MOSCOW, October 3 - RIA Novosti. The discovery of the autophagy mechanism by the Nobel laureate Yesinori Osumi may lead to the emergence of new approaches to cancer treatment and infection control, Alexei Maschan, deputy general director for scientific work of the Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, told RIA Novosti.
Nobel laureate Yoshinori Osumi confesses that since childhood he dreamed of a prizeAt the same time, the wife of the laureate, who was present at the press conference, said that her husband was never an ambitious person, and she is first of all surprised.On Monday, the Nobel Committee announced in Stockholm that the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded for the discovery of the mechanism of autophagy to Professor Yoshinori Osumi from Japan of Tokyo Institute of Technology. In a press release, the Nobel Committee said that "this year's laureate discovered and described the mechanism of autophagy - the fundamental process of removing and utilizing cell components." Disruptions in the process of autophagy or cleansing of cells from "debris" can lead to the development of diseases such as cancer and neurological diseases, therefore, knowledge of the mechanism of self-cleaning of cells can lead to a new and effective generation of drugs.
"Any open mechanism that studies cell death can potentially be useful in approaches to cancer treatment. Because the goal of cancer treatment is the maximum destruction of tumor cells," Maschan said.
He reported that prior to the discovery of autophagy, two mechanisms of cell death were known: "necrosis, when cells swell, swell and burst, and so-called apoptosis, which is exactly the opposite, when cells shrink, the nucleus fragmented and they die and are absorbed by the surrounding cells."
"But this mechanism, it is intermediate, also programmed, also regulated by a large number of genes, and it is a very interesting third mechanism of cell death. Therefore, of course, this is a very important fundamental discovery, from which really new approaches to treatment of tumors, "the expert added.
At the same time, Maschan noted that this discovery can also be used in immunology, namely, to control infections and long-term support of immunity against their pathogens.
... Next in line are the spheres of chemistry, economics, peace, literature and economics. The awards are held annually, and awards are given for outstanding achievements in specific areas. Along with receiving the most prestigious academic award, the laureates become millionaires - the cash prize is over a million dollars.IT.TUT.BY has prepared its list of the most significant achievements in three scientific categories - chemistry, physics, medicine and physiology.
Physics
X-rays, 1901
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen at the end of the nineteenth century. The German scientist became the first in the history of the Nobel Prize in physics "in recognition of the exceptional services that he rendered to science by the discovery of wonderful rays, later named after him." Roentgen's discovery quickly found application in the field of physics and medicine.
Radioactivity, 1903
The couple Marie and Pierre Curie researched the phenomenon of radiation and in 1903 shared the Nobel Prize with Antoine Henri Becquerel, who discovered the phenomenon of spontaneous radioactivity. The Curies discovered radioactivity while working with uranium salts. For some unknown reason, the photographic plates were illuminated. Becquerel, interested in the phenomenon, after a series of tests determined that the images were destroyed by radiation unknown to science. 
Pierre Curie died in 1906: he slipped on a wet road and fell under a cart. Marie Curie continued her scientific career and in 1911 became the first two-time Nobel Prize laureate.
Neutron, 1935
James Chadwick discovered a heavy elementary particle, which was named the neutron - "neither one nor the other" in Latin. The neutron is one of the main components of the atomic nucleus.
In 1930, Soviet scientists Ivanenko and Ambartsumyan refuted the then prevailing theory that the nucleus consists of electrons and protons. Research has shown that the core must contain an unknown neutral particle that James Chadwick discovered.
Higgs boson, 2013
Peter Higgs suggested the existence of the elementary particle in 1964. At that time, there was no equipment capable of confirming or refuting the physicist's hypothesis. Only in 2012, during an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, a previously unknown particle was discovered.
Six months later, researchers at CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research) confirmed that the Higgs boson was found. The Higgs boson is responsible for the inert mass of elementary particles, it is also called the "god particle".
Peter Higgs won the Nobel Prize with François Engler in 2013 "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that helps us understand the origin of the mass of subatomic particles, confirmed recently by the discovery of the predicted elementary particle in the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN."
Medicine and physiology
Insulin, 1923
The hormone for lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood, without which the life of people suffering from diabetes mellitus would be much more difficult and shorter, was discovered by Canadian scientists Frederick Bunting and John McLeod. Banting is still the youngest Nobel laureate in medicine and physiology - he received the award at 32.
