Today I tried to listen to the CHIBIS satellite, something is silent ...?
For information, the frequency of the satellite "CHIBIS", callsign RS-39 and transmits technological telemetry at frequencies 435.315 or 435.215
MHz.
A little searching and it turns out that:
20:38 10/08/2012
MOSCOW, August 10 - RIA Novosti. The Russian scientific satellite "Chibis-M" at the end of July due to an erroneous command was left without electricity - the device went into "safe mode", scientific instruments on board were turned off, but now all the consequences of the failure have been eliminated and the equipment is working normally, the head told RIA Novosti satellite flight, employee of the Institute space exploration RAS Vladimir Nazarov.
"There was an abnormal situation, the wrong command passed, which led to the operation of the orientation system in the wrong mode and a violation of the energy balance - the energy began to flow less than it was consumed. The automation worked, which began to slowly turn off scientific instruments, some non-critical systems. We have accumulators, which is enough for a couple of days. We figured it out faster. Nothing terrible happened, "Nazarov said.
The Chibis-M microsatellite was launched from the Progress M-13M cargo vehicle at the end of January 2012. He and the orbiting radio telescope Radioastron (Spektr-R) are now the only Russian scientific spacecraft operating in orbit. "Chibis-M" is intended, first of all, to study thunderstorm phenomena in the atmosphere, more precisely, to study gamma radiation arising from lightning discharges.
As RIA Novosti was told by the head of the satellite technologies department of ScanEx RDC Stanislav Karpenko, who is in charge of the satellite attitude control system, on July 27 due to an error in the cyclogram that was put on board the satellite, the batteries began to discharge faster than to charge due to the fact that the electric the load turned out to be more than came from solar panels.
© IKI RAN
Microsatellite "Chibis-M"
"Moreover, this happened on the so-called blind loops, when the satellite leaves the visibility zone for several hours," Karpenko said.
Nazarov explained that the wrong command brought the device out of solar orientation, and the solar panels stood along the direction to the Sun. There was a shortage of energy, and the automation began to turn off consumers.
"The satellite seemed to mothball itself. Then, in the next session, we began to gradually turn it on, put it into communication. Now everything is working normally, tonight at 02.39 Moscow time was the last communication session, everything is quite successful, all the equipment is working," the agency's interlocutor said
According to Karpenko, after the failure it took the specialists some time to restore the "knocked down" settings, but the scientific equipment after the failure was turned on literally the next day, right after the initial recovery of the system.
"The orientation system did not work very stable until the day before yesterday. We carried out the restoration procedures, now, in theory, everything should start to play," he said.
“Nothing terrible happened. Except for our nervousness during the time when we tried to understand what happened, because of what it happened,” Nazarov added.
One of the main tasks of the Chibisa is to detect gamma-ray bursts that occur during a lightning discharge. Towards the Earth, gamma radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, but it passes freely into space and can be recorded by instruments installed on spacecraft.
The microsatellite was created at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences jointly with other scientific organizations. The mass of the apparatus is only 40 kilograms, of which about a third was spent - the complex of scientific equipment "Groza". It includes detectors of X-ray, gamma, ultraviolet and radio radiation (30-50 MHz) generated during a lightning discharge at an altitude of 13-20 kilometers.
The approximate cost of the satellite is 45 million rubles.
Scientific instrumentation
Chibis-M has a very high temporal resolution (on the order of a nanosecond), and the amount of information they receive is extremely large - in a very short time (about 10 microseconds) it is necessary to analyze and store up to 100 gigabytes of data. With such a volume, it is impossible to keep a continuous record of observations. The telemetry data dump speed is 1 Mbps.
Composition of the satellite's scientific equipment: for the first time, studies of lightning discharges will be carried out in such a wide spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. It includes: an X-ray gamma detector, an ultraviolet detector (developed at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University), a radio frequency analyzer, and a digital camera (IKI RAS). In addition, the scientific complex includes a system for collecting, analyzing, storing and transmitting information, which is being developed at IKI.
