CNS. - central nervous system - the main part of the nervous system of all animals, including a person consisting of accumulating nerve cells (neurons) and their processes; Invertebrates are represented by the system of closely interconnected nerve nodes (ganglia), in vertebrates - spinal and brain.

central nervous system (CNS), if we consider it in detail, consists of the front brain, mid-brain, rear brain and spinal cord. In these main departments of the central nervous system, the most important structures are allocated, which are directly related to mental processes, states and properties of a person: Talamus, hypothalamus, bridge, cerebellum and an oblongable brain.

Home and Specific Function CNS. - Implementation of simple and complex highly differentiated reflective reactions that have called reflexes. At the highest animals and human lower and middle departments of the CNS - spinal cord, the oblongable brain, the middle brain, the intermediate brain and the cerebellum - regulate the activities of individual organs and systems of the highly developed organism, communicate and the interaction between them, ensure the unity of the body and the integrity of its activities. Higher Division CNS. - bark big Hemispheres The brain and the nearest subcortical formations - mainly regulates the relationship and relationships of the body as a whole with the environment.
Almost all departments of the central and peripheral nervous system participate in the processing of information coming through external and internal, located on the periphery of the body and in the receptor organs themselves. With the highest mental functions, with the thinking and consciousness of a person, the work of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures included in the front brain are connected.

With all organs and tissues of the body, the central nervous system is connected through the nerves leaving the brain and spinal cord. They carry information entering the brain from the external environment and conduct it in the opposite direction to individual parts and body bodies. Nervous fibers entering the brain from the periphery are called afferent, and those that conduct pulses from the center to the periphery - efferent.
central nervous system It is the accumulations of nerve cells - neurons. CNS neurons form a plurality of chains that perform two main functions: provide reflex activity, as well as complex processing of information in higher costers. These highest centers, such as the visual zone of the cortex (visual bark), receive incoming information, process it and transmit a response signal on axon.
The tree processes derived from the bodies of nerve cells are called dendrites. One of these processes is elongated and connects the bodies of some neurons with bodies or dendrites of other neurons. It is called axon. Part of the axons is covered with a special myelin shell, which contributes to a more rapid momentum of the pulse on the nerve.
The places of contacts of nerve cells are called synapses with each other. Through them, nerve impulses are transmitted from one cell to another. The mechanism of the synaptic transmission of the impulse, working on the basis of biochemical metabolic processes, can alleviate or impede the passage of nerve impulses on the central nervous system and thereby participate in the regulation of many mental processes and body states.

CNS. associated with all organs and tissues through the peripheral nervous system, which in vertebrates includes the brain-brain nerves, departing from the brain, and the spinal nerves - from the spinal cord, intervertebral nerve components, as well as the peripheral department of the vegetative nervous system - nerve nodes, with suitable Nervous fibers (postganglyonary) are neural fibers. Sensitive, or afferent, nerve leading fibers carry excitation in the CNS from peripheral receptors; According to the discrepancing efferent (motor and vegetative), nerve fibers, the excitation of the CNS is sent to the cells of the executive working apparatus (muscles, glands, vessels, etc.). In all departments CNS. There are afferent neurons that perceive incoming irritation peripherals and efferent neurons that send nerve impulses to the periphery to various actuator effector organs. Afferent and efferent cells can be in contact with each other with their proactive and make a double-dimensional reflex arc carrying elementary reflexes (for example, the tendon spinal cord reflexes). But, as a rule, inserting nervous cells, or insertions are located in the reflex arc between the afferent and efferent neurons. The relationship between various parts of the central nervous system is also carried out using a plurality of the incremental, efferent and inserting neurons of these departments forming incentral short and long conducting paths. Part CNS. Also, neuroglia cells are also included, which perform the support function in it, and also participate in the metabolism of nerve cells.

The nervous system, a very complex network of structures penetrating the entire body and providing self-regulation of its livelihoods due to the ability to respond to external and internal influences (incentives). The main functions of the nervous system are obtaining, storing and recycling information from the external and internal environment, regulation and coordination of activities of all organs and organ systems. In humans, like in mammals, the nervous system includes three main components: 1) nerve cells (neurons); 2) associated cells of the glill, in particular neuroglia cells, as well as cells forming a neuralimum; 3) connecting tissue. Neurons provide nerve impulses; Neuroglia performs support, protective and trophic functions both in the head and spinal cord, and a non-veril consisting mainly of specialized, so-called. Schwann cells, participates in the formation of shells of fibers of peripheral nerves; Connecting tissue supports and binds together various parts of the nervous system.

The human nervous system is divided in different ways. Anatomically, it consists of the central nervous system ( CNS.) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). CNS.includes a head and spinal cord, and PNS, providing the connection of the CNS with different parts of the body, is the brain and brain and spinal nerves, as well as nerve nodes (ganglia) and nervous plexuses lying outside the spinal and brain.
Neuron. The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the nervous cell - neuron. It is estimated in the human nervous system more than 100 billion neurons. Typical neuron consists of a body (i.e. nuclear part) and processes, one usually a challenged process, axon, and several branched - dendrites. According to axon, the pulses go from the body of the cell to the muscles, glands or other neurons, whereas in dendrites they enter the body of the cell.
In neuron, as in other cells, there is a core and a number of smallest structures - organelle (see also

Central nervous The system consists of:

dozen

brain.

The structure and function of the spinal cord.

Spinal cord An adult is a long litigation of almost cylindrical shape. There is a back brain in the spine.

The spinal cord is divided into two symmetric half of the front and rear longitudinal furrows. In the center of the spinal cord passes spinal Channel,filled Spinal fluid.

Around him focused gray matter, on a cross section having a butterfly shape and educated neuron bodies.

The outer layer of the spinal cord is formed white substance, consisting of neuron processes that form conductive paths.

On the cross section of the pillars are presented in front of them, rear and side horns.

In the back horns are the kernel of sensitive neuronsin the front - neuronsforming motor centers in lateral horns neuronsforming the centers of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.

31 pair of mixed nerves are departed from the spinal cord, each of which begins with two roots:

in front of him (Motor). Vegetative nerve fibers are also located as part of the front roots.

rear (sensitive). On the rear roots are located nervous knots - accumulation of sensitive neurons.

Connecting the roots form mixed nerves. Each pair of spinal nerves innerves a certain portion of the body.

Functions spinal cord:

– reflex - carried out by somatic and vegetative nervous systems.

– conductor - It is carried out by a white substance of ascending and downward conductive paths.

The structure and function of the brain.

Brain located in the brain part of the skull.

The mass of the brain of an adult is about 1400-1500 g. The brain consists of five departments:

front

medium

rear

intermediate

oblong.

The most ancient part The brain make up:

medulla,

bridge,

medium brain

intermediate brain.

From here there are 12 pairs of cranopy brain nerves. This part forms a trunk brain.

Evolutionary later became big brain hemispheres.

Medulla It is a continuation of the spinal cord. Performs a reflex and conduction function. In the oblong brain there are the following centers:

- respiratory;

- cardiac activity;

- vasodent;

- unconditional food reflexes;

- protective reflexes (cough, sneezing, blinking, tears);

- Centers for changing the tone of some muscle groups and body position.

Rear brain consists of varoliev Brosta and cerebellum. Conductive bridge paths are associated with an oblong brain with large hemispheres.

Cerebellum Plays a major role in maintaining the equilibrium of the body and coordination of movements. All vertebrate animals have a cerebellum, but its level of development depends on the habitat and the nature of the movements performed.

Medium brain In the process of evolution, fewer departments changed. Its development is associated with visual and auditory analyzers.

