinichna, Fominichna).
67. Spelling of adjectives. Spelling of the endings of adjectives.
declension of qualitative and relative adjectives; declension of possessive adjectives with a stem on j (for example, fox, bear); declension of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in-, (-y-), -ov- (-ev-): Lisitsyn, mother.
In the plural, the endings of all genera are the same.
units numberI. p.
R. p.
D. p.
V. p.
Etc.
P. p.
cheerful, early
cheerful, early
cheerful, early
cheerful (cheerful), early (early)
cheerful, early
about funny, about early
funny, early
cheerful, early
cheerful, early
cheerful, early
cheerful, early
about funny, about early
funny, early
cheerful, early
cheerful, early
funny, early
cheerful, early
about funny, about early
pl. number
funny, early
cheerful, early
cheerful, early
cheerful, early
cheerful, early
about funny, about early
feminine gender
neuter gender
units number
I. p.
R. p.
D. p.
V. p.
Etc.
P.p
fox
fox
fox
fox
fox
about fox
fox
fox
fox
fox
fox
about fox
fox
fox
fox
fox
fox
about fox
pl. number
I. p.
R. p.
D. p.
V. p.
Etc.
P.p
foxes
fox
fox
foxes
fox
about foxes
Type 3
masculine gender
feminine gender
neuter gender
units number
I. p.
R. p.
D. p.
V. p.
Etc.
P.p
fathers, sisters
father, sister (or sister)
fathers, sisters
father, sister
about father, about sister
father, sister
father, sister
father, sister
father, sister
father (oyu), sister (noyu)
about father, about sister
father, sister
father, sister
father, sister (or sister)
father, sister to father, sister
about father, about sister
pl. number
I. p.
R. p.
D. p.
V. p.
Etc.
P.p
fathers, sisters
fathers, sisters
father, sister
fathers, sisters
fathers, sisters
about fathers, about sisters
Note: the accusative case of adjectives in the masculine singular is the same as the genitive case if the adjective refers to an animate noun or pronoun, and with the nominative case if the adjective depends on an inanimate noun or pronoun.
Russian male surnames ending in -ov (-ev), -in (-yn) in the instrumental singular case have the ending -th (as well as short adjectives): Pushkin - Pushkin.
Geographic names ending in -ov, -ev, -yno, -ino, -yn, -in, -ovo, -evo, in the instrumental singular, have the ending -th: under the city of Pushkin.
The adjectives suburban, mvzhdushorodny, subnational, suburban have in the nominative singular endings -th (-s), and the adjective nonresident-endings - “and (-s, -s).
The short form adjectives in -y have the ending - «n (slender - slender), with the exception: worthy - worthy;
Possible double spelling and pronunciation of the adjective endless (-y, -ee) - endless (-s).
Spelling of adjectives imvn suffixes:
1. Under the stress, the suffix -iv- is written, without the stress - the suffix -ev- (compare: beautiful "vyy - combat" y), Exceptions: mi "loving, yuro" divy;
2. With the suffixes -chiv-, -liv-, it is always written and (ugly, arrogant);
3. Suffixes -оvat-, -оv-, -оvit- are written after hard consonants, and after soft consonants, after sibilants and ts, suffixes -вat-, -ev-, -vvit- are written (Wed, greenish, business - glossy , bluish);
4. In adjectives ending in -chi, formed from nouns ending in -shka before h, under stress is written a, without stress - e (compare: frog: frog "chiy - lyagu" shechiy);
5. Before the suffix -or-, the letter u is written if the sound it denotes belongs to one morpheme (for example, a board is a boardwalk); if, in the producing stem, the letters hell, s, st, w stand before the suffix -k-, then they are preserved in the new word, and k alternates with h (freckle - freckled);
6. If the base ends with q, and the suffix begins with h, then q alternates with t (tile - tiled);
7. Spelling of the suffix -sk-:
if the stem ends with d or t, then before the suffix -sk- they are preserved (flesh - carnal, cattle - beastly);
if the base ends in k, h, q, then after them the suffix -sk- simplifies and becomes just -k-, and k and h change to q (fisherman - fisherman, weaver),
note: in some adjectives, the alternation of k, h with q does not occur (Tajik - Tajik, Uglich - Uglich):
if the stem of a word of foreign origin ends in ck, then before the suffix -sk- k is omitted and the combination sec is obtained (San Francisco - San Francisco),
Exceptions: Basque, Oscan;
if the stem ends in s, then it is omitted and only the combination of letters ck (Wales-Welsh) is written,
if the stem ends in se, then one s is omitted, since there cannot be a combination of trbx identical consonant letters in Russian (Odessa-Odessa);
if the stem ends in -н or -р, then before the suffix -sk- b (the soft sign is omitted),
Exceptions: b (soft sign) is written
- in adjectives formed from the names of the months (July - July),
- in adjectives derived from some foreign-language geographical names (Taiwanese),
- in combination day-day,
8. Before the suffix -i, the final consonants k, q turn into ch, and x - into u (boredom - boring, turmoil - hectic);
Spelling n and nn in adjective suffixes:
1. In adjectives formed with the suffix -in: swan;2. In adjectives formed with the suffixes -an- (-yan-): leather, silver), Exceptions: wood, glass, pewter. 3. 8 short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are derived have -n- (slender - slender).
1. In adjectives formed with the suffix -enn: straw,
2. In adjectives formed with the suffix -onn: organizational,
3. In adjectives formed with the suffix -н- from the stem to n: sleepy, long.
4. In short adjectives, if the full adjectives from which they are derived have -in- (long - long).
Note 1: They are written n in adjectives: spicy, crimson, reddish, drunk, ruddy, young, green, windy, pork.
Note 2: It is written windy, but calm.
Note 3. It is necessary to distinguish between the adjectives oily (for oil, in oil) and oily (soiled, soaked in oil); compare: oily stain - oily hands.
Note 4. It is necessary to distinguish between the adjectives windy (day, person), chicken (pump) and chicken (chickenpox).
68. Spelling of compound words.
1. Compound words can be formed using two simple stems connected by a connecting vowel o (written after the stem with a hard consonant) or e (written after the stem with a soft consonant, hissing or c): whirlpool, birder.
2. Spelling of compound words without a connecting vowel:
it is necessary to distinguish between compound words formed with a connecting vowel (steam locomotive) and without it (psychasthenia;
numerals in the genitive case are part of compound words without a connecting vowel (three-story, two-year);
prefixes of foreign language origin are written together with the root: anti-, arch-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra-Antinational, ultra-high, counterattack);
words ending in -fication are not difficult, before this combination of letters and is written (gasification).
3. Spelling of complex nouns:
a) are written together:
complex nouns with the first part: auto-, agro-, aero-, bicycle-, helio-, geo-, hydro-, zoo-, io-, cinema-, stereo-, radio-, macro-, etc. (cinema, stereo system, radio station);
compound nouns with the first part of the verb ending in and (derzhimorda, daredevil),
Exception: tumbleweed;
all compound words (Sberbank, Balt-fleet).
b) are written with a hyphen
compound nouns without a connecting vowel, denoting scientific, technical and socio-political terms and names (stop-cock, prime minister);
names of intermediate cardinal points (southeast, northwest);
complex owl, denoting the names of plants that contain a verb in a personal form or union (mother-and-stepmother, love-not-love);
words with foreign language elements: ober-, untvr-, life-, headquarters-, vice-, ex- (vice president, non-commissioned officer).
4. Spelling of complex adjectives: a) are written together:
adjectives formed from complex nouns spelled together (stereo system - stereo system);
complex adjectives formed from word combinations, where one word is subordinate to another (railway - railway);
complex adjectives that are scientific and technical terms or belong to book styles of speech (high-paid, thick-skinned, above);
complex adjectives, the first part of which cannot be used in speech as an independent word;
b) are written with a hyphen:
adjectives formed from compound nouns written with a hyphen (southeast-southeast);
complex adjectives formed from a combination of proper names (jack-londonovskiy, petr-petrovichev);
complex adjectives formed from combinations of words with equal members, connected by a compositional connection (convex-concave);
complex adjectives denoting shades of colors (pale pink, blue-brown); \\
complex adjectives denoting geographical or administrative names and having the first part of the word west, south, -go-, north-, north-, east- (East European Plain).
Principles of Russian punctuation, functions and types of punctuation marks.
The punctuation system of the Russian language is built on a syntactic basis, almost all punctuation rules are formulated depending on the structure of the sentence.
Although there are many rules for the mandatory setting of punctuation marks in the Russian language, Russian punctuation is very flexible: there are various punctuation options that are associated not only with the meaning, but also with the stylistic features of the text.
Functions of punctuation marks.
Punctuation marks indicate the semantic division of the text, they also help to identify the syntactic structure of the text and its rhythm melodies.
