part of the earth's surface visible to the eye of an observer in an open area

Alternative descriptions

The height of the water in the reservoir

The visible border of the sky and the earth or water surface, as well as the celestial space above this border

Circle of future possibilities

Russian artificial satellite

Paul Anderson's film "Through ..."

... "The edge is visible, but you won't get there" (riddle)

Sky border

Poem by V. Vysotsky

Collection of the Russian poet M. Svetlov

Circle of knowledge, ideas

The visible boundary of the sky and the earth's surface

Barley variety

Rock layer

The line along which the sky appears to border the earth's surface

Great circle of the celestial sphere

Moscow cinema

The line where the sky ends

Soviet TV brand

Curve limiting visibility

The edge is visible, but you won't get there

Escaping line

The sun "sets" behind him

The edge of visible space

The visible border of heaven and earth

Far "edge" of the landscape

Place of "connection" of heaven and earth

Unreachable end of the Earth

The sun hides behind it

The visible border of heaven and earth

Circle of knowledge and ideas

Curve limiting visibility

Height of water in a river or body of water, in soil

... "the edge is visible, but you won't get there" (riddle)

Far "edge" of the landscape

The sun "sets" behind him

M. the edge of the earth's surface, around the observer, where the sky adjoins; sky, horizon, sky, sky, sunset of the sky; with an eye, vividly; curtain, curtain, close the cusp. mischief, ovid arch. look around the eagle. a line separating the part of heaven and earth that we see from the invisible. Astronomer. an imaginary plane passing through the center of the earth, perpendicular to the axis of the observer; this is astronomical, true mischief; sensual, visible, determined by the line of sight, from the eye of the observer to the slope or to the visible outskirts of the globe, and further, to the firmament; everything below this line we do not see; what is higher, we see. Forests, mountains and other objects constrain and shorten our ovid, which forms a regular circle only in the open sea. The countries of the world, winds or rumbas (see wind, compass) are indicated by the circumference of the lake, which represents the compass card (s), and at the poles there are no cardinal points. * The circle of man's concepts, the limits of what he can embrace with his mental eye, according to the degree of his education, according to knowledge and mind. Horizontal, lying on ground, sea level; on which the free plumb line falls at a right angle; water right, water straight, plantar, lying, level, lezhevy, underswept. Horizontal railway state or property is; water rightness, water rightness, plantarity, levelness, leewiness, sublimation

Place of "connection" of heaven and earth

Paul Anderson's film "Through ..."

Earth crust - Topics oil and gas industry Synonyms Earth crust EN outer crust of the earth ... Technical translator's guide

sedimentary layer of the earth's crust - The upper part of the earth's crust up to 15 km thick, consisting of sedimentary and volcanic rocks ... Geography Dictionary

Gases of the earth's crust - gases that occur in the earth's crust in a free state, in the form of a solution in water and oil, and in a state sorbed by rocks, especially fossil coals. The amount of gases in the geospheres of the Earth grows deeper into the planet (Table 1). AT… …

Earth - Earth Photo of the Earth from the Apollo 17 spacecraft Orbital characteristics Aphelios 152 097 701 km 1.0167103335 a. e ... Wikipedia

Upper mantle - (a. upper mantle, outer mantle, peridotite shell; n. oberer Mantel, Peridotit Schale; f. manteau superieur; and. manto superior) geosphere, located between the Earth's crust and the lower mantle of the Earth. Separated from the bark by the Mokhorovich surface ... Geological encyclopedia

Mountains elevation earth surface - this is the name for significant elevations of the earth's surface, more or less steeply rising above the plains or highlands (plateaus). G. sometimes rise separately, these are mostly hills (volcanoes), but much more often they join in mountain ranges and ... ...

WEATHERING AREA - the upper part of the earth's crust, in which weathering processes take place. The depth, some researchers (Poland) define it equal to 0.5 km, but the intense weathering processes reach a depth of only a few tens of meters ... Dictionary of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology

Planet Earth) - Earth (from the common Slavic earth floor, bottom), the third in order from the Sun planet of the solar system, astronomical sign Å or, ♀. I. Introduction Z. ranks fifth in size and mass among the major planets, but of the so-called planets. terrestrial group, in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Earth - I Earth (from the common Slavic earth floor, bottom) is the third in order from the Sun planet of the solar system, astronomical sign ⊕ or, ♀. I. Introduction Z. occupies the fifth place in size and mass among the major planets, but among the planets t ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Earth - (Earth) Planet Earth Structure of the Earth, evolution of life on Earth, flora and fauna, Earth in the solar system Contents Contents Section 1. General about the planet earth. Section 2. The Earth as a planet. Section 3. The structure of the Earth. Section 4. ... ... Investor encyclopedia

Freezing - (physical. geographer. and meteorol.) Physicists and chemists are investigating the transition of a wide variety of bodies from a liquid to a solid state at very different temperatures. For physical. geography and meteorology, only water (with aqueous solutions of salts) matters, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

This is the name for significant elevations of the earth's surface, more or less steeply rising above the plains or highlands (plateaus). G. sometimes rise separately, these are mostly hills (volcanoes), but much more often they join in mountain ranges and ... ...

