15.01.2014 565
Continuation of the IV chapter of the book "The history of the Yelets district in the XVIII - early XX centuries."
"Knocks! ... The cart is rolling., Light, forged wheels ...
This, sir, unkind people are going; here after all,
near Tula, playing naughty ... a lot.
I.S. Turgenev
Hunter's Notes
The story of the good robber
The history of the Yeletsk region is replete with legends, traditions and stories about various kinds of original personalities. A special place among them is occupied by legendary robbers, whom folk fantasy endowed with some special romantic aura. Stories and legends about noble robbers were often told on winter evenings in cramped huts and on summer nights by the fire. Popular ideas about robbers were reflected in the prose of I.A. Bunin. In his autobiographical novel The Life of Arsenyev, the writer recalled his childhood impressions of his trip to Yelets: “The high road near Stanovaya went down into a rather deep ravine ... and this place always inspired almost superstitious fear to every late traveler, no matter what time of year he passed it ... it seemed: lo and behold, and here they are - slowly marching across your path, with hatchets in their hands ... with their caps pulled down over watchful eyes, and suddenly stop, quietly and exaggeratedly calmly order: "Wait a minute, merchant ...". No less colorfully and psychologically accurately conveyed the atmosphere of robbery attacks I.S. Turgenev in the famous "Notes of a Hunter".
The roots of predatory stories go back to the 17th century. It was then that the robber, as a representative of a certain anti-world with mystical abilities, received his special fearful and respectful halo. The most famous person among the first robbers half of XIX century there was Zasorin, about whom they talked a lot in those years. A lot of legends and legends are associated with his name, on the basis of which it is possible to reconstruct the curious story of his life.
The Elets robber Andrei Zasorin was from Rostov-on-Don, where he grew up in a respectable family: a respected father, a caring mother, loving sisters. How Zasorin got to Yelets is hard to say, it is even more difficult to understand the reasons for his predatory path.
Meanwhile, Zasorin embodied the image of an ideal robber. He never killed anyone, never hurt the poor and decent people, but has always been a thunderstorm for the "inhuman landowners." He knew all the news in Yelets, Voronezh and Rostov-on-Don. Every merchant or nobleman who acted dishonestly, who did not disdain in his trade by deception and treachery, was immediately punished by Zasorin. To the surprise of everyone, the robber, meeting unknown people in the steppe, knew their names and positions, what they were selling and where they were going. Marveling at his awareness, he was considered a sorcerer, but there was no witchcraft: everywhere there were "their own people."
The robber Zasorin controlled the steppe areas from Yelets to Rostov. Yelets merchants who traded in cattle and traveled to neighboring cities knew Zasorin personally. They communicated well with him and were never robbed. Sometimes the inhabitants of the village gave Zasorin gifts, cattle offerings. Those merchants who conducted their business honestly could not be afraid of Zasorin, on the contrary, he guaranteed them a quiet journey with goods. But among the merchants there were many dishonest, selfish and greedy people.
The Yelets merchant Yakov Yakovlevich Kholin, who died at the end of the 19th century, told the following story about Zasorin. In the 40s it happened that he was engaged in the purchase and sale of precious metals. He traveled to Ukraine and southern cities, buying up gold and silver. Once, having bought goods in Kharkov for 5 thousand rubles, he went to Rostov on his cart. Kholin rode on the steppe completely alone, as usual, since he was already used to doing his craft. It was evening when a tall, broad-shouldered horseman appeared in the steppe not far from Rostov. Soon they got into conversation and smoked amicably, heading for Rostov "like old acquaintances." Kholin's fellow traveler tied the horse to the cart and sat down next to him.
The Yelets merchant was talkative and talked about his craft, about the product and about where he was going. The fellow traveler offered to stop by the pub and have a drink, Kholin agreed with this proposal. In a roadside tavern, the Yelchanin took a beer, and his friend took vodka. Finally, our hero's companion asked if he knew who he was talking to. “Of course, with a good man"Was the answer. “Have you ever heard about the owner of this steppe, about the robber Zasorin? So, this is what I am. " Kholin, who did not remember himself from fear, continued to listen to his new comrade, not daring to utter a word. Meanwhile, Zasorin asked the merchant to transfer money to Rostov and a bow to his mother, who trades in chintz there in the market.
“Neither alive nor dead I tumbled into my carriage,” Kholin recalled. However, Zasorin undertook to escort his new friend to Rostov, fearing that he would be robbed by “his guys”. Already near the city, at the bridge, he whistled loudly and immediately several people appeared who accompanied Kholin into the city.
In the morning, Kholin first went to look for Zasorin's mother in the market and quickly found her, since everyone knew Zasorin's relatives. But Kholin's problems were still ahead: the mother of the famous robber flatly refused to take money, believing that it was earned by blood. The next day, the frustrated Kholin again went to his friend's mother. Only after long persuasions and consultations with the local priest, she agreed to take the money, fearing that Kholin might have problems with her son.
Another story connected with Zasorin tells about the merchant N.A. who lived in Yelets. Zotove, who was famous for his extraordinary physical strength, no one could overcome him. When word of this reached Zasorin, he began to seek a meeting with him. They met quite by accident, in the field. Learning that the strongman Zotov was in front of him, Zasorin almost by force dragged him into his lair, in which he kept him for almost a month. All day long they drank, had fun and tried their hand at fighting. In these friendly battles, Zotov invariably emerged victorious. In the end, Zasorin called him his elder friend and presented him with three horses and money. Many times later Zasorin helped Zotov in various commercial matters.
The end to Zasorin's robberies in the steppe was put by chance. He often visited his relatives in Rostov, whom he missed. There he was once caught by the police, but there was no definite evidence against him. Some of the victims respected, others were afraid of Zasorin, so both of them were silent. In addition, during the entire period of the robbery, he did not kill anyone. As a result, it was decided to use a whip as a punishment. Angered by the lack of direct evidence, the mayor demanded to beat the robber in the most cruel way. They say that the skin on Zasorin's back was pierced with meat to the very ribs, but the proud Zasorin managed to get up and put on his shirt himself. After that, he addressed the crowd with the words: “Until now, I have not been guilty of human blood; but now ... I will certainly slaughter and give this first villain to be devoured by the dogs ”(he pointed to the mayor). After these words, the mayor resigned and left Rostov forever, and with him Zasorin disappeared forever, the memory of which was preserved among the people for a long time.
Notes:
12. Bunin I.A. Coll. op. in 9 volumes.Vol. 6.M., 1966, p. 58.
13. Turgenev I.S. Hunter's notes. M., 1984, p. 238-249.
14. Vorobiev A.V. Yelets prison in the first half of the 17th century // Ist. Zap. VSU. Voronezh, 2007, p. 10-17.
15. TOUAC. Oryol, 1895, no. 2.
The article was prepared based on the materials of the book by D.A. Lyapin "History of the Yelets district in the XVIII - early XX centuries", published in 2012. The article reproduces all the images used by the author in his work. The author's punctuation and style are preserved.