The center for receiving and controlling microsatellites is being organized at the Special Design Bureau for Space Instrumentation of the IKI RAS in Tarusa (Kaluga Region).
During the flight of the Chibis-M, at the first stage, the algorithms for selecting an event-trigger, according to which the observation data will be recorded in the device's ring memory, and then transmitted to the general memory of the KNA and to the Earth, must be checked. Operational control of a microsatellite in flight should facilitate the registration of physical parameters from lightning discharges.
The Chibis-M microsatellite was delivered to the ISS by the Progress M-13M transport cargo vehicle (TGC). Before undocking the spacecraft from the ISS, the cosmonauts dismantled the docking mechanism from it and installed the container with the spacecraft. After separation from the ISS, the Progress orbit was raised to an altitude of ~ 500 km. By means of a spring, the microsatellite was pushed out of the transport and launch container installed on the TGK on January 25 at 03:18:30 MSK (January 24 at 23:18:30 UTC), and then the microsatellite began to operate in a working orbit.
The satellite is equipped with a 70-centimeter amateur radio transmitter, which has the callsign RS-39.
Receiving data
During several sessions on February 16 and 17, ground stations in Kaluga, Tarusa, Panska Ves (Czech Republic) and Budapest (Hungary) received scientific telemetric information from a satellite via a 2.2 gigahertz radio link from an onboard NEMO transmitter. Reset performed scientific informationaccumulated by the block of scientific data from the instruments of the radio frequency analyzer and the digital camera. The scientific information received on Earth will be analyzed at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI).
End of work
On October 15, 2014, at approximately 21.57 Moscow time, the Chibis-M academic microsatellite, launched in an autonomous flight from the International space station January 25, 2012. The device entered the dense layers of the atmosphere in the vicinity of the southern part of South America at an altitude of about 80 km. In total, 987 control sessions and 857 sessions of scientific information dropping were carried out with the satellite. During its operation, Chibis-M transmitted 24.8 gigabytes of scientific data on what is happening in the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere to the Earth.
see also
- Gamma Observatory COMPTON (NASA, operating time 1991-2000)
- RHESSI satellite (NASA, 2002 launch)
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Notes
Links
- (Retrieved January 12, 2012)
- The plot of the Roskosmos TV studio (Retrieved January 12, 2012)
- Russian space magazine 2011. (Retrieved January 12, 2012)
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"The estimated active life of the satellite is one year, but it will be able to work even longer - up to five years, if there are no strong solar storms. I would like to express special gratitude for the preparation of the satellite for launching to those working on the ISS russian cosmonauts Kononenko and Shkaplerov, "said one of the project leaders. They were in charge of the last phase of the launch.
The Chibis-M microsatellite in a special transport and launch container was delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) by the Progress M-13M spacecraft on November 2, 2011. After undocking from the ISS on January 24, Progress, using additional fuel, ascended to a higher orbit of 500 kilometers, after which, on command from the Earth, Chibis independently (using a spring) separated from the space truck and began an autonomous flight. The cargo ship, on the beaten track, followed to the "cemetery" - a place in space where used objects are sent. It is higher and far from the commonly used "comfort" orbits. The main purpose of the satellite is to collect information on bursts of radiation in various ranges of the spectrum during thunderstorms on the ground. In addition to analyzers of various ranges, it also has a high-resolution camera. (I wish I could see these pictures!). Until now, the tasks that did not start correctly from the moment of the start of the task were corrected, I do not want to be a damaged phone, therefore it is not detailed: correction of movement and position, sensor of the position of the sun, battery, etc. The approximate cost of the satellite, excluding the launch, is 45 million rubles. Agree, not much for a space object. Basically, this is the cost of KIA with which it is simply "stuffed". Long "sticks" are not just antennas; they are the realization of the need for measurements expressed in what / meter, ie. sensors spaced at some distance. For example, the field strength .. :-) And, if you focus on the length of the antennas, then there should be frequencies much lower than 435315. :-) During the day, the satellite is not heard, i.e. The transmitters are not always turned on, but in the evening and at night - please have fun: the transmitter is transmitting telemetry in Morse code. For those who have not yet learned the telegraph, let me remind you: on this site you can learn Morse code completely on your own: just you and the computer. See the section "Learning the telegraph at home". Today I noticed a difference in the work of the satellite (loop no. 209). First, as usual, the telegraph block, and then in FM mode the telemetry blocks. But I guess late to switch to FM, sorry :-) The soundtrack is a little torn, to put it mildly. Maybe in 210 orbits, when the satellite flies closer, it will be possible to record the soundtrack better.