Earth - Earth Photo of the Earth from the Apollo 17 spacecraft Orbital characteristics Aphelios 152 097 701 km 1.0167103335 a. e ... Wikipedia

Relief of the earth's crust - about 70% of the earth's crust is covered by the water of the oceans and seas (see Earth) and this circumstance has a tremendous effect on its R. Under water, as well as on land, there are processes that change the height and R. of the crust, processes that are described in Art. ... Mountains (see) and Volcanoes ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

BYZANTINE EMPIRE. PART IV - The visual arts are the most important in Christ. culture and the most extensive part of the artistic heritage of Britain in terms of the number of preserved monuments. Chronology of the development of the Byzantines. art does not quite coincide with the chronology ... ... Orthodox encyclopedia

Europe (part of the world) - Europe (Greek Europe, from Assyrian erebus - west; in Ancient Greece, this was the name for the territories lying to the west of the Aegean Sea), part of the world, the western part of the continent of Eurasia. I. General information In the north, Europe is washed by the Arctic Ocean and ... ...

Asia (part of the world) - Asia (Greek Asía, probably from the Assyrian asu - east), the most extensive part of the world (about 30% of the total land area), part of the Eurasian continent. I. General information A. is located in all geographic zones of the Northern Hemisphere; Malay ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

TRANSPARENCY OF THE TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERE - the ability of the atmosphere to transmit directional radiation. Distinguish between the concepts of transparency of the medium and the transmission of radiation by the medium. The medium can be opaque (clouds, milky glass, etc.) and at the same time, it can transmit diffused light. But ... ... Physical encyclopedia

Europe, part of the world - I is one of the five parts of the world, and can be considered as a large western peninsula of Asia, with which in modern times, following the example of Suess, it is sometimes connected into one continent Eurasia (Eurasia). But the isolation of Egypt from Asia, as separate ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Europe part of the world - one of the five parts of the world, and can be considered as a large western peninsula of Asia, with which in modern times, following the example of Suess, it is sometimes combined into one continent Eurasia (Eurasia). But Egypt's isolation from Asia, as a separate part ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

GEORGIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH. PART II - Primates of the GOC Bishops of Kartli (Mtskheta): John I (20-60s. IV century); Jacob (60 70s of the 4th century); Job (70 90s of the 4th century); Elijah I (90s of the 4th century); Simeon I (early V 20s of the V century); Moses (20s of the 5th century); Jonah (20s of the 5th century); Jeremiah (20th ... ... Orthodox encyclopedia

GEORGIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH. PART III - Folk customs associated with the church calendar of Mn. cargo. legends and customs were recorded only in the 19th and 20th centuries. It is difficult to determine the time of occurrence. In the present. time most of the customs not related to church tradition have not survived. ... ... Orthodox encyclopedia

Only 29.2% of the Earth is occupied by continents, most of the earth's surface is covered with water. (2 \\ 3). The real surface of the Earth's solid body has complex outlines. In relation to the level of the world ocean, the continents are located higher, and the bottom of the oceans is lower. A hypsometric curve is used to characterize the Earth's relief.

The highest mountain on Earth is called Everest in the Himalayas (8848 km). There are few high mountains on Earth. Plains occupy a huge area on the continents (300 m above sea level).

In the structure of the ocean floor up to 200m, a shelf stands out, up to 3000m a continental slope, up to 6000m - the bed of the world ocean, deep-water depressions or trenches up to 11000m deep.

Methods for studying the internal structure of the Earth

The methods of direct observation include the study of the depths of the Earth with the help of mine workings - mines, tunnels and wells. There are many of them on Earth, especially wells drilled in the search for oil and gas. The depth of such wells does not exceed 5 km. There are already several superdeep wells drilled to study the upper parts of the Earth: on the Kola Peninsula, in Azerbaijan and in other places. The depth of superdeep wells is within the limits of modern technical capabilities and does not yet exceed 15 km. And this is very little to judge the structure of the Earth.

Data on what is inside the Earth is obtained by studying volcanic eruptions and lava pouring from the interior. But even here, even if the depth of the foci of some eruptions is assumed to be 100 km, the data is extremely insufficient.