Types of punctuation marks:
emphasis marks (their functions are designation of the boundaries of syntactic structures that complement, explain the members of the sentence; intonational and semantic highlighting of parts of a sentence, structures containing an appeal or the speaker's attitude to his statement): two commas and two dashes (single paired signs), brackets quotes;
separation signs (their functions are designation of boundaries between separate independent sentences, between homogeneous members of a sentence, between simple sentences as part of a complex; indication of the type of sentence by the purpose of the statement, by emotional coloring): period, question and exclamation marks, comma, semicolon , colon, dash, ellipsis;
a special punctuation mark is the red line (indicates the beginning of a new turn in the narrative).
Punctuation marks are single and paired. Paired punctuation marks indicate that the setting of the first punctuation mark requires the setting of the second. These include two commas and two dashes (as single characters), brackets and quotes.
78. Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence.
the dot is placed at the end of the narrative and motivating non-exclamation sentences (They went for a walk in the forest.);
Note: if at the end of a sentence there is a dot denoting an abbreviated word, then the second dot denoting the end of the sentence is not put: In the store you can buy pens, notebooks, pencils, etc.
a question mark is placed at the end of an interrogative sentence (Why don't people fly?);
an exclamation mark is placed at the end of an exclamation sentence (How good it is to live in the world!);
an ellipsis is placed as at the end of a sentence when the statement is incomplete (Dubrovsky was silent ... Suddenly he raised his head, his eyes sparkled.);
Note: ellipsis can also be placed in the middle of a sentence when speech is interrupted. (I don't want ... like this.)
79. Dash between the members of the proposal.
Dash between subject and predicate.
1. A dash between the subject and the predicate is placed:
with a zero linkage (i.e., in the absence of a linking verb), while the subject and the predicate are expressed by a noun or a cardinal number in the nominative case, an infinitive. (My mom is a teacher.)
if the predicate is in front of the words this, that means that it means (To defend the Motherland is our duty.)
2. There is no dash between the subject and the predicate:
if comparative conjunctions are used in the role of a ligament as if, as if, exactly, as if, etc. (This house is like a lump.),
if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun (the dash in this case is considered as the author's) (She is a ballerina.),
if the predicate is preceded by a negative particle not (Poverty is not a vice.),
if before the predicate there is a minor term of the sentence, not consistent with it (Plato is my friend, but the truth is more dear.),
if between the main members of the sentence there is an introductory word, adverb or particle (Ivan is also a student. His father, apparently, is an engineer.),
in conversational sentences (His brother is a student.).
Dash in an incomplete sentence.
A dash in an incomplete sentence is put if the predicate is missing (most often) or some other member of the sentence, but it can be easily restored from the context or from the situation (She went home, he went to the cinema),
If for a sentence the absence of a predicate is the norm, then the dash is not put (the predicate is implied and easily guessed from the content of the sentence itself): Again, at the hour of the night cloud over the earth.
Intonational dash.
1. An intonational dash is placed in the place of the division of the sentence into verbal groups, in order to emphasize the semantic relations between the members of the sentence and to help the reader correctly connect the words in meaning (Children - it is necessary to explain.)
Connecting dash.
1. A dash is placed:
between words to designate a certain space (Nikolaev - Moscow train), quantity (buy two or three kilograms of sweets) or a period of time (Revolution of 1905-1907), if it replaces the meaning of the construction "from ... to",
between proper names, the totality of which is some kind of name (doctrine, scientific institution, etc.): Boyle-Mariotte law, the match "CSKA - Lokomotiv".
80. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members.
1. If homogeneous members of the sentence are not connected by unions, but only by intonation, then a comma is placed between them (I was presented with sweets, balls, toys.);
Note. If homogeneous members of the sentence are common and there are commas inside them, then they can be separated by a semicolon (I walked around the squares, parks; went to visit Katerina, Peter, Matvey; called Anna, Andrey, Inna.).
2. Homogeneous members of the proposal, connected by non-repeating unions:
if homogeneous members of the sentence are connected by non-repeating adversarial unions, then a comma is placed between them (This was not done by me, but by him.)
if homogeneous members of the sentence are connected by non-repeating connecting or dividing unions, then a comma is not placed between them (Marina and Olga entered the class. Did Pushkin or Lermontov write this?);
A comma is not put in front of the union and and (I will take and leave.) And before the union and, if it is followed by the demonstrative pronoun one, that, then, those (The child will cope with this task.);
3. Homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by repeating unions:
a comma is placed before repeated conjunctions and ... and, yes ... yes, neither ... nor, or ... or, whether ... whether, or ... or, then ... then, etc. ... (In this store you can buy notebooks, pens, and books.)
Note. A comma for homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating unions is placed after each homogeneous member (Teachers, students and their parents came to the concert.).
if homogeneous members are closely related in meaning, then a comma is not placed between them (There were both summer and autumn rainy.),
the comma is also not put if the homogeneous members of the sentence are part of integral expressions (neither to ourselves, nor to people, nor this nor that).
4. The compositional union can connect homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, and then the pairs are separated from each other by commas, and a comma is not put inside the pairs (The students in the class were 55 smart and stupid, excellent students and poor students),
5. Before the second part of the double conjunction a comma is placed (I am the same age as you); double unions are like ... so and, not so ... like, not so much ... how much, not only ... but, although ... but, if not ... then, the same amount. .. as much as ... as much.
The main cases of setting punctuation marks with homogeneous members of a sentence:
[oh, oh, oh, oh] [oh and oh] [oh, oh] [oh, oh, oh and oh] [and oh, and oh, and oh] [oh, and oh, and oh] [oh and oh oh and oh] [both oh and oh]
Generalizing words for homogeneous members of a sentence (the main cases of punctuation marks).
1. [Oh: oh, oh, oh] Everyone came to the meeting: teachers and students.
[Oh, cc. word: oh, oh, oh] Everyone came to the meeting, namely: teachers and students.
2. [oh, oh, oh - oh] Children, old people, women - everything mixed in a live stream.
[oh, oh, oh-cv. sl., O] Children, old people, women - in a word, everything was mixed in a live stream
3. [Oh: oh, oh, oh -...] And all this: both the river and the willow twigs, and this boy - reminded me of the distant days of childhood.
81. Punctuation marks for repeated words.
If in a sentence the same word is repeated to convey the duration or intensity of the action, then a comma is put (I am driving, I am driving home across the field.),
If repeated words represent a lexical formation, which are, as it were, one complex word, then they are written with a hyphen (Far, far beyond the sea.),
The comma is not used if
predicates are repeated, and between them there is a particle like this (Go like this.),
the same word is repeated (possibly in different forms) and the second word is used with a negative particle not (I saw a bush not a bush, a tree not a tree).
82. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members of the sentence.
Definitions.
a) Separate:
common definitions, expressed by participial phrases or adjectives with dependent words, standing after the word being defined (I saw an old woman carrying a large bag and decided to help her.);
two or more single definitions after the word being defined (Spring has come, sunny, bright.);
a single definition after the word being defined, if it has additional circumstantial meaning (usually causal or concessions) (Mom, tired, sat down in a chair.);
common or single definitions immediately before the word being defined, if they have additional adverbial meaning (Barely alive, they got to the city.);
a widespread or single definition, if it is torn off from the word defined by other members of the sentence (Greek and wheat fields flooded with the sun across the river.);
determining if the word being defined is a personal pronoun (She, flushed, ran into the yard.)
inconsistent definitions, in order to tear them away from a neighboring member of the sentence or if you need to emphasize the meanings they convey (Boys, in black suits, with bouquets of flowers, went to congratulate their teachers on March 8).
b) Do not stand apart:
common definitions, expressed by participial phrases or adjectives with dependent words and does not have any meanings in front of the defined word (The malnik who entered the class is our new student.);
common definitions, expressed by participials or adjectives with dependent words, depending on the indefinite pronoun and standing behind it (I saw something that looked like a barn.).
Applications.
Separate:
a) commas
common applications, expressed by a noun with dependent words that come after the defined word (less often - before) (The old woman, Grishkina's mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law, were still alive.);
applications that depend on personal pronouns (I, Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich, I declare ...);
single applications that refer to a common noun with explanatory words (Here on a wide street he met General Zhukov's cook, an old man.);
applications that depend on proper names, if they appear after the word being defined (Yesterday Ivan Petrovich, the school director, gathered us in the assembly hall.);
applications expressed by a proper name, if in front of them without changing the meaning can be put namely, that is, (The next on the list, Silin, turned out to be a tall and broad-shouldered man.);
applications that join the union as or by words by name, surname, etc. and which have additional circumstantial significance (As an honest man, he must now marry her.);
b) dash:
applications, before which you can put words namely (He broke the tree-oak.); - common applications at the end of the sentence (The sun was shining high in the sky - a very clean and hot sun of the Kiev summer.);
applications related to only one of the homogeneous members (I met my cousin, Misha, my fiancé, Pavel and Oksana.).
Supplements.
Additions can be isolated and not isolated depending on the semantic load that the author has put into the proposal.
