Speech is a historically developed form of communication between people through linguistic structures created on the basis of certain rules. The speech process presupposes, on the one hand, the formation and formulation of thoughts by linguistic (speech) means, and on the other hand, the perception of linguistic structures and their understanding. Thus, speech is a psycholinguistic process, an oral form of the existence of human languages.

The most important achievement of a person, which allowed him to use common human experience, both past and present, was verbal communication, which developed on the basis of labor activity. Speech is language in action. A language is a system of signs, which includes words with their meanings plus syntax - a set of rules by which sentences are built. The word is a kind of sign, since the latter are present in various kinds of formalized languages. An objective property of a verbal sign that determines theoretical activity is the meaning of a word, which is the relation of a sign (a word in this case) to an object designated in reality, regardless of how it is presented in individual consciousness.

Human labor activity is initially collective in nature. Various means of communication, and above all speech, have played and still play an important role in work. "First labor, and then articulate speech next to it" are put forward by F. Engels as the main stimuli for the emergence of man. The extremely important role of speech in labor activity has not diminished, but, on the contrary, has increased in connection with technical progress, with the improvement and complication of forms and tools of labor. Speech is the main tool in the exchange of productive information; through speech, the manager's controlling influence on subordinates is carried out at all levels of management activity; speech is the main instrument for transferring experience to a young worker in labor training.

Meanwhile, the possibilities of speech in the service of labor are not unlimited. So, in those cases when labor activity requires a fine orientation in the production situation, and the worker must be guided by certain signs, their verbal expression becomes very cumbersome, difficult, and sometimes impossible.

It was labor activity that created completely new forms of communication between people, replaced the language of facial expressions and gestures with the language of articulate speech. Articulate speech, as F. Popov pointed out, appeared “later,” that is, as a consequence of labor. That is why the main advantage of a person is not the ability to communicate with the help of speech, but in the ability to work, use and transform the world around him in his own interests.

However, human speech arose not only “then,” but also “with it,” that is, with labor activity, and this is a very important position. All new informational connections that a person mastered appeared and improved along with the development of his labor activity, but, being derivatives from the latter, these connections at the same time had a reverse effect on it, in turn, contributed to its further development.

Having acquired the gift of speech, a person was able to use "signal signals", as IP Pavlov called his speech. In contrast to the first signals of reality - our sensations and ideas, he wrote, the second signaling system made it possible to develop human cognitive abilities and "specially human, higher thinking."

Only thanks to the emergence of articulate speech did man manage to create a special world - the world of symbols. And if gradually a person acquired more and more knowledge about nature, the people around him, about himself, then he succeeded thanks to two most important factors - work activity, as well as the ability to store and transmit the information received, that is, active information activity.

The joint activity of people requires the exchange of methods of work, thoughts, various news and messages, not only in personal contact, but also at a distance, when direct contact is lost. The desire to preserve social experience in order to pass it on to new generations of people also contributed to the creation of effective means of transmitting information. The emergence of a letter that made it possible to transmit, save, reproduce various information, overcoming spatial and temporal barriers, should be attributed to one of the greatest achievements of mankind.

Galileo Galilei spoke about this event in the following way: “But isn't the sublimeness of the mind of the one who found a way to communicate his innermost thoughts to any other person, even if very far from us in place and time, to speak with those who are in India, to speak with those who have not yet been born and will be born only after a thousand and tens of thousands of years! And with such ease, through various combinations of only twenty icons on paper. "

Speech is an essential element of human activity that allows a person to learn about the world around him, transfer his knowledge and experience to other people, and accumulate them for transmission to subsequent generations. As a means of expressing thoughts, speech in the course of its development becomes the main mechanism of human thinking. Higher, abstract thinking is impossible without speech activity.

The emergence (in relation to children - the formation) of speech significantly rebuilds the entire mental sphere of a person: processes such as perception, memory, thinking, imagination, voluntary attention are formed in a person only with the participation of speech and are mediated by it. Speech, acting as the most important higher mental function, organizes and connects all other mental processes. Leading to the restructuring of all the qualitative characteristics of thinking, memory and other mental functions, speech becomes a universal means of influencing the world. In a person's consciousness, the processes of thinking and imagination are closely connected with speech activity, forming a specifically human type of mental activity - verbal thinking. The development of speech is closely related to other mental processes. So, being included in the process of perception, it makes it more generalized and differentiated; verbalization of memorized material (fixation of visual-sensory representations by means of appropriate words-definitions, word-concepts) contributes to the meaningfulness of memorization and reproduction; the role of speech in the organization and development of attention functions is extremely important, when a person regulates his behavior, etc.

On the other hand, the inability to use language and speech in the ontogeny of the psyche or a limitation in its use leads to a delay, deficit and distortion of many aspects of mental development (which, for example, is observed in children with congenital or early acquired deafness and in other cases of deviating development).

