A. Kudryavtsev
“We go further and see: whole rivers of blood flow into the sea, and the sea is red with blood. I was horrified with fear and again asked the wonderful old man: "Why is this so much blood shed?" He looked again and said to me: "This is Christian blood."
(Dream of St. John of Kronstadt)
IN MARCH 1917, THE SO-CALLED "UPRISING" OF THE MATROSS HAPPENED, SUCCESSFUL THE DEATH OF MANY RUSSIAN OFFICERS.
After 1917, Kronstadt became truly the Golgotha \u200b\u200bof the Russian fleet and officers, and later the place of the martyrdom of thousands of Petersburgers of all classes: military, clergy, officials, noblemen, merchants and bourgeoisie, simply believing Orthodox Christians who did not recognize the lies of the revolution and were brought here for execution and execution.
It all began with an uprising of sailors, supported by the leaders of the revolution in March 1917 from Petrograd. At night, the mutinous crews began to rush into the officers' cabins asking if they would recognize the Provisional Government? If "no" - "enemy of the people", at best, arrest, and then - bayonet blow.
“At the same time, wild, furious bands of sailors, soldiers and mobs with brutal faces and a thirst for blood, armed with anything at all, rushed through the city streets. First of all, the prisoners were released, and then, joining with them, began the extermination of the hated authorities.
The first victim of this insatiable rage was Admiral R.N.Viren (1856-1917), the chief commander and military governor of Kronstadt, a straightforward, domineering and brave man by nature, but infinitely strict and demanding. When the crowd approached the house of the chief commander, Admiral Viren, hearing a noise and a cry, opened the door himself and, seeing the sailors, swiftly flung it wide open. The crowd roared at the admiral, dragged him down and dragged him through the streets. The sailors hooted, ran up to Admiral Viren, spat in his face and shouted with commonplace abuse.
The crowd was dressed in the most fantastic costumes: some in sheepskin coats turned out with wool, some in officer's coats, some with sabers, some in prison robes. At night, by the light of torches, this procession had a very eerie appearance, as if the demons were celebrating their hellish holiday. Civilians, seeing this procession, shied away in horror.
In the midst of this crowd was the admiral. He was covered in blood. Crippled, barely moving his legs, every now and then, falling, the martyr slowly moved towards fierce death. Not a groan escaped his chest, which infuriated the crowd even more. Fed up with the torment of the victim, the executioners finally finished it off at Anchor Square, and threw the body into a ravine. It lay there for a long time, since it was forbidden to bury it. "
The next day, for refusing to change the sovereign at the monument to Admiral Makarov, the chief of staff of the port, Rear Admiral A.G. Butakov (1861-1917), was brutally killed, the commander of the 1st Baltic naval crew, Major General N.V. Stronsky (1863-1917) , the commander of the training ship "Emperor Alexander II" Captain I rank NI Povalishin (1867-1917). Senior Lieutenant N. N. Ivkov (1885-1917), who was sailing on the training ship "Africa", was lowered alive by the crew under the ice. All night the killers scoured the apartments, robbed and dragged the officers out to deal with them. Among the killed were: Captains I rank K.I.Stepanov and G.P. Pekarsky, captains II rank A.M. Basov and V.I.Sokhachevsky, senior lieutenants V.V. Budkevich, V.K. Ballas and a midshipman BD Viskovatov, other officers of the Admiralty, second lieutenants and warrant officers.
This is how the place where the officers were shot looks now. 2010
According to the recollections of eyewitnesses, “the brutal beating of officers in Kronstadt was accompanied by the fact that people were covered with hay, and, doused with kerosene, burned; they put alive in the coffins together with the shot, they shot fathers in front of their sons. "
An uprising of sailors began from the barracks of the 1st serf infantry regiment on Pavlovskaya Street. The rioters were resisted by policemen, gendarmes, some officers and young students of the Naval Engineering School of Emperor Nicholas I on Pomorskaya Street. Together with the valiant officers of the Russian fleet, they gave their lives for their Tsar, Motherland and Faith ... In total, more than 40 people died in Kronstadt these days.
The same terrible events took place in Helsinfors. Captain 2nd rank G.K. Graf, "Novik" testifies:
“Can you imagine what the relatives and friends of the unfortunate officers were going through during these terrible hours! After all, they were connected with the fleet by the closest ties, the most precious thing they had in life: their husbands, fathers, sons and brothers were there ...
Rumors of a riot on ships quickly spread throughout the city; of course, everything was transmitted in a highly exaggerated form. By this time, indiscriminate rifle shooting began on the streets, wild screams began to be heard, and now and then cars rushed at a frantic speed. These cars, crowded with armed rabble, cutting through the air with eerie lingering honks, made everyone numb with horror. In the imaginations of the families of the officers, unwittingly, gloomy, hopeless pictures began to appear. It seemed that everything was lost and none of the officers would survive ...
Phones rattled incessantly. Acquaintances asked each other if there was at least some information, and passed on to each other everything that they could hear. These conversations were even more disturbing, even more confusing. It was difficult to figure out what was true and what was fiction.