Robber, dashing people always attracted attention. They became heroes of legends and traditions, songs and poems were composed about them. In the popular mind, the robber was rarely bad, because he robbed the rich and shared with the poor.
Kudeyar
The most legendary Russian robber is Kudeyar. This personality is semi-mythical. There are several versions of its identification. According to the main one, Kudeyar was the son of Vasily III and his wife Solomei, exiled for childlessness to a monastery. According to this legend, during the tonsure Solomonia was already pregnant, she gave birth to her son George, whom she handed "into safe hands", and announced to everyone that the newborn had died.
It is not surprising that Ivan the Terrible was very interested in this legend, since according to it Kudeyar was his elder brother, which means he could claim power. This story is most likely a folk fiction. The desire to "ennoble the robber", as well as to allow oneself to believe in the illegitimacy of the government (and therefore the possibility of its overthrow) is characteristic of the Russian tradition. With us, whatever the chieftain is a legitimate king. In relation to Kudeyar, there are so many versions of his origin that would be enough for half a dozen chieftains
Dmitry Silaev
Dmitry Silaev is a very real person. In the detective case of 1844 in the village of Rzhevtsy, Smolensk district, he is mentioned as the leader of the robbers, who, among other things, committed "robbery of the house of landowner FM Belkin.
The raid on the house of the landowner, as they say, caused a rustle, it was reported to the king himself. Five years before this incident, another robber, Trishka-Sibiryak, was caught. The security of the landlords was under threat - it was necessary to take measures. And they were accepted. Silaev was caught and exiled to Siberia, from where he, however, fled with two accomplices.
However, everything is not so simple with the arrest and exile of Silaev. The criminal case states that "he fled six years before that", that is, the robber was in exile as early as 1838, then fled and lived in the Yelninsky district with "various peasants who did not become aware of him", that is, the escaped convict was reported.
In the criminal case, Silaev's appearance is described in sufficient detail: "black eyes, a black beard, a zipun trimmed with satin, always with a pistol in his boot." Quite a classic image of a robber, but without the idealization characteristic of the description of "dashing people".
Lyalya
Lyalya can be called not only one of the most legendary robbers, but also the most "literary" one. The poet Nikolai Rubtsov wrote the poem "The Robber Lyalya" about him. Local historians also found information about him, which is not surprising, since to this day in the Kostroma region there are toponyms that remind of this dashing man. This is Lyalina Mountain and one of the tributaries of the Vetluga River, called Lyalinka.
Local historian A.A. Sysoev wrote: “The robber Lyalya was walking with his gang in the Vetluga forests - this is one of the atamans of Stepan Razin ... who lived in the mountains near the Vetluga river not far from Varnavino. Chenebechihi ". This may be true, since at the end of 1670 a detachment of Razin people really visited here.
Lyalya with his gang appeared in the Kostroma forests after the suppression of the Razin uprising. He chose a place for a robber camp on a high mountain in order to have a strategic advantage in robbing the convoys passing nearby along the winter road. From spring to autumn, merchants carried goods on ships along Vetluga, and along the way they often stopped at Kameshnik.
The main business of the Lyali gang was collecting ransom from merchants, local feudal lords and landowners. Legends paint him, as usual in folklore, strict, harsh and domineering, but fair. An exemplary portrait of him has also survived: "He was a broad-shouldered, muscular man of average height; his face was tanned and rough; his eyes were black under bushy frowning eyebrows; his hair was dark."
They wanted to catch Lyalya's gang more than once, but the detachments sent to catch the robber constantly faced the too loyal attitude of the local men towards Lyalya - they treated him rather with respect, Lyalya was warned about the appearance of detachments, some village men even joined the gang.
However, over time, the gang still thinned out, and Lyalya was more and more burdened by his craft. Therefore, I decided to bury my wealth - I drowned it in the lake (it is still called the Pantry) and buried it in the mountain. Where they are still kept. Of course, if the legend is to be believed.
Trishka the Siberian
Trishka-Sibiryak, which we have already mentioned, robbed in the 30s of the XIX century in the Smolensk district. News about him spread to other regions, leading to a state of awe for the nobles and landowners. A letter to Turgenev's mother, which she wrote to her son in Berlin in February 1839, has survived. It contains the following phrase: "We have Trishka appeared like Pugachev - that is, he is in Smolensk, and we are cowardly in Bolkhov." Trishka was caught the next month, he was tracked down and arrested in Dukhovshchinsky district.
The capture of Trishka was a real special operation. Knowing about the robber's caution, he was caught under the guise of pursuing another person. Almost no one knew about the true purpose of the search - they were afraid to scare away.
As a result, when the arrest did take place, a message appeared in Smolenskiye Vedomosti as an event of extremely important importance. However, until the 50s of the XIX century, the legends about Trishka-Sibiryak continued to excite the nerves of the landowners, who were worried that someday Trishka would stand in their way, or penetrate into their house.
The people loved Trishka and composed legends about him, where the robber appeared as the defender of the disadvantaged.
Vanka-Cain
The story of Vanka-Kain is dramatic and instructive. He can be called the first official thief Russian Empire... He was born in 1718, at the age of 16 he met a famous thief named "Kamchatka" and loudly left the landlord's house, where he served, robbing him, and writing on the master's gate everything he thought about work: "Work the devil, not me ".
Several times he was taken to the Secret Order, but each time he was released, so rumors began to circulate that Ivan Osipov (that was Cain's name in fact) was "lucky." The Moscow thieves decided to choose him as their leader. A little time passed, and Vanka already "commanded" a gang of 300 people. So he became the uncrowned king of the underworld.
However, on December 28, 1741, Ivan Osipov recovered to the Investigative Order and wrote a "penitential petition", and even offered his services in trapping his own associates, became an official informer of the Investigative Order.
The very first police operation on his tip covered a thieves' meeting in the deacon's house - 45 people were caught. That same night, 20 members of the gang, Yakov Zuev, were taken to the house of the archpriest. And in the Tatar baths of Zamoskvorechye they tied up 16 deserters and opened the underground with weapons.
However, Vanka Cain did not live calmly. He had a penchant for profligacy and glamor, and got burned on the kidnapping of the 15-year-old daughter of "retired serviceman" Taras Zevakin, on corruption and banal racketeering.
The case dragged on for 6 years, until in 1755 the court issued a verdict - to whip, wheel, behead. But in February 1756 the Senate commuted the sentence. Cain was whipped, his nostrils were ripped out, and Cain was branded with the word V.O. and sent to penal servitude - first to the Baltic Rogervik, from there to Siberia. Where did he disappear
A collection of articles and materials dedicated to the village of Kuznetsovka and the places around it.
Famous Kursk robbers
For a long time, the Kursk Territory was the "promised land" for numerous bands of robbers and robbers, the reason for which was its border position, a rare population and the relative weakness of the central government. This "Ukrainianness" until the first quarter of the 18th century. provided "daring good fellows" with a wide opportunity to perform their countless feats in the Kursk open spaces.