Types of speech

There are several mutually related types of speech: distinguish between external speech, which, in turn, includes oral and written speech, and internal speech.

Oral speech differs not only in that it is expressed in sounds, but mainly in that it serves the purposes of direct communication with other people. This is always a speech addressed to the interlocutor.

Oral speech has the following two forms.

1. Monologue speechwhen the speaker expresses their thoughts for a relatively long time without being interrupted by other people. Monologue speech is distinguished by a consistent presentation and completeness of the statements expressed, the correctness of grammatical forms. Examples of monologue speech can be lectures, reports, oral reports, reading aloud poems, prose, etc.

This is a relatively expanded form of speech. It uses relatively little extra-linguistic information that arises in a conversational situation. Compared to dialogical speech, monologue speech is a more active or voluntary type of speech.

So, in order to declare a monologic act of speech, the one who speaks must be aware of the full content of his thought and be able to arbitrarily build an utterance on the basis of this content or build a series of utterances.

Monologue speech is an organized type of speech. The one who speaks plans or programs in advance not only a single word, sentence, but the entire process of speech, the entire monologue as a whole, sometimes mentally, and often in the form of a plan or outline.

2. Dialogue speech, i.e. a conversation in which at least two interlocutors participate. Unlike monologue, dialogic speech is not continuous, it does not obey a pre-planned plan, but depends on the nature and course of the conversation, it is always associated with the need to answer questions or remarks from interlocutors. In this regard, it acquires the characteristic features and grammatical structure of this speech: it rarely consists of complete, syntactically correct sentences; individual members of a sentence (subject, predicate, etc.) in colloquial speech are often omitted and understood by the interlocutor from the general context and nature of speech.

Dialogue is the speech of two or more interlocutors who change roles, that is, they are alternately passive or active interlocutors.

The division into "active" and "passive" participants in a conversation is relative, since both the one who speaks and the one who listens are active, albeit differently. The level of knowledge of the language, its lexical richness, grammatical structure and phraseology, the practice of using the language play an important role in the functioning of the dialogical form of speech.

Dialogue speech is closely related to the situation in which the conversation is being conducted, and therefore it is called situational. At the same time, it is also more contextual, since each statement is largely due to the previous statement, since it is carried out as a definite activity of two or more persons.

Written speech. This is speech, which in its structure is the most detailed and syntactically correct. It is addressed not to listeners, but to readers who do not directly perceive the author's living speech and therefore do not have the opportunity to grasp its meaning by intonation and other phonetic expressive means of oral speech. Therefore, written speech becomes understandable only if the grammatical rules of the given language are strictly observed. Written speech is a special kind of linguistic process that makes it possible to communicate with absent interlocutors, who are not only contemporaries of the person who writes, but will live after him. Written speech is a kind of monologue speech, but it is pronounced like reading written written signs (words). Historically, written speech arose later than oral speech and on its basis.

Written speech requires the fullest possible disclosure of all the essential connections of the thoughts expressed by it. The content of oral speech often becomes clear to the listener at a glance, based on the consideration of the situation in which this speech is taking place. The semantic content of oral speech is partially revealed with the help of intonation, facial expressions, gestures, etc., making the interlocutor understand what is not stated in the lexical and grammatical forms of speech. All these additional, auxiliary means are absent in written speech.

In written speech, both the content and your attitude towards it must be expressed on paper. Therefore, the text is more detailed than oral monologue speech. In the created text, you need to take into account the future reader, make sure that the written signs are understandable to the intended reader.

To successfully use written language, you need to master the methods of creating text. In the process of individual development, a person learns to write and read much later than oral speech. But there is a close relationship between spoken and written speech. So, mastering writing and reading fiction contribute to the further development of a person's oral speech, enrichment of his active vocabulary and awareness of grammatical structure.

Written speech is based on oral, not only supplements, but also leads to a certain restructuring. For most people, depending on their education and the content of the activity, the written presentation of thoughts is more difficult than the oral one. Therefore, teaching organized cultural speech should include teaching written language.

To be understandable to the reader, written speech should most accurately and fully express its semantic content using lexical and grammatical means. In this case, the very construction of written speech, the presence of a strict plan, a thoughtful selection of various linguistic means are of great importance. In written speech, human thoughts find their most complete and adequate verbal expression. This is why practice in writing is a prerequisite for developing accurate and correct thinking.

Inner speech- this is a speech to ourselves, with which we do not address other people. Inner speech has a very essential meaning in a person's life, being connected with his thinking. She organically participates in all thought processes aimed at solving some problems, for example, when we seek to understand a complex mathematical formula, understand a theoretical issue, outline a plan of action, etc.