All of a sudden, the phones stop working. By someone's order, they are all turned off. Excitement and anxiety reach their climax. Nobody even thinks about sleep. Everyone is tormented by thoughts of what is happening there, in the port and in the roadstead. Are those who are so infinitely close and dear still alive? Careful so as not to be noticed and so as not to fall under stray bullets, wives, mothers and children from time to time flying into rooms with a ringing sound do not leave the windows, peering into the darkness.
Some time later, from the hospital, where they began to bring the wounded and the bodies of the killed officers, some families were told that among those brought there were people close to them. In the first minutes, the unfortunate women completely lost all ability to think and, like mad, rushed back and forth ... Moans, women's sobs and children's crying merged into one unrestrained explosion of despair. Is that really true? After all, he was here only a few hours ago. Why could they have killed him when they loved him so much on the ship? ...
All in tears, whatever they got, the unfortunate women run there, to the hospital, to the dead ... Still, somewhere, in the recesses of their souls, they have a small hope that maybe this is not him, this is mistake...
Here they are - in the dead. God, what horror! .. How many tormented corpses! .. They are all thrown somehow, right on the floor, dumped into one common terrible pile. All are familiar faces ... The glazed eyes of the dead gaze blankly. They are now indifferent to everything, they are already far from the souls of the experienced torment ...
“These are the ones that came from great sorrow; they washed their clothes and made them white with the blood of the Lamb. For this they are now before the Throne of God ... "
The bodies are not allowed. They are guarded by some kind of humanoid animals. With commonplace abuse, they drive out the wives and mothers who have come, and mock the dead in front of them.
What to do? From whom to seek help, protection? .. Who will give them even these mutilated corpses? Perhaps they will be moved to the new, revolutionary authorities ... Hurry - there! But there they are met only with new insults and mocking laughter. It seems that Satan himself laughs in the face of the representatives of the coming, already not far-off Ham ...
Dawn is dawning, and it seems that ominous vibes of accomplished atrocities are hovering in its darkness. The nightmares of the previous night arise with renewed vigor, and a searing wave of despair again fills the inconsolable souls.
The day is coming. The streets are full of noise, shouts, gunfire. A crimson sun rises over Helsingfors, a sun of blood. Damn night! Damn morning! .. "
No one in power (AI Nepepin seriously hoped for a possible return of the sovereign to the throne after the revolution and war) was able to either foresee or prevent the coming events. Russia paid for the consequences of social ignorance of society and the insane actions of the emperor.
The beautiful-minded government of Prince G.E. Lvova (1861-1925, in exile) for some reason imagined that the robbed and humiliated people at the mere word "democracy" would turn into law-abiding citizens. The next, subordinate to an exclusively selfish desire to stay in power, was no better, the rule of the minister of the chairman, and then of the military and naval minister A.F. Kerensky (1881-1970). It was their fault that the anarchy of power was steadily growing in Russia, and the disintegration of the army and navy was especially rapid.
And already on August 5, the manager of the Naval Ministry appointed by Kerensky, a former political emigrant V.I. Lebedev, by order of the fleet No. 504, was to state the fact of the complete decomposition of the battery command about. Oland, who arrived for review to the manager and commander of the fleet, showed herself, as follows from the content of the order, a bunch of vagabonds, and not military unit... Revolutionary sentiments spread throughout all ships, and a collection of documents "Baltic sailors in the preparation and conduct of the Great October Socialist Revolution", M.-L., 1957 remains convincing confirmation of this. In it "Bayan" and "Admiral Makarov" are mentioned on 9 and 17 pages. However, they do not contain the most significant resolutions for the dignity of the fleet, adopted by the crew of the cruiser "Admiral Makarov". From the documents that have not yet been made public, it follows that as early as March 23, 1917, the command of the cruiser "Admiral Makarov" announced its decisive defensive position.
It is significant that among the few ships on the Makarov, officers were repeatedly elected as chairpersons general meeting teams. So, on June 4, 1917, Lieutenant N.G. Mazurov (1893-?) Presided over the meeting, which adopted a resolution urging the fleet to unite. The decision of the general meeting of June 21, 1917, which did not allow the assignment of teams of volunteers sent to the army by Tsentrobalt, was at its disposal. chaired by Lieutenant S.L. Brusilov. (1887-?). It said, in particular: referring to the comrades who were operating at the front in the Shock Groups, the cruiser's team urged them to fulfill their duty to their homeland. "We will support you from the sea and will do the work for you on the ship ourselves. Makarov will always be where it is necessary," he will protect the fatherland at the cost of his life, "the decree said. (RGA Navy, f. 481, op 1, d. 66, l. 42).
Initially, an elite selection of officers, of whom during the war on the ship, at least three were the sons of the most prominent admirals by the beginning of the century, and one was the son of General Georgy Nikolaevich Mazurov (1867-1918), who distinguished himself at the front, to a large extent should have, probably to affect the mood and spirit of his team and officers. This allowed the ship to largely preserve and not completely destroy its soul.
