Exhausting wars throughout the restless 17th century, the weakening of the army and its inability to protect the state from enemy encroachments - all these reasons together created the necessary conditions for the creation of another Russian army, which was initiated by the regiments of the new system.
Start
For the first time, we had to think about creating new troops in a difficult and turbulent period of our history - in the Time of Troubles, scorched by the terrible threat of a foreign invasion. During this period of strife, foreign legionnaires were hired into militia units to fight it.It was then that Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, sincerely amazed by the well-coordinated competent actions of the Swedish infantry, staunchly repelling the attacks of the Polish hussars, decided to organize an army according to a foreign model - the Dutch and Swedish. The regiments of the new system, which consisted mainly of peasant militias, were assembled in Novgorod and numbered 18 thousand people. The Belgian Christier Somme taught them to competently use weapons, focusing on the tactics of fighting the cavalry, in which a number of pikemen covered musketeers with squeaks - the main weapon of that time.
First successes
Even hastily trained, the regiments of the new order in September 1609 won several significant victories over the Poles: they broke the blockade of Moscow and returned several cities, throwing the invading troops back. But the Time of Troubles made adjustments to further events. After the poisoning of Skopin-Shuisky, the army dispersed.
Thus ended the successful trial organization of the regiments on a foreign model.
Second attempt
The strategic need for the return of Smolensk, given to the Poles, and the revival of a strong, combat-ready army was another impetus for the creation of new regiments in 1630. By the end of 1631, Swedish and Dutch specialists, who began this difficult task, formed 2 regiments, each of which had 1600 people. Initially, it was planned to recruit the regiments from the children of homeless boyars, but they were not interested in the infantry service, and it was decided to accept the Cossacks and children of the archers into the army.
The command of the regiments was carried out mainly by foreign initial people. Each regiment, consisting of 8 companies, was under the command of a colonel, lieutenant colonel, major and five captains. The company had 200 soldiers, of whom 120 were musketeers and 80 were pikemen. grew rapidly: by the beginning of 1632 there were already 6 of them (9 thousand people).
From the middle of 1632, the creation of the first Reitar regiment of boyar and noble children began, the number of which had grown to 1721 people by the end of the year.
A dragoon company was first organized in its composition, and soon a separate dragoon regiment was formed, consisting of 12 companies. The regiments of the new order in the period 1632-1634. represented the backbone of the army, 10 combat-ready units of 17 thousand people were created. They fought bravely, were brave and desperate, heroically showing themselves in battles with superior forces enemy, but Russia could not win the war. And at the end of hostilities, the regiments of the new system were disbanded. The second attempt to organize the troops was also only half successful.
Stage three
After several years, in 1638, the government resumed the formation of parts of a new model to protect the borders of southern Russia. The royalist and general, the Englishman Thomas Daleil, supervised the training of the troops stationed in the Novgorod category.
The formation of the regiments led to the compulsory recruitment of tributary people who served from spring to autumn, and dispersed to their homes for the winter. This practice did not justify itself: the insufficient level of education associated with long vacations affected. Therefore, in 1643-1648, some southern villages and villages were nationalized, and the peasants were recorded as dragoons.
Military reform of Alexei Mikhailovich
The middle of the 17th century in Russia was marked by an extremely important event for the country - according to the decree, a radical reform of the army began: the strengthening of the best parts of the old system - the elite Moscow local cavalry, Moscow archers and gunners, as well as the creation of combat units in the likeness of regiments that had already shown their military skill.
In the conditions of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667. it was these formations that became the strong basis of the country's armed forces. The regiments of the new system under Alexei Mikhailovich are soldier and dragoon units made up of dacha people recruited for life service. A national duty was introduced.
Reitar regiments were formed not only from datovnye, but also from impoverished or homeless nobles, Cossack and Noblemen's hundreds in full force were transferred to the Reitar system. A strategically important move was the separation of horse lancers - hussars from the reitar. The Swedish experience in conducting combat operations and equipping a warrior was immensely useful, the similarity of the Russian and Swedish cavalry affected. The impeccable training and excellent equipment of the hussars favorably distinguished these units among the Russian cavalry.
The pride of Russia
Shelves of the new order in the middle. 17c. were formed under the leadership of a well-trained officer corps.
During the war, at least one hundred thousand soldiers were recruited and trained, who proved the viability of the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating such military formations. By the end of the century, the regiments of the new system were already the best part of the troops, which later formed the basis of the regular victorious Russian army.
Creation of regiments of the "new order"
The experience of armed struggle against the Polish and Swedish intervention indicated the need to create a trained infantry and cavalry troops. In 1630 in the most big cities In Russia, the tsar sent out letters about the recruitment of people for "military training", which marked the beginning of the formation of regiments of the "new order". These regiments were a fundamentally new military organization, compared to the noble militia. The regiments) of the "new or foreign system" were essentially a permanent, but not yet regular army. Initially, they were recruited on the principles of voluntary, from "hunting people", and then compulsory recruitment of tributary people. This step in Russian military development had a truly reformatory character.
The soldiers' regiments were enrolled in the "homeless" children of boyars and Cossacks, and all sorts of "free and walking people were encouraged to join." The newly recruited warriors were given weapons and equipment at the expense of the treasury. They were also paid "the sovereign's salary". To maintain the soldiers, the government was forced to take foreign loans from England and Holland, guns, gunpowder and edged weapons. Purchased through the sale of grain abroad. Nevertheless, funds for the army were chronically lacking.
The Russian regiments of the “new system” received their baptism of fire in the war with the Poles for the return of Smolensk (1632-1634). Despite the short training period, the regiments performed well. However, foreign officers and soldiers in the course of hostilities often went over to the side of the Poles. The mercenaries cost the treasury of the Russian state dearly, and their help turned out to be illusory.
The noble cavalry also did not show itself. The landowners, having learned that the Crimean Tatars attacked the southern outskirts of the state, began to leave the camp to protect their estates. Once again, in practice, the Russian government was convinced that a radical reorganization of the entire military system was necessary for military operations.
The Russian regiments of the new system - the participants of the Smolensk campaign of 1632-1634 - the states were disbanded to their homes, but they did not refuse to recruit these troops.
In 1648, together with the most educated boyars N.I. Odoevsky, clerk F.A.Griboyedov and others, Prince Volkonsky began to develop a set of basic laws - the Cathedral Code. It took the commission only two and a half months to create not only a new code of feudal law, but also a kind of disciplinary charter of the Russian army. Sobornoye Ulozhenie played a decisive role in the implementation of military reforms.
The most striking figure of the galaxy of converters Russia XVII century was A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin, the son of a Pskov landowner. At the court of Tsar Michael, he performed important diplomatic duties, and was known as a military leader.