This speech is characterized by the absence of full sound expression, which is replaced by rudimentary speech movements. Sometimes these rudimentary articulatory movements take on a very noticeable form and even lead to the pronunciation of individual words in the course of the thought process. “When a child thinks,” Sechenov says, “he certainly speaks at the same time. In children about five years old, thought is expressed in words or in a conversation in a whisper, or at least with the movements of the tongue and lips. This is extremely common with adults. At least I know from myself that my thought is very often accompanied with a closed and motionless mouth, mute conversation, that is, movements of the muscles of the tongue in the oral cavity. In all cases, when I want to fix some thought primarily in front of others, I will certainly whisper it. It even seems to me that I never think directly with a word, but always with muscle sensations accompanying my thought in the form of a conversation. " In some cases, internal speech leads to a slowdown in the thought process.

Despite the lack of full verbal expression, inner speech obeys all the rules of grammar inherent in the language of a given person, but only does not proceed in such a detailed form as the outer one: a number of gaps are noted in it, there is no pronounced syntactic division, complex sentences are replaced by separate words. This is explained by the fact that in the process of practical use of speech, abbreviated forms began to replace more expanded ones. Internal speech is possible only as a transformation of external. Without preliminary full expression of thought in external speech, it cannot be expressed in abbreviated form in internal speech.

The possibility of reducing operations with thoughts, images and words in inner speech is due to the fact that the thinking person is well aware of what it is about. Therefore, there is no need to unfold thoughts for oneself. The skill to think in this "abbreviated" way has its drawbacks.

Often, a thought is completely understandable in internal speech, in its simplified form and syntactic structure, but it turns out to be far from so clear when it is necessary to "translate" its content to other people: individual moments of thought are unclear, the thought is not reasoned, logically inconsistent. There are cases when it is impossible to convey a well-understood idea in a coherent speech orally or in writing.

Inner speech arose in the process of verbal communication of people in connection with the complication of tasks and the content of activities. It is generated by the need to express something orally or in writing, plan, outline the main contours, build an expression, a scheme of actions, before realizing them in practice.

External or internal speech of a person is closely related and in constant mutual transitions. The ease and speed of such transitions depend on different conditions, namely the content, complexity and novelty of mental activity, linguistic experience and individual characteristics of a person.

Speech in different people has individual characteristics, manifested in tempo, rhythm, emotionality, expressiveness, accuracy, fluency, loudness, logical sequence, imagery of expressing thoughts.

Speech properties

2. Comprehensibility of speech is the syntactically correct construction of sentences, as well as the use of pauses in the appropriate places or highlighting words using logical stress;

3. Expressiveness of speech is its emotional richness, richness of linguistic means, their diversity. By its expressiveness, it can be bright, energetic and, conversely, sluggish, poor;

4. The effectiveness of speech is a property of speech, consisting in its influence on the thoughts, feelings and will of other people, on their beliefs and behavior.

Pithiness speech is determined by the number of thoughts, feelings and aspirations expressed in it, their significance and correspondence to reality. Speech can be more or less meaningful due to the abundance and nature of those thoughts, feelings and desires that are expressed in it. A speech can be called meaningful if it expounds in detail this or that question, if the thoughts and feelings expressed in it are serious and deep. On the contrary, superficial, empty, limited thoughts and feelings make speech meaningless.

Speech always has a certain content, since it reveals the essence of what we want to convey to other people or (as happens in cases of inner speech) to clarify for ourselves.

The richness of speech depends on the correct selection and use of words to express thoughts, feelings and volitional aspirations. A large and varied vocabulary of a given person, which allows him to adequately express his most diverse thoughts and shades of thoughts, is a necessary condition for the content of his speech. But vocabulary alone is not enough for this; it is necessary to correctly select and apply these words in speech.

A person's speech will be meaningful to one degree or another, depending on how much he knows the special terminology in this particular area. In our speech, we often describe or explain certain phenomena. For example, a physical education teacher often refers to exercise descriptions; a coach in a particular sport is often forced to explain certain difficult points of these exercises. At the same time, their speech will be more complete and it will be more correct to express their thoughts if they know their subject, have a large stock of special terms that express detailed knowledge of the methodology of this sport, and also know how to correctly express their thoughts in sentences.

Intelligibility speech is mainly due to the totality of the listener's knowledge in the area to which the speech of the interlocutor belongs in its content. It also requires the listener to know the terminology and special turns of speech in this area. For example, a person will have great difficulty understanding speech on mathematical topics if he does not have knowledge of mathematical terms and special expressions and turns of speech used in this area.

The difficulty of understanding speech in many cases is due to the fact that words do not always and not all people have the same meaning. Often they are polysemantic, due to which it is possible to correctly grasp the meaning that is meant in this case only from the context of speech, i.e. from its general content and from the meaning of whole sentences, not individual words. For example, the word "root" for an ordinary person expresses the concept of a part of a tree, but for a mathematician - a special numerical value.

Speech becomes more understandable when it is constructed as much as possible from short sentences, when it does not abuse too special terms, when its grammatical structure highlights the essence of the thought being expressed, which is achieved by syntactically correct construction of sentences, as well as using pauses or highlighting words with using logical stress.