On June 22, a new crew meeting reaffirmed its "complete contempt for faint-hearted people and to those harmful elements who seek to undermine the mighty strength of the navy and army by their calls for an immediate armistice, fraternization and desertion. Considering that only a decisive offensive in close unity with the allies can accelerate the end of the war, the crew declared their ship a "ship of death", ready at any moment to fulfill their duty to the Motherland and die with honor for it. The resolution of the general meeting with the signatures of each of the 519 sailors and officers on the ship was signed by the chairman of the meeting Wilken (Oskar Viktorovich, 1893-1933, Copenhagen), who had just been promoted to lieutenant, and the secretary (apparently from the sailors) Osipov. (RGA Navy, f. 481, he 1, d. 66, l. 42).
The mood was the same on "Bayan", where, as F.F. Raskolnikov, his delegation of Kronstadt Bolsheviks, who had arrived with agitation against the war and for fraternization with the Germans, were going to be thrown overboard by the sailors without much ado (p. 109). The ships also reacted with restraint to Tsentrobalt's insistence on the elective beginning of the command staff. "Admiral Makarov" was against this innovation. "Bayan" agreed to the appointment, but retaining the right of withdrawal for the team.
In the days of the "mutiny" provoked by Kerensky, General L.G. Kornilov (1870-1918), who, as is now clear, tried to use the last historical chance to prevent civil war, the crews of both cruisers adopted anti-Kornilov resolutions. Having betrayed Kornilov, the "Commander-in-Chief" with his demagogy managed to deceive even the officers of the headquarters of the Fleet Commander. "Kerensky's declaration seems to me more truthful", - wrote in the diary of I.I. Rengarten 28 August 1917 "We have telegrams from Klembovskiy and other generals, commanders-in-chief of the fronts - everyone supports Kornilov," he wrote down on the same day. And, nevertheless, due to naval snobbery in relation to the "land" or some other incomprehensible "eclipse" Following Rengarten, the rest of the staff of Prince M.B. Cherkassky (1882-1919, Petliurites), F.Yu.Dovkont (1884-1988, Buenos Aires), the head of the communications service P.A.Novopaschenny (1921-1950) were unable to make the right decision, everyone was opposed to L.G. Kornilov's speech.And only on July 7, Rear Admiral A.V. Razvozov (1879-1920), appointed commander of the fleet, agreed with them. Emergency dispatches of directives to support Kerensky and oppose orders began L.G. Kornilova.
And it was an unforgivable, fatal mistake, concealing in itself the death of the fleet and all of Russia.
On "Bayan" commander S.N. Timirev managed to convince the sailors and completely abandon the requirements for officers to take a secondary oath (against Kornilov) to the provisional government. The commander of "Admiral Makarov" also managed to defend his officers from reprisals. Two cruisers, according to S.N. Timirev, to the greatest extent retained the remnants of the former discipline.
It was not the same on other ships. Regardless of the officers, the sailors continued to hold rallies every day about the transfer of power to the Soviets. A similar resolution on the readiness, at the first request of the Council, to send such a number of armed forces "as Tsentrobalt will indicate to us," committee "Admiral Makarov".
In addition to the killings, arrests and expulsion of officers, the appointment of commissioners at headquarters and commanders was added to control the operational unit and secret correspondence.
But no one still could have guessed to what extent cruel tests still lay ahead for the fleet and all of Russia.
Gloomy Soviet torture chamber
As the revolution deepened, Kronstadt turned into a gloomy Soviet torture chamber. Here in 1918-1920. arrested officers, clergy, representatives of all estates of the former capital of Russia were delivered on barges. They were kept in Kronstadt prisons, in one of which the local GPU was housed under the Bolsheviks. There is evidence of executions of officers and clergy in Kronstadt, 400-500 people were shot and buried in the courtyard of the former civil prison, many were flooded on barges behind the Tolbukhin lighthouse. Executions were carried out in the western part of the island, behind the cemetery, at the training ground, on the seashore - in the remote areas of Kotlin, from where they were evicted localsso that there are no direct witnesses to these murders.
During the 1921 uprising, known as the Kronstadt mutiny, new sacrifices were again made in Kronstadt. It is natural that those who initiated the 1917 uprising were already under the flywheel of the bloody machine of the Bolshevik repressions. Thousands and thousands died in 1921.
Kronstadters were shot in the vicinity of Petrograd after the defeat
uprisings, many were transported to camps throughout the country: they found their last refuge at the Sea Range, near Gatchina, near Martyshkino and Oranienbaum, near Tula, Kaluga, in the North. Among the dead were six priests.
In 1994, in Kronstadt, near the Naval Cathedral, Bishop Simon of Tikhvin consecrated the foundation stone of the monument to the sailors who died during the Kronstadt uprising of 1921. At the same time, a memorial service was served for “those killed, slandered before God and people by adversaries, who died in camps and exile”. But, neither this monument, nor the monument or cross to the Kronstadt martyrs killed in 1917, 1918, 1919 and 1920 is still missing ...
Curriculum Vitae.