The educated and thoughtful diplomat Ordin-Nashchokin considered it necessary to adopt the advanced experience of the military development of Western European countries. He advocated an increase in the independence of the governors, who, in his opinion, should have personally made decisions and led their subordinates, and not wait "for every little thing" for a decree from the capital. But at the same time, great responsibility was also required from the military leaders. Ordin-Nashchokin's projects included making the army more combat-ready, by equipping it with datochnye, foot and horse, people, organizing regular combat training. Consequently, already in the middle of the 17th century, Russian military thought had substantiated the idea of \u200b\u200ba regular army, complete with sets from all classes.
A significant part of A. L. Ordin-Nashchekin's proposals remained unfulfilled, to a large extent, due to the limited financial and economic capabilities of the state.
Nevertheless, the transformation of the armed forces continued. The changes were carried out in the system of the highest military command. Along with the old orders, such as Razryadny, Streletsky, Pushkarsky, the formation of new management structures began. Recreated in 1613 as an order, the Armory was in charge of the manufacture of light firearms and edged weapons. It subsequently included temporary orders: Musket business (1654) and Barrel (1647-1666). From 1613 to 1643 the Cossack order functioned. In the years 1614-1623 there was a Panskiy order, which recruited foreigners for Russian service. Since 1624, these functions were assigned to the Inozem order.
In 1633, the order of the Collection of tributary people was formed. His duties included recruiting from the peasants and the townspeople (1 person from 20-25 households) the contingent of military units intended for the construction and repair of the notch lines. During the period of hostilities, they repaired roads and carried out convoy service. In 1654, the orders were transferred to the Razryadny and Reitarsky orders. Regiments of the "new order" began to be formed from the dacha people.
From 1637 to 1654, the order of the Collection of Warrior People functioned, which formed the soldiers (infantry) and dragoon (horse and foot service) regiments of the "new order". They were recruited from the population of border villages and cities by 1 person from 3-5 yards to carry military service on serif lines. The shelves were assembled in the spring and were dismissed in the fall. Soldiers and dragoons returned weapons and horses to the state. Their salaries were stopped. Temporary kits showed that the maintenance of military men is expensive for the treasury. In addition, untrained people came to the service, and for several months they could not acquire the necessary military skills. With this in mind, the government has taken a number of further steps. Beginning in 1642, peasants began to be registered as dragoons, leaving the land for them and exempting them from duties. These "lodged dragoons" did not receive a salary, and at the same time were obliged to carry out border guards at their place of residence. This order of manning dragoons reduced the financial costs of their maintenance, and the constant protection of their own native places helped to increase their combat effectiveness. In the same way, starting in 1649, soldiers' regiments - "plowed soldiers" began to be completed. From peasants and townships, out of three or four men in the family, one or two at the age of 20 to 50 were enlisted as soldiers. The newly recruited warriors underwent military training.
But this method of forming the regiments of the "new order" did not stand the test either. As long as the dragoons and soldiers were on duty at the place of residence, there were no particular problems. However, during the period of hostilities, the regiments of the "new system" had to leave the areas of residence. Soldiers and dragoons were detached from the economy for a long time. And as a result of this, the peasants and the townspeople of the border towns were ruined and military service not only for them, but also for their families turned into an unbearable burden.
Certain difficulties arose in the Reitarsky (cavalry) order. Initially, the reitars were recruited exclusively from nobles and boyar children. Later, starting from the second half of the 17th century, the Reitarsky order began to form regiments of spearmen and hussars. They had the same rights as the Reiters. It was the noble cavalry of the "new order". Reiters received a salary for diligent service. The estates were also preserved for them. For failure to appear at the service ("not being"), the estates were taken from the nobles and transferred to the soldiers' regiments.
The generally correct direction of military reform had its drawbacks. The discrepancy in recruitment, the order of service in the regiments of the "new order" - soldiers, reitars, dragoons - forced the tsar and the government to look for more perfect forms of organization of troops. This became especially acute in conditions when Russia was faced with the difficult tasks of armed struggle with Poland, Turkey, crimean Tatars... First of all, it was required to change the order of recruiting soldiers' regiments, for which several recruits of tributary people were carried out. In 1658, one foot warrior was taken from 25 yards. The conscripts were bound by mutual responsibility: in the event of their evasion from service, guarantors were taken to the regiments. Enrollments were also carried out in 1659 and 1660. For three gatherings, the army was replenished with 51 thousand soldiers, who were provided with weapons, ammunition and salaries at the expense of the state. These kits anticipated the recruiting system.
It turned out to be more difficult to form the dragoon regiments. The dragoons were required to appear for service on horseback and with their weapons. The low-powered farms of the dragoons, despite the fact that they were exempt from taxes, having lost their hands, fell into decay.
Reitar, spearmen and hussars, recruited from the nobility, the children of the boyars, as well as from the Cossacks and dacha people, turned out to be more than 20 thousand people. The state paid the Reitars a higher salary than the soldiers.
In the second half of the 17th century, the regiments of the "new system" in the Russian army were finally established. Unlike countries Western Europe (with the exception of Sweden), in which mercenarism flourished, a system of compulsory military service all social strata of the indigenous population. In wartime, all the warriors of the regiments of the "new order" received salaries, clothing and weapons. They remained on the maintenance of the state even after the end of hostilities, if not dismissed to their homes.
The regiments of the "new order" constituted a permanent armed force and had a clear military structure. The Dragoon regiments were trained to operate in horse and foot formations, the Dragoon had a lightweight musket or carbine and sword. Reitars fought only on horseback. The Reitar regiments included small units of light cavalry - spearmen and hussars. Reitar was armed with a carbine, two pistols, a sword and armor. The spearmen were armed with spears and pistols. The hussar was armed with a spear smaller than that of a spearman, two pistols and armor. The foot army consisted of soldiers' regiments armed with muskets and berdyshs. Plate armor was sometimes used as a protective weapon. The senior officers were armed with protazans, and the junior with halberds.
The regiments of the "new order" were assigned artillery - from 6 to 20 guns for each regiment. In general, there were up to 400 guns in the army, and up to 2500 guns in fortresses. In 1677, the "Pushkar Regiment" with 30 officers and 1261 gunners was formed in Russia. In artillery, obsolete guns (zattenny squeaky, mattresses) were replaced with more unified types and calibers of guns. In the second half of the 17th century, the artillery park of the Russian army was qualitatively renewed. The cannon masters improved the methods of casting cannons and cannonballs, laid the foundation for the production of regimental guns, mortars and howitzers of the same type in weight and caliber. There was a clear division into siege and fortress artillery and "regimental outfit" - field artillery assigned to the regiments,
The troops of the "new system" received a single organization. All regiments, both horse and foot, had 10 companies. Horse companies numbered 100 people each, and foot companies 160 people each. New ranks were introduced in the regiments: colonel, major, captain, captain, lieutenant. This determined a clear order of subordination of the commanding persons.