Usually, turns are isolated, conditionally called additions, which are expressed by nouns with prepositions except, except, instead, lomimo, excluding, etc. and which have a restrictive or expansive meaning (I really liked the story, with the exception of some details.). Circumstances.
a) Separate:
common circumstances, expressed by participial phrases, and single circumstances, expressed by participles (When he entered the room, he greeted everyone present. When I woke up, I could not understand where I was for a long time.);
circumstances expressed by adverbs or nouns are isolated if they clarify or clarify other circumstances (places and times); usually the structure is: before? (the main circumstance) where exactly? (contingent); When? (the main circumstance) when exactly? (contingent): There is a wardrobe in the corner in the room. Later, after ten years, you will regret your words.
circumstances introduced by words besides, in spite of, somehow, not counting, in spite of, etc., which clarify or limit the meaning of the words being defined (it is mandatory to separate only the construction starting with not looking at): Despite the frost, they went to the forest.
fixed expressions, expressed by participial, which act as introductory expressions (In all honesty, I don't like this.)
b) Do not stand apart:
single adverbial participles that do not indicate an additional action and are close to adverbs (Sister slowly opened her bag.);
circumstances expressed by gerunds with dependent words, if they are a stable combination (They worked with their sleeves rolled up.)
83. Clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the proposal.
Separate:
words that clarify the content of the sentence, but are not related to the previous expression by any special words (before the clarifying expression, you can put words, namely, without changing the meaning): Five houses, two on the main street and three in a side street, are leased.
Note. Sometimes a dash is used instead of a comma.
most often the specifying members of the proposal are the circumstances of the place and time, as well as the definitions (He went to the right, along the road. This is a big work, five hundred pages.)
connecting phrases introduced by words even, especially, including others, which introduce additional comments and clarifications (He wrote a great essay, and, moreover, a good one.)
84. Punctuation marks at comparative turns.
1. Comparative turns, starting with words as if, rather than, exactly, etc. separated by commas (I like cinema more than / than theater.)
2. Turnovers with a union as separated by commas:
if they denote assimilation and do not contain any additional shades of meaning (The night was approaching and growing like a thundercloud.).
if before the turnover there are indicative words so, such, that, so (His facial features were the same as those of his sister.),
if the turnover is introduced into the sentence by a combination like and (I have been in London, as well as in other European cities.),
if this combination of type is none other than and nothing more than (Ahead was nothing more than a tall palace.)
3. Turnovers with a union are not separated by commas:
if in the turnover in the foreground is the adverbial meaning (Finger burns as a heat - can be replaced by a combination burns with heat),
if the meaning of equating or identifying is in the foreground (I tell you this as a doctor.),
if the turnover is part of a complex predicate or is closely related to it in meaning (Work as work.),
if the turnover is a stable expression (Everything went like clockwork.),
if there is a negative particle in front of the turnover not (I did not act as a patriot.).
85. Punctuation marks in introductory words and phrases
Introductory words and phrases.
- introductory words and phrases are separated by commas (you, apparently, do not share our views.),
if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction, i.e. missing any word that can be restored from the context, then a dash is placed instead of a comma (On the one hand, she does not know how to cook, on the other, she wants to learn it.).
punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with a generalized word in the presence of an introductory word or phrase:
[Oh, cc. eaten: oh, oh, oh] Everyone came to the meeting, namely teachers and students.
[oh, oh, oh - cc. ate., Oh] Children, old people, women - in a word, everything mixed in a living stream.
some words can be both introductory and separated by commas, and members of a sentence:
finally- indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation
- evaluates the fact with t. sp. speaker (Yes, come in at last!)
- equal in value to c after everything, finally, as a result of everything
eventually
- the same function as "finally" (Yes, shut up, in the end!)
- (We walked, walked and finally came.) - the same function as "finally". (They argued for a long time, and in the end they made a decision that suited everyone.)
but
- stands in the middle or at the end of a sentence (Look, however, how he spoke!)
- stands at the beginning of a sentence or between homogeneous members of a sentence and is an adversarial union (I did not want to see her again, but I had to.)
Exception: in sentences like: "However, the spring is cold today!" the word "however" stands at the beginning of the sentence, does not act as an interjection and is highlighted with a comma
sure
- usually acts as a water word (Of course, I'll help you.)
- can act as a particle
(Of course I would go there ...)
means
- if equal in meaning to words, therefore,
(I didn't see you at school today, so she really got sick.)
- if it plays the role of a predicate in a sentence (approximated by meaning in a word means)
(She means too much to me to deceive her.)
generally
- if equal in value to the combination, generally speaking
(Actually, this is very interesting)
- in other values
(He generally forbade going out after twelve)
mainly
- if the combination is equal in value, the most important thing
(To prepare for the lesson, it is necessary to read the theory and mainly complete the tasks.)
- if equal in meaning to words, mostly, mostly, most
(He survived mainly thanks to his friends.)
anyway
- if it has a restrictive and evaluative value
(I didn't say that anyway.)
- if it matters under any circumstances
([In any case, he will never leave his former pet.)
in his
turn
- if used in a figurative sense. (Such minor members as definition, addition and circumstance differ, in the group of the latter, in turn, by the circumstance of place).
- if used in a meaning close to direct
("And you?" - I asked Lena in turn.)
if the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate common member of the sentence, then it is not separated from it by a comma, and if it is in the middle, then it is intercepted by commas (A young man, apparently recently graduated from the institute, made many mistakes when answering. a person who had recently, apparently, graduated from college, made many mistakes when answering.)
if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged, then it is separated by a comma from the previous compositional union; if this is impossible, then the comma is put only after the introductory word, and on the border between the union and the introductory word is not put (Firstly, he is very busy and, secondly, he does not want to see you. Misfortune has not changed him at all, but on the contrary, it made it even stronger.)
introductory sentences are highlighted: with commas, if they are small in volume (Here, you know, everything always worked out for me.) or if they are introduced with the help of unions how, how much, if (Today, according to newspapers, a rally will take place in the center of Moscow.) ;
dashes, if they are common (They - I immediately noticed - wanted to get rid of me as soon as possible.);
inset constructions are highlighted in brackets (unlike introductory sentences, they do not express the speaker's attitude to what was said, but contain some accompanying or additional remarks): One evening (it was in the fall of 1912) ...
86. Punctuation marks when referring.
appeals are separated from other members of the sentence by commas (Alyosha, come to me, please.),
sometimes after the address at the beginning of the sentence, an exclamation mark is put (Kirill, why have you been there for so long?),
the particle o, standing before the appeal, is not separated from it by a comma (O Moscow, you are so beautiful!),
a comma is put between repeated calls connected by the union a, and after the union itself, it is not put (Pal, but fell, buy me this toy.),
if two calls are connected by a non-repeating connecting union, then a comma is not placed between them (Hello, the sun and the morning is cheerful).
87. Punctuation marks for interjections, affirmative and negative words.
interjections from the members of the sentence are separated by commas (Life, alas, is not an eternal gift.),
if the interjection is pronounced with an exclamation intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed instead of a comma (Hurray! Ours win the match)),
particles oh, well, oh, oh, which are used to enhance the semantic shade, are not highlighted with commas (Oh, yes, you are absolutely right. Oh, there you are! Well, no, this is too much.),
the word yes (expresses a statement) and the word no (expresses negation) are separated from the sentence by a comma or exclamation mark (Yes, that's exactly what I want to say. No, you are mistaken.)
88. Punctuation marks in complex sentences.
if the parts of a compound sentence have a common sentence or a common subordinate clause and if they are connected by connecting unions and, yes (in the meaning of and) or dividing unions or, or, then a comma is not put between them (Cars rushed along the streets and trams rattled. rain, the game stopped and everyone went to the lady.).
between nominative sentences connected by connecting unions and, yes (in the meaning of and) or separating unions or, or (Walking in the park and cycling.),
between interrogative sentences connected by connecting unions and, yes (in the meaning of and) or dividing unions or, or (When do we leave and what time does the train leave?)
A comma is placed between simple sentences in the Compound, regardless of which union the oui are connected by: connecting, opposing, separating, connecting or explanatory (The sky frowned, and soon a thunderstorm broke out. He had already forgotten everything, but she could not forgive him in any way. Either this sun is shining very brightly, or my eyesight has become completely bad.).
If the phenomena referred to in the parts (of a compound sentence) quickly follow each other or are opposed to each other, then a dash is placed (A rocket fired - and everything rumbled around.)
The comma is not used:
Two impersonal sentences in a compound sentence are separated by a comma (It got dark and it became cool.), BUT if the predicates are homogeneous in meaning, then the comma is not put (You need to wash the floor and then wipe it dry.)
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.
If the subordinate clause comes before or after the main one, then it is separated by a comma (When I came home, everyone was already asleep. The glory of those who do not die for the fatherland.) If the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause, then it is highlighted with commas on both sides (In the evening, when I had no strength to work, I went to the embankment.).
If the subordinate clause is attached to the main clause with the help of unions because, because, to as long as, in order that, despite the fact that, etc., the comma is placed only once, either before the entire complex union, or before its second partly (I didn’t come because I had a lot to do. I did send in to express my free condolences to you.)