Robert Nikolaevich Viren was born on December 25, 1856 in the family of a history teacher at the Novgorod gymnasium. From 1874 to 1877 he studied at the Naval School, from which he graduated as a midshipman. In 1878 he was promoted to the rank of midshipman. Then he was trained in the Mine Officer class and at the Course of Naval Sciences at the Nikolaev Academy with the qualification of a 1st class mine officer. In the Baltic Fleet, he commanded the mine cruiser Posadnik, the training ship Verny, the coastal defense battleship Strelets, and taught minecraft to Grand Duke Georgy Alexandrovich. In 1902-1904 on Far East in the squadron The Pacific in the rank of captain I rank commanded the cruiser Bayan. He took an active part in military operations at sea in 1904. He was wounded in the legs and wounded. At the end of August 1904, he was appointed commander of a separate detachment of battleships and cruisers of Port Arthur with the title of Rear Admiral. For participating in the defense of the fortress awarded the order St. George of the 4th degree and the Golden Saber “For Bravery”. On the evening of December 19, 1904, on the last day before the surrender of Port Arthur to the Japanese, Viren gave the order to blow up the ships of the squadron that remained afloat and destroy warehouses and port facilities. After the surrender of the fortress, he was captured. With the end of the war, he returned to Russia and from 1906 he consecutively served as the junior flagship of the Black Sea Fleet Division, head of the Training and Artillery Detachment Baltic Fleet, the main commander Black Sea Fleet and ports of the Black Sea. He contributed to the restoration of the fighting efficiency of the forces of the fleet after the revolutionary upheavals of 1905-1907. In 1908-1909 he was a member of the Admiralty Council. Since 1909, with the rank of vice admiral, he is the commander of the Kronstadt port and the military governor of Kronstadt. He strove to maintain strict order and discipline in the city and fortress, improve the quality of training specialists for the fleet, but was overly exacting and picky. He established an unreasonably strict regime in Kronstadt. Since 1915 - Admiral. In 1916, for personal courage in preventing a fire and explosion of the powder magazines of the Petrovsky Fort in Kronstadt, he was presented to the Order of St. George, 3rd degree.
March 1, 1917 after the announcement on the ships and in the garrison of Kronstadt about the transfer of power to the Provisional Committee State Duma in the city, sailor riots broke out, accompanied by reprisals against the officers. One of the first victims of these events was R.N. Viren. They took him half-dressed out of the apartment and into the street. Mocking and beating the admiral, the sailors brought Viren to the Anchor Square of Kronstadt, where he was stabbed with bayonets and thrown into a ravine.
List of naval officers
"For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland" perished
at the hands of the rioters in March 1917.
Adrian (Andrian) Ivanovich Nepenin, Vice Admiral, Commander of the Baltic Fleet
Robert Nikolaevich Viren, Admiral, Military Governor of Kronstadt
Alexander Grigorievich Butakov, Rear Admiral, Chief of Staff of the Kronstadt Port,
Grigory Ivanovich Butakov, Rear Admiral, former. commander of the cruiser "Aurora"
Arkady Konstantinovich Nebolsin, Rear Admiral, Chief of the 2nd Brie. lin. Ships
Nikolay Gotlibovich Rein, Rear Admiral, Head of the Training Mine Detachment of the Baltic Fleet
Alexander Konstantinovich Girs, Major General for the Admiralty
Vladimir Konstantinovich Girs Vice Admiral (executed by the Petrograd Cheka in 1918)
Veniamin Nikolaevich Protopopov, Lieutenant General of the Fleet, Commander of the Sveaborg Port
Nikolai Vasilievich Stronsky, Major General Commander of the 1st Baltic Fleet. crew,
Nikolay Ivanovich Povalishin, Captain 1st Rank, Com. lin. ship "Emperor Alexander II"
Konstantin Ivanovich Stepanov, captain I rank, head of the Jung School in Kronstadt
Nikolay Nikolaevich Ivkov, senior lieutenant, commander of the training ship "Africa"
Mikhail Ilyich Nikolsky, captain 1st rank, commander of the cruiser "Aurora"
Vasily Alexandrovich Yanovsky, Captain 1st Rank
Yuri Petrovich Pekarsky, captain 1st rank, pom. head of the machine school Balt. fleet
Kirill Gildebrant, captain 2nd rank, commander of the minesweeper "Explosion"
Mikhail Polivanov, captain 2nd rank, commander of the destroyer "Ussuriets"
Lev Konstantinovich Lvov, Captain 2nd Rank,
Alexander Matveevich Basov, Captain 2nd Rank
Vladimir Illarionovich Sokhachevsky, Captain 2nd Rank, Art. officer of the training ship "Ocean"
Nikolai Konstantinovich Lvov, senior lieutenant - commander of the destroyer "218"
Nikolai Kulibin, senior lieutenant, commander of the "Podvizhniy" minesweeper (died in hospital)
Boris Dmitrievich Viskovatov, midshipman
According to M. Bespyatkin, an employee of the Central Naval Museum, the total number of casualties among officers only in the events of March 1-4, 1917 in the Baltic Fleet reaches 95 people, including 45 in Helsingfors, 40 in Kronstadt, 5 in Revel, and Petrograd - 4. Missing 11 and 4 officers committed suicide. In addition, more than 20 conductors were killed. The list of 80 names of those killed in February-March in Helsingfors and Kronstadt was published in the maritime information bulletin "Andreevsky Flag", No. 3-4 for 1992. In addition, over 600 people were arrested. Many of those arrested were held hostage in prisons until 1918, and then were shot or drowned in barges in the Gulf of Finland during the "Red Terror".