An open hormone called insulin regulates glucose metabolism. In people with diabetes, this hormone is produced in small quantities, due to which glucose is poorly processed in the body. Experiments on isolating insulin have been carried out for a long time, but it was McLeod and Bunting who discovered it.
Blood types, 1930
Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner took six different blood tubes, including his own, and separated the serum from the red blood cells in a centrifuge. Then he mixed serum and erythrocytes from different samples. As a result, it turned out that blood serum does not agglutinate (precipitation of homogeneous substances) with erythrocytes from one tube.
Landsteiner discovered three blood groups - A, B and 0. Two years later, Landsteiner's students and followers discovered the fourth group - AB.
Penicillin, 1945
Penicillin is the first herbal antibiotic. The substance is released from molds on fungi. Scientist Alexander Fleming's laboratory was not entirely clean. The researcher studied staphylococcus bacteria. When he returned to the laboratory after a month's absence, he found that bacteria had died on the moldy plate, while they were alive on the clean plates. Fleming became interested in this phenomenon and began to conduct experiments.
It wasn't until 1941 that scientists Ernst Chain, Howard Flory, and Alexander Fleming were able to isolate enough purified penicillin to save humans. The first patient to recover was a 15-year-old teenager with blood poisoning.
The Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology was awarded to three scientists "for the discovery of penicillin and its healing effects in various infectious diseases."
DNA structure, 1962
DNA is one of the three main macromolecules along with proteins and RNA. She is responsible for storage, transmission from one generation to another and the creation of a genetic program for the development and functioning of living organisms.
The structure was deciphered in 1953. Scientists Francis Crick, James Waughton and Maurice Wilkins received the Nobel Prize "for discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their importance for the transmission of information in living systems."
Chemistry
Polonium and Radium, 1911
The Curies determined that the waste of uranium ore was more radioactive than the uranium itself. After several years of experiments, Pierre and Maria managed to isolate the two most radioactive elements: radium and polonium. The discovery was made in 1898.
Radium is an extremely rare element. More than a hundred years have passed since its opening, and only one and a half kilograms have been extracted in its pure form. The element is used in medicine for the treatment of malignant diseases of the nasal mucosa and skin. Polonium, discovered simultaneously with radium, is used to create powerful neutron sources.
The second Nobel Prize for "outstanding achievements in the development of chemistry: the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this wonderful element" was received only by Maria Curie: the award is not awarded posthumously, and her husband was not alive by that time
Atomic mass, 1915
Theodore William Richards was able to accurately determine the atomic mass of 25 elements. The scientist began by "weighing" hydrogen and oxygen. To do this, Richards used his own method, burning hydrogen with copper oxide. The researcher used the remaining moisture to determine the exact weight of the element.For further experiments, we used devices of our own invention. Richards found that the mass of lead in radioactive minerals is less than that of ordinary lead. This was one of the first confirmations of the existence of isotopes.
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The Nobel Prize has been awarded since the beginning of the twentieth century. It is extremely difficult to cover all inventions and discoveries in one article. Don't agree with our top ten? Suggest your options in the comments.
The prize is not always awarded specifically for the main achievements of scientists, but in general, it is difficult for Stockholm academics to deny their insight
October is the month of birth of a chemist, engineer and inventor Alfred Nobel, and also - it's time to announce the winners of his famous prize, which, according to the Swede's will, is awarded in the field of physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature, as well as for assistance in strengthening peace throughout the world. Since 1969, the Bank of Sweden has initiated the award of the Nobel Prize in Economics. the site recalls the names of ten Nobel Prize winners whose achievements have truly changed the world.
Wilhelm Roentgen, 1901 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the discovery of wonderful rays named after him"
The German physicist, whose second letter in his last name, by the way, reads "e", became the first Nobel laureate in this discipline. "X-rays" Wilhelm Roentgen discovered shortly before that, at the end of 1895, but their exceptional significance became immediately obvious to everyone - this, by the way, is very rare.
Radiation that freely passes through soft tissues, worse through dense and almost completely blocked by hard tissues, has become an absolutely indispensable diagnostic tool in traumatic surgery and is used in many other fields. To the credit of this great ascetic, he refused to patent his invention, saying that it should be publicly available.
Max Planck, 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of energy quanta
One of the destroyers of classical "Newtonian" physics, the German Max Planck did not intend to subvert the foundations at all: just his observations of the distribution of energy in the spectrum of an absolutely black body did not want to fall into the mainstream of previous ideas; the energy did not spread evenly, but as if in jerks.