First organization
At the beginning of the 17th century, in order to fight False Dmitry II and the Polish-Lithuanian intervention, the government of Vasily Shuisky resorted to Sweden's help. In exchange for the concession of the town of Korela and the district, the Swedes provided a small mercenary army of Swedish and Finnish soldiers, and also recruited mercenaries throughout Europe. The maintenance of this army demanded huge expenses, the mercenaries showed a tendency to riots and treason, and the mercenary cavalry of the Western European model was inferior to the Polish-Lithuanian cavalry. In particular, in the battle of Tver on July 11 (21), the French and German cavalry could not withstand the attack of the Polish-Lithuanian hussars and turned to panic flight, having suffered heavy losses. But the German and Swedish infantry, located in the center, withstood and staunchly repelled the Polish attack.
After the collapse of the mercenary army near Tver, MV Skopin-Shuisky was forced to re-form the army, which attracted "a lot of untrained people from Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Pomorie." Preparing in Kalyazin for the campaign against Moscow, he undertook training of his troops on the Dutch model, which the Swedes also adhered to. The drill was led by the Belgian Christier Somme, who remained in the royal service with his detachment, having concluded a special agreement. The militia were trained in exercises in the correct formation, which was key to using linear tactics, as well as the use of weapons, the construction and assault of fortifications. The tactics of the Western European infantry of that time for the fight against cavalry involved the use of dense formations of pikemen, which covered the musketeers. Field fortifications, which played an important role in the Dutch military school, were widely used in traditional Russian military affairs. Historian OA Kurbatov notes that there is very little information about the use of "German" tactics (especially successful) directly in hostilities, in contrast to the practice of using "ostrozhki". A slow but steady advance, relying on these fortifications, led to a gradual interception of enemy communications and forced him to either retreat or try to storm the "ostrozhki", which was an extremely difficult task. The effectiveness of this tactic was also recognized by the enemy. At the same time, long infantry pikes were only one of the possible means of fighting the cavalry, and their presence in itself did not guarantee success. So, on March 20, 1611, the Advance Regiment of the First Militia was defeated near Moscow by the cavalry of Colonel Struse, leaving hundreds of "German-style infantry copies" on the battlefield.
In the conditions of the difficult situation in the country, the money needed to organize the troops was collected from the cities, merchants and townspeople also helped, monasteries provided great help. The new army was assembled in August 1609 and took part in the victorious campaign of Skopin-Shuisky to Moscow, which ended with the liquidation of the Tushino camp and the flight of False Dmitry II. After the unexpected death of Skopin-Shuisky in 1610 and the defeat in the battle of Klushino, the army disintegrated, but the memory of his successes remained. So, the Yaroslavl people, preparing for the campaign of the First Militia, wrote in April 1611 that they had made: "on foot for long stints ... two thousand iron mines, while others are doing, because the former in the regiment from that equestrian was protection."
Second organization
The organization of all regiments was similar - they were divided into 8 companies. The first three companies were headed by a colonel, a lieutenant colonel and a major, the rest 5 were captains; the company had about 200 rank-and-file servicemen (120-137 musketeers and 63-80 pikemen) and about 20 “initial men”. The highest ranks were considered all officers from the ensign and above, as well as the "regimental headquarters". In addition to the company command (captain, lieutenant and warrant officer), the company consisted of the initial people of the "lesser rank" (from the sergeant and below). So, in the regiment of Franz Petsner (after his death, the regiment was commanded by von Damme) in the company staff, in addition to the rank and file (120 musketeers and 80 pikemen), there were also 3 "Pentecostals" (sergeants), "company devious" (quartermaster), "patrol over weapons "(captenarmus), 6 corporals, a doctor, a podjachi, 2 interpreters, 3 drummers.
In the middle of 1632, the formation of the Reitar regiment began from the nobles and children of the boyars, who willingly signed up for the more prestigious and well-paid Reitar service. By December, the number of rank-and-file reiters was 1,721, which was close to the standard, but the regiment was not immediately involved in the battle, but continued training. As part of the regiment, an auxiliary dragoon company was organized; dragoons were then understood as "riding infantry", whose task was to operate on foot. As a result, the total number of the regiment reached 2,400 people, and the number of companies increased to 14. In July 1633, the regiment was sent to Smolensk, having managed to join Shein's army just before the appearance of the army of King Vladislav IV. The Reitarsky regiment under the command of Charles D'Ebert showed itself well in battles, especially in comparison with the traditional cavalry, which, after a year of unsuccessful siege, was distinguished by low morale and massive desertion.
In May 1633, the formation of a separate dragoon regiment began. It originally consisted of 10 companies; after the advance to Mozhaisk, a soldier's squadron of four companies was additionally formed. The regiment did not manage to take part in the hostilities near Smolensk, as did the consolidated squadron of Christopher Rylsky, which also included a company of dragoons.
Third organization
Soon, the government resumed the formation of regiments of the new order to protect southern borders... By the fall of 1638, 5 055 dragoons and 8 686 soldiers of the Belgorod regiment were concentrated there. For the formation of soldiers, it was necessary to conduct a compulsory recruitment of tributary people. They served only from spring to autumn, and were let go home for the winter. However, they were notable for their insufficient level of education. Therefore, in 1643-1648, some southern villages and villages were nationalized, and their peasants were recorded as dragoons. For training, Russian initial people and weapons went there. However, for border service the peasants had to use their horses and supplies. In the north, they did the same, but massive recruits led to the devastation of villages. Therefore, since 1662, the peasants of those places were freed from taxes.
Regiments were also reorganized. So, for example, in 1658 the Belgorod governor Prince G.G. Romodanovsky received a decree from Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "Tula dragoon formation Aristov regiment Famendin dragoons to be in the Reitar formation"... Former dragoons were given a salary "Against reitar", and the newly formed Reitarskaya squadron became part of the Great Regiment of the Belgorod Voivode.
In the 1650s, faced with the superior reiters of the Swedish king, russian army has undergone significant reform. Hundreds of nobles were transferred to the Reitar system. The Swedish experience turned out to be especially useful in view of the similarity in the qualities of the Russian and Swedish cavalry: the "merinka" of the Russian children of the boyars, like the Scandinavian horses of the Swedes, lost to the thoroughbred Turkish horses of the Polish "hussaria", but the state had the opportunity to supply its reitars in excess with firearms, regiments - by trained officers. The newly formed Reitars immediately distinguished themselves among the Russian cavalry in their training and equipment, attracting the attention of foreigners: “The cavalry sported many thoroughbred horses and good weapons. The warriors clearly performed all the movements, precisely observing the rows and the required steps and turns. When the right wing came in, the left one stood in place in perfect order, and vice versa. From the outside, this slender mass of warriors was a wonderful sight "- wrote the Polish chronicler Vespasian Kochowski in 1660.