If the subordinate clauses depend on the same member of the main sentence, then the rules for setting punctuation marks between them are the same as for homogeneous members of the sentence:
, (),().
, () and ().
[ , (), and ().
, (), () and ().
, and (), and (), and (). (after the main clause, there is no comma before the first subordinate clause)
, (), and (), and ().
, () and (), () and ().
He said the weather would improve and (that) we would go for a picnic.
Slavik keeps himself equally even when he is angry, and when he is very pleased.
At the junction of two subordinate unions or subordinate and compositional unions, a comma is placed between them only if the omission of the subordinate clause does not require a complete restructuring of the sentence (Masha said that the next time she comes, she will bring her fiancé.); if the second part of the subordinate clause begins with the words how, but, then the comma is not put (Masha said that when she comes next time, she will bring her fiancé.)
Sometimes, with intonation underlining, before the explanatory subordinate clauses and conditionals with the union, not a comma, but a dash is put (I have been sent some books, but I don’t know which ones yet.)
Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.
Between the parts of a non-union complex sentence, you can put:
the second sentence explains the reason or tells about the consequences of what is said in the first sentence (They were silent all the way: the noise of the engine interfered with the conversation.),
if the first sentence contains words to see, hear, learn, etc., which suggest to the reader that some facts will follow (I understood: she wanted me to leave.),
the first sentence denotes a condition or time (More lessons - more knowledge. The forest is chopped - chips fly);
when the second sentence has the meaning of comparison (He looks - he will give a ruble.);
the second part contains some unexpected information or an indication of a quick change of events (lightning flashed - began.);
if in the second part there is a sharp opposition in relation to the first part (Honely as the best - it turned out as always.).
a comma, if the parts are independent of each other, but united in meaning (The horses started, the bell rang, the wagon flew.),
semicolon, if there are commas inside one or both parts, or if sentences are distant arcs from each other in meaning (the sentence splits into two semantic parts): Gerasim grabbed Mumu. squeezed her in his arms; she licked his nose, eyes, mustache and beard in an instant.
colon if
dash if
89. Punctuation marks in direct speech and quotation.
A - the words of the author
P - direct speech
A: "P".
"P" - a.
A: "P?"
"P?" - a.
A: "P!"
"P!" - and.
A: "P ..."
"P ..." - a. ...
She asked: "Where have you been?"
“Where have you been?” She asked.
"P, -a, -p".
"P, -a.-P".
"P? -A.-P". (Author's words inside direct speech.)
“P! -A. -P".
"P ... - a.-P".
"I don't even know what his name is," she said, "and where he lives."
"P, - a: - P". (If the author's words contain two verbs with the meaning of view, and one refers to the first part of direct speech, and the second to the second.)
“I don’t want to go there,” she said and asked: “What have you been doing all day today?”
A: "P" - a.
A: "P?" - a. (Direct speech within the author's words.)
A: "P!" - and. A: "P ..." - a.
He said, "I am very tired," and immediately fell silent.
Punctuation marks when quoting.
If the quotation consists of several paragraphs, then the quotation marks are placed at the beginning and at the end of the entire passage.
If a quote is syntactically related to the text, then it is enclosed in quotation marks, but written with a small letter (Pushkin wrote that "a habit from above is given to us.")
Quoting can be formalized as direct speech. (Pushkin said: "The habit is given to us from above.")
If the quote is not taken in full, then an ellipsis is placed at the place of the omission, or in the beginning, or at the end (depending on where the text is cut off). If a sentence in this case begins with a quotation, then it is formatted as follows: "... Quoting" the text itself. (The capital letter is written even if the original is written in lowercase).
90. Combination of punctuation marks, author's use of punctuation marks.
with a dot, first quotes are written, and then a dot. She said: "Come in."),
with a question mark, exclamation mark or ellipsis in direct speech, first write a question mark, exclamation mark or ellipsis, then quotation marks. Even if this is the end of the whole sentence, there is no full stop after the quotes (She asked: "What do you think about this issue?"),
with the same signs, but when only certain members of the sentence are enclosed in quotation marks, the exclamation mark, question mark and ellipsis are placed depending on the construction of the entire sentence (have you ever watched "White Sun of the Desert"?),
When a comma and a dash are met, both a comma and a dash are written (The woman performing on stage is my mother.)
When quotes are encountered:
If the comma is before the closing or opening parenthesis, then it is skipped, if after the closing, it remains.
Authors do not always follow the rules for setting punctuation marks. Often they find their own, special application, and this achieves a special expressiveness and beauty of the text. This punctuation is called the author's use of punctuation marks.
Russian language course. Syntax and punctuation
The second part of the book "The Course of the Russian Language" discusses in detail the rules of syntax and punctuation in simple and complex sentences. Algorithms of analysis and samples of parsing for each of the types of sentences are given. Practical exercises with answers are provided for all topics.
· Section 1. Simple sentence
o Topics of section 1 "Simple sentence"
o Chapter 1. The grammatical basis of a sentence
§ 1.1. General structure of a simple sentence. Grammatical basis
§ 1.2. Subject
§ 1.3. Predicate. Simple verb predicate
§ 1.4. Compound predicates. Compound verb predicate
§ 1.5. Compound nominal predicate
§ 1.6. Complicated types of compound predicates
§ 1.7. Dash between subject and predicate
§ 1.8. Two-part and one-part sentences. Types of one-part sentences
o Chapter 2. Common, complicated and incomplete sentences
§ 2.1. Secondary member system
§ 2.2. Supplement and its varieties
§ 2.3. Definition
§ 2.3.1. Definition and its varieties. Delimiting definitions from other members of sentences
§ 2.3.2. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
§ 2.3.3. Isolation of agreed definitions
§ 2.3.4. Isolation of inconsistent definitions
§ 2.4. application
§ 2.4.1. Application as a kind of definition
§ 2.4.2. Application isolation
§ 2.5. Circumstances
§ 2.5.1. Main types of circumstances
§ 2.5.2. Isolation of circumstances
§ 2.6. Incomplete sentences
§ 2.7. Homogeneous Sentence Members
§ 2.8. Clarifying, explanatory and adjoining members of the proposal
§ 2.9. Comparative turnovers and turnovers with AS
§ 2.10. Introductory words, phrases and sentences
§ 2.11. Insert phrases and sentences
§ 2.12. Appeals
§ 2.13. Punctuation analysis of a simple sentence
· Section 2. Complex sentence
o Topics of section 2 "Complex sentence"
o Chapter 1. Compound sentence
§ 1.1. Conjunctions and meanings of compound sentences
§ 1.2. Punctuation marks in compound sentences
o Chapter 2. Complex sentence
§ 2.1. General characteristics of complex sentences
§ 2.2. Clauses that refer to one word in the main clause
§ 2.2.1. Subordinate clauses
§ 2.2.2. Additional clauses (explanatory)
§ 2.2.3. Subordinate clauses
§ 2.2.4. Predative clauses
§ 2.2.5. Subordinate clauses and degrees
§ 2.3. Clauses that apply to the entire main clause
§ 2.3.1. Subordinate comparative
§ 2.3.2. Subordinate clauses
§ 2.3.3. Subordinate tense
§ 2.3.4. Subordinate reasons
§ 2.3.5. Subordinate Objectives
§ 2.3.6. Subclauses
§ 2.3.7. Subordinate clauses
§ 2.3.8. Subordinate consequences. Parsing plan for a complex sentence
§ 2.4. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
§ 2.5. Compound sentences with several subordinate clauses. Parsing and punctuation marks
o Chapter 3. Complex non-union sentence
§ 3.1. General characteristics of complex non-union sentences
§ 3.2. The meanings of complex non-union sentences and punctuation marks in them
o Chapter 4. Complex sentences with different types of connection. Parsing and punctuation analysis
General structure of a simple sentence. Grammatical basis
Sentence - the basic syntactic unit containing a message, question or urge. The main structural feature of a sentence is the presence of a grammatical basis.
Grammatical basis consists of the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate or one of them).
Structure proposal types
(general characteristics of the sentence structure)
Simple sentence
| two-part (two main members) The sun lit up the earth. | one-piece (one main member) Dawn. |
| uncirculated (no minor members) Streams murmur. | common (there are minor members) Streams murmur merrily everywhere. |
| complete (no missing major or minor members) Streams murmur merrily everywhere. | incomplete (major or minor members are missing) There are streams everywhere. |
| uncomplicated (there are no homogeneous, isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, addresses) Streams murmur merrily everywhere. | complicated (there are homogeneous, isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, addresses) Everywhere, on the roads and in the ravines, streams murmur merrily. |
General outline of the structure of a simple sentence
1. Two-part - one-part (type of one-part);
2. Not widespread - common;
3. Complete - incomplete (indicate which term is omitted);
4. Uncomplicated - complicated (indicate what is complicated - homogeneous, isolated members, introductory words, treatment).
Sample parsing
I, weak from the struggle for life, slowly got up and went to the window (Prishvin).