Expressiveness speech is associated with its emotional richness. The expressiveness of speech is ensured primarily by its phonetic means: clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, correct accentuation and appropriate intonation, with the help of which various emotional shades of speech can be expressed. Often, the expressiveness of speech is provided by its grammatical means, for example, the use of words in an affectionate and diminutive form, the use of pronouns "you" or "you" in circulation, the use of words of figurative and figurative meanings, metaphors, comparisons, epithets, etc.

Impact side speech consists in its influence on the thoughts, feelings and will of other people, on their beliefs and behavior. Very often, speech has as its task not so much to convey to another person certain thoughts and information, but to cause him to do certain actions, to influence his views and beliefs, to create in him a certain attitude towards certain facts and events.

The influential aspect of speech is of the greatest importance in teaching and educational work, in agitation and propaganda work, as well as in command. The impact of agitation speech primarily lies in its ideological content. If the content of speech reflects the interests and needs of a given group of people, if it helps them to correctly understand the essence of events and their class meaning, such speech can strengthen a person's convictions, make them more persistent, goal-oriented, and move a person to conscious decisions and actions.

At the same time, the sincerity and conviction of the speaker himself, expressed in speech, is also of great importance, forcing the listeners to believe his words. Often the impact of speech is determined by its simplicity, clarity, and internal logic.

The impactful meaning of speech is very different. Through speech, we can teach and instruct people, give them advice, warn about the consequences of their behavior, warn against some actions and invite them to follow other examples; give instructions; in a speech, a request, an order, a prohibition can be expressed. All this is carried out using certain lexical, grammatical and phonetic linguistic means.

Instruction and instruction give speech its own characteristics: it takes on the character of an explanation, disclosure of the positive and negative aspects of a given act, indicating its consequences. Teachings and admonitions are always based on concrete, living examples, and the correct, from the point of view of the speaker, actions are approved, and false ones are condemned. In the teachings and instructions, they strive, first of all, to arouse in the instructed an understanding of the deed, as well as an appropriate emotional attitude towards it. The intonation of the teachings has a calm tone of authoritative and undeniable reasoning. In the words of instruction in this regard, there is a complete conviction of the correctness and necessity of this action.

Tips are given in cases where a person experiences hesitation and indecision or does not know what to do. The content of the speech in these cases consists in a concrete presentation of the action itself, in emphasizing its importance and the expected positive results. The intonation of advice is the intonation of confidence in the possibility, accessibility, expediency or necessity of this, and not the opposite act.

Instructions have an impactful meaning when they are expressed in brief definite provisions that do not allow for different interpretations, when, at the same time, they are justified and do not raise doubts about the advisability of the measures indicated in them. The impactful value of the instruction is mainly in the precise indication of the content, sequence and methods of action in relation to certain types of practice.

Request according to its purpose, it aims to achieve from the interlocutor the satisfaction of certain interests of the person asking. Both in content and in its phonetic means, this speech is extremely diverse. It reflects both the essence of the request and (especially) the desire for the interlocutor to grant this request. A request is characterized by the presence of additional words to its content, in which the motivation for action is expressed, for example: “I beg you,” “please,” “please,” etc. This speech is rich in various intonations, which also reflect the relationship speaking: from a very pleading tone, the intonation of a request can go almost to a direct demand.

Order has the goal of direct and immediate impact on the will of another person. By its very nature, it consists in the requirement to perform a given action. The effective force of command is primarily due to the presence of appropriate relationships between people - the relationship between the boss and the subordinate. In its verbal form, an order is always brief, it expresses the very essence of the demand, without any explanation or justification. The intonation of an order expresses the energy and will of the ordering person; the very tone in which it is given does not allow for objections, which sharply distinguishes an order from a request.

Command by its nature it is close to an order. It is used in educational and training sessions, for example: "Attention!", "March!", "At the start!", "Set aside!" etc. The speech of the team is always very laconic and expresses only the most essential and necessary in action. Its impactful value is due to the clarity of content and clarity of pronunciation. The intonation of the team expresses energy, confidence, cheerfulness; at the same time, the command is always given in a calm tone, without excessive affectation.

Speech functions

Generalization function connected with the fact that the word designates not only a separate, given object, but a whole group of similar objects and is always the carrier of their essential characteristics;

Impact function lies in the ability of a person through speech to encourage people to take certain actions or refuse them;

Message function consists in the exchange of information (thoughts) between people through words, phrases;

Expression functionlies in the fact that, on the one hand, thanks to speech, a person can more fully convey his feelings, experiences, relationships, and, on the other hand, the expressiveness of speech, its emotionality significantly expands the possibilities of communication;

Designation function consists in the ability of a person, through speech, to give objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality names inherent only to them.

Scheduling function - speech helps a person to plan their actions.

On the other hand, researchers identify three main functions of speech: communicative, regulatory and programming.