One of the researchers of the Kursk antiquity, N. Dobrotvorsky, wrote in 1888: “personal and public safety was not guaranteed at that time, even in the central areas, in those that were close to Moscow. In the same desert areas as Kursk was half of the last century, it was impossible to dream about safety. In those distant times, travelers even from village to village traveled with escorts. Robbery was a constant occupation not only of those outcasts whom society threw out of their midst for their unsuitability, but also ordinary peaceful inhabitants who they often looked at it as a "side occupation" that gave excellent earnings. "
Under these conditions, a special type of people, known in the 15th-17th centuries, was formed from the inhabitants of the Kursk borderland. under the name of sevryuk. Here is how the Shchigrovsky landowner, local historian and writer E.L. Markov described them in one of his works: "constant life on the desert borders of the Russian land, among the dense forests and swamps, always on the watch from thieves' people, forever on horseback or in ambush with with a gun or a bow behind your back, with a sword in hand, constant fights with steppe predators, daily risk of your head, your freedom, all your wealth - have developed over time from sevryuk the same thief and predator of a kind, irreplaceable in the fight against foreign thieves and predators, all of whose skills they knew as their own. "
Before the Moscow troops were sent to Pole, it was the sevryuk who were entrusted with the duty of guarding the borders of the Seversk land, although they did not disdain, on occasion, engage in robbery and robbery themselves. In 1549, the Nogai prince Yusuf complained to Ivan the Terrible: "Our people went to Moscow with bargaining, and as they walked back, your Cossacks and stellate sturgeons who stand on the Don, beat them", to which Moscow replied: "Cossacks are walking on the field many, citizens of Kazan, Azov, Crimeans and other minions of the Cossacks, and from our ukrain [outskirts], mingling with them, they go; and those people are like you tati, and we are tati and robbers. "
However, in spite of the well-established predatory habits of the Kursk border population, the bulk of the "gangs" were formed at the expense of fugitives who came here in droves from the central regions of Russia. Some of them entered the service in the garrisons of border towns, others settled on the ground and engaged in arable farming, and the most restless were served as robbers, of whom many roamed these places. These people said about themselves: "At the crossroads there is an oak tree, on it there are three sides, one in the Crimea, another in Russia, and the third in our camps." They were looking for a livelihood at the expense of the Tatars, and at the expense of the "Lithuanian people", not disdaining to rob their compatriots.
It is known that in the early years of the 17th century. "Cherkassian thieves Mishuk and Senka Kolpakov lived in Oskol and Sem [Diet]", and Mishuk's gang was so strong that it broke the detachments sent against it, reached Rylsk and Novosil, and sold the stolen cattle to the Crimeans.
The government strenuously fought against the robbers, and the Cossack chieftains Yakov Lysy and Aggei Martynov distinguished themselves in this struggle. The first of them defeated the Cherkassian ataman Lazar, taking away the stolen goods and weapons from him, and then finished with the gangs of Berchun and Karnaukh. In turn, Haggey Martynov defeated the atamans Kolosha and Senka Kolpakov.
However, it was never completely possible to eradicate border robbery, especially since sometimes the robbers also had high patrons.
Robberies and robberies often acquired a "class" coloring and were directed against the ruling estates. So, in 1658 the boyar B.M. Khitrovo complained to the Cossack foremen that from the border Bryansk, Karachevsky, Rylsky and Putivl districts "peasants living on the estates of patrimonials and landowners, and slaves run to Little Russia, then come from there to their former residence in droves , persuade other peasants and slaves to escape with them, and often take revenge on their masters if they were previously unhappy with them: they run into their houses, burn them, kill the owners and their families; sometimes they locked the masters in their houses, buried the houses on all sides with earth , and so they left the tenants to die of starvation. "
Especially these phenomena intensified during the major riots. For example, during the uprising of Stepan Timofeevich Razin, the border governors noted with alarm the appearance of "gangs of thieves" in the vicinity of the border fortresses and even their attacks on small military detachments of "service people". Thus, in October 1670, 11 children of the boyars, who were going to serve in their regiment, were captured at an overnight camp near Stary Oskol [present-day Belgorod region] by "thieves". The servicemen immediately understood who they were dealing with: they had only to notice that the unknown "shout in thieves' yasak [speak in robbery jargon] and praise the traitorous thief Stenka Razin." Taken by surprise, the nobles were beaten, wounded with sabers and robbed clean.
The Bogoroditsk voivode Neledinsky sent in pursuit of the "robbers", seized their accomplices from among the local peasants, from whom the looted things were found. The pursuit pursued the attackers, and they fled "behind the rampart under Moyachnaya to the thieves' Cossacks, and the rampart passed between Yablonov and Korochi to the Khmelevatye Vorota." However, Neledinsky managed to overtake them, and he proudly informed the Kursk governor GG Romodanovsky that "he had taken over those robbers and makers ... and cleared the roads to Voronezh from theft." On the whole, the motley and restless population of the borderland fully justified the proverb prevailing at that time: "The White Tsar has no thief against the chicken."
In the southern provinces of Russia (Kursk, Voronezh, Orel, Tambov), the locals called the robbers "kudeyars", after the famous legendary robber Kudeyar. Basically, the legends about the "kudeyars" were spread in the southwestern regions of the Kursk region. According to a legend recorded in the last century, mid XVIII For centuries, a large gang of kudeyars operated on the territory of the Rylsky and Putivl (present-day Sumy region, Ukraine) districts of the Kursk province. Their main refuge was in the so-called "Machulinsky" forest, not far from the village. Kremianny (present-day Korenevsky district), in which they huddled in ravines and gullies, "not trying, however, at all to disguise their presence, since they were not afraid of either the provincial troops, much less local unarmed residents , who themselves were mortally afraid of them and strove only for one thing - to live with them in peace and harmony. In this gang ... according to the stories of old-timers, there were up to 300 robbers. "
The same gangs lived near the village of Ishutinoy, on Konevetskaya or Klevenskaya mountain, on the "Pogorel" settlement near the village. Big Ugony (modern Lgovsky district), in the Kuchugury tract (modern Bolshesoldatsky district), etc. Probably, one of these "kudeyars" belonged to the treasure found on June 24, 1887 while uprooting old stumps near the village of Semenovka (modern Shchigrovsky district). Under one of the stumps, the peasants found a vessel of red copper, wide at the base and gradually tapering towards the bottom, containing 16 3/4 pounds (6.5 kg) of 17th century Russian silver kopecks. On the side of the vessel, the owner of the "luggage" roughly scratched his name and nickname in Slavic letters - "Mikhalko Kosolap". The find came to the local landowner N.I.Brovtsyn, who donated both coins and a vessel to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
According to old-timers, the kudeyars rarely attacked peasant settlements, firstly, because they spared the peasants in general, treating them friendly, in view of the fact that the peasants themselves assiduously helped them in everything, and secondly, because they took from the peasants there was nothing.