To describe these "jerks", Planck had to invent a "quantum of action", now known as "Planck's constant" and describing the relationship of energy with frequency, matter with waves.
This was the beginning of a completely new branch of physics - quantum mechanics. By the way, quantum computers will replace traditional ones based on transistor technologies in the very foreseeable future. But the most important discovery of the venerable physicist Planck was a young scientist Albert Einstein, whom Planck noticed early, highly appreciated and who with all his might he helped to advance.
Albert Einstein, Physics Prize 1921 for "discovery of the photoelectric effect and other work."
The most ridiculous of all the premium formulations: it was impossible not to notice Einstein, but the academicians could not recognize his theory of relativity and the description of gravity associated with it. Therefore, they resorted to a compromise solution: to give a premium, but for something neutral, "vegetarian".
Meanwhile, the German Jew Einstein was, undoubtedly, the greatest mind of the 20th century, following his teacher Planck, who explained the world in a completely new way.
Albert Einstein looked at the Universe as if for the first time, as if freed from everything he was taught - and found completely new explanations for long-existing phenomena. He formulated the idea of \u200b\u200bthe relativity of time, he saw that Newton's laws do not work at near-light speeds, he understood how matter and wave flow into each other, he derived an equation about the dependence of energy on mass and speed. He influenced the future much more than Hitler and Stalin, Kalashnikov and Gagarin, Gates and Jobs taken together. We live in the world that Einstein invented.
Enrico Fermi, 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of nuclear reactions caused by slow neutrons
This Italian physicist lived only 53 years, but during this time he made so much that would be enough for 6-8 Nobel Prizes. But the most striking invention of Enrico Fermi was the world's first nuclear reactor, the possibility of which he had previously substantiated theoretically.
On December 2, 1942, a woodpile-like unit carried out the world's first controlled atomic reaction, producing about half a watt. Ten days later, the reaction was brought to 200 watts, and subsequently nuclear power became an important, albeit very dangerous, part of the world economy.
Alexander Flemming, 1945 Physiology or Medicine Prize for the discovery of penicillin
In our culture based on Christian ethics, human life is placed above any theory. Therefore, in one of the very first places in the history of the award, we will put a modest Scot, who was once “just lucky”. The expression "British scientist" will always sound proudly, if only because there was Sir Alexander, who created the first antibiotic in history based on penicillin.
Flemming's discovery (largely accidental) dates back to 1928–29, industrial production began during World War II. The spread of antibiotics is the main reason that the average life expectancy on Earth from 1950 (that is, already excluding military losses) to 2017 increased from 47.7 years to 71.0 years - that is, more than in the entire previous history. humanity!
Bertrand Russell, 1950 Nobel Prize for Literature "in recognition of his diverse and significant works"
Please stop laughing. The Russell Literature Prize is indeed an anecdote, but what can you do if Alfred Nobel did not establish awards for either mathematicians (this science) or philosophers? The academics had to somehow dodge in order to reward one of the best and freest minds of the 20th century.
Russell is primarily a logician, his contribution here is perhaps the greatest since Aristotle... This Englishman is the father of mathematical logic, he managed to combine the principles of the two sciences, and under the banner of logic. Moreover, Russell applied logical principles in relation to ethics, which made him an active public figure, co-author of the Russell-Einstein Declaration against the threat of nuclear war. They could have given the Peace Prize, but they were afraid of a negative reaction from Washington and Moscow at the same time ...
William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of semiconductors and the transistor effect
At the end of 1947, three American physicists, based on the previous developments of dozens of scientists, created the first operating point bipolar transistor - a semiconductor component capable of controlling an electrical signal without consuming electricity.
Economical and compact transistors very quickly replaced the inconvenient vacuum tubes from radio engineering and became a decisive step towards the invention of the greatest means of production of other inventions. His name is a computer. By the way, John Bardeen later became the only scientist in history to receive the Nobel Prize in physics twice, the second for the creation of the theory of superconductivity.
Albert Camus, 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature for his "enormous contribution to literature, highlighting the meaning of the human conscience"
A strange formulation of the Nobel Committee, but academics could not thank the French essayist for recognizing the absurdity of being! Albert Camus, unwittingly, became a great tempter, sweeping aside everything external, superficial, visible and leaving his reader alone with the most "simple", but in fact unsolvable problems. “To decide whether or not life is worth living is to answer a fundamental question” - it was Camus who formulated this after several thousand years of the existence and development of philosophy.