1. Communicative function speech provides communication between people using language. Language is a system of verbal signs, a means by which communication between people is carried out. Speech is the process of using language to communicate with people. The system of verbal symbols expands the possibilities of human adaptation to the environment, the possibilities of his orientation in the natural and social world. Through the knowledge accumulated by humanity and recorded in oral and written speech, a person is connected with the past and future. The human ability to communicate using words-symbols has its origins in the communicative abilities of the higher apes.

2. Regulating function speech realizes itself in higher mental functions - conscious forms of mental activity. A distinctive feature of higher mental functions is their voluntary nature. It is assumed that speech plays an important role in the development of voluntary, volitional behavior. Initially, the highest mental function is, as it were, divided between two people. One person regulates the behavior of another with the help of special stimuli ("signs"), among which speech plays the greatest role. Learning to apply to his own behavior the stimuli that were originally used to regulate the behavior of other people, a person comes to master his own behavior. As a result of the process of interiorization - the transformation of external speech activity into internal speech, the latter becomes the mechanism by which a person masters his own voluntary actions.

3. Programming function speech is expressed in the construction of semantic schemes of a speech utterance, grammatical structures of sentences, in the transition from a concept to an external expanded utterance. At the heart of this process is internal programming, carried out using internal speech. As clinical data show, it is necessary not only for speech utterance, but also for the construction of a variety of movements and actions.

Bibliography

1. [Electronic resource]. Speech.

2. [Electronic resource]. On the functions of speech in the structure of labor activity. Yu.K. Kornilov.

3. [Electronic resource]. The role of speech as a means of communication in humans.

4. [Electronic resource]. The role of language and speech in human mental activity.< http://www.e-reading.club/>

5. [Electronic resource]. Types of speech.< http://psyznaiyka.net/>

6. [Electronic resource]. Speech varieties.

7. [Electronic resource]. Basic properties of speech

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8. [Electronic resource]. Functions and types of speech.

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9. [Electronic resource]. Speech, its functions. The relationship between language and thinking.< http://www.psyworld.ru/>

Talking ns thinking - weight is the same as shooting ns aiming.

M. Cervantes

General characteristics of speech. The main types of speech. Functions of speech and its connection with thinking. Speech development

One of the main differences between humans and animals is speech. This is the process of communication between people through language. In order to be able to speak and understand someone else's speech, you need to know the language and be able to use it.

Language is a system of conventional symbols, with the help of which combinations of sounds are conveyed that have certain meanings and meanings for people. It is developed by society, and one of its phenomena is that each person finds a ready-made language spoken by others, and in the process of his development learns it.

Why does a person need a language? Why is articulate speech necessary?

Language is needed so that people can:

• - to exchange thoughts during joint activities, i.e. it is needed as a means of communication;
• - to consolidate and preserve the collective experience of humanity;
• - with its help to express your feelings, emotions.

Without language, there would be no man himself, because everything that is human in him is associated with language, expressed and fixed in it.

In the wonderful book "The Word about Words" L. Uspensky writes: "From early childhood to ripe old age, a person's entire life is inextricably linked with language. The child has not yet learned how to speak properly, and his clear ear is already catching the murmur of grandmother's fairy tales ... The teenager goes to school. A young man walks to college or university. A whole sea of \u200b\u200bwords, a noisy ocean of speech picks him up there, behind the wide doors. Through the lively conversations of teachers, through the pages of hundreds of books, for the first time he sees the immensely complex Universe reflected in the word ... The new man was born with ancient thoughts, with those that formed in the minds of people millennia before his birth. He himself gains the opportunity to appeal to his great-grandchildren, who will live centuries after his death. And all this is only thanks to the language. "

The language is the same for all people who use it, and reflects the psychology of the people. Speech is individual, and it expresses the psychology of a single person.

The meaning of a word is its content side. Each time we use a word to denote a real object, we thereby indicate to our interlocutor or ourselves what class this object belongs to, what properties it has, what action can be performed with it. But at the same time we associate with it some features of individual experience. For example, the artist, doctor and gardener will perceive the word "brush" differently, associating different ideas with it. It happens that the “language” of a representative of a particular profession, class, group is so unique that it becomes incomprehensible to people who do not belong to this profession or social group.

We also distinguish people not only by the fact as they say, but also how.

For example, there is an opinion that women are “the most talkative people in the world”. Czech scholars have questioned this widely held belief. As a result of the study, it turned out that the palm belongs to children aged 5 to 10 years. They pronounce at least 14 thousand words per day. Sometimes the child even talks to himself. The second place is occupied by ... the sailors of foreign voyages, telling about their impressions after returning from long voyages. In third place are young people aged 18 to 25. They pronounce about 10 thousand words a day.

But even the speech of one person cannot always be the same: speaking from the podium, he will speak more slowly and legibly, use words and expressions that he never uses in a simple conversation. Depending on the circumstances, on the conditions in which the person speaks, in his speech appear stylistic differences.

