Western Europe: A New Stage of Development - Knowledge Hypermarket. What doctrines of the Reformation era do you know? What they had in common What creeds

1. What are the prerequisites for the transition to manufacturing.

Prerequisites:

Colonial trade helped merchant capital to grow rapidly;

As a result, new financial instruments appeared to make it easier to do business;

Striving for more profit and having financial instruments, trading companies invested in production;

The guild organization of medieval crafts prevented the free circulation of capital, which contributed to the emergence of its alternative;

Technical innovations also contributed to the emergence of manufactories (printing press, blast furnace, etc.).

2. What types of manufactories do you know? What were their advantages over the guild associations of the Middle Ages?

With a dispersed manufactory, merchants placed orders with a large number of urban and rural artisans, taking over the purchase of raw materials and the sale of finished products. This type of manufactory did not differ from the guild manufactory in its mode of production, but it brings more profit to the merchant who organized it.

In a mixed manufactory, the product was assembled simultaneously in several workshops. At the first stage, parts were made in different workshops, at the final stage in a separate workshop they were assembled into a single product. This method of production required great qualifications only from the artisan, who made the finished product, the details could be made by his less skilled colleagues. This method increased the mass production and made it cheaper. But all the work still took place in workshops that obeyed the shop regulations.

With a centralized manufactory, all production was carried out in one place. It turned out to be broken down into many simple operations that could be handled even by unskilled workers who did not need many years to learn a skill. In addition, such production could be organized anywhere with the availability of the necessary capital, outside the city, outside the shop restrictions. It was the centralized manufactory that made production much more massive, and goods cheaper, indicating the path to industrialization.

3. Determine the consequences of the spread of manufacturing in Europe.

Effects:

The workshops were gradually relegated to the background;

Production volumes increased;

The range of products has grown;

The desire to obtain initial capital stimulated the development of commodity-money relations;

The role of bankers and merchants in society increased, entrepreneurs appeared;

The desire of influential people to participate in the process (to open factories themselves or to supply them with raw materials) often led to further oppression of the poor, for example, to fencing in England;

The number of have-nots has grown, who have joined the ranks of hired workers

The unemployed poor have become socially dangerous;

The cities developed rapidly, the role of the urban estate in the state grew;

The development of production and trade helped to create single domestic markets, which strengthened the centralization of their countries;

The division of labor among the countries and regions of Europe began;

Manufactures prepared the demand for technical innovations in manufacturing, which contributed to the industrial revolution.

4. List the factors that contributed to the weakening of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe.

The many frequently denounced sins of the Catholic clergy;

Openly political games of the papal throne, which had nothing to do with faith;

Outright sale of church positions and indulgences;

A clear weakening of the influence of the popes on the political life of Europe in connection with the emergence of centralized states.

5. What doctrines of the Reformation era do you know? What did they have in common, what was special? Why did the secular authorities of many countries support the Reformation?

Lutheranism denies the possibility of mediation between man and the Lord. According to this teaching, only repentance and faith can save a person's soul. At the same time, the clergy is assigned only the role of an adviser in the interpretation of sacred texts, but the believer must still decide for himself. Lutheranism opposed the luxury of the church, the monastic movement, and minimized the number of church ordinances.

Zwinglianism went even further. It sought to cleanse the faith of everything that is not confirmed in the New Testament. Therefore, in particular, it denied the church sacraments as such - they are not described in any of the books of Holy Scripture.

Calvinism also opposed monasticism, the luxury of the church, unnecessary sacraments, and the role of the clergy as a mediator in a person's conversation with God. However, Calvinism pays more attention to the predestination of man. The theme of predestination in Christianity, coming from Augustine the Blessed, was fully expressed in this teaching. According to him, it is initially predetermined who is destined for heaven, for whom - hell. A person does not know his purpose, but God gives him hints, for example, in the form of success in business. Calvinism approves of business activity, like any work, considering it a godly deed. On the contrary, idleness, like among monks, is considered a sin.

Monarchs often supported Protestantism in order to weaken the pope or other monarch who fought Protestants. An important incentive was also the seizure of church lands and other property, which was transferred to the secular authorities. Sometimes other motives played a role. For example, Henry VIII of England was attracted by the idea of \u200b\u200bbecoming the head of a new church himself. Among other things, he did not see any other way to dissolve his marriage, which he very much sought.