The sentence is two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by homogeneous predicates and a separate agreed definition that refers to the personal pronoun.
Subject
Subject - this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question nominative (who? what? ).
Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:
a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);
b) the main form of expression of the subject - nominative (question who? what? ).
Note!
To the question what? answers not only the nominative, but also the accusative case of the noun; the nominative and accusative forms can also be the same. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): nominative - book; accusative - book.
Wed: Lies on the tablepencil (book ) - nominative; I seepencil (book ) - accusative.
Let's compare two sentences:
1. I did not sleep; 2. I couldn't sleep.
In meaning, they express approximately the same thing. However, in the first sentence ( I did not sleep) is a subject, because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( i), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject, because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me - dative).
Subject parsing plan
Specify a way to express the subject:
1. Single word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; an adverb or other unchangeable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.
2. Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).
Sample parsing
Lake as if it was covered with ice (Prishvin).
Subject lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
Around noon usually appears lots of round high clouds (Turgenev).
Subject many clouds expressed syntactically by an indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun lots of) stands in the nominative form.
In the dark bearded tripped over something (Sholokhov).
Subject bearded expressed as an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.
But pay for something, even the most self-needed, suddenly two, three, five hundred rubles seemed to them almost suicide(Goncharov).
Subject pay expressed by the infinitive.
Has passed about an hour (Paustovsky).
Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition near and indicates the approximate amount of time.
Parsing plan for a simple verb predicate
1. Specify the type of predicate.
2. Indicate the form of the conjugated verb.
Sample parsing
My affairs go up the hill.
Go uphill - simple verb predicate; expressed by verbal phraseological unit in the present tense of the indicative mood.
To forget about everything.
Would forget - simple verb predicate; expressed by a verb in a conditional mood.
Parsing plan for compound verb predicate
1. Specify the type of predicate.
2. Indicate how the main part is expressed (subjective infinitive); what is the meaning of the auxiliary part (phase, modal) and what form of the verb it is expressed.
Sample parsing
The old man began to chew again.
Started to chew - compound verb predicate. Main part ( chew) is expressed by the subjective infinitive. The auxiliary part ( started up) has a phase meaning and is expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
Compound nominal predicate
Compound nominal predicate (SIS) consists of two parts:
a) auxiliary part - bunch (conjugated verb) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part (name, adverb) expresses the lexical meaning.
SIS \u003d bunch + nominal part
Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick; He was sick; He was injured; He came first.
Types of linking verbs
| Link type by value | Typical verbs | Examples of |
| 1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning. | Verbs be, be... Present tense beusually stands in zero form ("zero link"): the absence of a link indicates the present indicative mood. | He was a doctor. He will be a doctor. He is a doctor. He was sick. He will be sick. He is sick. He is sick. Lyrics is the highest manifestation of art. |
| 2. Semi-cognitive ligament - not only expresses grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that sense). | a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the feature: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be; d) assessment of the feature from the point of view of reality: seem, seem, introduce, reckon, be famous; e) the name of the feature: be called, be called, revered. | He became sick. He stayed sick. He was sick every fall. He turned out to be sick. He was considered sick. He seemed sick. He is sick. He was known to be sick. They were called sick. |
| 3. Significant bundle - a verb with full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate). | a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; b) verbs of movement: go, come, come back, wander; c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die. | She sat tired. He left angry. He returned upset. He lived as a hermit. He was born happy. He died a hero. |
Verb be can act as an independent simple verb predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possession:
He had three sons; He had a lot of money.
Verbs become, becomes, become etc. can also be independent simple verb predicates, but in a different meaning:
He found himself in the center of the city; He stood against the wall.
The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant linkage, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf. He sat by the window). If the verb becomes a bundle, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he wastired , not what it sat , but not stood or lay).
For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:
1.a significant verb can be replaced by a grammatical link be :
is hesat tired - Hewas tired; is hewas born happy - Hewas happy; is hecame first - Hewas first;
2. a bunch can be made zero:
is hesat tired - Is hetired ; is heborn happy - Is hehappy ; is hecame first - Is hefirst .
If the verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which one?), then this is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!
The plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate
1. Specify the type of predicate.
2. Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb stands.
Sample parsing
A life - it's good.
Good oK expressed in an adverb; grammatical link be
I the first came.
Came first - compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed as an ordinal in the nominative case; significant bunch came expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
This guy of medium height.
Of medium height - compound nominal predicate. Nominal part of medium height expressed as an integral phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical link be - in zero form; the zeroth link indicates the present indicative mood.
Complicated predicate parsing plan
1. Indicate the type of predicate according to the part in which the main lexical meaning is expressed (complicated compound verb predicate, complicated compound nominal predicate).
2. Disassemble each part of the predicate according to the appropriate plan.
Sample parsing
I should leave today.
Gotta leave - a complicated compound verb predicate. Main part to leave expressed by the subjective infinitive. Auxiliary part must has a modal meaning and is expressed by a compound nominal predicate, in which the main part should be expressed by a short adjective; the zeroth link indicates the present indicative mood.
I I want to become a doctor.
I want to become a doctor a doctor become become; auxiliary part want has a modal meaning and is expressed by a verb in the present indicative mood.
I must become a doctor.
Gotta become a doctor - a complicated compound nominal predicate. Nominal part ( a doctor) is expressed by a noun in the instrumental case; semi-landmark ligament become is part of a compound verb predicate, in which the main part is expressed by an infinitive become; auxiliary part must has a modal meaning and is expressed by a compound nominal predicate. It contains the nominal part must expressed by a short adjective; the zeroth link indicates the present indicative mood.
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; Not a cloud in the sky) are one-part only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive form will change to the nominative case (cf. No money. - Have money; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( Noof money ; There is no in the sky{!LANG-1cda3c5caedbbfb7cf657d661256ac49!} {!LANG-1afe25ac5be54803336f58af8147634a!}
{!LANG-27f73be2353079663a8278b123f69962!} {!LANG-ba6bb8b3ad8fc4df6001b11ff30c9c28!}{!LANG-e76dc55550bccfaf305180e7ec0ec46a!} {!LANG-f4ad18e8c018e1d0331dd5806176e4cc!}{!LANG-9f8243250807f268633c4b4aaff3b35d!} {!LANG-d2c7b8ca6b02682dd37b11a04eee51ee!}{!LANG-76d60920951ed37321e59ce543e05ce4!} {!LANG-4e1656f34a46726936bb4cf4a9b9e844!}).
{!LANG-93cd00136d6b8bd63e89fe5bc65241c3!}
Note!
1) {!LANG-efe67a5366181055dfe4a7a4bfb4ea45!} {!LANG-cd8ae29bda2ce0e22df2e38e1f622f0f!} ({!LANG-8394e2e20659f2f9e697f3750e22b3b3!}{!LANG-2dd8a7c64671fa359eb97b928228f276!} {!LANG-5bfb1349db9e1752beb64198269a6fab!}).
{!LANG-203ec2c14fa431b5863a85ff11ae1820!}
2) {!LANG-d47fd03dfdeda07929a58ed37e7b8007!} {!LANG-7d35371220ba9474c26f29644f08e5aa!}{!LANG-e275fc0058ef442714f1f2a82b9164eb!} be .
Wed: {!LANG-a72828c7e79969fbf84e003dfbd240d9!}
3) {!LANG-a71e2310006b23bbab110f5b903439d6!} {!LANG-0e668db8eaf399a09a1a057e230e836b!}{!LANG-cd06282caf1c3ef474cbfca536aa1d75!} {!LANG-e05ec3f7ec5ed0bb61dc5a9347b55b4b!}; I{!LANG-74ec1e05c9f220d562157716b6fdf2ac!} {!LANG-0fe31156aa53510d91c1d77ce3d6adc4!}{!LANG-7553242a6023646e7765c90c4e7b795f!}
Wed: {!LANG-4d8624693e7d7e4b177483212ddea3ae!}
4) {!LANG-e934ada14773cece06179790be4d5ebb!} I{!LANG-44eb48d6bc303cc6cecd818f7d26fb5e!} {!LANG-36c204b169edd35330add5f70764d051!}{!LANG-0aff83943ab166c2ffb0e1af08374f90!}
Wed: {!LANG-b9d112a0e928893c5ae0ae7a89caf471!}
{!LANG-0c3c7252bfc229fd958bac4f603b14c2!}
{!LANG-6a8853e583a8fe9762da1368bc7c4438!}
{!LANG-05bec230bb9e2fac5ee64b794be40e68!}
Sample parsing
{!LANG-4f838af983c588d204421fb6d29165dd!}{!LANG-0a61332406d8b105e3a085319e23ad1d!}
{!LANG-b4a44f22453c13c4806d9c7046c96e15!} {!LANG-d3061c98b5a63ada56616d52caab3209!}{!LANG-2fb409ca71ab8a39ba13ba61836b6cca!}
{!LANG-9e1e534c2034863d2b64e1bc09a422c8!} (Sholokhov).
