I would call the climate diagram one of the branches of infographics, that is, a way of presenting data in a way that achieves maximum effect understanding of the visually presented information. Indeed, the climate diagram allows you to quickly correlate certain temperature indicators and draw conclusions based on them. Without it, you would have to analyze all the numbers in your mind.
Climate chart information
The very Greek word "diagram" means the simultaneous visual representation of several quantities, allowing you to compare them with each other. It would be more correct to call the climate diagram "climatogram" - this is its official name. The climatogram consists of:
- Temperature scales (in degrees).
- Precipitation scales (in mm).
- Indicator of the mode of precipitation.
- Curve of the annual course of air temperature.
- The abscissa with the months of the year.
At the same time, it is very convenient to simultaneously use in one graph a bar graph of the amount of precipitation over a monthly interval and the annual change in the amplitude of temperatures.
How to read a climatogram
According to the data indicated in the climatogram, it can be concluded which area is in question, and which climate prevails in it. For example, if the terrain is close to the Northern Hemisphere, then the temperature curve bends up, and if to the South, then down. A point on the ground closer to the equator will show a relatively straight line. In turn, if the graphical columns of precipitation have a high indicator, then such a point is located at the equator or near the sea. At low rates - in the interior of the mainland. There is also little rainfall in tropical regions and places with cold currents.
Modern application of climatograms
It would seem that climatic zones on our Earth have long been established and passed their zoning. But the point is that in a global sense, these belts are subject to change, especially with the threat of global warming.
Therefore, climatologists annually monitor the displacement of the same Arctic and Antarctic belts in order to prevent a possible catastrophe in time.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
- Practicing skills in working with different sources of information; analyzing data and formulating conclusions.
- Practicing the skills of correctly formatting the results of working with diagrams.
- Consolidation of knowledge about climate and climate-forming factors.
- Consolidation of knowledge about the principles of the spreadsheet processor Microsoft Excel.
- Assess the level of mastering the methods of visualizing numerical data and practice the skills of using these methods in solving a specific problem.
Developing:
- Development of skills for group practical work.
- Development of the ability to reason logically and draw conclusions.
Educational:
- Fostering a creative approach to doing practical work.
- Development of cognitive interest.
- Education of information culture.
Lesson type: Practical work, conducted in the informatics office
Equipment: computers, multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard, atlas maps.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
2. Setting lesson goals
3. Updating basic knowledge:
- give a definition to the concept of "climate";
- what climatic zones and regions stand out on the territory of Russia (map on interactive whiteboard);
- reasons affecting diversity climatic conditions on Russian territory;
- what is visualization of numerical data;
- what data is needed to build charts;
- what types of charts do you know;
- remember the elements of the climatogram.
4. Practical work
Students, in the course of practical work, must build a climatogram, determine the type of climate and place it on the climatic map of Russia.
Practical work is carried out in the informatics office. Students work in pairs at the computer.
I. Building a climatogram (algorithm for performing work for students Attachment 1 )
Operating procedure.
Save the work results (click on "File" - "Save as ...", name the file and select a folder).
The advantage of spreadsheets is that if the original data in the table changes, our climatogram is automatically rebuilt.
II. To determine the type of climate, after constructing the climatogram, students are invited to fill out the table:
III. Place the climatogram on the climate map of Russia using the interactive whiteboard.
5. Summing up
In our country, the climate is very diverse due to the length of the territory from north to south and from west to east. The formation of the climate is influenced by certain factors: HF, solar radiation, VM, underlying surface.
Students submit work in the form of a file on a computer and entries in a notebook containing an analysis of the constructed diagram with conclusions.
At the end of the lesson, teachers summarize and evaluate the students' activities.
Data for constructing climatograms (Appendix 2).
Bibliography:
- Using Microsoft Office at school. - M., 2002.
- www.klimadiagramme.de
- V.I.SirotinIndependent and practical work in geography (grades 6-9). - M .: Education, 1991.
- Geography of Russia. Nature. 8 class: workbook to the textbook I.I. Barinova “Geography of Russia. Nature. Grade 8 ”/ I.I. Barinov. - M .: Bustard, 2007.
| P / p No. | Indicators |
| Air and soil temperature Average monthly average for the year Absolute air temperature Temperature of the coldest five-day supply period 0.92 Average daily amplitude of the air temperature of the coldest month Duration of the period with an average daily air temperature £ 8 ºС Average air temperature, a period with an average daily air temperature £ 8 ºС Average maximum air temperature of the warmest month Absolute maximum air temperature Average daily amplitude of air temperature of the warmest month Air humidity Average monthly relative humidity of the coldest month Average monthly relative humidity of the warmest month Precipitation Amount of precipitation in November - March Amount of precipitation in April - October Daily maximum precipitation Wind Prevailing wind direction for December - February Prevailing wind direction for June - August Solar radiation Amount about heat coming from direct, scattered and total radiation on a horizontal surface Amount of heat coming from direct, scattered and total radiation on a vertical surface |
Design standards are determined by probabilistic values, and the probability (availability) is set depending on the projected duration of the structure's operation. So, the outside air temperature in SNiP is given by the security of 0.98 and 0.92.