Intermediate brain Includes:

summary bumps ( talamus) . Talamus Responsible for all types of sensitivity (except olfactory) and coordinates facial expressions, gestures, other manifestations of emotions. Next to Talamus adjacent epiphysis - Iron internal secretion. Epiphyse cores participate in the work of the olfactory analyzer. On the bottom there is another iron of the internal secretion - pituitary

- Swear area ( epitalaimus),

- subbojor region ( hypothalamus) . Hypothalamus Controls the activities of the vegetative nervous system, regulation of metabolism, homeostasis, sleep and wakefulness, endocrine functions of the body. It combines nervous and humoral regulatory mechanisms into the overall neuroendocrine system. The hypothalamus forms a single complex with a hypophysia, in which he owns a controlling role (monitoring the activities of the front lobe of the pituitary gland). The hypothalamus secretes vasopressin hormones and oxytocin, entering the rear share of the pituitary gland, and from there they are dealt with blood.

- crankshafts.

It is located reticular formation - network of neurons and nerve fibers affecting the activity of various sections of the central nervous system.

In the intermediate brain there are subcortex centers of view and hearing.

Front brain Consists of the right and left hemispheres connected by corn body. The gray substance forms a bark of a brain. White substance forms conductive hemispheres. In the white substance, the core of the gray substance (subcortical structures) is scattered.

Big large hemisphey It occupies a majority of the hemispheres and consists of several cell layers. The area of \u200b\u200bthe cortex is about 2-2.5 thousand cm 2. Such a surface is associated with the presence of a large number of furrows and the convolutions. Deep furrows divide every hemisphere for 4 stages: frontal, dark, temporal and occipient.

The bottom surface of the hemispheres is called based on the brain.

The greatest development in humans reaches the frontal shares separated from the parietal fragments of deep central furrows. Their mass is about 50% of the mass of the brain.

Associative zones Big crusts - parts of the cortex of the brain, in which the analysis and transformation of the excitations received:

– motor The zone is located in the front central winding of a frontal lobe;

– skin Muscular Sensitivity Area Located in the rear central winding of the parietal lobe;

– visual zone Located in the occipital share;

– hearing zone Located in the temporal share;

– centers of smell and taste Are on the inner surfaces of temporal and frontal lobes.

Associative bark zones associate its various areas. They play a crucial role in the formation of conditional reflexes.

The activities of all human bodies are controlled by the crust of large hemispheres. Any spinal reflex is carried out with the participation of the cortex of the brain. The bark provides the connection between the body with the external environment, is the material basis of human mental activity.

Functions of the left and right hemispheres unequivocal. Right hemisphere is responsible for figurative thinking, left - for abstract. In case of damage to the left hemisphere, a human speech is broken.

Thematic tasks

A1. The central nervous system consists of

1) spinal cord and nerves

2) brain and curtain brain nerves

3) Head, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

4) Head and spinal cord

A2. The spinal cord with the participation of the brain coordinates work

1) back muscles

3) heart muscle

2) organs of vision

4) speech center

A3. Sensitive neurons come out of

1) rear spinal cord roots

2) the front roots of the spinal cord

3) side horns of the spinal cord

4) the central canal of the spinal cord

A4. Heart and vessels are regulated by the center in

1) cerebral cortex

2) spinal cord

3) intermediate brain

4) oblong brain

A5. Dancer movements, gymnast, athlete are coordinated by centers

1) cortex brain and cerebellum

2) medium and intermediate brain

3) spinal and oblong brain

4) Talamus and Hydallamus

A6. Cerebral bark is mainly formed

1) Neuroglya

2) gray substance

3) white substance

4) white substance and neurogly

A7. What part of the cerebral cortex are analyzed by sounds?

1) in the front central winding of the cortex of the brain

3) the occipital share

2) in the rear central winking of the cortex of the brain

4) temporal share

A8. As a result of injury, the occipital part of the head can most likely break the function of the organ

3) sense of smell

A9. The regulation center of the vegetative nervous system is

1) hypothalamus

2) oblong brain

3) cerebellum

4) pituitary gland

A10. Nervous impulses coming from bones, joints, skeletal muscles come for analysis in

1) the frontal share of the bark

2) medium brain

3) pituitary gland

4) hypothalamus

IN 1. Choose cerebral cortex functions

1) Monitoring the movement of a person in space

2) unconditional reflex activity

3) Analysis of visual irritation

4) formation of conditional reflexes

5) Regulation of digestion and breathing

6) Regulation of the activity of the endocrine system.

AT 2. Set the correct sequence of the CNS sections in a person, starting with the oldest

A) intermediate brain

B) oblong brain

D) spinal cord

E) medium brain

The main part of the nervous system of vertebrate animals and humans is CNS. It is represented by the head and spinal cord and consists of a variety of clusters of neurons and their processes. The central nervous system performs many essential functions, the main of which is the implementation of various reflexes.

What is CNS?

As the regulation and coordination of all vital processes of the organism began to occur at a completely new level. Advanced mechanisms began to provide a very fast response to any changes in the external environment. In addition, they began to memorize the impact on the body that occurred in the past and, if necessary, to extract this information. Such mechanisms have formed a nervous system that appeared in humans and vertebrates. It is divided into central and peripheral.

So what is CNS? This is the main division that not only unites, but also coordinates the work of all organs and systems, and also provides continuous interaction with the external environment and maintains normal mental activities.

Structural unit

This path includes:

• touch receptor;
• afferent, associative, efferent neurons;
• effector.

All reactions are divided into 2 types:

• unconditional (congenital);
• conditional (purchased).

Nervous centers of a larger number of reflexes are in the central nervous system, but the reaction, as a rule, closes abroad.

Coordination activities

This is the most important function of the central nervous system, implying the regulation of braking and excitation processes in the structures of neurons, as well as performing responses.

Coordination activities are necessary to ensure that the body can make complex movements in which numerous muscles are involved. Examples: exercise of gymnastic exercises; speech accompanied by articulation; Process swallowing food.

Pathology

It is worth noting that the CNS is such a system, the violations in which negatively affect the functioning of the entire body. Any failure is a health danger. Therefore, when the first disturbing symptoms appear, you must consult a doctor.

The main types of CNS diseases are:

• vascular;
• chronic;
• hereditary;
• infectious;
• obtained as a result of injuries.

Currently, about 30 pathologies of this system are known. The most common diseases of the CNS include:

• insomney;
• Alzheimer's disease;
• cerebral palsy;
• Parkinson's disease;
• migraine;
• lumbago;
• meningitis;
• miasti;
• ischemic stroke;
• neuralgia;
• multiple sclerosis;
• encephalitis.

The pathology of the central nervous system arises due to the defeats of anyone. Each of the ailments has unique symptoms and requires an individual approach to the selection of the treatment method.

Finally

The task of the central nervous system is to ensure the agreed work of each organism cell, as well as its interaction with foreign world. Brief characteristic of the CNS: It is represented by the head and spinal cord, its structural unit is neuron, and the main principle of its activity is reflex. Any violations in the work of the CNS inevitably lead to failures in the functioning of the entire body.

Topic. Structure and functions of the human nervous system

1 What is a nervous system

2 central nervous system

Brain

Spinal cord

CNS.

3 Vegetative Nervous System

4 Development of the nervous system in ontogenesis. Characteristics of the three-dress and five-dress stages of brain formation

What is a nervous system

Nervous system - This is a system that regulates the activities of all organs and human systems. This system determines:

1) the functional unity of all organs and human systems;

2) the connection of the whole organism with the environment.

Nervous system Manages the activities of various organs, systems and apparatuses that make up the body. It regulates the functions of movement, digestion, respiration, blood supply, metabolic processes, etc. The nervous system establishes the relationship of the body with an external environment, combines all parts of the body into a single integer.

The nervous system on topographic principle is divided into central and peripheral ( fig. one).

central nervous system (CNS)includes head and spinal cord.

TO peripheral parts nervous Systems Believe the cereal and cranial nerves with their roots and branches, nervous plexuses, nerve knots, nervous endings.

In addition, as part of the nervous system is distinguishedtwo special parts : somatic (animal) and vegetative (autonomous).