{!LANG-3522d6f8e14b561583031dfcbc09a758!} {!LANG-7355d30522ecb08fe4f06f7449aee75e!}{!LANG-d9c4e1a4c785ef26a18765e606a5d402!}
{!LANG-da6f4a43c8067e619aba173a35fc5247!}{!LANG-978d9c92953bd1e203e0b9ae8fa3893f!}
{!LANG-796fed6f1bec49f9f9bbcd4ae9b1b9e7!} {!LANG-ee7181c1084289d01a547d4acc232dc3!}{!LANG-f13fed051560538565cb135b1d5dc2da!} {!LANG-95036c6d1f38ba8f001190908ae6c617!}).
{!LANG-c10d4a80b91172d7544dc4ccba96b418!}{!LANG-6392eda579d12735756cbe73345d83b4!}
{!LANG-1d60e0e9cda8e03e175b0c2d2039b1e2!} {!LANG-5a5b33904cec91c31aa37e76a121a3c9!}{!LANG-7a5723b5445f6b366d95b13559995ea1!}
{!LANG-63d04cf5e8a685cbe0e542f5e110dafa!}{!LANG-f88205c4284134ea4f77f18c00a19ad0!}
{!LANG-f48d9e35cd0767884faab1f0385e1c61!} {!LANG-db488886456ec948b7614f6669ce83c7!}{!LANG-7b412884fd0139c6d082e1ceff16a69f!}
Notes.
{!LANG-64fab833da98a1db83686139026d2a02!}
{!LANG-b51700ffede3a2c0c057ee4fe99c2df3!} {!LANG-46db704af9f31473755a29efc216b925!}{!LANG-0df7ef96dae808056d1bf598fde2b851!} {!LANG-e928271cdaaf6535eb5970e080ecdd89!}{!LANG-fdfc19ee4f84137707a97303e242191e!}
{!LANG-9fdea4376e1183331b533727f7bdf19b!} book{!LANG-f9fc67ef916f369caac07f67791992df!} {!LANG-9f5c3480491644e4939bb590360e039b!}{!LANG-4d6e8fbe640c83e860a1b550ae3f64e0!} {!LANG-905b1c4e5e94ab271d504e62f7c03a96!} {!LANG-9f5c3480491644e4939bb590360e039b!}{!LANG-fa7bdd840bf402221932197035625ab0!} ; accusative - {!LANG-9f5c3480491644e4939bb590360e039b!}{!LANG-3c7601b63e80a9c28693739dcc0fc65e!} {!LANG-ecbd5021f285a5d51259ffba124f4b00!} {!LANG-94e35e9033c99cea3a265ffc2caf9c42!}{!LANG-ba5921439d38a467b15bd7a7883da0f2!} {!LANG-423086e79abc99d61cc9cbc3908385c6!}{!LANG-54586e974c3cf9a384535baa12aad14a!} {!LANG-8d1dbaf496359ab5f5cdfd8c05b24f8e!}{!LANG-be33c8141d7419ec2ee44eb59640f238!} {!LANG-e50c027210df3a6637598a9622d40383!}{!LANG-9b5b57e54d8e5f8a56846faeea098a53!}
4. {!LANG-212c978e483c96e89ad7dde851c2376a!}
- {!LANG-b3a6c7ef48363a9c26096d4990bebee4!}{!LANG-23f9336db13cbd4b81fcd264fa3f8555!}
{!LANG-549d8db643f03e1323bfba9ca13dcecb!}{!LANG-936f6b17b5332e367be27e7d3e90f643!} {!LANG-4bd7e62e60f3d3770a7c3a0a21598216!}; {!LANG-107eac426e922cb32e1d3589ea33622e!}{!LANG-936f6b17b5332e367be27e7d3e90f643!} {!LANG-f7806d865486ee5cf9936129db706c9e!}; {!LANG-77bdafeaefd3a387fb96289cb480e7d6!}{!LANG-936f6b17b5332e367be27e7d3e90f643!} {!LANG-001105edacbafb89f75a08f563873c1a!}
- {!LANG-cf01fa53589a9b38e4ed642cf2bda063!}{!LANG-22b0537b61ddac182be0815bff7c1d45!}
{!LANG-78fabae0de068a67cdf0b135eda9260a!}{!LANG-3fb376d6c44a511b831da9d1e45554b3!} {!LANG-3bc2f6348738e755bec701aa7f06af00!}{!LANG-6ceaafa58ba1bc8941d36c191569239b!} {!LANG-fe59f323bbc96f5bf804f09ac5c52b06!}
Notes.
{!LANG-33e5fa360053f3847e1d43e2739cef59!} {!LANG-3b74de1c88ee18593c9fe889c6ec2746!}{!LANG-936f6b17b5332e367be27e7d3e90f643!} {!LANG-3e075c4bb5a86ba55e8b748436c608a0!}{!LANG-49ac267340589fd6073e50e87e08721d!} {!LANG-8a599291da636a1309bf25e077da988f!}{!LANG-5637a187a948fa0f28ca720275239982!} {!LANG-dbe7a8214608115598cfd5166a97db36!}{!LANG-25528aff19233afe212367f93bf2e53d!} {!LANG-aa577f0e0495bff48ffca51f81e393ea!}{!LANG-49ac267340589fd6073e50e87e08721d!} {!LANG-961f5da4aea24e4a639ac9afbb6a7009!}{!LANG-5637a187a948fa0f28ca720275239982!} {!LANG-3f08a115531efb1221b0aeacdd6a9802!}{!LANG-10e15daf581fde0fbb2ae775f009dbca!} of money).
{!LANG-fdc4cfca71277d4cebb9f3944f72c6fc!} {!LANG-46db704af9f31473755a29efc216b925!}{!LANG-6ac1fe15c03dfff191f95a73f5a4b7df!}
{!LANG-0f01e18576d80d6bdd0cbaf2fa9569c7!}
{!LANG-faa983d8a9465d2dbb5c2dcbf48cce9a!}
{!LANG-2461877f83034c94a683c17643f1db08!}
Sample parsing
{!LANG-17f38fee1208300daa4b82159b551e66!}{!LANG-e0fe4f7b5d5761a9b199d42df15274a4!}
{!LANG-8ccd8bdf26c4c591e86da7773e209a3d!}{!LANG-d0febc115c1edc737b48cc9392a341e4!} {!LANG-33d25b41209c1301fdc74fb5aa9ef75e!}{!LANG-66d82ed84d639c93f67f6a4fee1219b9!} {!LANG-0c0572e6e65cebbf2a61f32c546aa1f8!}{!LANG-d9b0b1532d2977b4490be777c96b856b!}
{!LANG-50b21248650e0b376732f2760e232cde!}{!LANG-fc267688dab67f1a50c63866c92f7597!}
{!LANG-b362ae4b959773a3cc8d0a3bbefa499d!}{!LANG-2200ecf3e39c7b58b9bd42b98ce04622!} {!LANG-49ac267340589fd6073e50e87e08721d!} {!LANG-d0fe043799f82498b3d98b4f0f9db8a2!}{!LANG-dd7b2924f59f4ca3ae9fa824705e7ba9!} {!LANG-1f76b4e12588b4202b98656926086e05!}{!LANG-936f6b17b5332e367be27e7d3e90f643!} {!LANG-af1de6e8cac21fbc1ada998589573dff!}{!LANG-f187d2b1dfb235bfcedf2d1c8c360c88!}
Sample parsing
{!LANG-af51f2af1b609081d14d938f171de263!}{!LANG-e0fe4f7b5d5761a9b199d42df15274a4!}
{!LANG-71d488f8e7b5501bf35b6eae42713820!}{!LANG-5ca93f2a16dbe45be6fdc88929d7e65c!} {!LANG-39b1189ee852266eb6481ca7af4fab87!}{!LANG-0a70d4459e46eec92acd33640e9ffec9!}
{!LANG-28a63eb6993c034a7e1d7dba6c51c276!}
{!LANG-34ba5790b7b04e9ab75352c25f1dd206!}
{!LANG-0c83659f704964ad54a8a623c55b9e91!}{!LANG-35cde32b6f1e1164d08ef26b79057cf5!} {!LANG-fa7bdd840bf402221932197035625ab0!} ).
{!LANG-741660fb24abdacdf2a66f9344b1f49c!} {!LANG-6554a3862c0adbbd4fe26add2fe812c1!}{!LANG-fa7bdd840bf402221932197035625ab0!} {!LANG-57027217a3b5fc904470f386b41d3952!}
{!LANG-75a56523e4d2ad4874213357751f81bb!}{!LANG-06499a17728e5ccb391c8b87f5849dd4!} {!LANG-fa7bdd840bf402221932197035625ab0!} {!LANG-9096a6be0f4fa6d0b7c737f54c678f6e!}
{!LANG-d3c7ad06cdc9fb4f711ac9169905df4d!}{!LANG-26faefc8ddf80f7aac34b8f4e169f8a1!} {!LANG-8110375370065a0037c9836e9365cb4b!}{!LANG-d2f62a0b37296c87879b2f22d1f31909!} {!LANG-089c948ab8fa3050f4f660fae4a50107!}{!LANG-cb6fa58d6e9090e81870ae6408fadfb8!} {!LANG-e883b89dc1f0d5c0798bf0709a1844cb!}{!LANG-00462655bb0a6c911bf5b693dcfb3c61!} {!LANG-7d6762d398f3f6405338088ae03102c9!}. ({!LANG-2a599a6e32d7da42a8597c93c529ecbf!} {!LANG-9e7c1ef74cec4a6adc25ff92bcb6a957!}{!LANG-9cdb1338bdd75eb67c5bb10de5dd609b!} ).