During the war, at least 100,000 people were recruited; of which by 1663 there were 50-60 thousand people in service in 55 soldiers' regiments; and in peacetime the number was reduced to 25-30 thousand. In 1681 there were 33 soldiers (61,000 people) and 25 dragoon and reitars (29,000 people) regiments. At the end of the 17th century, they accounted for more than half of all troops, and at the beginning of the 18th century they were used to form the regular Russian army.
Russian hussars
First organization
The first hussar companies in Russia appeared in the Smolensk War of 1632-1634. They were originally completed by immigrants from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In the spring of 1654, Russian hussars, led by their colonel Christopher Rylsky, solemnly set out from Moscow to Smolensk, but after a year they were no longer mentioned in documents.
Hussar regiment of the Novgorod category of Prince Khovanskiy
In September 1660, after the defeat at Polonka, Prince Ivan Khovansky ordered to select from each Reitar regiment 100 privates for the companies "Hussar system"... Nobles were selected as hussars "Servants for the fatherland" and only the wealthy, not a single city nobleman was transferred to the hussars. The hussar received a significant salary "For evo heavy hussar service"... To train new hussars was appointed "Teacher of the hussar system" Bartholomew (from Poles or Lithuanians), who stood outside the bureaucratic system.
By March 1661, three companies of hussars were formed, which headed the list of the first Novgorod regiment of the Reitar system. Unlike the Polish hussars, in the Russian hussar company there were no "comrades" and "post" ones, the company was commanded by a captain, a lieutenant and an ensign ("cornet"). Unlike the Reitars, the Novgorod hussars did not have corporals and ensigns, since they did not adhere to a linear system.
The first combat use hussar took place in October 1660. Then Khovansky with a bold throw went to the rear of the Polish-Lithuanian army behind the Dnieper. By this he distracted the best part of her cavalry and upset the balance of forces that had been established on the Basa River after the battles of Charnetsky, Sapega and Pac with the army of Prince Yuri Dolgorukov, the Lithuanians were forced to hastily retreat from there to Shklov.
This regiment became one of the most exemplary in the Novgorod regiment. During the retreat of the Russian army after the defeat at Kushliki, it was the hussars that Khovansky entrusted with the protection of the Tsar's banner. For 25 miles to Polotsk, near the crossing, the retreating army had to take another battle. "Hundred People" and the reiters of Khovansky guided the Lithuanians to the infantry placed in the forest, and the attack of the Russian hussars ensured victory. The prince reported to Moscow: “And taught to be a fierce battle ... enemy people began to attack ... military foot men ... in order to break them up and beat them up, and ... foot people ... stood firm and did not give way to the enemy, fought, not sparing their heads; and we, taking the hussar and what was with us of all the ranks of your military men, jumped on the Polish people ... and the Polish people tore down and help the people on foot. And there was a fierce battle from 1 o'clock ... many Polish people were beaten and knocked down from the field, and retreated intact to Polotsk " .
In 1662, this regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Nikifor Karaulov. In the regiment served: major - 1, captains - 4, lieutenants - 9, ensigns - 2, cornet - 3, hussars of nobles and children of boyars - 352. In total, 372 people. By 1662, the regiment was increased to 405 people, "the hussars of Novgorodians, Tverichs, Novotorzhians, Pskovians, Lutsk people, Toropchanians and Pustorzhevites."
In 1673, the regiment was commanded by Colonel Kirill Naryshkin, the grandfather of Peter I. In 1678 he was replaced by Mikhail Timofeevich Chelishchev, who was granted colonel in the hussar system by the decree of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. Chelishchev commanded the regiment until at least 1696.
Internal organization
Some regiments of the new order and their number
Armament
The soldiers 'uniforms differed little from the Strelets' uniforms - they wore almost the same caftans made of colored latchina. The pikemen were armed with pikes - in the 1650s and 1660s they were purchased in Holland, and the length of the ash shaft was about 4.73 meters. Half-peaks were also used. Although later pikemen as a class were abolished. The soldiers were armed with both imported and domestic swords. The epee was worn on a "sword belt" (harness). In addition, in the old fashioned way, they were equipped with baldles, since it was a very convenient and effective weapon. In the first half of the century, in addition to this, the weapons of the regiments of the new system included protazans and halberds at the command staff. In the soldiers' regiments, armor was used, consisting of a cuirass and a plate skirt, sometimes with a necklace. At first they were imported, but soon they began to be produced in Russia. In the middle of the 17th century, the cost of such lat, produced at the Tula-Kashira factories, was 2 rubles, which was relatively small. The helmets used, marked "shishaki", are most likely morions and cabassets. However, in the second half of the century, when the regiments of the new system formed the basis of all armed forces, armor in the soldiers 'and dragoons' regiments was not used, except for the elective regiments. The soldiers were armed with squeaks or muskets. And from the 1660s, grenadiers also appeared, throwing hand grenades weighing 0.5 - 2 kg.
Horse and foot dragoons were armed with a squeak or a musket, less often with a carbine. They were supposed to perform the functions of both infantry and cavalry, but they practically did not fight on horseback. From cold weapons, they sometimes armed themselves with a sword or other bladed weapon, and also they were armed with dragoon spears, reeds and even spears.
Reitars were armed with a carbine and two pistols, as well as a saber (less often - a sword or broadsword). The sabers of the reitars, like those of the nobles and children of the boyars' centennial service, had their own, and were not issued from the treasury.
The most expensive was the hussar armor. A description of the full hussar armor from the Armory has survived: “Battens with frames and with knee pads, in the face, three boards are attached with copper burdock nails, on the front board there is a double-headed eagle with coruna, the edge around all armor is velvet worm-like, attached with burdock nails; an attachment and trimmed with worm-like velvet, including the upper ones over an iron cloak, in the face the underside attachments are sewn with spun gold, at the front board there are two copper buckles, at the back one, the nails are all gilded; bracers in the face in length, four valleys across, rubbed, those bracers have three copper planks, fastened on red velvet with gilded copper nails, velvet worm mittens, embroidered with herbs with spun gold, a scaly blued hat, on it there are ten eagles, brass pillows, they are knocked out with little horses, on them the valley is covered with wormy velvet, fastened with copper burdock nails, gilded, a copper shelf, an iron nose, in the face above, a gilded copper burdock "... This armor is still kept in the Armory, but with losses, the total weight of the armor is 28.3 kg.