From the legends they seem to be more likely not robbers, but free Cossacks with broad knightly manners, with a strictly regulated, albeit somewhat peculiar, concept of honor. So, if they happened to stop a poor peasant who was traveling to the bazaar with a cart of flour, then they not only did not rob him, but even endowed him with money, gave him vodka and released him on all four sides, leaving all his belongings with him. If they stopped a landowner on the road, then they did not stand on ceremony with him, robbed him clean and let him go in what his mother gave birth, having previously outraged him completely. Many times, at the complaint of the peasants, the kudeyars made invasions of the landowners' estates only in order to punish the landowners for their cruelty towards their serfs, and if that was the purpose of their arrival, then they usually did not take anything from the estate - neither money, nor bread , no belongings, saying that "it doesn't matter when they need it - everything will be more than theirs, it won't get away from their hands."
The only harm the kudeyars did to the peasants was that they "stole the village girls" for their own needs. The peasants could not forgive the Kudeyars even in the 19th century, although they talked about it "without any malice, rather even with a grin", but nevertheless in great detail and citing various anecdotes on this matter. According to folk legends, the main occupation of the Kudeyars was mating, to which they mainly devoted all their time.
If they did not have enough bread, then they sent a "letter" to some landowner with an order to deliver immediately this and that to them, and if the landowner was in no hurry to fulfill their "order", then they already came to him themselves and with an armed hand they took what they needed. This was the main point of their hostile activity towards the local population.
Monetary booty was delivered to them, in most cases, by passers-by, strangers who somehow got to the Kursk Territories; the kudeyars usually did not give such a descent and "plucked as much as possible cleanly."
According to A.N.Aleksandrov's testimony, the inhabitants of the Lgov district called the "kudeyar" "thorns", since, according to legend, there were many landowners among the robbers. Hence, the surname of the noblemen Voropanovs who lived near the Ivanovo settlement (modern Rylsky district) allegedly went.
From some local old-timers A. N. Alexandrov "also had to hear ... that as if the ancestors of these storytellers were among the robbers who lived in the settlement." But not all the money obtained during robberies and robberies was drunk or became treasures. Perhaps Kursk would never have been adorned with one of its most beautiful temples - the Sergiev-Kazan Cathedral, erected in 1752 - 1778, if not for one incident that happened to one prominent Kursk merchant - Karp Efremovich Pervyshev. According to legend, just before Easter 1752, robbers captured him and took him to their camp, apparently counting on a ransom. At night the gang went to robbery, and only the ataman and Pervyshev remained in the camp. Assessing the athletic build of the robber, the merchant realized that there was nothing even to dream of escaping. After midnight, the chieftain, being a good Christian, decided to break his fast and invited the captive to share a meal with him. Then Pervyshev noticed that the terrible companion was eating from a knife, using it instead of a fork. Seizing the right moment, the clever prasol rushed at the robber and stuck this knife in his mouth. The chieftain fell, choking on blood. Karp Efremovich hastily harnessed his horse and loaded the cart with robber goods. Having returned safely to the city, he vowed to build a temple in honor of his miraculous deliverance - fortunately, he now had the funds for this.
But neither the large number of robber bands, nor good knowledge of the area, nor the support of the local population saved the "kudeyars" from extermination, when, after Russia entered the Black Sea coast, the most important highways connecting the center and the south of the country ran through the Kursk Territory, and local authorities began to seriously address the problem of road safety.
According to the legend recorded by N. Dobrotvorsky in the Lgovsk district, "the kudeyars raged for a long time in our area, but then they began to send troops to them and the soldiers overpowered them, drove them, they say, to Kaluga and there they had already killed everyone."
In the vicinity of Kursk, the last gang that plundered the Solyanka tract (the present-day feature of the city) was destroyed in the early 1860s. under the governor V. I. Den. To catch the robbers, he ordered to fill two carts with soldiers and cover them with mat. The robbers who rushed to the supposed prey were overfished every one and "since then the robberies have stopped."
Reprinted from the Kazachya Sloboda website http://dankovkazak.by.ru/sivruks/kuresk_.htm
Between two robbers - an expression describing the nature of the death of Jesus Christ, whose cross, according to the reports of the Gospels, was erected between the crucifixes of the criminals Dismas and Gestas, who received the nickname the Prudent and Mad Thieves.
In a figurative sense, a person who finds himself in a shameful situation (company), but at the same time retains his positive qualities.
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Gospel description
| Lead with Him to death and two villains. And when they came to the place called Execution, they crucified Him and the villains, one on the right and the other on the left ... One of the hanged villains reviled Him and said: "If you are the Christ, save yourself and us". |
On the contrary, in short stories both robbers denounced this in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark of Jesus (Matthew, Mark).
The repentant robber was nicknamed in the Christian tradition “ Reasonable”And, according to legend, was the first to enter paradise. The robber is recalled in Orthodox chants of Good Friday when reading Of the twelve gospels: « Thou hast vouchsafed a prudent robber in one hour, Lord", And his words on the cross became the beginning of the Lent succession of pictorial:" Remember me, Lord, when you come in your kingdom».
Interpretation in Christianity
The difference between the text of the Evangelist Luke and the texts of other forecasters is explained by the fact that at first the future Prudent Thief also participated in blaspheming Christ, but then repented.
Traditionally, it is believed that the Prudent Thief was the first saved person from all who believed in Christ and was the third inhabitant of paradise from among people (after Enoch and Elijah, who were taken to heaven alive). The story of the Prudent Thief's entry into paradise is not just an illustration of the villain's remorse. It is interpreted by the church as God's willingness to grant forgiveness to a dying person even at the very last moment.
The most detailed question of the pious robber was considered by John Chrysostom in his conversation “ About the cross and the thief, and about the second coming of Christ, and about unceasing prayer for enemies". The saint, studying the repentance of the robber and the church tradition that he was the first to enter paradise, draws the following conclusions:
- Christ, being crucified, insulted, spat upon, reviled, dishonored, performs a miracle - he changed the vicious soul of the robber;
- The greatness of the soul of the robber Chrysostom deduces from his comparison with the Apostle Peter: “ when Peter denied the valley, then the robber confessed grief". At the same time, the saint, without reproaching Peter, says that the disciple of Christ did not endure the threat of an insignificant girl, and the robber, seeing how the people cried out, raged and blasphemed the crucified Christ, did not pay attention to them, but with the eyes of faith " knew the Lord of heaven»;
- Chrysostom draws attention to the fact that the pious robber, unlike other people, “ i saw neither the resurrected dead man, nor the cast out demons, did not see the obedient sea; Christ did not tell him anything about the kingdom or about Gehenna", But at the same time he" confessed him before all».
In addition, this precedent formed the basis of the Catholic concept of baptism of desire (Baptismus Flaminis), which is interpreted as follows: if someone wished to be baptized, but could not be properly baptized due to compelling circumstances, he can still be saved by the grace of God.
The faith of the prudent robber as a role model for all Christians is one of the oldest in church sermons (the earliest was written no later than 125 by St. Aristides).
Prophecies
Apocryphal stories
The origin of the robbers
Unlike the Gospels, which do not provide details about the people between whom Christ was crucified, the apocryphal literature contains an extensive set of traditions.
