To narrow your search results, you can refine your query by specifying the fields to search for. The list of fields is presented above. For instance:
You can search by several fields at the same time:
Logical operators
The default operator is AND.
Operator AND means that the document must match all elements in the group:
research development
Operator OR means that the document must match one of the values \u200b\u200bin the group:
study OR development
Operator NOT excludes documents containing this element:
study NOT development
Search type
When writing a request, you can specify the way in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search with morphology, without morphology, prefix search, phrase search.
By default, the search is based on morphology.
To search without morphology, just put a dollar sign in front of the words in the phrase:
$ study $ development
To search for a prefix, you need to put an asterisk after the request:
study *
To search for a phrase, you need to enclose the query in double quotes:
" research and development "
Search by synonyms
To include a word in the search results for synonyms, put a hash " #
"before a word or before an expression in parentheses.
When applied to one word, up to three synonyms will be found for it.
When applied to a parenthesized expression, a synonym will be appended to each word if found.
Cannot be combined with non-morphology search, prefix search, or phrase search.
# study
Grouping
In order to group search phrases, you need to use brackets. This allows you to control the boolean logic of the request.
For example, you need to make a request: find documents whose author is Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains the words research or development:
Approximate word search
For an approximate search, you need to put a tilde " ~ "at the end of a word from a phrase. For example:
bromine ~
The search will find words such as "bromine", "rum", "prom", etc.
You can additionally specify the maximum number of possible edits: 0, 1 or 2. For example:
bromine ~1
By default, 2 edits are allowed.
Proximity criterion
To search by proximity, you need to put a tilde " ~ "at the end of a phrase. For example, to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:
" research development "~2
Expression Relevance
To change the relevance of individual search terms, use the " ^
"at the end of the expression, and then indicate the level of relevance of this expression in relation to the rest.
The higher the level, the more relevant the expression is.
For example, in this expression, the word "research" is four times more relevant than the word "development":
study ^4 development
By default, the level is 1. Allowed values \u200b\u200bare a positive real number.
Interval search
To indicate the interval in which the value of a field should be located, you should specify the boundary values \u200b\u200bin brackets, separated by the operator TO.
Lexicographic sorting will be performed.
Such a query will return results with an author ranging from Ivanov to Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
To include a value in an interval, use square brackets. Use curly braces to exclude a value.
The dictionary contains more than 200 series of paronyms - words that sound similar and close, but not identical, in meaning. The article includes the interpretation of the word, its grammatical characteristics, a sample of its use in the literature, the semantic differences of each paronym of one paronymic series are explained in detail. In addition, examples of possible errors arising from the incorrect use of paronyms are given. The dictionary is intended for schoolchildren, students, translators, journalists, philologists, everyone interested in the problems of the Russian language.
SUBSCRIPTION - SUBSCRIBER.
SUBSCRIPTION, noun, m. A document granting the right to use something, to any service, as well as the right itself. Interlibrary loan. Subscription to the concert. Sale of season tickets. A ticket to the film festival can be purchased at the stadium box office.
SUBSCRIBER, noun, m. One who uses a subscription, as well as a client of some utilities (telephone network, electricity and gas supply). Telephone network subscriber. In this small town ... the subscribers were called not by numbers, but by the telephone operator ... G. Baklanov. Karpukhin. [An unknown man] insolently called directly to the department of philosophy and asked for Maisa, namely Maisa, not Maria Ardalionovna, and she changed a lot, and this made Joseph Yakoechevich so painful that he was ready to strangle the annoying subscriber. V. Khlumov. Old Virgin Mary.
Subscription. Concert, theater, library, children's, school, subscription, new, old, expired, invalid, expensive, cheap ... subscription.
Subscription for a cycle of lectures (concerts), a film festival, a stadium, a swimming pool, a conservatory, a theater ...
Sale, purchase, return, payment, card index, number of ... subscriptions. Registration of an order for a subscription.
Buy, redeem, purchase, order, receive, solicit, sell, give, rub, return, pay, extend ... a subscription. Refuse ... the subscription.
Subscriber. Urban, factory, new (recent), old (long-standing), neat ... subscriber.
Subscriber of what: energy sales, radio networks, philharmonic ...
Payment book statement, request, demand, rights, obligations, obligation ... of the subscriber. File list, number of ... subscribers. Reception hours ... of subscribers.