Somatic nervous system Innevelops mainly organs of the Soma (body): transverse (skeletal) muscles (face, body, limbs), skin and some internal organs (language, larynx, throat). The somatic nervous system makes predominantly the body's communication function with an external environment, providing sensitivity and movement, causing a reduction in skeletal muscles. Since the functions of movement and feelings are characteristic of animals and distinguish them from plants, this part of the nervous system was namedanimal (animal). The actions of the somatic nervous system are controlled by human consciousness.

Vegetative nervous system Innervates the insides, glands, smooth muscles of organs and skin, vessels and heart, regulates metabolic processes in tissues. The vegetative nervous system has an impact on the processes of the so-called plant life, common for animals and plants (metabolism, breathing, allocation, etc.), which is why its name occurs ( vegetative - vegetable).

Both systems are closely related to each other, but the vegetative nervous system possesses some fraction of independence and does not depend on our will, as a result of which they are also called autonomous nervous system.

She is divided into two parts sympathetic and parasympathetic. The allocation of these departments is based on both anatomical principle (differences in the location of the centers and the structure of the peripheral part of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and the functional differences.

Excitement of the sympathetic nervous system promotes the intensive activities of the body; the excitation of parasympathetic On the contrary, it helps to restore the resources spent by the body.

Many organs, sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have the opposite effect, being functional antagonists. So, under the influence of pulses coming by sympathetic nervesThe heart cuts increase and increase, the blood pressure in the arteries increases, the glycogen is cleaved in the liver and muscles, the content of glucose in the blood increases, pupils are expanded, the sensitivity of the senses organs and the performance of the central nervous system is increased, the bronchi contaminates, the stomach and intestine are braked, decreases secretion The gastric juice and the pancreas juice relaxes the bladder and delayed its emptying. Under the influence of pulses coming on parasympathetic nerves, Heart contractions slow down and weaken, blood pressure decreases, the content of glucose in the blood decreases, reductions of the stomach and intestines are excited, the secretion of the gastric juice and the pancreas juice, etc. is enhanced.

central nervous system

Central Nervous System (CNS)- the main part of the nervous system of animals and man, consisting of accumulation of nerve cells (neurons) and their processes.

central nervous system it consists of a head and spinal cord and their protective shells.

Outdoor itself is solid brain shell under it is located cebetooth (Arachnoidal ), and then soft brain shell Focused with the brain surface. Between soft and web shells subpautented (subarachnoidal) space containing a spinal (cerebrospinal) liquid in which both head and spinal cord literally float. The effect of the pushing force of the fluid leads to the fact that, for example, the brain of an adult, having a mass of 1500 g, inside the skull actually weighs 50-100 g. Brain shells and the spinal fluid also play the role of shock absorbers mitigating all sorts of blows and shocks that Tested the body and which could damage the nervous system.

CNS is formed gray and white substance .

Gray matter Cells are generated by cells, dendrites and non-cellinized axons, organized in complexes that include countless synapses and serve as information processing centers, providing many of the nervous system functions.

White substance It consists of myelinized and non-proteinized axons that perform the role of conductors transmitting pulses from one center to another. The composition of the gray and white substance also includes cells of Glia

CNS neurons form a plurality of chains that perform two main functions: provide reflex activity, as well as complex processing of information in higher cerebral centers. These highest centers, such as the visual zone of the cortex (visual bark), receive incoming information, process it and transmit a response signal on axon.

The result of the activity of the nervous system - one activity, which is based on a reduction or relaxation of muscles or secretion or termination of the secretion of glands. It is with the work of the muscles and the glands associated with any way of our self-expression. The incoming sensory information is processed by passing the sequence of centers associated with long axes, which form specific conducting pathways, for example pain, visual, auditory. Sensitive (ascending) Conducting paths go to the ascending direction to cerebral centers. Motor (descending) The paths are associated with the brain with motor neurons of the cranial and cerebral and spinal nerves. Conductive pathways are usually organized in such a way that information (for example, painful or tactile) on the right half of the body enters the left side of the brain and vice versa. This rule applies to descending motorways: the right half of the brain manages the movements of the left half of the body, and the left half is right. From this general rule, however, there are several exceptions.

Brain

it consists of three basic structures: large hemispheres, cerebellum and trunk.

Big Hemisphere - The largest part of the brain is the highest nervous centers that make up the basis of consciousness, intelligence, personality, speech, understanding. In each of the large hemispheres, the following formations are distinguished: lying in the depths of separable accumulations (kernels) of the gray substance that contain many important centers; Located on them a large array of white substance; Covering hemispheres outside the thick layer of gray substance with numerous shutters, which makes up a brain bark.

Cerebellum also consists of an intermediate array of white substance and an outer thick layer of a gray substance that makes a plurality of the multiple solids. The cerebellum provides mainly coordination of movements.

Trunk The brain is formed by a mass of gray and white substance, not divided into layers. The trunk is closely associated with large hemispheres, cerebellum and spinal cord and contains numerous centers of sensitive and motor conductive paths. The first two pairs of cranopy brain nerves depart from large hemishers, the rest of the same pairs are from the trunk. The trunk regulates such vital functions as breathing and blood circulation.

Scientists calculated that the brain of men is heavier than the brain of a woman on average 100 Gm. They explain this by the fact that most men in their physical parameters are much more than women, that is, all parts of the man's body are more parts of the woman's body. The brain actively begins to grow even when the child is still in the womb. The brain of its "real" size reaches only when a person reaches the twenty-year-old age. At the very end of the human life, his brain becomes a little easier.

Five main departments are allocated in the brain:

1) the final brain;

2) intermediate brain;

3) medium brain;

4) rear brain;

5) the oblong brain.

If a person suffered a cranial injury, then it always adversely told both its central nervous system and its mental state.

"Figure" of the brain is very complex. The complexity of this "Figure" is predetermined by the fact that furrows and rollers are followed by hemispheres, which form a kind of "convolution". Despite the fact that this "drawing" is strictly individual, isolated a few common furrow. Thanks to these common furrows, biologists and anatomas allocated 5 Shares Hemispheres:

1) a frontal share;

2) a dark stake;

3) the occipital share;

4) temporal share;

5) Hidden share.

Despite the fact that hundreds of work on the study of brain functions are written, its nature is not clarified to the end. One of the most important mysteries that "comes out" the brain is vision. Rather, as with the help of what we see. Many mistakenly assume that vision is an eye prerogative. This is not true. Scientists are more inclined to assume that the eyes simply perceive the signals that the environment surrounds us. The eyes pass them further "by instance." Brain, having received this signal, builds a picture, i.e. we see what "shows" our brain. Similarly, the question should be solved and with hearing: they hear not ears. Rather, they also receive certain signals that sends us the environment.

Spinal cord.

The spinal cord externally looks like a litter, it is somewhat fightened in front. Its size in an adult is approximately 41 to 45 cm, and the weight is about 30 gm. He "surrounded" with cerebral shells and is located in the brain canal. In all its length, the thickness of the spinal cord is the same. But it has only two thickening:

1) cervical thickening;

2) Lumbar thickening.

It is in these thickening that the so-called innervational nerves of the upper and lower extremities are formed. Dorsal braindivided into several departments:

1) cervical department;

2) thoracic department;

3) Lumbar Department;

4) Sleepy department.

Inside the spinal column and the spinal cord protected by its bone tissue has a cylindrical shape and covered with three shells. On the cross section, the gray substance has a letter n or butterfly shape. The gray substance is surrounded by a white substance. The sensitive fibers of the spinal nerves end in the dorsal (rear) departments of the gray substance - the rear horns (at the ends of H addressed to the back). The bodies of motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral (front) sections of the gray substance - the front horns (at the ends of H removed from the back). In the white substance passes ascending sensitive conductive paths, ending in the gray substance of the spinal cord, and descending motorways coming from a gray substance. In addition, many fibers in the white substance bind various deposits of the gray substance of the spinal cord.