Apocrypha "The Word about the Tree of the Cross" includes a description of the origin of the two robbers: while fleeing to Egypt, the Holy Family settled in the desert next to the robber, who had two sons. But his wife, who had only one breast, could not feed them both. The Virgin Mary assisted her in feeding - she fed the child, who was then crucified on the right side of Christ and repented before death:
A widespread legend about Mysterious drop tells that the Holy Family was captured by robbers, and Mary, seeing the dying baby in the arms of the robber's wife, took him, and only a drop of her milk touched his lips, he recovered.
"The Word about the Tree of the Cross" does not disclose the names of these robbers, unlike "The Gospels of Nicodemus"who calls them Dijman - a prudent robber, and Guest - blasphemed Christ. Also in this "Gospels" contains a description of the astonishment of the Old Testament righteous, led by Christ out of hell and seeing the robber who had gone to heaven before them. The author of the apocrypha cites Dijman's following story:
... I was a robber, doing all kinds of villainy on earth. And the Jews nailed me on the cross together with Jesus, and I saw everything that was done by the cross of the Lord Jesus, on which the Jews crucified Him, and I believed that He is the creator of all things and the Almighty King. And I asked Him: "Remember me, Lord, in Thy Kingdom!" And immediately accepting my prayer, He said to me: "Amen, I tell you, today you will be with Me in Paradise." And He gave me the sign of the cross, saying: "Bear this, going to paradise".
In medieval art, the Prudent Thief is sometimes depicted accompanying Jesus during the Descent into Hell, although this interpretation is not based on any of the surviving texts.
Cross of the Prudent Rogue
There is an apocryphal version of the origin of the tree for the Cross of the Prudent Thief. According to legend, Seth received from an angel not only a branch from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, but also another, which he later lit on the banks of the Nile and which burned for a long time with an inextinguishable fire. When Lot sinned with his daughters, God told him to plant three brands from that fire for redemption and water them until a large tree grows. From this tree the cross of the pious robber was then made.
The Cross of the Prudent Thief, according to the traditional version, was installed by Empress Helena on the island of Cyprus in 327. It contained a particle of the Life-giving Cross and one of the nails with which the body of Christ was pierced. The Monk Daniel informs about this cross in his "The Walk of Hegumen Daniel" (XII century):
Daniel repeats the earliest record from 1106 about the Stavrovouni monastery, which tells of a cypress cross supported in the air by the Holy Spirit. In 1426, the robber's cross was stolen by the Mamelukes, but a few years later, as the monastery tradition says, it was miraculously returned to its original place. However, then the shrine disappeared again and remains undetected to this day.
A small particle of the Cross of the Prudent Thief is kept in the Roman Basilica of Santa Croce in Jerusalemme. Her appearance in Rome is associated with the Empress Helena.
Cross of the Mad Rogue
The history of the material for the cross on which the Mad Robber was crucified is contained in the Russian Apocrypha “ A Word about the Tree of the Cross"(-XVI century). According to him, the cross was made of a tree planted by Moses at the bitter-salty source of Merrah (Ex.) From three branches of a tree woven together, brought from paradise during the Flood. During the excavations of St. Helena in Jerusalem, three crosses were found for her. one - the most blessed one, on which Christ hung, and the rest, on which two robbers were crucified and died". However, the Cross of the Mad Robber was not recognized as a relic and his further destiny unknown.
The names of the robbers
The names of the Prudent and the Mad robbers are known from the Apocrypha, which, however, call them differently:
Discreet Rogue Dismas
Dijman and Guest (in the western version - Dismas and Gestas (Dismas and Gestas)) - the most common form of the names of robbers in Catholicism. The name "Dismas" is derived from the Greek word for "sunset" or "death". The spelling options are Dysmas, Dimas and even Dumas (Dumas).
Memorial Day of Saint Dismas is celebrated on March 25. A city in California is named after him - San Dimas. Saint Dismas is the patron saint of prisoners; many prison chapels are dedicated to him.
Prudent Rogue Rah
"Rah" - the name of the robber, most often found in Orthodox icon painting. Domestic researchers cannot find literary sources of the origin of this name. Perhaps the evolution of the name Barbarian-Varah-Rah... The icon with his image was placed on the northern altar doors of the iconostasis.
Iconography
Art critics note that robbers on the sides of Christ appeared in scenes of the Crucifixion starting from the 5th-6th centuries (the earliest known image is an icon from the monastery of St. Catherine, dating from the 6th century).
The prudent thief was crucified on the right side of Christ (right hand), so the head of the Savior is often written inclined in this direction. This indicates his acceptance of the repentant criminal. In Russian icon painting, the inclined crossbar under the feet of Jesus is also usually directed upwards towards the Prudent Thief. The Prudent Thief was written with his face turned to Jesus, and the Mad Thief - with his head turned away or even his back turned.
Artists have sometimes emphasized the difference between Jesus and the robbers on both sides of him, as well as the difference between the two criminals:
| Jesus Christ | Robbers | |
|---|---|---|
| clothes | loincloth | perisome |
| cross | The life-giving cross clear geometric shapes |
ugly, wild, curved trunks, T-shaped cross |
| fastening | nails | tied with ropes |
| arms | straight, elongated | tied behind the cross |
| pose | pacified | writhe |
| shins | are kept intact | slain by the warriors swinging hammers |
You can also trace the differences between the two robbers, the Prudent and the Mad: in the first centuries of Christianity, when the memory of the ancient beardless ideal of male beauty was still preserved, the Prudent robber did not have a beard, and the Mad was bearded. But with the development of the Christian worldview, the beard became one of the important signs of the image of Christ in a person, and therefore the beard became an attribute of positive characters (Jesus and the Prudent Thief), and the third executed turned into a beardless.
In Russian icon painting, the image of the Prudent Thief, in addition to the traditional compositions of the Crucifixion of Christ, is also placed:
- in the scene of the descent into hell (connected with the illustration of the apocryphal legends "The Word of the Entry of John the Baptist into Hell" and "About the Robber Who Suffered Christ Like"). The scene depicts the dialogue of the Pious robber with the prophets Elijah and Enoch at the gates of heaven, guarded by a fiery cherub;
- on the northern doors of the altar leading to the altar. The robber is depicted on a white background, surrounded by paradise attributes (flowers, birds, plant shoots), which symbolically indicates his stay in paradise. The cross is traditionally placed in the hands of the Pious Thief. In the middle of the 19th century, it was widely believed that placing this image on the northern doors of the altar was an Old Believer tradition, but this is probably due to the movement of ancient icons to Old Believer churches and prayer houses after the reforms of Patriarch Nikon.