We often hear that this or that word or expression "cannot" be used, "they do not say that", "this is not literary."

Language, as well as clothing, is different for the same person depending on time and place. Therefore, when we are taught in school that we "must" speak in a certain way, then this is not violence against the individual. The school must teach, in particular, under what circumstances how to speak. Since we learn ordinary spoken language without school, in the family and on the street, the main task of the school is to form our speech skills, to teach literary language, those. a form of the common language that is used in fiction and scientific literature, in newspapers, magazines, etc. No one obliges us in all cases of life to necessarily use only it - this could lead to comic situations, but where it is customary - we must speak it.

It is this set of rules of the literary language, according to which it is customary to build your speech in certain specific conditions of communication, and it is customary to call the norm of the language.

Of course, each of us speaks Russian, uses its vocabulary, builds phrases according to the rules of Russian grammar. But that, what and as we say not always provided by grammar and vocabulary.

Let's look at some examples.

Here is an excerpt from a poem by S. Yesenin:

Cold gold of the moon

The smell of oleander and levkoy.

It is good to wander among the peace of the Blue and affectionate country ...

And here is an excerpt from the book of Professor M. A. Sapozhkov "Speech signal in cybernetics and communications": "Comparison of the width of the frequency range of three-layer and single-layer transmissions (with equivalent bandwidth intelligibility) shows that three-layer transmission gives a narrowing of the frequency range by about 1.5 times ".

Any student understands that in both examples the language is Russian. But in the first case, we are dealing with poetry, with poetic speech, and in the second - with scientific speech. Thus, we can conclude that speech is divided into types.

There are the following types of speech: oral, internal, written.

Oral speech is communication using linguistic means, perceived by ear. It is subdivided into monologic and dialogical. Monologue speech - detailed speech of a person addressed to other people. This is the speech of an orator, lecturer, speaker. Dialogue, or colloquial speech is an exchange of remarks between two or more people.

Written speech - a kind of monologue speech, but unlike the latter, it is built using written signs. If in oral speech for the semantic expression of attitude to what they are talking about, intonation is used, then in written speech the same functions are performed by vocabulary, grammar and punctuation marks.

Inner speech - silent speech to oneself and to oneself, arising in the process of thinking. It is specially adapted for performing mental operations and actions in the mind, codes images of the real world and acts as a means of thinking.

This is the speech that we address to ourselves. Let's say you haven't prepared for class. The teacher takes the magazine and looks at who to call him. You say to yourself mentally: "If only they did not ask me." This is inner speech. And even a very typical case for her - when there is no subject in the sentence. It is usually not needed for internal speech. After all, what we think about, in such cases, before our eyes, or at least quite clearly appears to us.

Any kind of speech, including oral and written speech, has its own purpose, i.e. performs certain functions (see Fig. 12).

Function expressions consists in the fact that with the help of speech a person expresses his attitude to a certain object, phenomenon or himself. When expressing our attitude to something, speech has a certain emotional coloring, which contributes to the understanding of those around this relationship.

Function impact is that we, through speech, try to induce another person or group

Figure: 12.

Function messages is the exchange of thoughts and information between people using words. It provides contacts between people.

Function designations lies in the ability to give names to objects and phenomena. She is supreme.

Usually there are four periods of speech development in a child.

The first period, from birth to one year, is preparatory to verbal speech. The second period lasts up to about three years and is characterized by initial language acquisition. The third period is preschool age, from sin to six to seven years. This is the period of development of the child's language in the process of speech practice and generalization of linguistic facts. The fourth period is associated with the acquisition of written language. These are school years.

A fifth period can also be distinguished, which is associated with the improvement of speech after the end of the school period. However, this stage is strictly individual and is not typical for all people. In most people, the development of speech ends with the end of school, and the subsequent increase in vocabulary is extremely insignificant.

For example, studies conducted at the University Clinic for Speech Problems in Mainz (Germany) found that one in four children of preschool age have a speech disorder. Speech disorders were found in children three to four years old, and they accounted for 18-34%. In 1982, this number was only 4%. What is the reason? The takeaway is that families watch too much TV and talk too little. In families, it seems that video, television and computer games play the role of parents. Researchers have noticed that many children have difficulty speaking but are very responsive when it comes to playing computer games. Moreover, the situation is getting worse due to scientific and technological progress.

In conclusion, I would like to cite some interesting statistics. Gerontologists concluded that taciturn people live longer. After all, talking is a significant waste of energy, and we already spend it ruthlessly.

For example, it is known that the writer Marietta Shahinyan (she lived to be 99 years old) regularly, once a week, arranged for herself a “day of silence”. According to her, this helped her to regain strength for further work.

Buddhist monks who took a vow of silence are distinguished by their longevity. Until the age of 112, Peter Kalnishevsky, a prisoner of the Solovetsky Monastery, who spent a quarter of a century in solitary confinement, lived up to the age of 112, keeping his mind and interest in life.