It bears the name "Research of physical processes during atmospheric lightning discharges based on the Chibis-M microsatellite using the Progress cargo vehicle". The task of the apparatus is a detailed study of electrical discharges in the atmosphere practically in the entire range of radiation, from radio to gamma range. This task is of undoubted practical importance. Powerful gamma radiation at altitudes of about 10-20 kilometers poses a danger to aircraft crews and passengers. Moreover, gamma rays reaching the Earth can pose a danger to people even on the planet's surface. But the study in the radio range may be for the creation of a system for global monitoring of radio communications.
Gamma radiation, which originates from lightning discharges, was discovered in the early 1990s. The accompanying radio emission also attracted the attention of scientists due to its unusually wide spectrum and appearance 2-3 milliseconds before the discharge itself. This phenomenon was predicted by physicists from FIAN A.V. Gurevich and K.P. Zybin also in the early 90s. They hypothesized that first a charge accumulates on a thundercloud. Then, due to some kind of shock, an avalanche of low-speed electrons is born, which, moving in a powerful electric field created by an electric charge on a thundercloud, accelerate to near-light speeds and create powerful pulses of radio, ultraviolet and gamma radiation. This mechanism is most likely triggered by the hitting of high-energy particles between the charged cloud and the Earth. cosmic rays.
This occurs before the discharge between the Earth and the cloud, visible in the optical range, the actual lightning, and takes several hundred milliseconds. It is almost impossible to observe these phenomena from Earth: the flow of electrons is directed almost completely upward and is quickly absorbed in the atmosphere. Powerful radiation spreads in all directions, but on the way to Earth it is blocked by the atmosphere, where photons of the gamma spectrum are almost immediately absorbed. Therefore, they can only be observed from space.
The studies of Gurevich and his colleagues from the IKI RAS and SINP MSU showed that the mass of the equipment needed to study thunderstorms in space is only about 12 kilograms. The Space Research Institute took over the creation of the microsatellite. The institute approached the task in a comprehensive manner and instead of creating one device, they launched activities to develop a universal platform, using the experience of launching the educational and technological microsatellite Kolibri. Under the leadership of IKI, specialists from FIAN and SINP (payload) and Skanex and IPM im. M.V. Keldysh RAS (orientation system).
This approach will allow in the future to increase the pace of launching microsatellites. Separately, it is worth noting the method of launching the device, which saves on launch. The lapwing was installed on the Progress truck, which first delivered the cargo to the ISS, then corrected its orbit, and only after that, having separated from the station, brought the lapwing into the calculated orbit. Thus, it was possible to avoid the costs of launching, which for a small device may be more than the cost of itself. The specialists of the Institute for Space Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, worked out such a launching scheme on the Kolibri.
Despite the small mass of the payload, its composition is striking: X-ray - gamma detector (sensitive in the X-ray and gamma range at energies of 50-500 keV); ultraviolet detector (ultraviolet range 300-450 nm); RF analyzer (range 20-50 MHz); an optical range camera with a spatial resolution of 300 m; magnetic wave complex; data storage unit; scientific information transmitter PRD 2.2.