If necessary, the hussars could also use Reitar armor. So, for example, Prince Khovansky did in 1661, when he did not have time to receive the hussar armor. As the prince wrote: “360 lats were accepted into my regiment. Of this number, 91 lats were given by the hussar, for the time being, according to your (tsar's) decree, hussar armor will be sent to me, and the remaining 269 lats will be given to the regiment of Colonel David Zybin to the reitars ... On the 7th, we haven't been, and you can't be a hussar without armor and shishaks and without wristbands " .
On December 14, 1659, weapons were changed in the units operating on the territory of Ukraine. Berdysh were introduced in the dragoon and soldier regiments. The royal decree read: “... in the Saldats and Dragoons in all the regiments of the Saldats and Dragoons and in the rifle orders of the archers, he ordered to make a short peak, with a spear on both ends, instead of reeds, and long peaks in the Saldak regiments and in the rifle orders to make the same on consideration; and the rest of the Saldatehs and the archers ordered them to have swords. And he ordered the bardysh to be made in the regiment of dragoons and saldats instead of swords in every regiment of 300 people, and still be sufficient in swords. And in the streltsy orders, bardysh should be inflicted on 200 people, and it is enough to be in swords as before " .
In 1660, by order of the king for "Soldier's formation of the regiment of Mikolai Bodman to saldats for 1000 for 319 people" from the Pushkar order was allocated 8 "quick-firing guns with a wedge" on light machines, "and under them there are 16 wheels on 2 wheels, 5 pounds of iron each ... Adyn machine, 3 pounds each ..." .
Banners of formations of a foreign system
During the reign of Mikhail Feodorovich, the experience of hiring for the Russian service whole "regiments of good and learned soldiers" from foreigners, who, naturally, came with their banners. Since the banners at that time were not bezelless, but were replaced with new ones as the previously issued ones became dilapidated and necessarily before each new campaign, the replacement of their banners to foreigners could not be made according to Russian custom. Each company had its own banner. The first banners were made from silk fabrics. The size and type of the banner was determined by the captain at his will, that is, according to their custom, such banners had all kinds of images: monsters, emblems and others, and the inscriptions were Latin.
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the dragoon banners were brought to a single model. The banners were edged with a border. A cross was sewn into the center from corner to corner. Two tails were sewn to the right side, from 2 arshins 12 vershoks to 3 arshins.
Soldier's banners
Each soldier's regiment had a regimental banner (colonel), lieutenant colonel and company (according to the number of companies). All banners were made by order of the colonel from taffeta and roads of different colors. The banner is 3 arshins long and 2½ arshins wide. A cross was sewn in the middle of the banner. All the banners in one regiment are the same. Only the colonel's banner was different - made of taffeta white... Soldier's banners never had a border. The shafts were painted, the banner was nailed to the shaft. Cloth covers.
see also
Notes
- The engravings for the charter were made in Holland by order of the Russian government and pasted into finished copies in 1649. The European engravings for the previous editions of Johann Jacobi von Walhausen's book "Kriegskunst zu Fuss" were used as a model.
- O. A. Kurbatov The mercenary corps of Delagardie in the service of Tsar Vasily Shuisky // "Zeighaus" magazine. - 2002. - No. 19.
- , from. 82.
- O. A. Kurbatov Excursion 8. "Dutch tactics" of the Skopin-Shuisky troops // Military history of the Russian Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century. - M.: Quadriga, 2014 .-- 240 p. - ISBN 978-5-91791-146-5.
- , from. 340.
Encyclopedic YouTube
1 / 5
✪ Regiments of the new order (tells the historian Oleg Kurbatov)
✪ Shelves of foreign order
✪ Russian army of the 17th century (tells the historian Oleg Kurbatov)
✪ Alexey Lobin about the 17th century spearmen
✪ Intelligence questioning: Boris Megorsky about the Peter's era
Subtitles
First organization
At the beginning of the 17th century, servicemen (troops) from all over Western Europe were hired to fight the Polish army in Russia, but they were of little use. In particular, in the battle of Tver on July 11 (21), the French and German cavalry could not withstand the attack of the Polish-Lithuanian hussars and turned to panic flight, having suffered heavy losses. But the German and Swedish infantry, located in the center, withstood and staunchly repelled the Polish attack. MV Skopin-Shuisky drew attention to their qualities and decided to organize the Russian army according to the Dutch model, which the Swedes also adhered to. It was assembled in Novgorod and consisted mainly of peasant militias, numbering 18,000 people. This army was trained by the Belgian Christier Somme. People were trained, in particular, in the military order, as well as in the use of weapons. The tactics of fighting the cavalry involved a series of pikemen covering the musketeers. Therefore, the main weapons of the troops were infantry pikes and squeaks. Field fortifications, which played an important role in both Dutch and Russian tactics, the militia knew how to build without that. In the conditions of the difficult situation in the country, the money needed for organizing the troops was given from the cities, merchants and townspeople also helped, and monasteries provided especially significant assistance. A new army was assembled in August 1609 and took over in September. It was able to win several major victories over the Poles, lift the blockade of Moscow, return several cities and drive back the invading troops. The Tushino camp ceased to exist. But soon M.V.Skopin-Shuisky was poisoned, and the army dispersed.
Second organization
Regiments were also reorganized. So, for example, in 1658 the Belgorod governor Prince G.G. Romodanovsky received a decree from Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "Tula dragoon formation Aristov regiment Famendin dragoons to be in the Reitar formation"... Former dragoons were given a salary "Against reitar", and the newly formed Reitarskaya squadron became part of the Great Regiment of the Belgorod Voivode.
In the 1650s, faced with the superior reiters of the Swedish king, the Russian army underwent significant reform. Hundreds of nobles were transferred to the Reitar system. The Swedish experience turned out to be especially useful in view of the similarities in the qualities of the Russian and Swedish cavalry: the "merinka" of the Russian children of the boyars, like the Scandinavian horses of the Swedes, lost to the thoroughbred Turkish horses of the Polish "hussaria", but the state had the opportunity to supply its reitar with firearms in excess, regiments - by trained officers. The newly formed Reitars immediately distinguished themselves among the Russian cavalry in their training and equipment, attracting the attention of foreigners: “The cavalry sported many thoroughbred horses and good weapons. The warriors clearly performed all the movements, precisely observing the rows and the required steps and turns. When the right wing came in, the left one stood in place in perfect order, and vice versa. From the outside, this slender mass of warriors was a wonderful sight "- wrote the Polish chronicler Vespasian Kochowski in 1660.