Home and Specific function CNS. - Implementation of simple and complex highly differentiated reflective reactions that have called reflexes. At the highest animals and human lower and middle departments of the CNS - spinal cord, the oblongable brain, the middle brain, the intermediate brain and the cerebellum - regulate the activities of individual organs and systems of the highly developed organism, communicate and the interaction between them, ensure the unity of the body and the integrity of its activities. The highest department of the central nervous system - the bark of large hemispheres of the brain and the nearest subcortical formations - mainly regulates the relationship and the relationship between the body as a whole with the environment.

The main features of the structure and functions CNS.

associated with all organs and tissues through the peripheral nervous system, which in vertebrates includes brain-brain nervesdeparting from the brain and spinal nerves - from the spinal cord, intervertebral nerve nodes, as well as the peripheral department of the vegetative nervous system - nerve components, with suitable (preggangonary) and departing from them (postganglyonary) nerve fibers.

Sensitive, or afferent, nervous The leading fibers are excited by the CNS from peripheral receptors; by discharge efferent (motor and vegetative)nervous fibers The excitation from the CNS is sent to the cells of the executive working apparatus (muscles, glands, vessels, etc.). In all parts of the central nervous system, there are afferent neurons that are perceiving incoming irritation peripherals and efferent neurons that send nerve impulses to the periphery to various actuator effector organs.

Afferent and efferent cells can contact with their own processes and draw up double-level reflex arc Performing elementary reflexes (for example, tendon spinal cord reflexes). But, as a rule, inserting nervous cells, or insertions are located in the reflex arc between the afferent and efferent neurons. The relationship between the various divisions of the CNS is also carried out using a plurality of the incremental, efferent and insert neurons of these departments,forming incentral short and long conductive paths. The CNS also includes neuroglia cells that perform a support function in it, as well as participate in the metabolism of nerve cells.

The head and spinal cord is covered with shells:

1) a solid cerebral shell;

2) by a spider shell;

3) Soft shell.

Solid shell.The solid shell covers the spinal cord outside. In their form, it most likes the bag. It should be said that the outer solid cerebral sheath is an assault bone of the skull.

Arachnoid.The spider shell is a substance that is almost close to the solid shell of the spinal cord. The cute shell of both the dorsal and brain does not contain any blood vessels in themselves.

Soft shell.The soft shell of the spine and brain contains the nerves and vessels, which, in fact, feed both brains.

Vegetative nervous system

Vegetative nervous system - This is one of the parts of our nervous system. The vegetative nervous system is responsible for: the activities of the internal organs, the activities of the glands of internal and external secretion, the activities of blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as in some part for the muscles.

Vegetative nervous system is divided into two sections:

1) sympathetic section;

2) parasympathetic section.

Sympathetic nervous system expanding the pupil, it also causes the cheating of the pulse, an increase in blood pressure, expands small bronchi and so on. This nervous system is carried out by sympathetic spinal centers. It is from these centers that the peripheral sympathetic fibers begin, which are located in the side horns of the spinal cord.

Parasympathetic nervous system responsible for the activities of the bladder, genital organs, the rectum, and she also "annoys" a number of other nerves (for example, a languagehilic, glacial nerve). Such a "diverse" activity of the parasympathetic nervous system is explained by the fact that its nervous centers are located both in the sacratsum of the spinal cord and in the brain barrel. Now it becomes clear that those nervous centers that are located in the sacratsidal departments of the spinal cord control the activities of organs located in a small pelvis; Nervous centers that are located in the brain barrel regulate the activities of the remaining organs through a number of special nerves.

How is the control over the activities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system? Control over the activities of these sections of the nervous system are carried out by special vegetative devices that are located in the brain.

Diseases of the autonomic nervous system.The causes of diseases of the vegetative nervous system are the following: the person does not tolerate hot weather or, on the contrary, it is uncomfortable in winter. The symptom may be that a person at excitement begins to quickly blush or pale, he has a pulse, he begins to sweat.

It should be noted that the diseases of the vegetative nervous system are in humans and from birth. Many believe that if a person promoted and blushed, it means that he is just too modest and shy. Few people will think that this person has any disease of the autonomic nervous system.

Also these diseases can be acquired. For example, due to injuries of the head, chronic mercury poisoning, arsenic, due to a hazardous infectious disease. They may also occur when the human overwork, with a lack of vitamins, with strong mental disorders and experiences. Also, diseases of the vegetative nervous system may be the result of non-compliance with the safety regulations in production with hazardous working conditions.

The regulating activity of the autonomic nervous system can be broken. Diseases can "disguise" under other diseases. For example, in the disease of solar plexus, the intestine is observed, poor appetite; With the disease of the cervical or infant nodes of the sympathetic barrel, chest pain may be observed, which can be given in the shoulder. Such pains are very similar to heart disease.

A number of simple rules should be followed by a person to prevent diseases of the autonomic nervous system:

1) avoid nervous overwork, cold;

2) comply with the safety technique with hazardous working conditions;

3) to eat fully;

4) to contact the hospital in a timely manner, fully undergoing the entire appointed course of treatment.

Moreover, the last item, timely appeal to the hospital and the full passage of the prescribed course of treatment, is the most important. This follows from the fact that too long tightening his visit to the doctor can lead to the saddest consequences.

Full nutrition also plays an important role, since the person "charges" his body gives him new forces. Having reinforced, the body begins to fight diseases several times more active. In addition, fruits contain many useful vitamins that help the body in combating diseases. The most useful fruits are in the raw form, since, with their workpiece, many useful properties can disappear. A row of fruit, besides the fact that they contain vitamin C, also have a substance that enhances the effect of vitamin C. This substance is called the tannin and contains it in Hywe, pears, apples, grenade.

The development of the nervous system in ontogenesis. Characteristics of the three-dress and five-dress stages of brain formation

Ontogenesis, or individual development of the body, is divided into two periods: prenatal (intrauterine) and postnatal (after birth). The first continues from the moment of conception and the formation of the zygota to birth; The second is from the moment of birth to death.

Prenatal period In turn, it is divided into three periods: initial, germs and fruit. The initial (pre-implative) period in humans covers the first week of development (from the moment of fertilization to implantation into the mucous membrane of the uterus). The germ (constructive, embryonic) period - from the beginning of the second week until the end of the eighth week (from the moment of implantation until the completion of the laying of the bodies). A fruit (fetal) period begins on the ninth week and lasts before birth. At this time, the body's increased growth occurs.

Postnatal period Ontogenesis is divided into eleven periods: 1st - 10th day - newborns; 10th day - 1 year - chest age; 1-3 years - early childhood; 4-7 years old - the first childhood; 8-12 years old - second childhood; 13-16 years old - adolescence; 17-21 years old - youthful age; 22-35 years - the first mature age; 36-60 years - the second mature age; 61-74 years old age; From 75 years old - senile age, after 90 years - long-livers.

Ontogenesis ends with natural death.

Nervous system is developing from three main formations: nervous tube, nervous crest and neural placodes. The nervous tube is formed as a result of neuroulation from the nervous plate - the section of the ectoderma located above the chord. According to the theory of the organizers of Stemmen, chord blastomeres are capable of separating substances - the inductors of the first kind, as a result of which the nerve plate begged into the body of the embryo and the nerve groove is formed, the edges of which are then merged, forming a nervous tube. The closure of the edges of the nerve groove begins in the cervical body of the embryo, spreading first to the caudal part of the body, and later on the cranial.