6. What was the significance of the Counter-Reformation? How has the policy of the Roman Catholic Church changed?

The Counter-Reformation officially began with the Council of Trent in 1545. On the one hand, it toughened and systematized punitive measures against heretics. In particular, the powers of the Inquisition were expanded, the Index of Forbidden Books was published and periodically updated - a list of books that could not be published or even read in Catholic countries. An important role in this matter was played by the Jesuit Order with its famous principle of the end justifying the means.

But at the same time, the Counter-Reformation also marked the beginning of the struggle against heresies through persuasion. In response to the arguments of the heretics, not only punishments, but also counterarguments were presented. In particular, the Jesuits took up the widespread education of youth in order to steer this education in the right direction. It was this direction of the Counter-Reformation that enriched European spiritual life in many of its manifestations. In many ways, the Baroque culture grew out of it.

New realities, the formation of a humanistic outlook on the world affected the religious foundations of the medieval worldview.

The "Avignon captivity" of popes that lasted 70 years, forced to move their residence to France, significantly weakened the influence of the Roman Catholic Church on secular princes. Only in 1377, thanks to the failures of France in the Hundred Years War, Pope Gregory XI managed to return the residence of the head of the church to Rome. However, after his death in 1377, the French bishops elected their pope, and the Italian ones theirs. An ecclesiastical council convened in 1409 deposed both popes and elected its own candidate. The false papas did not recognize the decisions of the council. So the Roman Catholic Church had three chapters at the same time. Schism,that is, the split of the church, which lasted until 1417, significantly weakened its influence in the largest countries of Europe - England, France and Spain.

In the Czech Republic,which was part of the Roman Empire, a movement arose for the creation of a national church with a more democratic order of service, its conduct in the Czech language. Founder of this movement, professor at Prague University Jan Hus (1371-1415),at a church council in Constanta he was accused of heresy and burned at the stake. However, his followers in the Czech Republic, led by a knight Jan Zizka (1360-1430),rose to the armed struggle. The Hussites demanded that the clergy observe ascetic norms of life, denounced the Roman Catholic priests for committing mortal sins. Their demands were widely supported by the peasantry and townspeople. The Hussites captured almost the entire territory of the Czech Republic and carried out secularization(confiscation) of church lands, which mainly passed into the hands of secular feudal lords.

In the years 1420-1431. Rome and the empire undertook five crusades against the Hussites, who were declared heretics. However, the crusaders failed to achieve a military victory. Detachments of the Hussites inflicted counterattacks on the territory of Hungary, Bavaria, Brandenburg. At the Basel Cathedral in 1433, the Roman Catholic Church made concessions, recognizing the right to exist in the Czech Republic of a church with a special order of service.

The massacre of J. Gus did not stop the spread of skepticism towards the Roman Catholic Church. The most serious challenge to her was the teaching of the Augustinian monk, professor at the University of Wittenbach (Germany) M. Luther (1483-1546).He opposed the sale indulgences,those. absolution for money, which was an important source of income for the church. Luther argued that this deprives the meaning of repentance, which should contribute to the spiritual purification of a person.

The Word of God, Luther believed, is set forth in the Bible, and only Holy Scripture, which is accessible to every person, opens the way for people to revelation, the salvation of the soul. The decrees of councils, statements of the church fathers, ceremonies, prayers, worship of icons and holy relics, in Luther's opinion, have nothing to do with the true faith.

In 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. The Imperial Reichstag, in 1521, having considered the views of Luther, condemned him. However, the number of adherents of Lutheranism grew. In 1522-1523. In Germany, an uprising of knights broke out, who demanded a reform of the church, the secularization of its land holdings.

In 1524-1525.germanic lands were covered Peasant warwhich started under religious slogans. Ideas were especially popular among the rebels. anabaptists.They denied not only the official, Catholic, church, but also the Holy Scriptures, believing that every believer can receive the revelation of the Lord by turning to him with his soul and heart.

The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe uprising, which engulfed Swabia, Württemberg, Franconia, Thuringia, Alsace and the Alpine lands of Austria, was the establishment of the Kingdom of God on earth. As one of his spiritual leaders believed T. Munzer (1490-1525),the path to this kingdom lies through the overthrow of monarchs, the destruction of monasteries and castles, the triumph of complete equality. The main requirements were the restoration of communal land tenure, the abolition of duties, and the reform of the church.

Neither Luther nor the city dwellers supported the insurgents' demands. The troops of the German princes defeated the poorly organized peasant armies. During the suppression of the uprising, about 150 thousand peasants perished.

This victory significantly increased the influence of the princes, who took less and less into account the opinion of the Roman Catholic Church and emperors. In 1529, many princes and free cities protested against the prohibition of the new, Lutheran faith by the Imperial Reichstag. In the possessions of the protesting (Protestant) princes, monasteries and Catholic churches were closed, their lands passed into the hands of secular rulers.