Topic 2 The main characteristics of the climate and their importance in design
Basic climatic characteristics
Construction climatology provides for taking into account the climate when solving architectural and construction problems, compiling the climatic characteristics of the construction area in order to identify climate factors favorable and unfavorable for humans.
The climate of our country is diverse, its human impact on the formation of the habitat is diverse. Without considering the climate, it is impossible to build economically, firmly enough; it is impossible to create conditions favorable for human activity.
The climate affects the durability of buildings - the duration of their operation, which is determined by the ability to withstand climatic influences. To neutralize negative climate factors and use positive ones, it is necessary, after studying the climate of the construction area, to choose the most suitable building materials that react in a known way to frost or heat, high or low humidity, resistant to corrosion, etc.; determine the layout of the building that provides the greatest comfort for a person.
Climate indicators can be divided into two groups - general and special.
General indicators of climate include: temperature (t, ° C), humidity (w,%), air movement (u, m / s), solar radiation (P, W / m 2).
Temperature - one of the most important climatic elements. Table 2 shows the temperature scales and their relationship.
table 2
Temperature scales
Temperature in work time days t avg days depends on the average temperature of the climate for individual months of the year t av month and the average amplitude of temperature fluctuations Аt n during the day and has the greatest value for the thermal characteristics.
Taking into account the thermal effect on humans, the following types of weather are distinguished:
- cold (below +8 ° С);
- cool (8-15 ° С);
- warm (16-28 ° С);
- hot (above +28 ° С);
- very cold (below -12 ° С);
- very hot (above +32 ° С).
The duration of the characteristic types of weather throughout the year determines the main features of the climate that affect the constructive and architectural solutions of buildings.
The durability of a building depends on the condition of its main parts - the foundation, load-bearing walls or frame, enclosing structures. Under the alternating influence of heat and cold, structural materials are destroyed. More intense destruction occurs with a rapid change in temperature and, especially, with temperature drops with transitions through 0 ° C.
Therefore, when designing buildings, take into account:
- the calculated temperature of the coldest day and five days;
- Amplitudes of air temperature fluctuations - daily, monthly, annual.
Air humidity significantly affects the humidity state of structures.
The following indicators are used to determine the humidity regime.
Absolute humidityf, g / m 3, is the amount of moisture in grams contained in 1 m 3 of air.
Partial pressure (elasticity) of water vapore, Pa, - the pressure of g or steam in a mixture with other gases - gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe amount of water vapor contained in the air.
The state of complete saturation of air with water vapor is called saturation millW, g / m 3. The saturation station is constant at a given air temperature.
Partial pressure limitE, Pa, corresponds to the complete saturation of air with water vapor.
With an increase in air temperature, the values \u200b\u200bof E and W increase. E values \u200b\u200bfor air with different temperatures are shown in table 3.
Table 3
Values \u200b\u200bof the maximum partial pressure of water vapor E, Pa, for various temperatures (at atm. Pressure ...)
Relative humidityj characterizes the degree of air saturation with water vapor and is determined as the ratio of the absolute humidity to the saturation rate at a constant temperature:
Relative air humidity can be defined as the ratio of the absolute partial pressure to the partial pressure in the saturation mill:
The value of j affects the rate of evaporation of moisture from any wetted surfaces.
By the value of j, the humidity regime of the premises is distinguished:
dry (j<50%);
normal (j \u003d 50¸60%);
wet (j \u003d 61 - 75%);
wet (j\u003e 75%).
With an increase in air temperature, relative humidity j decreases, the value of the partial pressure e remains constant, and the value of E increases, since warm air can be more saturated with moisture vapor than cold air.
With a decrease in temperature, the relative humidity j increases and can reach 100% and at a certain temperature it can turn out to be E \u003d e, a state of complete saturation of the air with water vapor begins. The temperature at which the air is completely saturated with water vapor is called dew point temperaturet p . With a further decrease in the air temperature t in, inside the room, the excess moisture passes into liquid state - condenses and settles in the form of liquid on the fence.