And those who, by the nature of their work, have to talk a lot (lecturers, teachers, actors, guides, radio and television workers) often complain of complete emptiness, exhaustion after work. They are encouraged to seek an opportunity to be silent as a recovery. People around you should treat such people with understanding. It must be remembered that human energy resources are not unlimited.

Questions and tasks for self-examination

• 1. What role does memory play in human life?
• 2. Describe the main memory processes.
• 3. What is common between perception and memory, what are the differences?
• 4. What methods of memorization do you know and do you use them in practice?
• 5. List and describe the laws of memory.
• 6. Give examples of rational memorization techniques.
• 7. What is common and different between thinking and perception as cognitive processes?
• 8. How are thinking and speech connected?
• 9. Why is thinking called generalized knowledge of the world?
• 10. In your opinion, what qualities of the mind are needed to solve non-standard problems?

There are several different definitions of speech. In some of them, speech is understood narrowly - as a person's knowledge and ability to use natural language. In other definitions, speech refers to all possible means of expression by a person of his internal, psychological states, images, thoughts and feelings in order to communicate them to other people. In this case, the definition of speech includes the use of natural, artificial languages, as well as such means of expressing human psychology and influencing other people that are not associated with natural and artificial languages.

1.What is speech …………………………………………………… .. …… 3p.

2. What types of speech do a person have …………………………………… .3 p.

3. What are the main psychological functions of speech ……………………… 6 p.

4. What is the role of speech in the regulation of human behavior …………………… 8p.

5.List of literature …………………………………………………… 11 p.

Work contains 1 file

1.What is speech …………………………………………………… .. …… 3p.

2. What types of speech do a person have …………………………………… .3 p.

3. What are the main psychological functions of speech ……………………… 6 p.

4. What is the role of speech in the regulation of human behavior …………………… 8p.

5.List of literature ……………………………………………………… 11 p.

What is speech.

There are several different definitions of speech. In some of them, speech is understood narrowly - as a person's knowledge and ability to use natural language. In other definitions, speech refers to all possible means of expression by a person of his internal, psychological states, images, thoughts and feelings in order to communicate them to other people. In this case, the definition of speech includes the use of natural, artificial languages, as well as such means of expressing human psychology and influencing other people that are not associated with natural and artificial languages. For example, non-verbal means of communication, which include gestures, facial expressions, pantomime. Historically, under the influence of linguistics, psychologists have often used the concept of "speech" in its first, narrower meaning. However, in the past few decades, especially in connection with the discovery of special languages \u200b\u200bthat animals use to communicate with each other, and in connection with an in-depth study of the role of non-verbal communication in human life, speech has come to be understood as all possible means of exchanging information that are used and people and animals.

What types of speech a person has.

Let's highlight the main types of human speech. These are oral and written speech, dialogical and monologic speech, external (sounding and conscious) and internal (not accompanied by sounds and not conscious) speech. Let us briefly define all the types of speech indicated above.

Oral speech is called speech, with the help of which people directly communicate with each other, pronouncing certain sets of sounds associated with certain objects or phenomena known from experience. These sets of sounds are transmitted through the corresponding fluctuations in air pressure and are perceived by other people by ear. Oral speech does not imply the use of signs depicted on any material media and perceived visually or by touch (as, for example, writing signs for blind people).

Written speech is called speech based on images of symbols (signs, letters, hieroglyphs) on any material media: on papyrus, parchment, paper, a monitor screen, on any other visually perceptible material. Written speech has a figurative basis, it uses any images to convey the content of the utterance.

Dialogue is a speech in which at least two people participate. Each of them speaks a line addressed to another person or several people; their own speech utterances, in turn, act as reactions to the replica of a given person.

A monologue is a speech belonging to only one person, uttered from beginning to end only by himself. For example, it can be a text written by one person, a speech made by one person and not interrupted by the remarks of other people. An oral monologue is a speech by a person to an audience.

Dialogue involves multiple interruptions of a given person's speech by the statements of other people; at the same time, the remarks of each of the participants in the dialogue act as verbal reactions to the statements of other people, and without this they may turn out to be incomprehensible to those who listen or read this dialogue. A monologue, in turn, does not imply any speech reaction on the part of the person who perceives it and should be understandable by itself.

Both the dialogue and the monologue can be, respectively, oral or written. In an oral dialogue, for example, a person can make a speech on behalf of two or several different persons, sequentially changing roles with them (if more than two people participate in such an exchange of speech replicas, then their joint conversation is called a polylogue). Actors often do that. Various forms of written dialogue are often reproduced in their literary works by writers.

External (sounding, conscious) is a speech that is perceived by the speaking person himself and which is also perceived by other people. In everyday business, everyday and other types of communication, we constantly use this speech to exchange information with each other.