On March 3, 2010 at 14.00, a memorial service for naval officers who died in the first days of the so-called Kronstadt was held near the Nikolaev Naval Cathedral. "February revolution". The funeral service was organized by the ROVS, a group of historians from St. Petersburg, as well as several officers of the Baltic Fleet. The requiem was served at the very place where the massacre of the Baltic sailors intoxicated by the revolution over their officers took place. After the end of the funeral service, the chairman of the ROVS announced the list of admirals and officers who died in Kronstadt, Helsingfors and St. us today.
At the end of the funeral service, all those present at it went to the apartment of the Holy Righteous Fr. John of Kronstadt, where they examined the exposition of the museum-apartment of the great Russian righteous man.
References:
1. Count GK On "Novik". Baltic Fleet in War and Revolution. - SPb .: Gangut, 1997.
2. "Victims of celestial malice." Eternal Call № 03 (125) March 2009
Viren Alexander Nikolaevich
(1909) in 1909, lieutenant colonel early. companies. military prison institutions [Obsh.sp.ofits. for 1909. See section]Viren Alexey Robertovich
(1918, - 1975.08.26 in New York) Separate midshipmen classes (graduated in 1918, did not graduate) School of Naval Aviation. Wartime midshipman. In emigration to Spain (Bolear Islands), then to the USA, on 1944.01.31 and 1949.01.20 he was a member of the Society of Former Russian Naval Officers in America. Mind. 1975.08.26 in New York [Volkov S.V. Fleet officers ... M., 2004]Viren Alfred
(1879) graduated as a cadet in 1879 of the Mikhailovsky military schoolViren Boris Ivanovich
(1891, Revel --- 1937.12.25) Russian, b / p, Rostoblzdravotdel, head of financial control, resident: Rostov-on-Don, Voroshilovsky pr., 54/101, apt. 106 Arrest: 1937.09.30 Conviction. 1937.12.17 troika at the UNKVD. Shot. 1937.12.25 [Book of memory of the Rostov region.]Vera Fyodorovna Viren
(ur.Levis) (1896 -, 1927) daughter of the collegiate secretary ~ William. Edward Viren, divorced the marriage in 1927.05.21 in Feodosia) [Volkov S.V. Fleet officers ... M., 2004]Viren William Eduardovich
von (1894-1956.11.23, Stockholm) Marine Corps 1914. Lieutenant. In exile in Latvia, 1933-1934 champion in iceboat in Riga, then in Sweden. Mind. 1956.11.23 in Stockholm. Wife Vera Fedorovna (ur. Lewis, daughter of a collegiate secretary, b. 1896, divorced the marriage in 1927.05.21 in Feodosia) [Volkov S.V. Fleet officers ... M., 2004]Viren Vladimir Viktorovich
(1893, Finland, Tovasgusta -, 1938) Finn (kven) head of the sanitary department of AKVF, resident: Khabarovsk. Arrest: 1938.06.19 Conviction. 1939.11.17 OS under the NKVD of the USSR. Obv. under Art. 58-1b of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. Sentence: 8 years in labor camp Reab. 1965.03.12 According to the definition of the Military Tribunal of the Far Eastern Military District, grounds: in the absence of corpus delicti. [Memory book of the Khabarovsk Territory]Viren Georgy R.
(1895 -, 1914) Marine Corps 1914. Warrant Officer. In exile in the USA (in New York) on 1944.01.31 and 1949.01.20 he was a member of the Society of Former Russian Naval Officers in America. [Volkov S.V. Fleet officers ... M., 2004]Viren Nikolay Robertovich
(1886.12.05-1943.09.02, † Lordship, Connecticut) Marine Corps 1907 (officer 1908) Senior Lieutenant. In the Volunteer Army, until 1918/11/15 on an armored train. In emigration to the USA (1933-1937 in New York) 1925-1927 Chairman of the Society of Former Russian Naval Officers in America. Mind. 1943.09.02 (buried in Lordship, Connecticut) [Volkov S.V. Fleet officers ... M., 2004]Viren Eduard Nnkolaevich
von (1909) in 1909, captain in 1909 of the Separate Corps of the Burial GuardsViren Robert Nikolaevich
(1856.12.25-1917.03.01, Kronstadt) Admiral (1915.03.22). The son of a history teacher (then director) of the Omsk gymnasium. Educated at the Naval School (1877), the Mine Officer class (1884) and the Nikolaev Naval Academy (1899). He served in the Baltic, in 1885 on the battleship and battleship of coastal defense. 1891.11.01-1894.04.17 taught mine engineering to the Grand Duke Georgy Alexandrovich. From 1894.04.17 senior officer of the frigate, from 1896.05.14 com. destroyer cruiser. 1897.03.31 appointed senior clerk of the Main Naval Staff. From 1898.08.02 com. training ship, from 1899.03.13 a coastal defense battleship. Since 1900.09.20 the flag-captain of the coastal headquarters of the senior flagship. Since 1901 com. cruisers. Participant of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-05. From 1904.07.28 the flag-captain of Admiral Prince Ukhtomsky, in 1904.08. commanded a separate detachment of ships, and from 1904.11.01 a separate detachment of battleships and cruisers in Port Arthur. Among other officers who defended Port Arthur, in 1904 he was captured by the Japanese. In 1904.06. rewarding. Order of St. George, 4th degree. Upon his return from captivity in 1906.06.26 he was appointed junior flagship of the Black Sea. From 1906.10.02 early. educational art. detachment of the Baltic Fleet. In 1907 V. was appointed as id. the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet, in 1908 he was introduced to the Admiralty Council. From 1909.02.16 the main room. Port of Kronstadt and the military governor of Kronstadt. He strove to maintain strict order and discipline, improved the training of fleet specialists. Stabbed to death with bayonets on the Kronstadt Anchor Square in the morning of 1917.03.01.Viren Robert Eduardovich