Veneration
The Orthodox Church venerates the Prudent Thief as an example of true repentance (see the "" section for more details). The prudent robber does not have a separate day of remembrance in the month of the word. His story is reflected in hymnography (especially in the chants of Good Friday; the most famous is the luminaries " Thou hast vouchsafed a prudent robber in a single hour ...”), And the words of the robber, addressed to Jesus Christ, became the refrain to the troparion on blessed. Also, the mention of the Prudent Thief is contained in the prayer read before communion, in which the repentance of the thief and his confession of Jesus Christ are opposed to the betrayal of Judas: not for Thy enemy we will tell the secret, nor will I give Ti kissing, like Judas, but like a robber I confess Thee».
My grandmother smokes a pipe in her Khrushchev's little room,
My grandmother smokes a pipe and sees the waves of the seas through the smoke.
All pirates in the world are afraid of her and rightfully proud of her
For the fact that the grandmother robs and burns their frigates,
But he spares the elderly and children!
Sukachev Garik and the Untouchables
M
ama is a pirate ... what could be more authoritative for a child, and even helps keep her husband in line.
Most people associate the word "pirate" with the image of a bearded sea robber with one leg and a boarded-up eye. However, among the successful famous pirates, there were not only men, but also women. About some of them this post.
Listen or download My grandmother smokes a pipe for free on Prostplayer
Scandinavian princess pirate Alvilda
One of the first pirates is considered Alvilda, who plundered in the waters of Scandinavia during the early Middle Ages. According to legend, this medieval princess, daughter of a Gothic king (or a king from the island of Gotland), decided to become a "sea Amazon" in order to evade the imposed marriage with Alf, the son of a powerful Danish king.
Going on a pirate voyage with a team of young women dressed in men's dress, she has become the number one "star" among sea robbers. Since Alvilda's dashing raids posed a serious threat to merchant shipping and the inhabitants of the coastal regions of Denmark, Prince Alf himself set off in pursuit of her, not realizing that the longed-for Alvilda was the object of his pursuit.
Having killed most of the sea robbers, he entered into a duel with their leader and forced him to surrender. How surprised the Danish prince was when the pirate leader took off his helmet and appeared before him in the guise of a young beauty, whom he dreamed of marrying! Alvilda appreciated the persistence of the heir to the Danish crown and his ability to swing a sword. The wedding was played right there, aboard a pirate ship. The prince swore to the princess to love her to the grave, and she solemnly promised him never to go to sea again without him.
Everyone died ... Hallelujah! Is the story told true? Researchers have found that the first story about Alvilda was told to readers by the monk Saxon Grammaticus (1140 - c. 1208) in his famous work "Acts of the Danes". Most likely, he learned about her from the ancient Scandinavian sagas.
Jeanne de Belleville
The Breton noblewoman Jeanne de Belleville, who was married to the knight de Clisson, became a pirate not out of a love of adventure and wealth, but out of a desire for revenge.
In the period 1337-1453, with several interruptions, there was a war between England and France, which went down in history as the Hundred Years War. The husband of Jeanne de Belleville was accused of treason.
King Philip II of France ordered his arrest, and without any evidence or trial on August 2, 1943, he was handed over to the executioner. The widow Jeanne de Belleville-Clison, known for her beauty, charm and hospitality, vowed brutal revenge. She sold her property and bought three fast ships. According to another version, she went to England, achieved an audience with King Edward and, thanks to her beauty ... received three high-speed ships from the monarch for corsair operations against France.
She commanded one ship herself, the others - her two sons. The small fleet, dubbed the "Retribution Fleet in the English Channel," became the "scourge of God" in French coastal waters. Pirates mercilessly sent French ships to the bottom, devastating coastal areas. They say that everyone who was to cross the English Channel on a French ship first wrote a will.
For several years, the squadron plundered French merchant ships, often even attacked warships. Jeanne participated in battles, excellently wielded both a saber and a boarding ax. As a rule, she ordered the command of the captured ship to be completely destroyed. Not surprisingly, Philip VI soon gave the order to "catch the witch alive or dead."
And once the French managed to surround the pirate ships. Seeing that the forces were unequal, Jeanne showed real treachery - with several sailors, she launched a longboat and, together with her sons and a dozen rowers, left the battlefield, leaving her comrades-in-arms.
However, fate severely repaid her for her betrayal. For ten days, the fugitives wandered around the sea - after all, they did not have navigation devices. Several people died of thirst (among them - the youngest son of Jeanne). On the eleventh day, the surviving pirates reached the coast of France. There they were sheltered by a friend of the executed de Belleville.
After that, Jeanne de Belleville, who is considered the first female pirate, left her bloody craft, remarried. Popular rumor said: she began to embroider with beads, got a lot of cats and settled down. That's what the life-giving cross does what a successful marriage means ...
Lunit Kiligru
About two hundred years after Jeanne de Belleville, a new female pirate appeared in the English Channel: Lady Kiligrou. This lady has led a double life: in society, she is the respected wife of Governor Lord John Keeligru in the port city of Falmet, and at the same time secretly commands pirate ships that attack merchant ships mainly in Falmet Bay. Lady Kiligru's tactics have long been successful, as she never left a living witness.
One day a heavily laden Spanish ship entered the bay. Before the captain and crew could recover, the pirates attacked and captured him. The captain managed to take cover and was surprised to find that the pirates were commanded by a young and very beautiful woman who could compete with men in cruelty. The Spanish captain reached the coast and quickly headed for the city of Falmet to report the attack to the royal governor. To his new surprise, he saw the pirate sitting next to the governor, Lord Kiligra. Lord Kiligru was in charge of two fortresses, the task of which was to ensure the smooth sailing of ships in the bay. The captain said nothing about what had happened and immediately left for London. By order of the king, an investigation began, which brought unexpected results.
It turned out that Lady Kiligru carried violent pirate blood, as she was the daughter of the famous pirate Philip Wolversten from Sofolk, and as a girl she participated in pirate attacks. Thanks to her marriage to the Lord, she acquired a position in society, and at the same time with him created a large pirate company, which operated not only in the English Channel, but also in neighboring waters. During the trial, many mysterious cases of the disappearance of merchant ships were revealed, which until now were attributed to "supernatural forces."
Lord Kiligru was sentenced to death and executed. His wife also received a death sentence, but later the king commuted him to life imprisonment.
Mary Ann Blyde
Irish Mary was exceptionally tall for her time - 190 cm and unearthly beauty. She became a pirate quite by accident, but devoted herself entirely to this dangerous activity. Once she was heading on a ship to America and was captured by the most famous sea pirate in history - Edward Tichchu, nicknamed Blackbeard. Thanks to her good upbringing, Mary Ann Blyde remained with the kidnapper. Soon she proved herself to be an excellent student of Ticcia and received her ship. Jewelry and precious stones were her passion. She and Tichch are said to have amassed $ 70 million worth of treasures, and together they buried them somewhere on the shores of North Carolina. The treasures have not yet been discovered.
All pirates, both men and women, who did not die in battle, end their lives ingloriously: they are usually condemned to death or life imprisonment. Mary Ann had, however, a different fate. In 1729, during an attack on a Spanish ship, she fell in love with a young man who was traveling on this ship. The young man agreed to marry her, but on condition that she abandon her occupation. Together they escape to Peru, and there their traces are lost ...