Geophysical methods, studying the physical parameters of the Earth - electrical conductivity and gravity, can judge the internal state of the Earth, practically without limiting the depth of research. Geophysical methods are still the only ones that bring scientifically substantiated information about what is happening inside the Earth. Especially a lot of interesting data was obtained when studying the propagation velocities in the Earth of elastic vibrations, which are called seismic waves. The branch of science that studies these waves is called seismology.

The study of the propagation velocity of seismic waves showed that with depth their velocity changes either abruptly (seismic sections of the 1st order), or gradually (seismic sections of the 2nd order), revealing a stable tendency to increase towards the center of the Earth.

A wave is the propagation of some deformation in an elastic medium, i.e. a change in the volume or shape of a substance. During deformation, a stress arises in the substance, which tends to return it to its original shape or volume. There are two types of seismic waves: bulk and surface.

Body waves are longitudinal and transverse (Fig. 2).

LongitudinalAre compression waves propagating in the direction of the wave movement. They are denoted by the Latin letter "P" (primary), since their propagation speed is higher than other waves and they are the first to arrive at the geophones. The longitudinal wave changes the shape of the body.

Transverse S waves (secondary) are shear waves, in which deformations in a substance occur across the direction of wave movement.

Surfacewaves propagate in the surface layer of the earth's crust. Distinguish between Love and Rayleigh waves. In the first of them, the oscillations are carried out only in the horizontal plane across the direction of the wave movement. Rayleigh waves are like waves on water, in which particles of matter make circular motions.

Fig. 2. Types of seismic waves. A - body waves: a - longitudinal, b - transverse. B - surface waves: c - Love, d - Rayleigh.

The arrows show the direction of water movement.

The change in the velocities of seismic waves on the surfaces of the sections can be associated with a change in the density of the substance or its phase state, or both. The surfaces of the sections limit the sphere-like shells and its core inside the Earth. Such shells were named internalgeospheres. TO externalgeospheres include the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Consider the outer geospheres first.

Outer geospheres

Atmosphere -is located from the surface of the Earth to an altitude of 1300 km. The main components that make up the atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and water vapor. In small quantities, gases are present in the atmosphere and are of great importance in its life. Thus, industrial gases create a noticeable greenhouse effect, leading to a warming up of the atmosphere due to the absorption of a significant part of the infrared radiation of the Earth's surface, heated by the Sun. Ozone, concentrating at an altitude of 10-15 km, forms ozone layer,protects all living things from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. This layer can be destroyed due to the entry into the atmosphere of substances that destroy ozone, and, in particular, technogenic freon.

The atmosphere is composed of several layers:

Troposphere up to 8 km above the Pole and 17 km above the equator;

Stratosphere up to 55 km;

Ionosphere, in which rarefied air is ionized by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and is capable of conducting electric current.

Hydrosphere, or the water shell of the Earth, includes the water of the seas and oceans, rivers, lakes, swamps, as well as ice of glaciers. Groundwater should also be referred to the hydrosphere.

Biosphereforms a zone on the border of the atmosphere and the lithosphere, which includes the hydrosphere, and is characterized by the fact that it contains organic life. Organic life in the biosphere is widespread almost everywhere, but most of all in the seas and oceans. An important role in the study of the biosphere belongs to V.I. Vernadsky.

Internal geospheres.

Earth's crust- the upper rocky shell of the Earth is composed of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks ranging from 7 to 70-80 km. The earth's crust is limited from below by a very clear surface of the jump in the velocities of the waves P and S, first established by the Yugoslav geophysicist A. Mohorovicic in 1909 and named after him: the surface of Mohorovicic (Moho or simply M). This is the most active layer of the solid earth. Here, vertical and horizontal heterogeneity is especially pronounced, created by a variety of sedimentary, metamorphic, intrusive rocks.

Mantle - the largest intermediate shell of the Earth. The mass of the Earth, enclosed in this layer, is about 2/3 of the mass of the planet. The second global seismic interface is located at a depth of 2900 km, was identified in 1913 by the German geophysicist B. Gutenberg and also received his name.

Upper mantle.The lower boundary on the continents is located at a depth of 80 - 120 km, in the oceans it does not exceed 50 km. The structure of this layer under the continental and oceanic structures is significantly different. On the continents it is a conditionally granite layer, in the oceans - basalt, with an average density of 2.7 g / cm 3. The surface separating the granite and basalt layers is called the Konrad boundary. Basalt rocks contain less flint and aluminum than granites and have a higher density of 2.8 - 2.9 g / cm 3.

Lower mantle in the interval of 2900-120 km it is characterized by a density of 5.5-6.0 g / cm 3, where, along with oxygen, silicon, magnesium, heavy elements such as iron and nickel are present. Temperature - 1000 0. The substance is in a glassy (amorphous) state. This state is maintained by high pressure.

The central, inner, most dense part of the Earth is called core. According to geophysical data, the core is in a state close to liquid with a temperature of 2500 - 3000 0 C. The density of the substance reaches 13 g / cm 3 .