von (1891, Revel - 1953.03.23, Bonn) Marine Corps 1912. Lieutenant of the Black Sea Fleet. In the Volunteer Army, 1918.08. on an armored train, after 1918.10. on an armored train, from 1919.03. in the Caspian flotilla: 1919.04. on, 15 July - 1919.09.22 commander gunboat, 1919.09.18 seriously wounded, in 1920 the commander of a gunboat. 1920.11.21 commander of a gunboat. Senior Lieutenant (1919.11.30, st. 1918.10.14) Ord. St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. Evacuated with the fleet to Bizerte. On 1921.03.25 as part of the Russian squadron in Bizerte, until 1923.03. gunboat commander, Apr. - 1923.11. on a destroyer, enlisted in squadron headquarters, Mar. - June 1924 on a training ship. In exile in France, from 1935 in Estonia (in Tallinn) from 1940 in Germany, he served in the German army. Mind. 1953.03.23 in Bonn. [Volkov S.V. Fleet officers ... M., 2004]Robert Nikolaevich Viren (January 6 - March 14) - Russian admiral (March 1, 1915), from April 8, 1907 to 1908, served as the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet.
Biography
Born into a noble family; besides Robert, she had five sons and four daughters. Father, Nikolai Ivanovich Viren, taught history at the Novgorod gymnasium, and later was the director of the Omsk teacher's seminary.
Upon his return from captivity, he was appointed junior flagship of the Black Sea Fleet Division (1906), then chief of the training and artillery detachment of the Baltic Fleet (1906-1907), acting as chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and Black Sea ports (1907-1908).
Awards
For his many years of service, R.N.Viren was awarded the highest russian orders up to the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree, inclusive, he was also a holder of many foreign orders.
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Notes
Sources
- on the Chronos website
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Commanders of the White Black Sea Fleet 
Commanders of the Ukrainian fleet (1917-1919)An excerpt characterizing Viren, Robert Nikolaevich
“I don’t ... please, your Excellency,” Prince Andrew said quietly. Arakcheev's eyes turned to him.- Sit down, - said Arakcheev, - Prince Bolkonsky?
“I’m not asking for anything, but the Emperor has deigned to forward the note I submitted to your Excellency ...
“If you please see, my dearest, I read your note,” Arakcheev interrupted, only saying the first words kindly, again without looking into his face and falling more and more into a grumbling contemptuous tone. - Do you propose new military laws? There are many laws, no one to fulfill the old ones. Nowadays all laws are written, it is easier to write than to do.
- I came at the behest of the Emperor to ask your Excellency, what move do you propose to give the submitted note? Said Prince Andrey politely.
- I put a resolution on your note and sent it to the committee. I do not approve, - said Arakcheev, getting up and taking paper from the writing table. - Here! - he gave to Prince Andrew.
On the paper across it, in pencil, without capital letters, without spelling, without punctuation marks, it was written: "it was unjustifiably composed before as an imitation copied from the French military regulations and from the military article without the need to retreat."
- To which committee was the note transferred? - asked Prince Andrey.
- To the committee on the military regulations, and I have presented the enrollment of your honor as a member. Only without a salary.
Prince Andrew smiled.
“I don’t want to.
“Without a salary as a member,” Arakcheev repeated. - I have the honor. Hey, call! Who else? He shouted, bowing to Prince Andrey.
Waiting for notification of his admission to the committee, Prince Andrey renewed his old acquaintances, especially with those persons who, he knew, were in power and might be necessary to him. He felt now in Petersburg a feeling similar to that which he experienced on the eve of the battle, when he was tormented by restless curiosity and irresistibly drawn to the higher spheres, where the future was being prepared, on which the fate of millions depended. He sensed by the anger of the old, by the curiosity of the uninitiated, by the restraint of the initiated, by the haste, concern of everyone, by the innumerable number of committees, commissions, the existence of which he again learned every day, that now, in 1809, was being prepared here in Petersburg, some huge civil battle, of which the commander-in-chief was unknown to him, mysterious and seemed to him a genius, the person - Speransky. And the most vaguely known to him the matter of transformation, and Speransky - the main figure, began to interest him so passionately that the matter of the military regulations very soon began to pass into a secondary place in his mind.