The composition of the payload is unique in its coverage of the radiation range and temporal resolution for such a small mass of devices. The entire set of instruments was called the "Thunderstorm scientific equipment complex". All scientific and auxiliary information accumulated in the BND-Ch is transmitted to the ground receiving station of the IKI RAS in Tarusa using a highly informative transmitter PRD 2.2.
The lapwing was successfully launched into the calculated orbit on the night of January 25-26. The scientific equipment has not yet been turned on, since it is necessary to make sure that all orientation modes provided in the apparatus are working. This is important not only for the correct orientation of the apparatus during scientific measurements, but also for charging its batteries. Experts from IKI RAS and Sputniks have already encountered one problem and successfully resolved it. Immediately after launch, one of the solar sensors "stuck", not responding to the illumination of the Sun. Actuators and control laws are now being tested, including a new algorithm that ensures the orientation of Chibis solar panels to the Sun.
The Chibis-M microsatellite in a special transport and launch container (TPK) was delivered on board the International Space Station by the Progress M-13M transport and cargo vehicle on November 2, 2011. After undocking from the ISS on January 24, at 02.09 35 seconds Moscow time, the Progress M-13M spacecraft, using additional fuel, ascended to a higher orbit - 500 km, where the Chibis-M microsatellite independently left the TPK and began autonomous flight. Chibis-M became the first microsatellite implemented on the special platform Chibis, developed and created at the Institute of Space Research (IKI RAS).
According to Stanislav Klimov, head of the laboratory for research of electromagnetic radiation at IKI RAS, the satellite has successfully started its work, and the first signal has already been received from it. “We received information from our colleagues in Krasnoyarsk that the first presence signal was successfully received, as well as service telemetry from the Chibis-M satellite. This means that small spacecraft works successfully ", - quotes Klimov RIA News"... Even before the launch, the organizers of the Chibis-M project invited radio amateurs to take part in monitoring the operation of the microsatellite and to monitor its signals. Some radio amateurs have already received information about the operation of the Chibis-M microsatellite, which has the call sign RS-39 (frequency 435.315 MHz, data transmission in Morse code).
“This is a small satellite named after a small bird,” the director told Gazeta.Ru. - Its task is to study gamma radiation, which is detected during lightning discharges. There is an interesting theory proposed by a group of Russian theorists from the Physics Institute. PN Lebedev RAS, which is now headed by an academician. The idea is that in the strong electric fields electrons are accelerated and powerful gamma rays are generated. We will investigate and test all this ”.
Flashes of gamma radiation during lightning discharges were first registered in 1994 by the BATSE satellite (Space Gamma Observatory Compton, NASA). This phenomenon is called "atmospheric gamma-ray burst" (TGF - Terrestrial Gamma-Flash) and came as a big surprise to researchers.
The position of such flares on the map of the Earth coincides well with those regions where thunderstorms are especially frequent.
Practical task "Chibisa-M"
In addition to a purely scientific study of these phenomena, it is also of practical importance. Ultra-powerful gamma radiation at altitudes of 10-20 km poses a potential danger to aircraft crews and passengers. Gamma radiation, which does reach the Earth, covers large areas, which can be important from an environmental point of view.
An attempt to explain gamma-ray bursts led physicists from FIAN to the so-called runaway breakdown model. If a significant electric field is applied to the system, then the collisions will not be able to stop the electrons, which will begin to accelerate freely. Striking the molecules of the medium, they will begin to avalanche release other high-energy electrons. This is how a breakdown occurs. In the event of a thunderstorm, according to the theory, the required electric field is created by electric charges on the clouds, after which the accelerated particles leave the atmosphere, giving rise to gamma radiation. In the downward direction, toward the Earth, it is absorbed by the atmosphere, but toward the “upward” direction, into space, it passes more freely and can be recorded by instruments installed on spacecraft.
The Chibis-M microsatellite was created specifically to test this theory at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in cooperation with other scientific organizations.