The nervous tube gives the beginning of the central system, as well as neurons and glyocytes of the mesh eye shell. Initially, the nervous tube is represented by multi-row neuroepithels, the cells in it are called ventricular. Their processes addressed to the nervous tube cavity are connected by Nexus, the basal parts of the cells lie on the subpial membrane. The neuro-epithelial cell nuclei changes their location depending on the phase of the cell life cycle. Gradually, by the end of embryogenesis, ventricular cells lose the ability to divide and in the postnatal period give rise to neurons and various types of glyocytes. In some areas of the brain (germinative, or cambial zones), ventricular cells do not lose the ability to divide. In this case, they are called subventricular and extravenricular. Of these, in turn, neuroblasts are differentiated, which, no longer having the ability to proliferate, are subject to change, during which they turn into mature nerve cells - neurons. Difference of neurons from other cells of its differential (cellular series) is the presence of neurofibrils in them, as well as the processes, at the same time an axon appears (neurite), later - dendrites. The processes form connections - synapses. In total, the nervous tissue differon is represented by neuroepithelical (ventricular), subventricular, extravenricular cells, neuroblasts and neurons.

In contrast to the glyocytes of macroogry developing from ventri-chular cells, microglia cells develop from mesenchym and are included in the macrophagic system.

The cervical and trunk part of the nervous tube give rise to the spinal cord, the cranial part is differentiated in the head. The cavity of the nervous tube turns into a spinal channel connected to the ventricles of the brain.

A brain in its development undergo several stages. His departments are developing from primary brain bubbles. First, they are three: front, medium and diamond. By the end of the fourth week, the front brain bubble is divided into rigging finite and intermediate brain. Soon after that, a diamond bubble is divided, giving the rear and oblong brain. This stage of development of the brain is called the stage of five brain bubbles. The time of their formation coincides with the time of the appearance of three brain bends. First of all, a dark bending is formed in the field of the middle brain bubble, the bulge of it is drawn to dorsally. After it, there is a bold bend between the rejected and spinal cord. The bulge of it is also drawn to dorsally. The latter is formed by the bridge bending between the two previous, but it bends in the ventral side.

The cavity of the nervous tube in the brain is transformed first in the cavity of the three, then five bubbles. The rhombid bubble cavity gives the beginning of the fourth ventricle, which is connected through the medium brain water supply (cavity of the middle brain bubble) with the third ventricle formed by the cavity of the intermediate brain. The cavity of the unpaired at first the fracture of the final brain is connected through the interventricular hole with the cavity of the infringement of the intermediate brain. In the future, the cavity of the final bubble will give rise to the side ventricles.

The walls of the nervous tube at the stages of brain bubbles formation will thicken the most evenly in the region of the middle brain. The ventral portion of the nervous tube is converted into the legs of the brain (medium brain), the gray hill, the funnel, the rear stake of the pituitary gland (intermediate brain). Its dorsal part turns into a plate of the roof of the midbrain, as well as the roof of the III ventricular with vascular plexus and epiphysis. The lateral walls of the nervous tube in the intermediate brain area are growing, forming visual bumps. Here, under the influence of the inductors of the second kind, there is a protrusion - eye bubbles, each of which will give rise to the eye glass, and later - the retina of the eye. The inductors of the third kind, located in the eye glasses, affect the ectoderm on themselves, which is packed inside the glasses, giving rise to the lens.

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Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University

Department of absentee education

Psychological faculty

Institute of Open Remote Education

Test

according to "Anatomy of the CNS"

Performed: Mesinkieva Tatiana Nikolaevna

1. Give the definition of "anatomy of the CNS" like science. Determine the goal, tasks, place, the role of discipline in professional training Stude n.tov psychologists. Call basic scientific methodsmove in the ACS.

The anatomy of CNS is a genuine science on the structure of the brain, its functional and structural relationships underlying the material support of mental processes. Illumination of the nature of the psyche, conscious and unconscious behavior, emotions, memory, training mechanisms and other high phenomena nervous activity It will be incomplete without a comprehensive and systematic structural analysis of various brain departments that implement certain phenomena of human psyche.

The value of the anatomy for the materialistic substantiation of the structural and functional organization of the brain is urged the most logic of the development of science and are absolutely necessary for the preparation of a highly qualified specialist psychologist. Without having knowledge of its structure and development, it is impossible to understand all the diversity of functional manifestations of the human body, including various forms of mental activity.

The anatomical bases of the structure of the central nervous system concern the microstructure of the nervous tissue, the ontogenesis of the central nervous system, conductive paths of the central nervous system and cranial nerves. The special section of the anatomy of the CNS is a vegetative nervous system.

Knowledge of the anatomical structure of the brain allows you to correlate various human psychic phenomena with the functioning of specific anatomical structures of the central nervous system.

As a result of its development, future psychologists should clearly understand the inseparable relationship between the structure and functions, as well as know the main morphological substrates responsible for the manifestation of psychological phenomena. Thus, the main task of the "Anatomy of the Central Nervous System" rate is the formation of a holistic idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of the material basis of the psyche - the central nervous system.

Anatomy of the nervous system has developed as an analytical science, as it is based on the analysis. For these purposes, various research methods are used: dissection (preparation), the manufacture of thin sections and selective staining them, radiography, computed tomography, microscopic methods that allow you to study the subtle structure of the nervous tissue structural relationship of neurons.

2. Determine the main functionand nervous system

The nervous system is a substantial network of structures permeating the entire body and providing self-regulation of its livelihoods due to the ability to respond to external and internal influences (incentives). The function of the nervous system is quite diverse.

The main functions of the nervous system

1. Analytical function (information analysis)

· From the inner medium - interoreceptor, propriumceration, vestibular machine.

· From the external environment - smell, vision, rumor, taste, touch.

2. Regulatory function (regulation of body functions)

· Breathing

· Digestion

· Circulatory

· Water balance

· Preservation of homeostasis

· Body position and its parts

· Lomocration

· Reproduction

3. Integrative Activity (Function)

· Coordination of the functions of the body

· Feeling

· Ignoring

· Attention

· Adaptation

· Training

4. Functions of mental activity (psyche)

· Drawing

· Imagination

· Calculation

· Creation

· Cognition

· Awareness of your own "I"

5. Memory function - the ability to store and accumulate a significant information obtained from the external and internal environment.

Thus, the nervous system is responsible for obtaining, storing, processing information from the external and internal environment, regulation and coordination of activities of all organs and organ systems.

3. Name the main departments of the nervous system. Briefly characterize the structures of their formulations

The nervous system includes a head and spinal cord, as well as a number of anatomical formations, such as nerves, nerve nodes (ganglia), nervous plexuses.

The nervous system of a person can also be divided into central (Ts.N.) and peripheral. The central nervous system includes a brain and spinal cord. To the peripheral nervous system - nerve endings (motor and sensitive), nerve fibers (somatic - innervation of cross-dry fibers), vegetative (innervation of smooth muscle fibers), sensitive (innervation of sense organs)) (nerve roots, nervous trunks, nerves, nervous plexus), Nervous nodes (ganglia) (sensitive and vegetative).

The brain is in the cavity of the skull, the dorsal - in the spinal canal. The nerves, connected to the brain and overlooking the holes in the bones of the skull, were called cranial nerves. The nerves associated with the spinal cord and emerging from the spine canal through the intervertebral holes are referred to as spinal nerves.

The entire nervous system is also divided into somatic and autonomous (vegetative). The somatic nervous system belongs to those parts that are innervated (participate in innervation) organs of the musculoskeletal system (control the reduction of skeletal (somatic) muscles) and the skin. To autonomous (vegetative, visceral), departments innervating all internal organs, blood and lymphatic vessels, glands, smooth and partly transverse muscles (controlling (regulating) Other physiological functions: consistency of the functioning of cardiovascular, digestive, excretory systems, inland and external secretion glands ).

AT autonomous System The central (intracerene) is distinguished as part of the head and spinal cord, and the peripheral (born) department of the autonomous nervous system.

Autonomous (vegetative) are divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic departments. The sympathetic department "sets up" organs to work (provides activities (functions) of the body) in the conditions of intensive external activities of the body (struggle, flight, etc.), urgent adaptation to the changed conditions of the external environment, and parasympathetic - to work in conditions of external rest (Absorption of food, sleep, etc.), restoration of the disturbed equilibrium of the body, its forces and resources. The parasympathetic part of the vegetative nervous system is represented by eye-viscotive, facial, tongue-silica, wandering nerves and their nuclei, neurons of the side horns of the spinal cord at the level of II-IV sacral segments (Sii-Siv), as well as related ganglion, pregganionic - and postganglionic fibers.