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Dictionary of modern Russian paronyms, Y. Belchikov, M. Panyusheva, 2002 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
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To narrow your search results, you can refine your query by specifying the fields to search for. The list of fields is presented above. For instance:
You can search by several fields at the same time:
Logical operators
The default operator is AND.
Operator AND means that the document must match all elements in the group:
research development
Operator OR means that the document must match one of the values \u200b\u200bin the group:
study OR development
Operator NOT excludes documents containing this element:
study NOT development
Search type
When writing a request, you can specify the way in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search with morphology, without morphology, prefix search, phrase search.
By default, the search is based on morphology.
To search without morphology, just put a dollar sign in front of the words in the phrase:
$ study $ development
To search for a prefix, you need to put an asterisk after the request:
study *
To search for a phrase, you need to enclose the query in double quotes:
" research and development "
Search by synonyms
To include a word in the search results for synonyms, put a hash " #
"before a word or before an expression in parentheses.
When applied to one word, up to three synonyms will be found for it.
When applied to a parenthesized expression, a synonym will be appended to each word if found.
Cannot be combined with non-morphology search, prefix search, or phrase search.
# study
Grouping
In order to group search phrases, you need to use brackets. This allows you to control the boolean logic of the request.
For example, you need to make a request: find documents whose author is Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains the words research or development:
Approximate word search
For an approximate search, you need to put a tilde " ~ "at the end of a word from a phrase. For example:
bromine ~
The search will find words such as "bromine", "rum", "prom", etc.
You can additionally specify the maximum number of possible edits: 0, 1 or 2. For example:
bromine ~1
By default, 2 edits are allowed.
Proximity criterion
To search by proximity, you need to put a tilde " ~ "at the end of a phrase. For example, to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:
" research development "~2
Expression Relevance
To change the relevance of individual search terms, use the " ^
"at the end of the expression, and then indicate the level of relevance of this expression in relation to the rest.
The higher the level, the more relevant the expression is.
For example, in this expression, the word "research" is four times more relevant than the word "development":
study ^4 development
By default, the level is 1. Allowed values \u200b\u200bare a positive real number.
Interval search
To indicate the interval in which the value of a field should be located, you should specify the boundary values \u200b\u200bin brackets, separated by the operator TO.
Lexicographic sorting will be performed.
Such a query will return results with an author ranging from Ivanov to Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
To include a value in an interval, use square brackets. Use curly braces to exclude a value.
Dictionary of homonyms - a type of vocabulary that describes similarly sounding words that do not have common semantic features that make it possible to consider the corresponding meanings as the meanings of one word (for example: scythe - "hair", braid - "Mowing tool" and scythe - "shallow").
Dictionaries of homonyms reflect the relationship of formally identical and semantically different lexical units. These links have a long tradition of description in dictionaries.
The first experience in the domestic lexicography of presenting the entire set of homonyms was "Dictionary of Russian homonyms" by OS Akhmanova. It presents a detailed classification of homonyms. In connection with the allocation of homonyms with a pronounced morphological structure, a regularity of homonymic relations is noted in whole lexical and grammatical classes of words. The dictionary records and describes the homonyms formed as a result of the disintegration of polysemy, an attempt is made to distinguish between the completed and uncompleted processes of the disintegration of polysemy. The dictionary entry contains indications of the type of homonyms, as well as grammatical, stylistic and other information that emphasizes the opposition of homonyms. In order to more clearly show the semantic incompatibility of homonyms, they are provided with translations into English, French and German.
A broader understanding of homonyms is presented in “ Dictionary of Russian homonyms » N.P. Kolesnikov. Homonyms are understood as words with different lexical and (or) grammatical meanings, but with the same (identical) spelling and (or) pronunciation. The dictionary includes two types of homonyms: 1) homonyms with different lexical meanings and identical spelling and pronunciation (bow 1 and bow 2 ", schedule 1 and graph 2) ", 2) words that have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning and the same spelling (with non-identical pronunciation): organ and organ, cotton and cotton, death and case. The material is given, as noted by the editor of the dictionary N. M. Shansky, "a continuous array, without classification partitions and classification boundaries."
« Dictionary homonyms of the Russian language ”T.F. Efremova, unlike the existing dictionaries of homonyms of the Russian language, includes both the homonyms themselves and the units derived from them. The lexical composition of the dictionary reflects the common vocabulary of the Russian language, which developed by the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st centuries, including terms from various fields of knowledge, as well as words of an archaic nature.