At the same time, he considered and rejected the eternally seductive idea of \u200b\u200brebellion, likening it to the work of the mythological Sisyphusendlessly rolling the same stone onto the mountain. And at the same time, continuing the theme of the absurd, Camus considered such an existence to be the only worthy one.
Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and James Watson, 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for Successful Modeling of DNA Structure
Work on the analysis of DNA macromolecules, which ensure the transmission of hereditary information, began in the 19th century. But scientists understood the true functions of DNA only in the 1940s, and in 1953, American scientists proposed the structure of a double helix as a basic model of the structure of DNA. The path to cloning and genetic engineering was open.
By the way, James Watson later became persona non grata in academia for suggesting different intellectual abilities among different races. However, he is still undoubtedly the greatest living scientist (at the time of this writing, he is 89 years old).
Friedrich von Hayek, 1974 Nobel Prize in Economics for Founding Work on the Theory of Money and Economic Fluctuations (with Gunnar Murdel)
Austrian-British scientist Friedrich von Hayek is the most influential of the Nobel Prize-winning economists. He wrote his first works back in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but he lived for so long that he even managed to see the collapse of the socialist system, predicted by him in a number of scientific articles back in the 1920s (!). Actually, it was not so much his "work on the theory of money" that made him famous as a detailed and well-founded criticism of the statist model of building society.
He showed how a planned economy leads to a reduction in freedoms and suppression of initiative, even if idealist leaders expect the opposite effect. Perhaps, if the leaders of the USSR had read von Hayek, they could have avoided the mistakes they had predicted, but alas, it happened as it happened.
It rarely happens when players in Dibrov's TV show approach such expensive questions as 3 or 1.5 million rubles, so every time it becomes very interesting to find out which or which tricky questions can be so highly valued, and therefore we state that the question about the Nobel laureate Frische was proposed by the editors of the program in the category of 1.5 million rubles. I will say right away that Andrey and Viktor won this question, and it was Burkovsky who managed to "catch" luck or intuition "by the tail" and play beautifully in this round. The couple reached this amount, having spent all the clues at earlier levels, therefore, only thanks to their instinct, they were lucky to guess the correct discovery related to the language (movement in space) of bees.
A little later, choosing an answer for 3 million rubles, Andrey outplayed himself, betting on an obvious, but not correct option. But so intuition is a delicate matter, it will prompt, then no, right?
In the second picture, you can see how the question sounded in the original, i.e. the year Frisch was awarded this prize is 1973, the options themselves, and, tinted orange, the answer itself.
Chemist, engineer and inventor Alfred Nobel made his fortune primarily through the invention of dynamite and other explosives. At one time, Nobel became one of the richest in the world.
In total, Nobel owned 355 inventions.
At the same time, the fame that the scientist enjoyed cannot be called good. In 1888, his brother Ludwig died. However, by mistake, journalists wrote in the newspapers about Alfred Nobel himself. Thus, he once read his own obituary in the press, entitled "The Merchant in Death is Dead." This incident made the inventor think about what kind of memory will remain of him in future generations. And Alfred Nobel changed his will.
Alfred Nobel's new will offended the inventor's relatives a lot, who were left with nothing.
The new will was made public by the millionaire in 1897.
According to this paper, all of Nobel's movable and immovable property was to be converted into capital, which, in turn, should be placed in a reliable bank. The income from this capital should be annually divided into five equal parts and presented in the form of scientists who have made the most significant discoveries in the field of physics, chemistry, medicine; writers who have created literary works; as well as those who have made the most significant contributions “to rally nations, to abolish slavery or reduce existing armies and to promote peace conventions” (peace prize).
First laureates
Traditionally, the first prize is awarded in the field of medicine and physiology. So the very first Nobel laureate in 1901 was a bacteriologist from Germany Emil Adolf von Behring, who was developing a vaccine against diphtheria.
The next prize is a laureate in physics. The first to receive this award was Wilhelm Roentgen - for the discovery of the rays named after him.
The first Nobel laureate in chemistry was Jacob Van't Hoff, who investigated the laws of thermodynamics for various solutions.
The first writer to receive this high award was René Sully-Prudhomme.
The Peace Prize is the last to be awarded. In 1901, it was split between Jean-Henri Dunant and Frederic Passy. Dunant, a humanist from Switzerland, is the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). French Frederic Passy is the leader of the movement for peace in Europe.