4. Describe the stages of the development of the nervous system in ontogenesis(embrynegandnirls nervous system)

The nervous system of the fetus begins to develop on early stages Embryonic life, continuing development and in the early years after birth. The nervous system and sense organs develop in humans from an outdoor germinal sheet (ectoderm), on the spinal surface of which a nervous plate is formed. At the early stage of ontogenesis, the ectoderma cells and the nerve plate cells have a similar structure. Gradually, the nervous plate turns into a nervous tube having the same thickness all over, and then an extension appears in it - the primary brain is appeared. Initially, the spinal cord develops. In the abdominal side of the neuroblasts, motor neurons are formed. The front horns appear before the rear. The motor cells of the front horns of the spinal cord are differentiated before the vegetative cells of the side horns of the spinal cord. First, growing motor nerves consist of naked axial cylinders, and then develop myelin shells (myelinization).

The formation of spinal assemblies, or ganglia, occurs during the formation of the nervous tube. The reinforcement of the spinal ganglia is merged together and form a ganglion plate, in which bipolar sensitive cells, having 2 processes - peripheral and central developing from neuroblasts. In the ganglion plate, the right and left ganglion traps are formed, which are divided into separate segments that turn into spinal nodes.

The week embryo has a slight thickening in the oral nervous tube. At the 3rd week of development in the head unit of the nervous tube, three primary brain bubbles are formed (front, medium and rear), of which the main brain departments are developing: a finite, medium and diamond-shaped brain. In the subsequent front and rear brain bubbles, each into two parts are dismembered, as a result of which five brain bubbles are formed: the final, intermediate, medium, rear and oblong. From the final brain bubble, the hemispheres of the brain and subcortical nuclei are developing. From the intermediate - the intermediate brain (visual bumps, subburo, hypothalamus), from the mesiencephal part - the middle brain (quadruses, the legs of the brain, Silviev plumbing). The back of the brain forms a bridge and cerebellum, myLencephalon is an oblong brain.

By the 3rd month of intrauterine development, the main parts of the central nervous system are determined: large hemispheres, barrel, brain ventricles with ependymal tissue lining them and spinal cord. By the 5th month, the main furrows of the bark of large hemispheres are differentiated: Silvieva, Rolandova, a presenter, dark-occipital, etc., but the bark remains not yet developed. On the 6th month, the functional predominance of higher departments over stem-spinal departments is clearly revealed.

The brain of the newborn has a relatively large amount, its mass on average is 1/8 in body weight.

5. Give a description of the common buildingcells

The nervous system has complicated structure. It consists of nervous cells (neurons) with their processes (fibers), neuroglia and connecting elements.

The nervous cell (neuron) consists of a cell body (soma), processes (axons and dendrites) and end plates. With the help of dendrites, neurons are perceived, and through axons transmit excitement. At the periphery axons are covered with Schwann cells forming a myelin shell with high insulating properties.

Neuron consists of a body with a diameter of 3 to 130 μm containing a kernel (with a large number of nuclear pores) and organelles (including a highly developed grungy EPR with active ribosomes, a Golgi apparatus), as well as from processes. Two types of processes are distinguished: dendrites and axons. Neuron has a developed and complex cytoskeleton penetrating into its processes. The cytoskeleton supports the shape of the cell, its threads serve as "rails" for the transport of organelle and packed in the membrane bubbles of substances (for example, neurotransmitters).

Axon is usually a long extension adapted to excite from the neuron body.

Dendriti - as a rule, short and highly branched processes, which serve as the main place of formation of the excitation and brake synapses on neurons (different neurons have a different ratio of the length of axon and dendrites). Neuron can have several dendrites and usually only one axon. One neuron can have connections with many (up to 20 thousand) by other neurons. Dendrites do not have a myelin shell, axons can have it. The initiation generation site for most neurons is the axonny holmik - education at the point of death of the axon from the body. In all neurons, this zone is called trigger.

6. Fillb table

Table number 1 Cell elements of nervous tissue.

	Glianal cells
Structural division of neurons: Bezasxon neurons are small cells, grouped near the spinal cord in intervertebral ganglia, which have no anatomical signs of separation of progenit and axons. All cell proceeds are very similar. The functional purpose of the bezasxon neurons is poorly studied. Unipolar neurons - neurons with one process, are present, for example, in the sensory core of a trigeminal nerve in the middle brain. Bipolar neurons - neurons having one axon and one dendrites located in specialized sensory organs - retina eye, olfactory epithelium and bulb, auditory and vestibular ganglia. Multipolar neurons - neurons with one axon and several dendrites. This type of nervous cells prevails in the central nervous system. PseudoNIPolar neurons - are unique in their own way. One proceeds depart from the body, which is immediately divided. This entire single path is covered with a myelin shell and structurally represents Akson, although the excitation is not from one of the branches, but to the neuron body. Structurally dendrites are branching at the end of this (peripheral) process. The trigger zone is the beginning of this branching (that is, it is outside the body of the cell). Such neurons are found in spinal ganglia. Functional classification: Afferent neurons (sensitive, touch or receptor). The neurons of this type include the primary cells of the senses and pseudo-monopolar cells, which have dendrites have free endings. Efferent neurons (effector, motor or motor). The neurons of this type include end neurons - ultimatal and penultimate - not ultimaty. Associative neurons (insert or insertions) - a group of neurons communicates between efferent and afferent, they are divided into intrusive, commissioner and projection. Secretor neurons - neurons secreting highly active substances (neurogormones). They are well developed by the Golgi complex, the axon ends with axovasal synapses.	The structure of glial cells: Microglyal cells, although entering the concept of Gliya, are not the nervous cloth, as they have a mesodermal origin. They are small process cells with very dense cytoplasm, scattered over white and gray matter of the brain and capable of phagocytosis. Ependimal cells Edendimal Gliya is a type of glial cells. It forms the cavity of the cerebral ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord. Represented by cylindrical and cubic cells. Organic organides are well developed will out the ventricles of the CNS. Have on the surface of the cilia, with which the current of the fluid provide. Macrogly - derivative of glioblasts, performs support, distinctive, trophic and secretory functions. Oligodendrocytes are glial cells to which the oligodendrocytes of the gray and white matter of the brain, Schvannovsky cells, satellite cells (satellite Glya). Characterized by a more dense cytoplasm, well-developed EPR (endoplasmic reticulum), apparatus. Golgi, many mitochondria and lysosomes. Localized in the central nervous system, provide axon myelinization. Schwannovsky cells are distributed over the peripheral nervous system, provide the myelinization of axons, secrete neurotrophic factors. Satellite cells, or a radial glitch - support the life support of neurons of the peripheral nervous system, are a substrate for germination of nerve fibers. Astrocytes, which are AstroClia, perform all the functions of the Glia. The astrocytic glitch is large cells with a light oval core, numerous processes and a small number of organoids. Gliya Bergman, specialized cerebellum astrocytes, in shape repeating radial glius. Functional classification: Ensuring the normal activity of certain neurons and the whole brain; Ensuring the elementary isolation of the bodies of neurons, their processes and synapses with inadequate interaction between neurons; Active seizure of astrocytes from the synaptic slit of mediators or their component parts After stopping the synaptic transmission. In particular, glia such mediators such as ka (catecholamines) are completely captured; Trophic function Gliya. In glial cells, the main supply of glycogen (the main energy substrate of the brain) and lipids are concentrated. They control the ionic composition of the intercellular fluid, homeostasis of the inner medium of the brain.

7. Describeconstruction scheme reflex arc. Specify the main elements. Ohbutdeliberate their role

The chain of consistently interconnected neurons forms a reflex arc.