Anne Bonnie
Anne Cormack (her maiden name) was born in a small Irish town in 1698. This red-haired beauty with a violent temperament became an icon of the Golden Age of Piracy (1650-1730s) after secretly tying her fate with a simple sailor named James Bonnie. Anne's father, a respected person, upon learning about his daughter's marriage, disowned her, after which she and her newly-made husband were forced to leave for the Bahamas, which at that time were called the Pirate Republic, a place where idlers and mischievous people lived. Bonnie's happy family life did not last long.
After her divorce from her husband, Anne met the pirate Jack Rackham, who became her lover. Together with him, she on the ship "Revenge" went to the open sea to rob merchant ships. In October 1720, members of Rackham's crew, including Anne and her bosom friend Mary Reed, were taken prisoner by the British. Bonnie blamed everything on her lover. On the last date in prison, she told him the following: "It's a pity to see you here, but if you had fought like a man, you would not have been hanged like a dog."
Rackham was executed. Bonnie's pregnancy allowed her to obtain an adjournment of the execution of her death sentence. However, the fact that it was ever set in motion is not mentioned anywhere in the historical records. Rumor has it that Anne's influential father paid a huge sum of money to have his unlucky daughter released.
Mary Reid
Mary Reed was born in London in 1685. Since childhood, by the will of fate, she was forced to portray a boy. Her mother, the widow of a sea captain, dressed the illegitimate girl in the clothes of her early deceased son in order to defraud her rich mother-in-law, who did not know about the death of her grandson. Pretending to be a man in the Renaissance was easy, since all men's fashion was very similar to women's (long wigs, big hats, lush outfits, boots) that Mary managed to do it.
At the age of 15, Mary was enlisted in the ranks of the British army under the name Mark Read. During the service, she fell in love with a Flemish soldier. Their happiness was short-lived. He died unexpectedly, and Mary, again dressed in a man's dress, went on a ship to the West Indies. On the way, the ship was captured by pirates. Reed decided to stay with them.
In 1720, Mary joined the crew of Jack Rackham's Revenge. At first, only Bonnie and her lover knew that she was a woman, who often flirted with "Mark", making Anne wildly jealous. A couple of months later, the whole team knew about Reed's secret.
After the ship "Revenge" was captured by the pirate hunter, Captain Jonathan Barnett, Mary, like Ann, managed to defer the death sentence due to pregnancy. But fate still overtook her. She died in a prison cell on April 28, 1721 from childbirth fever. What happened to her child is unknown. Some suspect he died during childbirth.
Sadie nicknamed the Goat
Sadie Farrell, a 19th century American sea robber, got her rare nickname from her strange way of committing crimes. On the streets of New York, Sadie had built a reputation as a ruthless robber who attacked her victims with violent blows to their heads. Sadie is said to have been kicked out of Manhattan after she had a row with a criminal acquaintance, Gallus Mag, which resulted in the loss of part of her ear.
In the spring of 1869, Sadie joined the Charles Street gang and became its leader after hijacking a moored sloop on a bet. Farrell and her new crew, under the black flag, sailed the Hudson and Harlem rivers with the Jolly Roger, looting the farm estates and mansions of the rich along the banks along the way, and sometimes kidnapping people for ransom.
By the end of the summer, such a fishery became too risky, as farmers began to defend their holdings, firing at the approaching sloop without warning. Sadie Farrell was forced to return to Manhattan and make up with Gallus Mag. She returned her a piece of ear, which she kept for posterity in a jar with a special solution. Sadie, since then known as the "Queen of the Port," placed him in a locket, which she did not part with for the rest of her life.
Illyrian queen Teuta
After Teuta's husband, the Illyrian king Agron, died in 231 BC, she took over as her stepson Pinnes was still too young. In the first four years of his reign over the Ardiei tribe, which lived on the territory of modern Balkan Peninsula, Teuta encouraged piracy as a means of fighting Illyria's powerful neighbors. Adriatic sea robbers not only plundered Roman merchant ships, but also helped the queen to recapture a number of settlements, including Dyrrachium, and Phenicia. Over time, they expanded their influence into the Ionian Sea, terrorizing the trade routes of Greece and Italy.
In 229 BC, the Romans sent ambassadors to Teuta, who expressed dissatisfaction with the scale of the Adriatic pirates and urged her to influence her subjects. The queen scoffed at their requests, claiming that piracy, according to Illyrian views, was a legitimate craft. How the Roman ambassadors reacted to this is unknown, but, apparently, not very politely, since after meeting with Teuta one of them was killed, and the other was sent to prison. This was the reason for the start of the war between Rome and Illyria, which lasted for two years. Teuta was forced to admit defeat and make peace on extremely unfavorable terms. Ardiei pledged to pay a burdensome tribute to Rome annually.
Teuta continued to oppose Roman rule, for which she lost her throne. There is no information about her further fate in history.
Jacotte Delaye
Jacotte Delaye was born in the 17th century to a French and a Haitian family. Her mother died in childbirth. After Jacotte's father was killed, she was left alone with her younger brother, who suffered from mental retardation. This forced the red-haired girl to take up the pirate trade.
In the 1660s, Jacotte had to fake his own death in order to escape the pursuit of government forces. She lived for several years under male name... When everything calmed down, Jacotte returned to her previous activities, taking the nickname "Red-haired, returned from the other world."
Breton lioness
Jeanne de Clisson was the wife of a wealthy nobleman, Olivier III de Clisson. They lived happily, raising five children, but when the war broke out between England and France, her husband was accused of high treason and executed by beheading. Jeanne vowed to take revenge on King Philip VI of France.
The widow de Clisson sold all of her land in order to buy three warships, which she christened the Black Fleet. Their crew consisted of merciless and cruel corsairs. Between 1343 and 1356, they attacked ships french kingsailing across the English Channel killed crew members and beheaded with an ax all aristocrats who had the misfortune of being on board.
Jeanne de Clisson hunted by sea robbery for 13 years, after which she settled in England and married Sir Walter Bentley, lieutenant of the army of the English king Edward III. She later returned to France, where she died in 1359.
Anne Dieu-le-Voeux
Frenchwoman Anne Dieu-le-Vieux, whose surname translates as "God wants it", had a stubborn and strong character. She arrived on the island of Tortuga in the Caribbean in the late 60s or early 70s of the 17th century. Here she became a mother and a widow twice. Ironically, Ann's third spouse was the man who killed her second husband. Dieu-le-Vieux challenged Laurence de Graaff to a duel to avenge the death of her late lover. The Dutch pirate was so mesmerized by Ann's courage that he refused to shoot and offered her his hand and heart. They got married on July 26, 1693, and they had two children.
After her marriage, Dieu-le-Vieux set out on the high seas with her newly-made husband. Most of his crew members believed that the presence of a woman on the ship boded bad luck. The lovers themselves laughed at this superstition. How the story of their love ended, no one knows for sure.