The seizure of church lands and the subordination of the church to secular rulers became inevitable. For these purposes, in 1555, a religious peace was concluded in the empire, the principle of "whose power, that is the faith" was adopted. Even the princes loyal to Catholicism supported him.

The weakening of the position and influence of the Catholic Church was observed not only in Germany. Swiss reformer of the church, originally from France Jean Calvin (1509-1564)created a doctrine that gained great popularity in cities, especially among entrepreneurs. According to his views, if a person is lucky in life, in earthly affairs, in particular in trade and entrepreneurship, then this is a sign that testifies to God's favor to him. Moreover, it is a sign that, on condition of righteous behavior, he will gain soul salvation. Calvinism rigidly regulated human everyday life. So, in Geneva, which adopted the views of Calvin, entertainment, music, and the wearing of fashionable clothes were prohibited.

England also broke with the Catholic Church. The reason for this was the conflict between the pope and the king. Henry VIII (1509-1547).Not having received permission from Rome for divorce, he achieved in 1534 from parliament the adoption of a law by which a new one was established in England, anglican,church. The king was proclaimed its head. He was given the right to carry out reforms of the church, to eradicate heresy, to appoint clergy. Monasteries were closed, church lands were confiscated, divine services began to be conducted in English, the cult of saints and norms requiring the clergy to observe the vow of celibacy were abolished.

The Catholic Church could not resist the ideas of the Reformation. The new instrument of her policy was jesuit order,founded Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556).The order was built on the principles of strict discipline, its members took vows of non-acquisitiveness, celibacy, obedience and unconditional obedience to the Pope. The basic principle of the order was that any action is justified if it serves the true religion, i.e. Roman Catholic Church. The Jesuits penetrated the structures of power, Protestant communities, sought to weaken them from within, revealing heretics. They created schools where preachers were trained who could argue with the supporters of the Reformation.

Convened in 1545 Cathedral of Trentconfirmed the basic tenets of the Catholic Church, condemned the principle of freedom of religion, tightened the requirements for the observance of the norms of a righteous life by Catholic priests. This council marked the beginning of the Counter-Reformation - the struggle of the Catholic Church to maintain its influence. The scale of the activities of the Inquisition increased. So, she was regarded as a heretical teaching of the Polish astronomer N. Copernicus (1473-1543),proving that the Earth is not the center of the universe. The Inquisition sentenced his follower to be burned to death D. Bruno (1548-1600),who refused to renounce the ideas expressed by him. A wave of persecution of witches, sorcerers, people accused of complicity with evil spirits and heretical views arose.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS:

1. What are the prerequisites for the transition to manufacturing.

2. What types of manufactories do you know? What were their advantages over the guild associations of the Middle Ages?

3. Determine the consequences of the spread of manufacturing in Europe.

4. What are the main features of the worldview of a person of the Renaissance.

5. List the factors that contributed to the weakening of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe.

6. What doctrines of the Reformation era do you know? What did they have in common, what was special? Why did the secular authorities of many countries support the Reformation?

7. What was the significance of the counter-reformation? How has the policy of the Roman Catholic Church changed?

Option 1.

The Byzantine Empire was formed on:
A) the entire territory of the Roman Empire;
B) the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire;
C) the territory of the Western Roman Empire;

Peasant
A) had neither land, nor his own economy, nor instruments of labor;
B) had his own land, his own economy, tools of labor;
C) was completely dependent on the feudal lord, who could buy, sell, severely punish and kill him;
D) was dependent on the feudal lord, but the feudal lord's power over him was incomplete; a feudal lord could sell him along with the land, punish him severely, but he had no right to kill him.

Cities in Western Europe emerged as a result
A) the revival of the cultural traditions of the ancient world;
B) the struggle between feudal lords and dependent peasants;
C) separation of handicrafts from agriculture;
D) separation of agriculture from cattle breeding;
E) the activities of kings and feudal lords who sought to strengthen their personal power.

Medieval workshops
A) contributed to the development of the craft;
B) guaranteed the transition of the apprentices to the master;
C) led to increased inequality among artisans;
D) ensured, as far as possible, the same conditions for the production and sale of products for all craftsmen;
E) led to the weakening of city government;
E) by the end of the Middle Ages, the development of technology began to slow down.

Humanism is:
A) new science about man;
B) new religious teaching;
C) an art form;
D) the direction of the development of culture, the focus of which is a person.