The reflex arc (nervous arc) is the path passing by nerve impulses in the implementation of the reflex.

The reflex arc consists of:

· Receiver - nervous link, perceiving irritation;

· Afferent link - centripetal nerve fiber - receptor neuron processes that transmit impulses from sensitive nerve endings to the central nervous system;

· The central link is a nervous center (optional element, for example for axon reflex);

· Efferent link - transmit from the nervous center to the effect.

· Effector is an executive body whose activities are changed as a result of reflex.

8. Determine which elements form gray and White substance nervous system

The entire substance from which the central nervous system consists is divided into two types - gray and white.

The gray substance of the spine and brain consists mainly of clusters of the bodies of nerve cells and the nearest branches of their processes (dendrites).

White substance of the spine and brain consists mainly of clusters of nerve fibers, nerve cells (axons) having a myelin shell white colorwhich causes the color of the substance. Nervous fibers form conductive paths and associate various parts of the central nervous system and various kernels (nervous centers).

9. Fill outtable Building CNS Departments

Table # 2.

Name department	Structures formed by gray substance.	Elements of white substance.
I. Spinal cord	The gray substance of the spinal cord consists mainly of the bodies of nerve cells with their processes that do not have a myelin shell. It distinguishes two side parts located in both halves of the spinal cord, and the transverse part connecting them in the form of a narrow bridge is the central intermediate. The gray substance passes along the entire length of the spinal cord around the central channel. Two speakers - ventral (front) and dorsal (rear) - gray pillars or horns.	The white substance is a complex system of different lengths and the thickness of myelin and the partly of messenger nerve fibers and the supporting nervous tissue - neuroglia, as well as blood vessels, surrounded by a slight amount of connective tissue. Nervous fibers in the white substance are collected in bundles. White substance is a spinal cord conduction apparatus. White substance lies on the periphery of the spinal cord.
II.GOLOGO MORG	It consists of them in the depths of the separate clusters (kernels) of the gray substance, which contain many important centers and a coating hemisphere outside the thick layer of gray substance with numerous shutters, which make up the cerebral bark.	White substance is located above the cores of the gray matter. Ascending projection pathways (afferent, sensitive) are carried in the brain, to its subcortex and higher centers (to the crust), impulses arising from the impact on the body of the external environment factors, including from the senses, as well as impulses from traffic authorities . internal organs, vessels.
1.Toed the brain	The gray substance of the oblong brain is represented in the ventral departments by the accumulations of neurons that form the lower olive cores. The pyramids along the entire oblong brain is located reticular formation, which is represented by the weaveting of nerve fibers and the nervous cells between them. The oblongable brain arose in connection with the development of the gravity and hearing agencies, therefore it contains a gray substance nucleus that are related to equilibrium, coordination of movements, as well as to the regulation of metabolism, respiration and blood circulation.	The oblong brain is a continuation of the spinal cord in the form of his thickening. White substance of the oblong brain contains long and short fibers. White substance of the oblong brain consists of conductive paths
2. Quevarias Most.	The gray matter of the ventral part of the bridge forms its own nuclei of the bridge (the base of the bridge base). In these nuclei, running out of the bark of large hemispheres are descending critizeros and collaterals from corticospinal paths. Fibers are departed from their own nuclei of the bridge, which are moving to the opposite direction and form trapezoidal bodies, turning into the middle legs of the cerebellum.	The ventral surface of the Barolic Bridge is a powerful cross-fibrous bulge of a white substance. In the center of the ventral surface of the bridge passes a deep furrow - the groove of the brain base artery. In the ventral part, a white substance of conductive paths prevails, which are a continuation of the conductive paths of the legs of the middle brain.
3. cerebellum	Hemisphere and Ceregretchka Cerezereblashchka, located in the surface layer, forms a cerebulic boring, a gray substance accumulation in a cerebellum depth - cerebel kernels	The cerebulic hemisphere and the worm consist of a white substance located inside, the white substance is the brain body of the cerebellum, it lies in the turn of the cerebellum and, with three pairs of cerebellets (upper, middle and lower), connects the cerebellum gray matter with a brain barrel and spinal cord.
4. Camera brain	In the thickness of the horms, the accumulation of the gray substance occurs, which in the upper is called the gray layer of the upper hilly, and in the lower holloch - the core of the Nizhny Kholmik,.	The roof of the midbrain is covered with a thin layer of white substance. The ventral brain legs are entirely made of white substance, there are downward conductive paths. Through the middle brain follow the descending (motor) and ascending (sensitive) conducting paths.
5. Intermediate brain.	the gray matter of the intermediate brain is the kernels relating to subcortical centers of all kinds of sensitivity. In the field of intermediate brain, the reticular formation, the centers of the extrapyramidal system, vegetative centers governing all types of metabolism and neurosception cores are located.	The white substance of the intermediate brain is represented by the conductive ways of ascending and downward directions, providing a bilateral connection of the cerebral cortex with subcortical formations and spinal cord centers. In addition, the intermediate of the brain includes two glands of internal secretion - the pituitary gland and the sidewinded body, participating together with the corresponding hypothalamus and epitulamus nuclei and the formation of hypothalamopofamzar and the epithalm-epiphyseal systems.
6. Big Hemisphere	Hemisphere gray substance big Brain represented by the bark and basal nuclei of the final brain. TO basal Yad.ram. include a striped body consisting of tail and lentilicular nuclei; Fence and almond-shaped body. The interlayer of the white substance between them form outdoor and inner capsules, and the latter is a thick layer of white substance consisting of conductive brain paths. In the inner capsule and allocate the front and rear legs and knee.	The white substance of the hemispheres of a large brain forms a white semi-honeycomb center, which consists of a huge number of nerve fibers. All nerve fibers are represented by three systems of conductive paths of the final brain: associative; commissioners; projection. Ascending (sensitive) projection paths at the place of their end are divided into conscious and reflex. The functioning and relationship of associative, commissioners, as well as ascending and downstream paths, ensures the existence of complex reflex arcs that allow the body to adapt to the ever-changing conditions of the inner and external environment.

10. Fill out the table

Table №3 Conductive spinal cord paths

Rising paths	Downward paths
Rising paths consist of axons of spinal ganglia cells and beam cells of gray matter. 1) thin (gentle) beam goa 2) wedge-shaped bundle of Burdach These paths are formed from the process of spinal ganglia cells (thin - from 19 lower segments, and wedge-shaped from 12 top segments of the spinal cord). Their fibers come into the spinal cord through the rear roots and give collateral with the neurons of the gray substance. The axons themselves reach the same nuclei of the oblong brain. 3) ventral and lateral spinatelamic paths; They begin with sensitive cells of the spinal ganglia, which switched on the beam cells of the rear horns of the gray substance. The axons of these cells go through the gray substance on the opposite direction and reach the switching cores of the thalamus. 4) dorsal backing the frlexing path; This path begins with neurons of spinal cords, switches on Clark kernel cells. Aksona do not switch to the opposite direction and, reaching the oblong brain, through the lower leg of the cerebellum join the ipsilateral (the same side) half of the cerebellum. 5) Ventral Screse Path; It also begins with neurons of the cerebrospinal nodes, then switches to the cells of the intermediate zone core. Axons transfers to the opposite direction and rises to the upper trunk departments, where they re-crightened and enter into the ipsilateral half of the cerebellum on its upper legs.	1) lateral and ventral corticospinal (pyramid) paths; These paths begin with the pyramidal neurons of the lower layers of the motor zone of the cortex. They pass through a white substance of large hemispheres, the base of the stands of the mid-brain, according to the ventral departments of Varoliev Bridge and the oblong brain in the spinal cord. 1) lateral and ventral corticospinal (pyramid) paths; These paths begin with the pyramidal neurons of the lower layers of the motor zone of the cortex. They pass through a white substance of large hemispheres, the base of the stands of the mid-brain, according to the ventral departments of Varoliev Bridge and the oblong brain in the spinal cord. 2) Rubrosepinal path; It begins from the red cores of the middle brain, crosses at the level of the middle brain. Fibers end on the neurons of the middle zone of the spinal cord. 3) tectospinal path; Takes the beginning from the cells of the middle brain four and reaches the front horns of the front horns. 4) Olive Path; This path is formed by axons of olive cells of the oblong brain, which reaches the spinal cord motnelones. 5) Vestibospinal paths; Start from the vestibular cores of the oblong brain and end on the cells of the front horns. 6) reticulospinal path. Binds the reticular formation of a brain barrel with a spinal cord.