{!LANG-68d4cc328688526c9f7aa0bb18c5bf26!}
{!LANG-54ed4b360eb2d53dca3100f6b63acc76!}
- {!LANG-3efb97c2af1652ce39d7fb7789d30013!}
{!LANG-cfda67b862a4634606fdbddb3ccc5daa!}
- {!LANG-958b859800c28929692b59f24ab7c859!}
{!LANG-a823658620dd8aa1839fc24e004ca8ed!}
- {!LANG-04ab4c0cacae13e556d6f44a2db75c2d!}
{!LANG-087e9585ac5803802b2deb08a0a3caf2!}{!LANG-7c00b1d3a1f7dc174e1dc1be2451429f!} {!LANG-fd4670ca9015f65f15669bdd83e9e590!}{!LANG-906809924ee4b0c0165688c9156f77ed!}
- {!LANG-697186a3ed16553689c37d1e29fd0751!}
{!LANG-46019a84641426d376737a7b21026b24!}{!LANG-28a6321612a1df584686ef99d8c5c004!} {!LANG-2424820cf57e7ea80d3e583549a40242!}{!LANG-73365e38bf2b65234d77914e34d9fae0!} {!LANG-502ccfaec492f10f325f605238b93e86!}{!LANG-8ff8fcece9675fd920969ec461f49b43!}
- {!LANG-ef8f260856a57748682de8444ff8a236!}
{!LANG-61fd1fd9b628cb884959d89ecc19969d!}
- {!LANG-e2ef845a9660fe1fdd021ae5a2f8dc20!}
{!LANG-b8e5bf07bb59a5f0c7dae46d5acf7970!}
- {!LANG-5e6344891a6f1fc98bfd82f4536037a0!}
{!LANG-5a873db830bd8664dd2bc377f9fd60c1!}
Note!
{!LANG-ac9eafe750c1294649a0c97c7aae92d0!}{!LANG-904096deda5d06fa68d93e86943d145a!} {!LANG-1c48a3f8faf6539874959998159ccaf4!});
{!LANG-400179803e6bd2975eec6715bacbe51b!}{!LANG-d8406fac31761a75b1b7d23aaa7b6a00!} {!LANG-55c24ad9a057b1acc28a0beb5d2963a7!}); {!LANG-528448bc1119983adf7234438d22c401!}{!LANG-fad06c1d94bfb91d32c0f38a89058a90!}
- {!LANG-c1da80765e9ff7bd3b585c8134a637c5!}
{!LANG-aef6207c4f9531489be43f76f3353df8!}
- {!LANG-578438bbd7a83de2ac0f57a78d503889!} {!LANG-155d1fdc718e0dd56fc8cd5adde23c84!} or {!LANG-2fb02c1a37987ccb53d994ca24c50ecb!} .
{!LANG-006410e759553620f2da3c06ac3472d0!}{!LANG-155d1fdc718e0dd56fc8cd5adde23c84!} {!LANG-3fcbb194f37500cbbb733736eafea68b!}
{!LANG-40670dd054cd386f894d9db0f702ab73!}
- {!LANG-725004d32232ef51da09123dcf482b89!}
{!LANG-275382200a7fc3666683e4b539d3a80b!}{!LANG-89e95b0b68f8e33335d55b070876d6fb!} {!LANG-6b5a826194cd17a9cc30d7836ae3352b!}{!LANG-cb530cea474ae77ccc8764a704627836!} {!LANG-a8ce07961c6fe1546e58df3a40ce7076!}{!LANG-2a78056dc5ec62e0d83b01f77c177e24!} {!LANG-72d65e4632183d7d69a4589d8468d333!};
{!LANG-6b60069aa7953b95dbc224c561ebf90f!}
- {!LANG-d156c67bc5e122199a676c65cd54bca8!}
{!LANG-16c657f909192ed6697220e94837dd47!}
- {!LANG-88d19282c30410251f5de121b688f2b5!}
{!LANG-061d4bfe2f9758ef4d7930ca7956f42d!}
- {!LANG-59b6cd79b784685ba82d2cbe29c97c40!}
{!LANG-af89007ce7ed9190f9ae192657a778e0!}
- {!LANG-d17500aad9bf3547d643b80be793140d!}
Wed: {!LANG-18e09a830e10dbb2e5271d163d8e58e7!}
{!LANG-10e889c72630f929830be38e15c42215!}
1. {!LANG-f36b62ad4a956026095a61daeedd0628!} {!LANG-d1c6aa921978421b1f8c66e82a21ed4b!}{!LANG-5354ec9cfc02771c2663e779744ed887!}
{!LANG-675f564a771bbf56b5285bf3aa83a33c!}{!LANG-0d6e106124bc7b3e8ef1b7a8791366e5!}{!LANG-2337a4b3ec9df11f187baddf23e34cf9!} {!LANG-a04d3b478595049c0882609f8b330d96!}{!LANG-793d095451a47c0c38d32eac01d9ec1b!} {!LANG-431ed02bfd3af634162c6f799327f79b!}
2. {!LANG-9c6b4f045db8043e2329bdbc96f85ad8!} {!LANG-d99e72d0976541170afb2fcbea1f048e!}{!LANG-9414ea61ebfe831fcdf40c0c233dd713!} {!LANG-5f5d7568121cccdf93692a34f479b11b!}{!LANG-00b623daae62df1542b2751a86c10f97!}
{!LANG-3efbf08c84d861f80ce1cdeb50153399!}{!LANG-379ed94e222aa0cbdbf79255ed7716bf!} {!LANG-deefdc7d43246a993a9827700e001fb4!}{!LANG-7a8949fcd14369ae84542e5949b93aaf!} .
Notes.
{!LANG-0423cc0a9afd7b039d6fc13c27a6f777!} {!LANG-8f8f6a464a1d7394099d59dad2d5912f!}{!LANG-10d06de54741f461080bda0695edee45!} {!LANG-e564d0c2290848f58da07d5350bd8051!}{!LANG-51c85c2af7822cbb63e16bf4a7b0db19!}
{!LANG-27765715bf765f4f3dca848512d9e744!} {!LANG-684b9555dd7c6ca00aeb9eaf535d9dd2!} {!LANG-bf72a35b56e893d0dca401f06c5cef5c!} {!LANG-684b9555dd7c6ca00aeb9eaf535d9dd2!} {!LANG-bd7dda10f055cfc37eaed50077d0c8f4!} {!LANG-d580e83e47801326811fa5ca0627124e!} {!LANG-1128b2deec0b87d938cdc8c2c944fe96!}{!LANG-ae7b7f50f1bfa10286c62ad445eca9f8!} {!LANG-803dc75d7f284f46462b055c39b71bf4!} {!LANG-1128b2deec0b87d938cdc8c2c944fe96!}{!LANG-a7c337f7fc06462c5d679a538150597e!} {!LANG-684b9555dd7c6ca00aeb9eaf535d9dd2!} {!LANG-ff6b4e193e9be9ddf83afdcabf4bab2c!} {!LANG-7be302655666aa7a5748688752c8879e!} {!LANG-51c679b65c105f0afc42522b1aaa67b1!}{!LANG-ba5921439d38a467b15bd7a7883da0f2!} {!LANG-6810dede140f35a334241f9db20a03bc!} {!LANG-44d06327ba910be3b496a8487d5f83eb!}).
{!LANG-173f50c100f9778d54874e889012fec2!}
1. {!LANG-f8696bc804bd1971095dad89c541fcf7!}
Wed: {!LANG-697afef02c810fac31bdb7dad262197a!} {!LANG-c9d09be3a6448d816722161eefedd6fb!}{!LANG-4c9adaa0a8f04f5bd7b857f1afbe46bd!} {!LANG-091e787d34d3af56a2d8f8d017b13ab5!}{!LANG-0937f43ada81bbd27691ce2c12ac2deb!} {!LANG-9f39acac57ac5700612958e5a01a76f6!}{!LANG-a33ace1bacce1b987a364c8ebf24a12a!} .
Notes.