The beginning of the reformation in Germany was:
A) the congress of princes, representatives of knights and cities in the city of Worms;
B) the speech of Thomas Münzer in 1517 with a call to destroy the feudal order;
C) Martin Luther's speech against the trade in indulgences.

The Frankish Empire broke up into separate states:
A) in 1000
B) in 962
B) in 843

8. Pope Gregory VII is known for:
A) organized the first crusade;
B) proclaimed the right of popes to depose emperors;
C) tried in every possible way to reconcile the Roman and Orthodox churches;
D) sought to subjugate all the sovereigns of Europe to his power;
D) broke the resistance of the German king Henry IV.

The Crusades are over:
A) the loss of all possessions of the crusaders in Muslim countries;
B) the creation of new states of the crusaders in the East;
C) the seizure of all Arab states and the conversion of a significant part of the Arab population to Christianity;
D) the complete defeat of the crusaders and the transition of many participants in the crusades to the Muslim faith.

In the XIII - XIV centuries. Czech:
A) was an independent state;
B) was part of the Holy Roman Empire;
C) was part of the Ottoman Empire;

Characteristic features of developed feudalism:
A) the craft is separated from agriculture;
B) exchange between town and country is increasing;
C) peasants are freed from feudal dependence;
D) feudal fragmentation is increasing;
E) royal power is strengthened and feudal fragmentation is eliminated;
E) the class struggle is weakening;
G) the class struggle is intensifying;
H) the influence of the church on public affairs decreases;
I) the decomposition of the feudal system and the emergence of capitalist relations.

2. Answer the questions:
What is the Reformation? Describe the main doctrines of the Reformation era.
What were the characteristic features of absolutism? What are the preconditions for strengthening the central government in Western Europe?
List the great discoveries.

Test work on the topic: "Europe and Asia in the V-XVII centuries."
Option 2.
1. Choose the correct answer (s):
The early Middle Ages is called the period from:
A) III - X centuries.
B) IV - XI centuries.
C) V-XII centuries.
D) V - XI centuries.
E) VI - X centuries.

The workshop is:
A) association of students and apprentices of one city;
B) association of apprentices and apprentices of one specialty;
C) a union of artisans living in the same city;
D) a union of artisans of one specialty living in one country;
E) a union of artisans of one specialty living in the same city.

The division of the Christian church into Orthodox and Catholic took place:
A) 986
B) 1044
B) 1147
D) 1054
D) 1225

Labor in manufactories was more productive than labor in a craftsman's workshop, because:
A) the workers in the manufactory worked under pain of punishment;
B) machines were used at the manufactory;
C) the workers of the manufactory earned more than the artisans;
D) at the manufactory, the division of labor was applied between workers.

Martin Luther is
A) petty knight;
B) a prominent scientist of the Middle Ages;
C) a wandering monk;
D) famous doctor and traveler;
E) learned monk, university professor, founder of the Reformation in Germany.

Revival is;
A) the restoration of the lost positions by the Catholic Church;
B) the period and process of the emergence of a completely new culture;
C) the period and process of restoration of the cultural traditions of antiquity;
D) strengthening the power of the bourgeoisie;
E) a period of temporary strengthening of the feudal system.

The reasons for the collapse of the early feudal states were:
A) depending on the king of the feudal lords;
B) in the independence of the feudal lords from the king;
C) in wars between feudal lords.

Check the composition of the feudal ladder and write it down correctly:
A) knights;
B) peasants;
B) the king;
D) barons;
E) Counts and Dukes.

Jacqueria is:
A) religious movement;
B) a peasant uprising caused by an increase in payments and the distress of the people;
C) the popular movement for the liberation of France from the British;
D) war between two groups of feudal lords in France.

Jan Hus is:
A) a major Czech feudal lord;
B) an impoverished Czech knight;
C) a village priest;
D) Catholic monk;
E) Professor at the University of Prague.

2. Answer the questions:
What types of manufactories do you know? What were their advantages over the guild associations of the Middle Ages?
What was the significance of the Counter-Reformation? How has the policy of the Roman Catholic Church changed?
List the main bodies of estate representation in Western Europe.

Attached files

What doctrines of the Reformation era do you know? What did they have in common, what was special? Why did the secular authorities of many countries support the Reformation?

Answers:

catholicism, Protestantism, Calvinism. Common - Christian faith, the difference in rituals and some dogmas. The Protestants wanted to cleanse the church of money-grubbing and worldly power, sought to simplify rituals and denied the authority of the Pope. Calvinists are the most radical wing of Protestants