Prince Andrey was in one of the most favorable positions in order to be well received in all the most diverse and highest circles of the then Petersburg society. The party of reformers welcomed and lured him, firstly, because he had a reputation for intelligence and great reading, and secondly, because by letting the peasants free, he had already made himself a reputation as a liberal. The party of dissatisfied old people, just like the son of their father, turned to him for sympathy, condemning the transformation. Women's society, the world, warmly welcomed him, because he was a rich and noble bridegroom, and an almost new face with a halo of a romantic story about his imaginary death and the tragic death of his wife. In addition, the common voice about him of all who knew him before was that he had changed a lot for the better during these five years, softened and matured, that there was no previous pretense, pride and mockery in him, and there was that calmness that acquired over the years. They started talking about him, they were interested in him and everyone wanted to see him.
The next day, after visiting Count Arakcheev, Prince Andrei was in the evening with Count Kochubei. He told the count his meeting with Sila Andreich (Kochubei called Arakcheev that way with the same vague mockery that Prince Andrei noticed in the reception room of the Minister of War).
- Mon cher, [My dear,] even in this matter you will not escape Mikhail Mikhailovich. C "est le grand faiseur. [Everything is done by him.] I will tell him. He promised to come in the evening ...
- What does Speransky care about military regulations? - asked Prince Andrey.
Kochubey, smiling, shook his head, as if surprised by Bolkonsky's naivete.
“We were talking about you the other day,” Kochubei continued, “about your free farmers ...
- Yes, it was you, prince, who let your men go? - said the Catherine old man, turning contemptuously at Bolkonsky.
- The small estate did not bring anything income, - answered Bolkonsky, so as not to irritate the old man in vain, trying to soften his act before him.
- Vous craignez d "etre en retard, [You're afraid to be late,] - said the old man, looking at Kochubei.
“One thing I don’t understand,” the old man continued, “who will plow the land if you give them freedom? It is easy to write laws, but difficult to govern. It's all the same now, I ask you, Count, who will be the head of the chambers when everyone has to take exams?
“Those who pass the exams, I think,” answered Kochubei, crossing his legs and looking around.
- Here Gingerbread man serves me, a glorious man, a gold man, and he is 60 years old, will he go to the exams? ...
- Yes, this is difficult, education is very rare, but ... - Count Kochubei did not finish, he got up and, taking Prince Andrey by the hand, went to meet the incoming tall, bald, blond man, about forty years old, with a large open forehead and unusual, the strange whiteness of an oblong face. The newcomer wore a blue coat, a cross on his neck, and a star on the left side of his chest. It was Speransky. Prince Andrew recognized him at once and something trembled in his soul, as happens in important moments of life. Whether it was respect, envy, expectation, he did not know. The entire figure of Speransky had a special type by which one could now recognize him. In none of the society in which Prince Andrey lived, he did not see this calmness and self-confidence of awkward and dull movements, in no one he saw such a firm and at the same time soft gaze of half-closed and several moist eyes, he did not see such a firmness of nothing insignificant smile , such a thin, even, quiet voice, and, most importantly, such a delicate whiteness of the face and especially of the hands, somewhat wide, but unusually plump, gentle and white. Prince Andrew had seen such whiteness and tenderness of a face only in soldiers who had been in the hospital for a long time. It was Speransky, secretary of state, the sovereign's lecturer and his companion in Erfurt, where he met and spoke with Napoleon more than once.
Robert Nikolaevich Viren
Viren Robert Nikolaevich (25.12.1856 - 1.3.1917, Kronstadt), Russian admiral (22.03.1915). The son of a history teacher (then director) of the Omsk gymnasium. Educated at the Naval School (1877), the Mine Officer class (1884) and the Nikolaev Naval Academy (1899). He served in the Baltic, in 1885 - on the battleship Peter the Great and the coastal defense battleship Admiral Spiridov. 1.11.1891-17.4.1894 taught mine engineering to the Grand Duke Georgy Alexandrovich. From 17.4.1894 senior officer of the frigate "General-Admiral", from 14.5.1896 commander of the destroyer cruiser "Posadnik". On 31 March 1897 he was appointed senior clerk of the Main Naval Staff. From 2.8.1898 the commander of the training ship "Verny", from 13.3.1899 - the coastal defense battleship "Strelets". From 20.9.1900 flag-captain of the coastal headquarters of the senior flagship. Since 1901, commander of the Bayan cruiser. Participant of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-05. From 28/07/1904 flag-captain of Admiral Prince Ukhtomsky, in August. 1904 commanded a separate detachment of ships, and from 1.11.1904 a separate detachment of battleships and cruisers in Port Arthur. Among other officers who defended Port Arthur, in 1904 he was captured by the Japanese. In June 1904 he was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree. Upon returning from captivity on 26.6.1906, he was appointed junior flagship of the Black Sea. From 2.10.1906, the head of the educational art. detachment of the Baltic Fleet. In 1907 V. was appointed as id. the chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet, in 1908 he was introduced to the Admiralty Council. On 16.2.1909, the chief commander of the Kronstadt port and the military governor of Kronstadt. He strove to maintain strict order and discipline, improved the training of fleet specialists. He was stabbed to death with bayonets on the Kronstadt Anchor Square in the morning of 1.3.1917.Used material from the book: Zalessky K.A. Who was who in the first world war. Biographical encyclopedic dictionary. M., 2003