{!LANG-7cf03b83344fee2ad3456f37d12c6ced!} {!LANG-36e5e64151cb08f06c30c02b98161135!}{!LANG-68b3f73ba9e491cdf55541ce2df4fc69!} {!LANG-72ae26cde0c013cc49bd797f0efff9bc!} {!LANG-e8d8806a76136fc2d202d1207c8c7864!}{!LANG-fd5994a6a56b18ad46c3dbdbcbd44f37!} {!LANG-30a1935f7bdbdd15abaa15582dd13dda!}
{!LANG-f1b6a3cfa47d4b21fe89ec60f80f3b42!} {!LANG-997e2ac53e134f08f1652f02923a5658!} {!LANG-f1ee0724a6d3e4feedc789bf260b7f8d!}{!LANG-7a7a913488dca1264bc97fc5f831cfa9!} {!LANG-38ef18eaa38f9a547e00be370fa66f33!}{!LANG-168f038c6fe74ad22d67028bf52386cc!} {!LANG-d3712253cb145e1d194df5258264ba47!}{!LANG-630300d67dcbd1687e88726fa0749900!} {!LANG-2c048123f50b8cdb3406513f936eee0a!}{!LANG-045b21904ea1f6a068f146c47142a2cb!} {!LANG-49504b004b17c3be386ed2a12ac08e7c!}{!LANG-ddbce20918b0380432fd1675e032daa4!} {!LANG-b67fe1c390cc66646fd3227d33f07136!}{!LANG-b88ec5e7e1fe7e55871c15858f51d493!} {!LANG-f7ba362dbfbfc493ed2f75af547fb8ce!}{!LANG-c2dcfe293048919c25dc6718b3871d95!} {!LANG-41dfa4b52b17de3bffd69d0fc80ffc36!}{!LANG-3b12bbf76ed8f0a7d75e95b96bc3fd55!} {!LANG-c2ba45cf3622951c2d79ee20571f2cae!}{!LANG-c1759507d83ccf556731331842342e6f!} . {!LANG-519ae139fb81aefff929b63c143f4766!}
2. {!LANG-d59dbff5bcb273da413b9e6f454414c7!} {!LANG-33eb1aeded5e3a5b1e3d6f56a2078af1!}{!LANG-60bc040adbe6b5dc62d289cf31ae15b1!} {!LANG-aca5d6a10aa2515a8f3e5dca2a90a6a2!}{!LANG-4fb5c7f9372d914210fc7b78106da69a!}
Wed: {!LANG-ea12de20277285a657da269c97e0e5a1!} {!LANG-124e13c47144d6ba777af9345028d5dc!}{!LANG-4d8d4acc14aa89b18a16fd7f05e5e0e9!} {!LANG-d4653842f3a423152ba5a4eec6724a6d!}
{!LANG-0e73df29723483da7e56a93c7c85dbbf!}
Wed: {!LANG-ccefe97cae92cc063300c5a7b47ecc7d!} {!LANG-1fc5ea7e0613f63e4d943a7ee4f3c91e!} ({!LANG-8e6a5a7dbc0ddcf46b9e78278da97d26!} {!LANG-22453c3821d343c97c6f7367f997091e!}{!LANG-4a85ddeef3ac5ae07461042ee3fd9283!} {!LANG-8305bca590d7c4e0985450b76e11b31e!}). – {!LANG-47eb821b1e250959e6fcd2892cccb8b0!} {!LANG-1fc5ea7e0613f63e4d943a7ee4f3c91e!}{!LANG-783810c48121424a32b8f15bfee701b7!} {!LANG-b8714666c80aa571f30f9a8e9159caf3!}).
3. {!LANG-3c745e30611da2f4e22890801339a4ba!}
{!LANG-5c9040b0b6e7a2f16ceb6fc4dd03fdfa!}
1. {!LANG-13cfcc2a999282ab03f395c2e79a7d6b!} {!LANG-7df906fb50e00cd2c34d23bc30a281d3!}{!LANG-43a0e682c3cb059473ac8a0ad61b7bd2!} {!LANG-295640bab6da42a75c6549f8f6b3b599!}{!LANG-83780a3b95e665019b5923e81cf37bc2!} {!LANG-43a0e682c3cb059473ac8a0ad61b7bd2!} {!LANG-0a95bb496e3e740d767244bb195487e7!} {!LANG-13cfcc2a999282ab03f395c2e79a7d6b!}{!LANG-172153b6a3801b091ea19d534a085633!} {!LANG-42f2742784bc80e4f8ecbff6fb41add8!}.
2. {!LANG-6ddc1588d6e7509e7ad5fdf4c2c6a778!} {!LANG-d0a3926dd157bc5e1e2cd90402006fc0!}{!LANG-48261164d28bd30d3427930514468f5a!} {!LANG-d1cdb111a097f5191ee71da73c7cad45!}{!LANG-e5cde4c4c8c19b2a9a097110096073da!} {!LANG-d5da209b1d6e999d80688d20fa6231d5!} {!LANG-89c835898790aadd6c99df284a547c7d!} {!LANG-48261164d28bd30d3427930514468f5a!}{!LANG-6428d8c506468ece38d5e30b425681be!} {!LANG-e046cbc7faa7ad77df3aac3c634a3af7!}.
Note!
1) {!LANG-38b9c628aab31c2028453bbcbb5d7717!}
{!LANG-697afef02c810fac31bdb7dad262197a!}{!LANG-c9eb1571307c7fff8983e30b9d23b307!}
2) {!LANG-7d4bb41b715c47d06a49451b7bbd05ff!} {!LANG-281eaccfab52527e103085daa898e2da!}{!LANG-2a9ec327cfc2e43c36f264dd614ae762!}
{!LANG-13cfcc2a999282ab03f395c2e79a7d6b!}{!LANG-6fad17d99756601b827c48f4ff399e34!}{!LANG-23d63fa6cb5cb39d8c957a20a45e8e47!} {!LANG-5d54fdb19e3d1aa67546c67b586a37ce!}
{!LANG-b6c92857873a91130a1867ffbad3c45d!} {!LANG-fa7bdd840bf402221932197035625ab0!}
{!LANG-cf4666fb57d79badd11a7561be95d0a9!}
{!LANG-ba86e2ac647e282e9fe7702e63294f74!}
{!LANG-4e24cbc1781c828fa52836c5ae382830!}
{!LANG-bbfa62b66811b2edf7702cba89239e47!}
{!LANG-e59a914731655af33d6a2a59fcc9fb53!}
{!LANG-b5e45eba56ab09925b7e4d9f87778db5!}
{!LANG-7e42a18510abeecd71622fcbdbd12621!}
{!LANG-04ac381be42d79290cd59815a7e35a14!}
{!LANG-7e57a754e8b2a7184f99183f1a1bbcb2!}
{!LANG-5680f74ad53addedef2207dafb56cb5e!}
{!LANG-b6aef8848b4486718621866055f720b8!}
{!LANG-60b07901c549d0533c08f9bdf303976f!}
{!LANG-135c0ab0bdbfcca9bc6ef42c5243aba2!}
{!LANG-e9b8e1f9882f3fe3d89562b2317dee7f!}
{!LANG-d5517ab047a2a8fd38c34bbb0042fe4c!}
{!LANG-a936e6934fef93ac19dcfc25161fa532!}
{!LANG-ab645b25a93610c2b1becf36dfdb8a30!}
{!LANG-3a7a3e45b788faa650c7152c15e385f5!}
{!LANG-876d2a649b64d9ba7b5dbffe0b490c57!}
{!LANG-6ebbb4b414f1cd152492fc068140281a!}
{!LANG-6e2dd9a0dbae57c7b03fbd783d483df2!}
{!LANG-1a5aa6e11b0a2b103bc4065ff086e2b2!}
{!LANG-429ec28c51158c97b5197aea7ec43f2b!}
{!LANG-eb3c4380dba88f0d62248612a1d381bd!}
{!LANG-ca5f40a5985d0a2e57c3a7e9e6ef00cc!}
{!LANG-890a6834fce139418ec5b06c77e46009!}
{!LANG-3c6e32bb5b248638713bc8139167fac6!}
{!LANG-6ad2089a39504cba4e5bd23ed73876c8!}
{!LANG-00e6a2f2eb59d3758a323cfdbd3b789f!}
{!LANG-feff6fdc261cf7ee9d847c429b128121!}
{!LANG-ef87899b285a0077140cb06a9d892e1e!}
{!LANG-10af6affe059da2c5f6f4e07242d024f!} {!LANG-8a42e88b8b52dc2c92757d5a638d5fe0!}{!LANG-3881e2356aba2b35a457e7c274887f42!}
{!LANG-e44bb9d2086b0d421a4e318f9d787fc4!}
{!LANG-77da31322b0e70eaae8074e3978cbd5c!}
{!LANG-84aa8b9dce88a4ad0f5e269ff988d50c!}
{!LANG-70060a0f06825177bd3fbbc80eff29b3!}
{!LANG-796a0971ffc8d3b3c5670ccc116ca220!}
{!LANG-85bc5e7906226ca8221b94ece2bc4cf9!}
{!LANG-25b7a181d7d835b3fbb37a77d9692dea!}
{!LANG-99aaf6b50f96bfce986c0af3b9248867!}
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