Where devices for "Chibis-M" are created
X-ray and gamma radiation detector (RGD) and ultraviolet radiation detector (UUV)created at the Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Physics. D. V. Skobeltsyn Moscow State University. RF analyzer RFA created at IKI RAS. The KPA also includes digital camera digital camera (IKI RAS), which will take images of the Earth in the optical range, and a detector-analyzers of electromagnetic radiation (0.1-40000 Hz) - magnetic-plasma complex MVKcreated by the Lviv Center of the Space Research Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the State Space Agency of Ukraine and the Etvös University (Hungary).
The prefix "micro" means that the mass of the satellite does not exceed 100 kg, and indeed "Chibis-M" on Earth weighs only 40 kg, of which about a third goes to the complex of scientific equipment (KNA) "Groza".
For the first time, a set of instruments will be installed on one satellite, which will “cover” the range from gamma to radio emission.
Thus, the researchers want to "see" as many processes as possible that occur during a lightning discharge. Therefore, the "Groza" KNA includes detectors of X-ray, gamma, ultraviolet and radio radiation (30-50 MHz) generated during a thunderstorm discharge at an altitude of 13-20 km. The KNA also includes instruments for studying plasma oscillations. To understand whether these emissions are accompanied by lightning flashes, the complex is equipped with a digital camera.
Chibis-M is on a par with several devices that are also engaged in the study of lightning discharges and phenomena in the upper atmosphere. These include Firefly (CubeSat variant) and Taranis (France CNES, 2015 launch).
New method of launching a satellite into orbit
The IKI RAS has developed a previously unused method of using the infrastructure of the Russian segment of the ISS for launching a microsatellite from the Progress transport and cargo vehicle (TGK). After undocking from the station, the TGK rises to a higher orbit, after which the microsatellite, with the help of the TPK, is sent into an independent flight. A similar method was used in 2001, when the Russian-Australian scientific and educational microsatellite Kolibri-2000, created at the IKI RAS, was launched into orbit. This apparatus, in addition to a scientific one, also performed an educational task: its data could be received by those who participated in the project. comprehensive schools Russia and Australia. The Chibis-M program also provides educational programsdeveloped by SINP MSU and IKI RAS for universities and schools.
In addition to the scientific program, the Chibis-M microsatellite is important in that it became the first small spacecraft created on the basis of the Chibis microsatellite platform. This platform was developed as part of academic program "Creation and use of microsatellite platforms Russian academy sciences for fundamental and applied space research ". The Special Design Bureau of the IKI RAS carried out not only the design and manufacture of the microsatellite, but also the full cycle of its electrical, command-information, vibration-impact, thermal vacuum tests. A ground infrastructure was also created for receiving and processing information from a satellite. The center for receiving and controlling microsatellites is being organized at the Special Design Bureau of Space Instrumentation of the Institute for Space Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Kaluga.
The Chibis-M satellite is the first in the line of small vehicles implemented on the Chibis platform.
However, IKI is already working on the scientific load for the next microsatellite, whose task is to monitor greenhouse gases (primarily carbon dioxide) and catastrophic phenomena on the surface, in the atmosphere and ionosphere of the Earth. Finally, a third microsatellite for regional research, Balkansat, is discussed.
“In general, the line of small spacecraft in near-earth orbits seems to me to be very correct,” says Lev Zeleny, director of the IKI RAS. - Our main partners have a small satellite program. They make the platform "Karat". First satellite on this platform for exploration natural resources should be launched in the summer in the interests of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics. V.A.Kotelnikov. Our institute is also in the queue, we will be the third or fourth, we plan to make a "set" of satellites for research magnetic field Earth, or more precisely, the processes occurring in the magnetic field tubes. But these satellites will be 3-4 times larger than our "Chibis". So gradually, if Chubais helps us, it will come to the nanosatellite. Well, seriously, in space technology indeed there is such a term, so called satellites weighing from one to 10 kilograms. Our Chibis is still heavier, about 40 kilograms is a microsatellite. "
The period of active existence of "Chibisa-M" should be at least two years.