AP Okuneva's “Dictionary of Russian Homonyms” provides a description of the semantic, accentological, orthoepic, grammatical and stylistic properties of homonymous words. A special place is given to their etymology. Synonyms, antonyms, phraseological units correlating in meaning with the individual meanings of homonymous words, as well as illustrative material are given.
"Dictionary of Russian homonyms" by O.I. Litvinnikova, L.I. Golovina, M.A. Alekseenko includes homonymous verbs extracted from the "Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language", edited by
S.A. Kuznetsov and "Dictionary of verbal homonyms of dialect speech", compiled by M.A. Alekseenko and O.I. Litvinnikova. As the authors note, “the dictionary provides a systematic representation of homonymous verbs of Russian literary language and dialectal speech in their correlation ”.
"Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language" OM Kim and N.E. Ostrovkina is devoted to one of the most difficult practical issues - the delineation of grammatical homonyms - words belonging to different parts speech and coinciding both in sound and in spelling. For instance:
- 1... One- numeral ( I bought one meter of fabric).
- 2. One- adjective ( I go out alone on the road).
- 3. One- pronoun ( One boy made this up, invented and became a writer).
- 4. One- noun ( There is safety in numbers).
- 5. One- particle ( All around one horror).
The "Dictionary of Russian homographers" edited by A.V. Ventsov and V. B. Kasevich contains word forms classified by grammatical features. The review article analyzes the relationship between the type of homography and the semantics of homographs.
Homonymy as the word-formative limit of polysemy is presented in the “Brief word-formative-etymological dictionary of Russian polysemy and single-root homonymy” by N.М. Shanskiy and others. The dictionary is a lexicographic reference book, which provides a brief explanation of the origin of figurative meanings of the most common polysemous words and homonyms of the same root of the Russian language. The facts of polysemy are considered on a par with single-root homonymy as the word-formative limit of the first. The dictionary shows the patterns of the appearance of polysemous words and homonyms of the same root, the models and patterns by which they arose. In addition to the facts of primordial polysemy and homonymy, the dictionary also interprets semantic and derivational tracing papers that are close to them. Thus, the manual is an attempt in a concise and compact form to present the basic facts of derivation and etymology of figurative meanings and single-root homonyms.
Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of Russian homonyms [over 2000 entries]. 3rd ed., Erased. M .: Russian language, 1986.448 p. ...
Vvedenskaya L.A., Kolesnikov N.P. Educational dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. 2nd ed. M .; Rostov n / a. : March: Phoenix, 2010.256 p. ...
Grebeneva Yu.N. Dictionary of Russian homographers. Livny: Publisher G.V. Mukhametov, 2012.275 p.
Grebeneva Yu.N. Dictionary of homonyms and homoforms of the Russian language [about 2500 homonyms and homoforms]. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. M.: Ayris-Press, 2011.351 p. (From A to Z). ...
Efremova T.F. Explanatory dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. M .: World of encyclopedias Avanta +, 2007.1406 p.
Kim O. M., Ostrovkina I. E. Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language [about 11,000 words, about 5,000 homonyms]. M .: ACT [et al.], 2004.842 p.
Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of Russian homonyms. Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 1995.670 p. ...
Okuneva L.P. Dictionary of homonyms of the modern Russian language [about 5000 words and phrases]. M .: Russian language, 2002.412 p.
Dictionary of Russian homographers [more than 4000 word forms] / comp.
A.V. Ventsov, E.V. Grudeva, V.B. Kasevich and E.I. Koreshkova, E.A. Svedentsova, E.V. Yagunova; ed. A.V. Ventsova, V.B. Kasevich. SPb .: Filol. fac. St. Petersburg. state University, 2004.160 p.
Dictionary of homonyms and multilingual words of the Russian language / comp. EM. Rivin. Voronezh: Voronezh, state. technology, acad., 2011.388 p.
Dictionary of phraseological homonyms of the modern Russian language / comp. T.V. Varlakova, T.A. Krivosheeva, S.S. Laukhina, N.A. Pavlova, T.N. Shevelev; ed. ON. Pavlova. Moscow: Flinta: Nauka, 2010.304 p.
Shansky N.M., Romanova N.N., Filippov L.V. A short word-formation and etymological dictionary of Russian polysemy and single-root homonymy // Russian language at school. 1983. No. 4-6; 1984. No. 1-6; 1985. No. 1-6; 1986. No. 1-5.