During the war, at least 100,000 people were recruited; of which by 1663 there were 50-60 thousand people in service in 55 soldiers' regiments; and in peacetime the number was reduced to 25-30 thousand. In 1681 there were 33 soldiers (61,000 people) and 25 dragoon and reitars (29,000 people) regiments. At the end of the 17th century, they accounted for more than half of all troops, and at the beginning of the 18th century they were used to form the regular Russian army.
Russian hussars
First organization
The first hussar companies in Russia appeared in the Smolensk War of 1632-1634. They were originally completed by immigrants from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Hussar regiment of the Novgorod category of Prince Khovanskiy
In September 1660, after the defeat at Polonka, Prince Ivan Khovansky ordered to select from each Reitar regiment 100 privates for the companies "Hussar system"... Nobles were selected as hussars "Servants for the fatherland" and only the wealthy, not a single city nobleman was transferred to the hussars. The hussar received a significant salary "For evo heavy hussar service" ... To train new hussars was appointed "Teacher of the hussar system" Bartholomew (from Poles or Lithuanians), who stood outside the bureaucratic system.
By March 1661, three companies of hussars were formed, which headed the list of the first Novgorod regiment of the Reitar system. Unlike the Polish hussars, in the Russian hussar company there were no "comrades" and "post" ones, the company was commanded by a captain, a lieutenant and an ensign ("cornet"). Unlike the reitar, the Novgorod hussars did not have corporals and ensigns, since they did not adhere to a linear system.
The first combat use of hussars took place in October 1660. Then Khovansky with a bold throw went to the rear of the Polish-Lithuanian army behind the Dnieper. By this he distracted the best part of her cavalry and upset the balance of forces that had been established on the Basa River after the battles of Charnetsky, Sapega and Pac with the army of Prince Yuri Dolgorukov, the Lithuanians were forced to hastily retreat from there to Shklov.
This regiment became one of the most exemplary in the Novgorod regiment. During the retreat of the Russian army after the defeat at Kushliki, it was the hussars that Khovansky entrusted with the protection of the Tsar's banner. For 25 miles to Polotsk, near the crossing, the retreating army had to take another battle. "Hundred People" and the reiters of Khovansky guided the Lithuanians to the infantry placed in the forest, and the attack of the Russian hussars ensured victory. The prince reported to Moscow: “And taught to be a fierce battle ... enemy people began to attack ... military foot men ... in order to break them up and beat them up, and ... foot people ... stood firm and did not give way to the enemy, fought, not sparing their heads; and we, taking the hussar and what was with us of all the ranks of your military men, jumped on the Polish people ... and the Polish people tore down and help the people on foot. And there was a fierce battle from 1 o'clock ... many Polish people were beaten and knocked down from the field, and retreated intact to Polotsk " .
In 1662, this regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Nikifor Karaulov. In the regiment served: major - 1, captains - 4, lieutenants - 9, ensigns - 2, cornet - 3, hussars of nobles and children of boyars - 352. In total, 372 people. By 1662, the regiment was increased to 405 people, "the hussars of Novgorodians, Tverichs, Novotorzhians, Pskovians, Lutsk people, Toropchanians and Pustorzhevites."
In 1673, the regiment was commanded by Colonel Kirill Naryshkin, the grandfather of Peter I. In 1678 he was replaced by Mikhail Timofeevich Chelishchev, who was granted colonel in the hussar system by the decree of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. Chelishchev commanded the regiment until at least 1696.
Internal organization
In 1638, the system of command ranks looked like this:
- Senior Colonel (A. Leslie)
- Colonel
- Lieutenant colonel
- Major
- Captain
- Captain
- Lieutenant
- Regimental devious
- Regimental columnist
- Ensign
- Sergeant or Pentecostal
- Shotgun Patrol
- Company Borrower or Company Quartermaster
- Ensign
- Corporal
The regiments of the new system were controlled in the Razryadny, Streletsky, Inozemnoye, Reitarsky orders and in the Order for the collection of military men.
Among one of the last commanders of foreign regiments, P. Gordon, an associate of Peter I.
Some regiments of the new order and their number
Reitar regiments
In two squadrons for 1659-1091 people.
Dragoon (horse and foot service) regiments
Soldier regiments
- Belgorod soldier regiment F.A.Fanbukovena (von Bukovena)
- Yablonsky soldier regiment J. Leslie
- Soldiers regiment J. Krafert
- Karpov soldier regiment J. Fanzager (von Sager)
In four regiments for 1659 - 4298 people
Armament
The soldiers 'uniforms differed little from the Strelets' uniforms - they wore almost the same caftans made of colored latchina. The pikemen were armed with pikes - in the 1650s - 1660s they were purchased in Holland, and the length of the ash shaft was about 4.73 meters. Half-peaks were also used. Although later pikemen, as a class, were abolished. The soldiers were armed with both imported and domestic swords. The epee was worn on a "sword belt" (harness). In addition, in the old fashioned way, they were equipped with baldles, since it was a very convenient and effective weapon. In the first half of the century, in addition to this, the weapons of the regiments of the new system included protazans and halberds at the command staff. In the soldiers' regiments, armor was used, consisting of a cuirass and a plate skirt, sometimes with a necklace. At first they were imported, but soon they began to be produced in Russia. In the middle of the 17th century, the cost of such lat, produced at the Tula-Kashira factories, was 2 rubles, which was relatively small. The helmets used, marked "shishaki", are most likely morions and cabassets. However, in the second half of the century, when the regiments of the new system formed the basis of all the armed forces, armor in the soldiers 'and dragoons' regiments was not used, except for the elective regiments. The soldiers were armed with squeaks or muskets. And from the 1660s, grenadiers also appeared, throwing hand grenades weighing 0.5 - 2 kg.
Horse and foot dragoons were armed with a squeak or a musket, less often with a carbine. They were supposed to perform the functions of both infantry and cavalry, but they practically did not fight on horseback. From cold weapons, they sometimes armed themselves with a sword or other bladed weapon, and also they were armed with dragoon spears, reeds and even spears.
Reitars were armed with a carbine and two pistols, as well as a saber (less often - a sword or broadsword). The sabers of the reitar, like the nobles and children of the boyars of the centenary service, had their own, and were not issued from the treasury.
The most expensive was the hussar armor. A description of the full hussar armor from the Armory has survived: “Battens with frames and with knee pads, in the face, three boards are attached with copper burdock nails, on the front board there is a double-headed eagle with coruna, the edge around all armor is velvet worm-like, attached with burdock nails; an attachment and trimmed with worm-like velvet, including the upper ones over an iron cloak, in the face the underside attachments are sewn with spun gold, at the front board there are two copper buckles, at the back one, the nails are all gilded; bracers in the face in length, four valleys across, rubbed, those bracers have three copper planks, fastened on red velvet with gilded copper nails, velvet worm mittens, embroidered with herbs with spun gold, a scaly blued hat, on it there are ten eagles, brass pillows, they are knocked out with little horses, on them the valley is covered with wormy velvet, fastened with copper burdock nails, gilded, a copper shelf, an iron nose, in the face above, a gilded copper burdock "... This armor is still kept in the Armory, but with losses, the total weight of the armor is 28.3 kg.