11. Fill the table

nervous Cell Reflex Brain

Table # 4 cranial nerves

Name nerve	Innervation character	Beginning of the nerve	Innervation area
I steam - olfactory nerve	The first of the cranial nerves responsible for the olfactory sensitivity.	start from the mucous membrane of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.	pass through the lattice plate into the skull cavity and are suitable for the olfactory bulb, where the 1st neuron of the olfactory path ends and takes the beginning of the central olfactory way
Para - optic nerve	The second pair of cranial nerves, according to which visual irritations, perceived by the sensitive cells of the retina, are transmitted to the brain. Touch entrance from the ganglion cells of the retina	Through the visual channel, the nerve penetrates the skull cavity	ahead of the Turkish saddle of both nerves form a visual crossover where the fibers from the medial (nasal) half of the retina are moving to the opposite direction. After the crossroads, a visual tract is formed, which envelopes the leg of the brain and gives its fibers to subcortical visual centers.
III Couple - Overall Nerve	The responsible for the movement of the eyeball, the rise of the century, the reaction of pupils into the light.	takes the beginning from the motor nuclei located in the medium brain tire at the level of the top holmikov.	The nerve comes out in the interchange pits from the medial surface of the brain leg, enters the side wall of the cavernous sinus and through the upper eye glare is hosted. Here it is divided into the upper and lower branches. The upper branch enters the muscle, raising the upper eyelid, and in the upper straight muscle of the eyeball, and the lower branch innervates the lower and medial straight and lower oblique muscles.
IV steam - block nerve	Motor access to the upper braid muscle of the eye	Starts from the kernel lying in the middle brain coating at the level of the lower holmikov	It turns out on the back surface of the brain barrel, envelopes the leg of the brain, goes in the wall of the cavernous sinus and penetrates the eye through the upper orphanage, innerves the upper oblique muscle of the eyeball.
V couple - triple nerve	The main sensory entrance from the face. Motor access to chewing muscles. He is the main sensitive nerve of the head. The area of \u200b\u200binnervation of the head of the head of the trigeminal nerve is limited to the packer-ear chin.	it comes out of the brain on the border between the bridge and the middle cerebelling leg.	innervates the eyeball and conjunctiva, a solid brain shell, a mucous membrane of the cavity of the nose and mouth, most of the tongue, teeth and gums. Its motor fibers go to the chewing muscles and the muscles of the bottom of the oral cavity.
VI Couple - Valid Nerve	Innervates the lateral straight muscle and is responsible for the headband of the eyeball.	it comes out of the brain between the edge of the bridge and the pyramid of the oblong brain, passes through the cavernous sine to the top of the orphanage	innervates the outdoor straight muscle of the eye.
VII Couple - Facial Nerve)	The main motor output to the muscles of the face. Touch entrance from some taste receptors. Contains sensitive flavors and parasympathetic fibers	It comes out of the brain between the Valley Bridge and the oblong brain.	Innervates the facial muscles. Also in the face of the face nerve passes the intermediate nerve, responsible for the innervation of the lacrimal gland, the husked muscle and the taste sensitivity of the two front thirds of the tongue.
VIII Couple - Half Nerve	Touch entrance from the inner ear and the vestibular organ, conducts irritation from the inner ear receptors to its own nuclei, located in the lateral part of the rhombid	The sentence-ulitsko nerve comes out of the inner auditory passage and enters the brain in the area of \u200b\u200bthe axle corner.	It is responsible for the transfer of hearing impulses and pulses emanating from the vestibular department of the inner ear.
IX steam - Langual nerve	It is mixed, conducts motor fiber to compressors of the pharynx and a cylinder muscle, sensitive fibers from the mucous membrane of the pharynx, almonds, drum cavity and hearing pipes, flavoring fibers from groove-shaped puffs of the tongue and pregganionic parasympathetic fibers to the ear ganglia for the parish gland	Nerva nuclei are located in the lower diamond pits, in the triangle of the wandering nerve. Language nerve comes out of the oblong brain behind Oliva and leaves the skull cavity through the jugular hole.	innervate the taste sensitivity of the back third of the language, the overall sensitivity of the pharynx, almonds, soft sky, the innervation of the parole, raises the throat.
X couple - wandering nerve	It is mixed having the most extensive innervation area. The main parasympathetic motor exit to the muscles of many internal organs: heart, stomach, intestines, etc. Motor access to the muscles of the pharynx. Touch entrance from some taste receptors.	The nerve comes out by several roots behind Oliva together with the language nerve and passes through the jugular hole, where its upper and lower ganglia are located. On the neck, the wandering nerve comes in the vascular-nervous beam	It is the main parasympathetic nerve of the internal organs, and also conducts most of the afferent fibers from organs in which it branches. In the head and neck, the wandering nerve gives a branch with a solid cerebral shell, provides sensitive and motor innervation of the sky and pharynx (along with triple and language nerves), fully innervates the larynx, participates in the taste innervation of the root of the language
XI Couple - Additional nerve	Motor nerve. Motor access to breast-curable-nose and trapezoid muscles	it starts from the motor nucleus located in the lower part of the oblong brain and the first-fourth cervical segments of the spinal cord.	Contains motor nerve fibers innervating muscles responsible for turning the head, lifting the shoulder and bringing the spatula to the spine.
XII Couple - Podium Nerve	Motor nerve. Motor output to the muscles of the language.	His kernel lies in the underlying line of the diamondy pits. The roots of the sub-surround nerve come out of the oblong brain between the pyramid and olive	gives the connecting branch to the neck plexus, which takes part in the formation of a cervical loop.

12. Compile brief description The vegetative nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic parts). Specify than the centers are formed and where they are located. What is peripheral e.skye part

The vegetative nervous system regulates internal processes that ensure the life of the body, such as digestion, breathing, cardiovascular activity.

The central structures of the vegetative nervous system are located in the head and spinal cord. In the brain, it is, above all, hypothalamic centers that ensure the constancy of the inner environment of the body, as well as stem vegetative nuclei. In the spinal cord, the neurons of the vegetative nervous system are located on the border between the basal and the wingid plates, forming the side horns of the gray substance.

The entire vegetative nervous system consists of two departments: parasympathetic and sympathetic. Both of these departments innervate the same organs, i.e. Each vegetative organ is suitable for parasympathetic and sympathetic endings, often providing an opposite effect on it.

The central structures of the parasympathetic department of the vegetative nervous system are located in the brain barrel (medium brain, Barolic Bridge and the oblongable brain) and in the sacratsidate department of the spinal cord. Peripheral parts are formed by extmural and intramural ganglias and nerves. The parasympathetic department of the vegetative nervous system regulates the operation of the internal organs in peace conditions. Its activation helps to reduce the frequency and force of heart rate, reduce blood pressure, increasing both the motor and the secretory activity of the digestive tract.

The central structures of the sympathetic division of the vegetative nervous system are located in the spinal cord.

The peripheral part of the sympathetic department consists of two border trunks of chains of paravertebral ganglia, lying along the edges of the spine. Ganglia in a chain is interconnected by inter-spubble branches (connections).

The sympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system increases its activity if necessary to mobilize the resources of the body. Under the action of pulses coming along the sympathetic nerves, the frequency and the power of heart abbreviations increases, the clearance of blood vessels is narrowed, blood pressure increases, the motor and secretory activity of the digestive system is inhibited.

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