Viren Robert Nikolaevich (25.12.1856 - 3.3.1917). Born in the Novgorod province, entered the Naval School in 1873. In service since 1874. Non-commissioned officer (1876). After graduating from the Marine Corps (04/30/1877) 2nd in academic performance, he was awarded the Nakhimov Prize for academic success on 05/20/1877. Serves on the battleship "Peter the Great" and the clipper "Dzhigit" (1877). Member of the "American Expedition" on the steamer "Cimbria" and the steamer "Yazu" (1878). Midshipman (4.12.1878). Appointed to the 20th naval crew. Serves on the clipper "Bully" in 1879 - 1883. Lieutenant (1.1.1883). Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd degree 05/15/1883. Graduated from the mine officer class with the title of mine officer of the 2nd category (1884). Mine officer of the 1st category (1886). Order of St. Anne 3rd degree (1.1.1888). Turkish Medjidie Order 3rd degree (1891). Teacher of Mine Engineering for the Grand Duke Georgy Aleksandrovich in 1891-1894. Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd degree (1.1.1892). Captain of the 2nd rank “for distinction in service” (17.4.1894). Mine officer of the armored frigate "Admiral Spiridov" (1885) and the battleship "Peter the Great" (1885 - 1887). Assistant teacher in the mine officer class. Teacher in the school of mine drivers (1886 - 1888) and at the same time in the Party of the Mine Fence (1888). Assistant to the teachers in the mine officer class on electric lighting (1888-1891), and at the same time the mine officer of the frigate "Admiral Kornilov" (1888 - 1891) From 1891 to 1894 he taught mine engineering to the Grand Duke Georgy Alexandrovich. Senior officer of the cruiser General - Admiral (1894 - 1896). Silver medal in commemoration of the Reign of Emperor Alexander III (1896), Order of St. Anna 2nd degree (14.5.1896) and Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree with a bow for 20 annual companies (12/22/1896). Commander of the mine cruiser Posadnik (1896-1897). Bronze medal for the labors incurred during the 1st All-Russian Population Census (1897). Senior clerk of the Marine General Staff (1897-1898) In command of the sea training ship "Verny" (1898-1899). He graduated from the course of Naval Sciences at the Nikolaev Naval Academy (1899). Commander of the coastal defense battleship "Strelets" (1900). Captain 1st rank (6.12.1901). Commander of the armored cruiser Bayan from 1902 to 08.24.1904. French Order of the Legion of Honor of the Officer's Cross (1903) and Mecklenburg - Schweren Order of the Vulture 3rd Class (1903). Member of the war of 1904 - 1905 and the defense of Port Arthur. Replaced as commander of the Pacific Ocean squadron P. P. Ukhtomsky from 23.8.1904 with the title of Rear Admiral "for distinction in service." Wounded at the end of November. He was awarded a golden saber (03/14/1904) "for bravery in battle on 01/27/1904", the Order of St. George 4th degree (.6.1904) and Stanislav 1st class with swords (03.19.1907). Supervised the mining of ships for the surrender of the fortress. The mining was unsuccessful; it is possible that Viren admitted the possibility of saving them for Russia at the end of the war. Preserved from the Japanese "Journal of Combat Operations of the Fleet." Lutheran, married, four children - a daughter and three sons (1905). Maintenance for 1905: salary (2,300 rubles) + dining rooms (3,300 rubles). Junior flagship of the Black Sea Fleet Division, then head of the training - artillery detachment of the Baltic Fleet since 1906. Silver medal with a bow in memory of the war with Japan 1904-1905 (1906). Order of St. Stanislaus 1st class with swords (19.03.1907). 1907-1908 - Acting Chief Commander of the Black Sea Fleet and Black Sea ports. French Order of the Legion of Honor Grand Officer's Cross (1908). 1908 - 1909 - Member of the Admiralty Council. Vice Admiral (6.12.1909).
Gold sign commemorating graduation full course Sciences of the Marine Corps (1910). Order of St. Anne 1st degree (1911) and English Coronation Medal (1911). Japanese Order of the Holy Treasure 1st Class (1911). Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree (04/14/1913). Hereditary badge and light - bronze medal in memory of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty (1913). French Order of the Black Star (1914). Memorial badge "Defender of the Port Arthur Fortress" (1914). Member of the First World War. Admiral (1915). Light - bronze medal in memory of the 200th anniversary of the Gangut victory (1915). Light - bronze medal in reward for the labors suffered during the general mobilization of 1914 (1915). Order of the White Eagle (04/10/1916). In 1909-1917, the chief commander of the Kronstadt port and the military governor of Kronstadt. Killed 03.03.1917 in Kronstadt during officer pogroms - stabbed to death with bayonets on Anchor Square.