At a depth of 5120 km, an abrupt increase in the velocity of longitudinal waves occurs again, and by applying a special method it is shown that shear waves appear there, i.e. this part of the core is solid (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Seismic wave velocities and density inside the Earth. Seismic waves: 1 - longitudinal, 2 - transverse, 3 - density.

The emergence of the earth's crust

The earth's crust arose in the process of geological evolution. In the pre-geological history, the core and mantle were heated, the melt was mixed with the upper, lighter components. The first volcanic-plutonic ring structures made of basalts appeared on the planet's surface. Meteorite craters complemented this lunar landscape. With the degassing of the mantle, gases were released and the atmosphere was formed: methane, ammonia, and, to a lesser extent, hydrogen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. Thus, by the end of the lunar stage on Earth, basal layer Earths, primary atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Further evolution of the Earth is associated with the formation granite layerEarth. Atmospheric processes contributed to the destruction and processing of volcanic mountainous terrain. Compaction and metamorphism created a thick layer of metamorphic rocks (gneisses, quartzites, etc.). The ongoing processing of gaseous and liquid solutions of alkalis and silica emanating from the Earth's interior contributed to the metasomatic granitization of sediments. These changes initially occurred in limited, oval-shaped, areas - nucleoids. The "nuclear" (growing) stage of the earth's crust development lasted 3.5-4.0 billion years ago. The widespread development of granitization zones led to the creation of a granite layer of the Earth.

About 3.5 billion years ago, the stage of formation of the stratum began and continues now sedimentaryrocks. This stage is associated with endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) processes.

The structure of the earth's crust

The structure of the earth's crust, the thickness of which varies from 0 to 75 km and has a clear lower boundary everywhere - the Moho surface, is fundamentally different on the continents and in the oceans (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Diagrams of the structure of the earth's crust.

I - continental crust, layers: 1 - sedimentary, 2 - granite-metamorphic, 3 - basaltic, 4 - upper mantle peridotites.

II - oceanic crust, layers: 1 - sedimentary, 2 - basalt, 3 - complexes of parallel dikes, 4 - gabbro, 5 - upper mantle peridotites

Bark continentshas a significant thickness and consists of layers - sedimentary, granite-metamorphic, basaltic and peridotite of the upper mantle.

Oceanicthe crust, with a much smaller thickness, consists of layers - thin sedimentary, basaltic, a complex of parallel dikes, gabbro, peridotite of the upper mantle.

Control questions:

1. Give a basic diagram of the birth, life and death of stars.

2. On what theoretical concepts and experimental data the theory of the "Big Bang" is built.

3. Compare the oceanic and continental types of the earth's crust.

4. List the methods for studying the internal structure of the Earth.

5. Name the outer and inner geospheres of the Earth.

6. What is the earth's crust?

Part of the earth's surface visible to the eye of an observer in an open area

First letter "g"

Second letter "o"

Third letter "p"

The last beech letter "t"

Answer to the question "Part of the earth's surface visible to the eye of an observer in an open area", 8 letters:
horizon

Alternative crossword questions for the word horizon

Paul Anderson's film "Through ..."

Poem by V. Vysotsky

The visible boundary of the sky and the earth's surface

Trilogy of the Portuguese writer Antonio Redola "Closed ..."

Circle of knowledge, ideas

Definition of horizon in dictionaries

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998 The meaning of the word in the dictionary Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
HORIZON (from the Greek. Horizon, genus. Horizontos, literally. Limiting) curve, limiting the part of the earth's surface accessible to the eye (visible horizon). The visible horizon increases with the height of the observation site and is usually located below the true (in mathematics) ...

Wikipedia Definition of a word in the Wikipedia dictionary
"Horizon" is a 1932 Soviet black-and-white drama directed by Lev Kuleshov. The film premiered on January 30, 1933.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova. The meaning of the word in the dictionary Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
-a, m. Visible boundary (line of apparent contact) of the sky and the earth or water surface, as well as the heavenly space above this boundary. The ship disappeared behind the horizon. The sun is on the horizon. Appear on smb. horizon (trans.: in the sphere of someone else's activity, ...

Examples of the use of the word horizon in literature.

Everything can change at any moment, - the avatar said dully, studying the line the horizon.

There is not much time left, '' the avatar pursed his lips, peering into the fake horizon.

Ahead of them, huge mountains stood out through the haze; on the left abeam they merged with horizon ultramarine surface of Avacha Bay.

The shores of Kamchatka slowly merged with horizon, but for a long time the snowy peaks of Avachinskaya and Klyuchevskaya hills shone in the distance over the gray sea.

I rushed to the door, noticing the appearance on horizon, at the gates of a car service, a whole group of men in camouflage.