If necessary, the hussars could also use Reitar armor. So, for example, Prince Khovansky did in 1661, when he did not have time to receive the hussar armor. As the prince wrote: “360 lats were accepted into my regiment. Of this number, 91 lats were given by the hussar, for the time being, according to your (tsar's) decree, hussar armor will be sent to me, and the remaining 269 lats will be given to the regiment of Colonel David Zybin to the reitars ... On the 7th, we haven't been, and you can't be a hussar without armor and shishaks and without wristbands " .
On December 14, 1659, weapons were changed in the units operating on the territory of Ukraine. Berdysh were introduced in the dragoon and soldier regiments. The royal decree read: “... in the Saldats and Dragoons in all the regiments of the Saldats and Dragoons and in the rifle orders of the archers, he ordered to make a short peak, with a spear on both ends, instead of reeds, and long peaks in the Saldak regiments and in the rifle orders to make the same on consideration; and the rest of the Saldatehs and the archers ordered them to have swords. And he ordered the bardysh to be made in the regiment of dragoons and saldats instead of swords in every regiment of 300 people, and still be sufficient in swords. And in the streltsy orders, bardysh should be inflicted on 200 people, and it is enough to be in swords as before " .
In 1660, by order of the king for "Soldier's formation of the regiment of Mikolai Bodman to saldats for 1000 for 319 people" from the Pushkar order was allocated 8 "quick-firing guns with a wedge" on light machines, "and under them there are 16 wheels on 2 wheels, 5 pounds of iron each ... Adyn machine, 3 pounds each ..." .
Banners of regiments of a foreign system
Each company had its own banner. The first banners were made from silk fabrics. The size and type of the banner was determined by the captain at his will.
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the dragoon banners were brought to a single model. The banners were edged with a border. A cross was sewn into the center from corner to corner. Two tails were sewn to the right side, from 2 arshins 12 vershoks to 3 arshins.
Soldier's banners
Each soldier's regiment had a regimental banner (colonel), lieutenant colonel and company (according to the number of companies). All banners were made by order of the colonel from taffeta and roads of different colors. The banner is 3 arshins long and 2½ arshins wide. A cross was sewn in the middle of the banner. All the banners in one regiment are the same. Only the colonel's banner was different - made of white taffeta. Soldier's banners never had a border. The shafts were painted, the banner was nailed to the shaft. Cloth covers.
In the 1650s, faced with the superior reiters of the Swedish king, the Russian army underwent significant reform. Hundreds of nobles were transferred to the Reitar system. The Swedish experience turned out to be especially useful in view of the similarity in the qualities of the Russian and Swedish cavalry: the "merinka" of the Russian children of the boyars, like the Scandinavian horses of the Swedes, lost to the thoroughbred Turkish horses of the Polish "hussaria", but the state had the opportunity to supply its reitar with firearms in abundance, regiments - by trained officers. The newly formed Reitars immediately distinguished themselves among the Russian cavalry in their training and equipment, attracting the attention of foreigners: “The cavalry sported many thoroughbred horses and good weapons. The warriors clearly performed all the movements, precisely observing the rows and the required steps and turns. When the right wing came in, the left one stood in place in perfect order, and vice versa. From the outside, this slender mass of warriors was a wonderful sight "- wrote the Polish chronicler Vespasian Kochowski in 1660.
During the war, at least 100,000 people were recruited; of which by 1663 there were 50-60 thousand people in service in 55 soldiers' regiments; and in peacetime, the number dropped to 25-30 thousand. In 1681 there were 33 soldiers (61,000 people) and 25 dragoon and reitars (29,000 people) regiments. At the end of the 17th century, they made up more than half of all troops and at the beginning of the 18th century they were used to form the regular Russian army.
Russian hussars
First organization
A variant of the combat formation of an infantry regiment. "The doctrine and cunning of the military structure of infantry people", 1647
The first hussar companies in Russia appeared in the Smolensk War of 1632-1634. They were originally completed by immigrants from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Hussar regiment of the Novgorod category of Prince Khovanskiy
By March 1661, three companies of hussars were formed, which headed the list of the first Novgorod regiment of the Reitar system. Unlike the Polish hussars in the Russian hussar company there were no "comrades" and "post", the company was commanded by a captain, a lieutenant and an ensign ("cornet"). Unlike the reitar, the Novgorod hussars did not have corporals and ensigns, since they did not adhere to a linear system.
The first combat use of hussars took place in October 1660. Then Khovansky with a bold throw went to the rear of the Polish-Lithuanian army behind the Dnieper. By this he distracted the best part of her cavalry and upset the balance of forces that had been established on the Basa River after the battles of Charnetsky, Sapieha and Pac with the army of Prince Yuri Dolgorukov, the Lithuanians were forced to hastily retreat from there to Shklov.
Brandt Y. "Hussar". Russian hussars were organized like Polish ones, only on flags and armor instead of crosses a golden two-headed eagle was depicted on a white field
This regiment became one of the most exemplary in the Novgorod regiment. During the retreat of the Russian army after the defeat at Kushliki, it was to the hussars that Khovansky entrusted the protection of the Tsar's banner. For 25 miles to Polotsk, near the crossing, the retreating army had to take another battle. "Hundred People" and the reiters of Khovansky guided the Lithuanians to the infantry placed in the forest, and the attack of the Russian hussars ensured victory. The prince reported to Moscow: “And taught to be a fierce battle ... enemy people began to attack ... military foot men ... in order to break them up and beat them up, and ... foot people ... stood firm and did not give way to the enemy, fought, not sparing their heads; and we, taking the hussar and what was with us of all the ranks of your military men, jumped on the Polish people ... and the Polish people tore down and help the people on foot. And there was a fierce battle from 1 o'clock ... many Polish people were beaten and knocked down from the field, and retreated intact to Polotsk " .
Internal organization
In 1638, the system of command ranks looked like this:
- Senior Colonel (A. Leslie)
- Colonel
- Lieutenant colonel
- Major
- Captain
- Captain
- Lieutenant
- Regimental devious
- Regimental columnist
- Ensign
- Sergeant or Pentecostal
- Shotgun Patrol
- Company Borrower or Company Quartermaster
- Ensign
- Corporal
- Drummer
- Trumpeters
The regiments of the new system were controlled in the Razryadny, Streletsky, Inozemnoye, Reitarsky orders and in the Order for the collection of military men.