The value of j affects the processes of moisture condensation in the thickness and on the surface of the fence, the moisture content of the fence material.
Dew point determination example:
High air humidity worsens the performance of structures, reduces their service life and negatively affects the microclimate of the premises. When designing, a calculation is made of possible moisture, condensation formation on the surface or in the thickness of the fence.
The combination of temperature and air humidity determines the comfort of conditions in the premises. Requirements for comfort conditions are established in sanitary and hygienic standards, taking into account the climatic region of construction. This is due to the peculiarities of the influence of climate on the human body in various conditions. In areas with cold winters, to normalize the thermal state of a person in a home, a higher room temperature is required than in warm areas.
Depending on the climate, the ratio of temperatures and humidity between the outside and inside the premises, the movement of water vapor through the fence takes place outside or inside the premises.
For example, in Moscow during the year the outdoor temperature (table 4) rarely exceeds the indoor temperature (18 ° С), the heat flow outside prevails. The absolute air humidity of 50 - 60% indoors is higher for most of the year than outside (table 5), therefore, the movement of water vapor from the room to the outside prevails. As a measure to prevent condensation humidification of fences, in Moscow, a waterproofing layer is provided closer to the inner side of the wall (to the wettest zone of the fence).
Table 4
Average monthly and annual air temperature, ° С
Table 5
Humidity and precipitation
Therefore, it is impossible to automatically transfer preventive measures from one region to another, without taking into account the peculiarities of the climate, namely, the temperature and humidity of the air.
Number of dropdowns precipitation and their intensity is of great importance in design. The influence of precipitation on building fences is significant.
In rains with strong gusty winds, the walls are moistened. In the cold season, moisture moves inside the structure from colder and wetter layers to warmer and dry ones.
If the railing is lightweight, moisture can reach the inner surface of the wall. If the walls are massive, moisture does not penetrate into the room, but such walls slowly dry out, and when the temperature drops, moisture inside the structures freezes and destroys the walls. Destruction is accelerated by thaws. Long-term drizzling precipitation has a more harmful effect than intense, short-term precipitation in the form of small drops. Small droplets are adhered to the surface and absorbed by the materials. Large droplets roll off the walls by gravity.
Precipitation (rain, melting snow) increases the moisture content of the soil, the level of groundwater rises. It is dangerous for buildings by the possibility of soil swelling, flooding of the underground part of the building.
The amount of falling snow increases the load on the roofs of buildings. When designing coatings, take into account the possibility of intense snowfalls, creating a short-term load.
Wind has a direct impact on buildings. The temperature and humidity regime of the territory depends on the direction and speed of air flows. The heat transfer of buildings depends on the wind speed. The wind regime affects the layout, orientation of buildings, the placement of industrial and residential areas, and the direction of streets.
For instance. In Siberia and the Urals, the inner surface of the outer wall, located perpendicular to the cold wind, is somewhat colder than during calm weather. In Murmansk in winter it is colder in apartments with windows facing south than in those facing north, because the south wind is colder there. In hot climates, the location of the rooms can be used to achieve through ventilation of apartments, i.e. the wind improves the microclimate of the home. In humid areas, the wind speeds up the drying of fences, thus increasing the durability of buildings.
The sun's radiant energy (solar radiation) creates natural illumination of the earth's surface. Solar radiation can be defined as the amount of energy per unit surface, W / m 2.
The spectrum of solar radiation consists of ultraviolet rays (about 1%), visible rays, which shine (about 45%), and infrared rays, which heat (about 54%).
Earth surface only part of the solar radiation reaches: direct, scattered and reflected.
The amount of total (direct and scattered) solar radiation is given in SNiP for horizontal and vertical surfaces.
Irradiation of any surface with direct sunlight is called insolation... The insolation of an area or room is measured in hours, the irradiated area and the depth of penetration of sunlight into the room.
The positive effect of insolation is determined by the bactericidal properties of the sun's rays and thermal effects.
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The amount of solar radiation also depends on the latitude of the construction area, the time of year, and has a maximum intensity in the summer (Figure 2).
Picture 2 - Comparison of the intensity of solar radiation.
The heating of the walls and the temperature inside the premises depend on the amount of incoming solar radiation. When the windows are open, the room receives as much heat as the walls. When the windows are closed, part of the radiation is reflected from the glass, part is absorbed by the glass and window sashes, heating them. With single glazing, about half of the incident radiation (41–58%) penetrates through the window, with double glazing, about 1/3 of the radiation (23–40%).
When considering the effect of solar radiation on a building, one should take into account the absorbency of various materials, which depends on their color and condition. Table 6 shows the absorbency of various materials.