According to one version, Anne Dieu-le-Vueu became the captain of de Graaff's ship after he was killed in the explosion of a cannonball. Some historians suggest that the couple fled to Mississippi in 1698, where they may have continued to engage in piracy.
Saida Al-Hurra
A contemporary and ally of the Turkish corsair Barbarossa, Saida Al-Hurra became the last queen of Tetouan (Morocco); she inherited power after the death of her husband in 1515. Her real name is unknown. “Saida Al-Khurra” in Russian can be roughly translated as “noble lady, free and independent; a woman overlord who does not recognize any power over herself. "
Saida al-Hurra ruled Tetuan from 1515 to 1542, controlling the western Mediterranean with his pirate fleet, while Barbarossa terrorized the eastern. Al-Hurrah decided to engage in piracy in order to take revenge on the "Christian enemies" who, in 1492 (after the conquest of Castile Granada by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I), forced her family to flee the city.
At the height of her power, Al-Hurrah married the king of Morocco, but refused to give him the reins of government of Tetuan. In 1542, Saidu was overthrown by her stepson. She lost all power and property; nothing is known about her further fate. She is believed to have died in poverty.
Grace O "Mail"Bald Graine "
Grace was also called the "queen of pirates" and "the witch from Rockfleet" ... ABOUTit would be impossible for this woman to write shortly))) everything in her life was so interesting and confusing. Dumas smokes nervously. She was so famous that Queen Elizabeth I of England herself met her.
Grace was born about 1530 in Ireland, in the family of the chief of the O'Malley clan Owen Dubdara (Umall-Uakhtar). According to legend, she “went bald” by cutting off her hair in response to her father's remark that a woman on the ship is a bad omen, and after her father's death she defeated her brother Indulf in a knife battle, becoming a leader.
Marrying the Tanist O'Flaherty, Domhnall the Warlike, Granual became the head of her husband's flotilla. Three children were born in the marriage - Owen, Murrow and Margaret.
In 1560 Domhnall was killed, and Granual with two hundred volunteers went to the Isle of Clare. Here she (continuing her pirate activity) fell in love with the aristocrat Hugh de Lacy, who, however, was killed by the hostile MacMagon clan. Granual, in response to this murder, took their fortress and killed the entire clan.
A year later, she announced a divorce and did not return the lock; however, she managed to give birth to a son, Tibbot, in this marriage. According to legend, on the second day after giving birth, her ship was attacked by Algerian pirates, and Granual encouraged her people to fight, declaring that giving birth was worse than fighting. Considering that men won't have to give birth anyway, it's a dubious motivation. Apparently female logic was the most logical then ...
Gradually capturing the entire coast of Mayo, except for Rockfleet Castle, Granual married (according to Irish tradition, in the format of a "trial marriage" for a year) to Iron Richard of the Berke clan.
There were also defeats in Grania's life; one day the British took her prisoner and placed her in Dublin Castle. Somehow the pirate managed to escape, and on the way back she tried to spend the night in Howth. She was not allowed; The next morning, she kidnapped the burgomaster's son, who had gone out to hunt, and released him free of charge, but with the condition that the doors of the city were to be open for everyone looking for an overnight stay, and there should be room for them at every table.
Queen Elizabeth twice hosted her and wanted to involve her in her service. For the first time, at the entrance, the hidden dagger was taken away from Grace and Elizabeth was very worried about the fact of its presence. Then Grace refused to bow before the queen because she "did not recognize her as the queen of Ireland."
When Grace kissed the snuff-box, one of the noble ladies handed her a handkerchief. Using it for its intended purpose, that is, blowing her nose, she threw the handkerchief into the nearest fireplace. Responding to Elizabeth's amazed look, Grace stated that they once had a used scarf thrown away in Ireland.
This meeting was captured in an engraving, the only lifetime depiction of a pirate; even the color of her hair is unknown, which was traditionally considered black, according to her father's nickname, but in one of the poems called red. Why was her name bald the story is silent.
The Pirate Queen died one year with the Queen of England - in 1603.
Zheng Shi
Zheng Shi became known as the most ruthless sea robber in history. Before meeting the famous Chinese pirate Zheng Yi, she made a living as a prostitute. In 1801, the lovers got married. The fleet And was enormous; it consisted of 300 ships and about 30 thousand corsairs.
Zheng Yi died on November 16, 1807. His fleet passed into the hands of his wife, Zheng Shi ("Zheng's widow"). Zhang Bao, the son of a fisherman, who was abducted and adopted by Yi, helped her all to manage. They turned out to be a great team. By 1810, the fleet consisted of 1,800 ships and 80,000 crew members. Zheng Shi's courts were subject to tough laws. Whoever violated them paid for it with his own head. In 1810, Zheng Shi's fleet and authority weakened, and she was forced to conclude a truce with the emperor and go over to the side of the authorities.
Zheng Shi became the most successful and wealthy sea robber of all time. She died at the age of 69.
Madame Shan Wong
200 years after the death of the first Chinese "queen of pirates" in the same waters where her flotillas were robbed, a quite worthy successor of her cause appeared, rightfully winning the same title. A former Cantonese nightclub dancer named Shang, best known as China's most seductive diva, she married at least famous person... His name was Wong Kungkim, he was the largest pirate chieftain in Southeast Asia, who began to rob merchant ships in 1940.
His wife, Madame Wong, as her friends and foes called her, was the pirate's faithful friend and intelligent assistant in all his operations. But in 1946, Wong Kungkit died. The story of his death is mysterious, it is believed that the pirate's competitors are to blame. When, in the end, two of Wong Kungkit's closest assistants came to the widow, so that she, purely formally (since everything had already been decided by these two), would approve the candidate they named for the post of head of the corporation. “Unfortunately, there are two of you,” Madame replied, without looking up from the toilet, “and the firm needs one head ...” After these words, Madame turned abruptly, and the men saw that she was holding a revolver in each hand. This is how Madame Wong's "coronation" took place, because after this incident there were no hunters to talk with her about power in the corporation.
Since then, her power over pirates has been undeniable. Her first independent operation was an attack on the Dutch steamship Van Hoyz, which was boarded at night at anchorage. In addition to seizing the cargo, everyone on board was robbed. The production of Madame Wong amounted to more than 400 thousand pounds. She herself rarely took part in the raids and in such cases was always masked.
The coastal police, knowing that a woman named Madame Wong was in charge of the pirates, could not publish her portrait, which made it impossible to capture her. It was announced that a prize of 10 thousand pounds was assigned for her photograph, and whoever captures or kills Madame Wong can name the amount of the award, and the authorities of Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and the Philippines guarantee him the payment of such an amount.
And one day, the chief of the Singapore police received a package with photographs, which said that they were related to Madame Wong. These were photographs of two Chinese men cut into pieces. The caption read: They wanted to photograph Madame Wong.
That's almost all ...
The theme of beautiful women among pirates is celebrated in cinematography ... and every year it will only gain popularity.
Pictures (C) on the Internet. If they are highly artistic and colored, then they have nothing to do with the described pirate. I apologize to them and to you, I'm sure they looked more impressive in real life ...