Among one of the last commanders of foreign regiments, P. Gordon, an associate of Peter I, is worthy of mention.
Some regiments of the new order and their number
Pikemen of soldiers' regiments. 1653-54 g.
Reitar regiments
In two squadrons for 1659-1091 people.
Dragoon (horse and foot service) regiments
Soldier regiments
- Belgorod soldier regiment F.A.Fanbukovena (von Bukovena)
- Yablonsky soldier regiment J. Leslie
- Soldiers regiment J. Krafert
- Karpov soldier regiment J. Fanzager (von Sager)
In four regiments for 1659 - 4298 people
Armament
17th century infantry armor
The soldiers 'uniforms differed little from the Strelets' uniforms - they wore almost the same caftans made of colored latchina. The pikemen were armed with pikes - in the 50-60s they were purchased in Holland, and the length of the ash shaft was about 4.73 m. Half pikes were also used. Although later pikemen, as a class, were abolished. The soldiers were armed with both imported and domestic swords. The epee was worn on a "sword belt". In addition, in the old fashioned way, they were equipped with baldles, since it was a very convenient and effective weapon. In the first half of the century, in addition, the weapons of the regiments of the new order included protazans and halberds. In the soldiers' regiments, armor was used, consisting of a cuirass and a plate skirt, sometimes with a necklace. At first they were imported, but soon they began to be produced in Russia. In the middle of the 17th century, the cost of such lat, produced at the Tula-Kashira factories, was 2 rubles, which was relatively small. The helmets used, marked "shishaki", are most likely morions and cabassets. However, in the second half of the century, when the regiments of the new system constituted the main part of all the armed forces, armor in the soldiers and dragoon regiments was not used, except for the elective regiments. The soldiers were armed with squeaks or muskets. And since the 60s, grenade launchers have also appeared, throwing hand grenades weighing 0.5-2 kg.
The dragoons were armed with a squeak or a musket, less often with a carbine. They were supposed to perform the functions of both infantry and cavalry, but they practically did not fight on horseback. From cold weapons, they sometimes armed themselves with a sword or other bladed weapon, and also they were armed with dragoon spears, reeds and even spears.
Reitars were armed with a carbine and two pistols, as well as a saber (less often - a sword or broadsword). The sabers of the reitar, like the nobles and children of the boyars of the centenary service, had their own, and were not issued from the treasury.
The most expensive was the hussar armor. A description of the full hussar armor from the Armory has survived: “Battens with frames and with knee pads, in the face, three boards are attached with copper burdock nails, on the front board there is a double-headed eagle with coruna, the edge around all armor is velvet worm-like, attached with burdock nails; an attachment and trimmed with worm-like velvet, including the upper ones over an iron cloak, in the face the underside attachments are sewn with spun gold, at the front board there are two copper buckles, at the back one, the nails are all gilded; bracers in the face in length, four valleys across, rubbed, those bracers have three copper planks, fastened on red velvet with gilded copper nails, velvet worm mittens, embroidered with herbs with spun gold, a scaly blued hat, on it there are ten eagles, brass pillows, they are knocked out with little horses, on them the valley is covered with wormy velvet, fastened with copper burdock nails, gilded, a copper shelf, an iron nose, in the face above, a gilded copper burdock "... This armor is still kept in the Armory, but with losses, the total weight of the armor is 28.3 kg.
If necessary, the hussars could also use Reitar armor. So, for example, Prince Khovansky did in 1661, when he did not have time to receive the hussar armor. As the prince wrote: “360 lats were accepted into my regiment. Of this number, 91 lats were given by the hussar, for the time being, according to your (tsar's) decree, hussar armor will be sent to me, and the remaining 269 lats will be given to the regiment of Colonel David Zybin to the reitars ... On the 7th, we haven't been, and you can't be a hussar without armor and shishaks and without wristbands " .
On December 14, 1659, weapons were changed in the units operating on the territory of Ukraine. Berdysh were introduced in the dragoon and soldier regiments. The royal decree read: “... in the Saldats and Dragoons in all the regiments of the Saldats and Dragoons and in the rifle orders of the archers, he ordered to make a short peak, with a spear on both ends, instead of reeds, and long peaks in the Saldak regiments and in the rifle orders to make the same on consideration; and the rest of the Saldatehs and the archers ordered them to have swords. And he ordered the bardysh to be made in the regiment of dragoons and saldats instead of swords in every regiment of 300 people, and still be sufficient in swords. And in the streltsy orders, bardysh should be inflicted on 200 people, and it is enough to be in swords as before " .
In 1660, by order of the king for "Soldier's formation of the regiment of Mikolai Bodman to saldats for 1000 for 319 people" from the Pushkar order was allocated 8 "quick-firing guns with a wedge" on light machines, "and under them there are 16 wheels on 2 wheels, 5 pounds of iron each ... Adyn machine, 3 pounds each ...".
Banners of regiments of a foreign system
Samples of dragoon, reitar and soldier banners for the Belgorod regiment of B.A.Repnin. 1665
Each company had its own banner. The first banners were made from silk fabrics. The size and type of the banner was determined by the captain at his will.
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the dragoon banners were brought to a single model. The banners were edged with a border. A cross was sewn into the center from corner to corner. Two tails were sewn to the right side, from 2 arshins 12 vershoks to 3 arshins.
Soldier's banners
Each soldier's regiment had a regimental banner (colonel), lieutenant colonel and company (according to the number of companies). All banners were made by order of the colonel from taffeta and roads of different colors. The banner is 3 arshins long and 2½ arshins wide. A cross was sewn in the middle of the banner. All the banners in one regiment are the same. Only the colonel's banner was different - made of white taffeta. Soldier's banners never had a border. The shafts were painted, the banner was nailed to the shaft. Cloth covers.
see also
Notes
- The charter was written in Holland by order of the Russian government. European prints were used as illustrations, in particular, this one repeats a Dutch engraving of 1615
- IB Babulin "The campaign of the Belgorod regiment to Ukraine in the autumn of 1658" // Edinor. Materials on the military history of Eastern Europe of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age, M., 2009, issue 1
- Kurbatov O. A. Moral and psychological aspects of the tactics of the Russian cavalry in the middle of the 17th century // Military-historical anthropology: Yearbook, 2003/2004: New scientific directions. - M., 2005 .-- S. 193-213
- Malov A.V.Moscow elective regiments of the soldier's system in the initial period of its history 1656-1671. M .: "Drevlehranische", 2006
- Kurbatov OA From the history of military reforms in Russia in the 2nd half of the 17th century. Reorganization of the cavalry on the materials of the Novgorod category of the 1650s - 1660s / Dissertation for the degree of candidate historical sciences, M., 2002, p. 114