Inner speech is primarily soundless speech. When a person uses this type of speech, he does not utter words aloud and does not produce any sounds that could be perceived by himself or by people around him. The process of generating this speech is a completely internal process that does not have obvious external manifestations. Inner speech is unconscious. When a person uses internal speech, he himself is not aware of this fact and, in this regard, cannot say what words, phrases, etc. he speaks in inner speech. It follows, for example, that a person is not able to consciously control the process of his inner speech. Inner speech has its own, special structure that distinguishes this speech from other types of speech. First of all, it is predicative. This means that in inner speech there are only words and expressions related to the predicate of the utterance, and there are practically no words and expressions related to the subject of the utterance. Secondly, inner speech is agglutinated. Internal speech is used by a person only for organizing his own thinking and for controlling his mental processes, states and behavior. It is never used as a means of information exchange or communication between people. This does not mean that a person is unable to convey to other people what exists at the level of his inner speech. But he does this not with the help of internal speech as such, but with the help of other types of speech, in particular those that we talked about above. Internal speech can move into other types of speech, and the process of this transition is also mainly internal.

What are the main mental functions of speech.

Before calling these functions, we note that we are talking specifically about the psychological functions of a person's speech, and not about its linguistic features or related communicative functions. In turn, the psychological functions of speech are understood as the functions that human speech performs in the regulation of the psyche and behavior. Under the psychological functions of speech, we mean the following functions: communication, intellectual, regulatory, psychodiagnostic and psychotherapeutic.

The communication (sometimes also called communicative) function of speech is that information is transmitted from person to person with the help of speech. This function of speech is used in various types of communication of people with each other and, at the same time, is historically the primary function of speech. This means that speech in humans originally arose and began to develop in phylogeny precisely as a means of communication and only then began to be used in its other psychological functions. Human speech acquired its communicative role thanks to the existence of a language, in the symbolism of which information transmitted from person to person through speech is presented.

The intellectual function of speech lies in the fact that for a person it also serves as a means of thinking. This function manifests itself in the most obvious way in verbal-logical thinking, where the word appears as a concept, and the thought contained in it is transformed according to the laws of logic.

The intellectual function of speech is manifested in internal speech, as well as in external forms of speech: dialogue and monologue. Dialogue represents a collective thought that is born and changes in the direct communication of people with each other, and a monologue is a thought that is born and changed in the mind of one person. Finally, the same function of speech is manifested in the fact that the word simultaneously acts as a concept, that is, as a generalized thought. Historically, human speech acquired this function as one of the last.

The regulatory function of speech is expressed in the fact that speech serves as a factor in controlling one's own psyche and the behavior of the person who uses it, as well as the psyche and behavior of other people.

For example, a person uses internal speech to arbitrarily regulate his perception, attention, imagination, memory and thinking. Through it, he exercises control over internal, psychological processes. Through inner speech, a person gives commands to himself and he himself executes them. This, in fact, is the voluntary, conscious regulation by a person of his behavior or his psychological self-regulation. In order to influence other people, a person pronounces a word addressed to other people and containing any advice, wish, command, etc. In order to influence oneself, a person utters a word in inner speech and himself carries out the command contained in it.

The psychodiagnostic function of speech lies in the fact that a person's speech can be used to judge the psychological characteristics of a given person, his cognitive processes, mental states and properties. We use this function of speech in communicating with people constantly, carefully listening to what they say, and trying to judge him as a person from the statements of a person. The same function of speech is used by scientists-psychologists when they create and apply special psychological tests designed to identify and evaluate the internal, psychological characteristics of a person hidden from external observation. A lot of modern tests designed for deep psychological diagnostics of people are based on the use of various types of their oral and written speech. These are, for example, questionnaires, projective tests. The psychotherapeutic function of speech consists in the fact that with its help people have a therapeutic effect on themselves and on others, calculated on psychological help, support, as well as on the prevention and treatment of many psychogenic diseases. This function of speech is widely used in various methods of modern psychotherapy, practical psychology, both individual and group, for example, in auto-training, in gestalt therapy, in logotherapy, in neurolinguistic programming.

What is the role of speech in the regulation of human behavior.

By behavior in this case we mean voluntary actions and deeds, various conscious reactions of a person to external or internal influences. It is in relation to them that we will further discuss the question formulated above, that is, find out what role speech plays in managing the actions, actions and reactions of a person. Reactions are automatic movements made in response to some kind of stimulus, the source of which can be located either inside or outside the person. Internal stimuli can be: organic needs, emotional experiences, images, thoughts. They are almost always accompanied by some external or internal movement. Such movements with speech are usually not directly related and are carried out in the form of unconditioned or conditioned reflexes. The other two types of behavior, actions and deeds, on the contrary, are closely related to speech, but this connection appears to be different in relation to actions and actions. Action is understood as a purposeful, complex, consciously controlled movement of a person. It can be regulated both by an image (ideally represented in the form of an image by its goal) and by thought (by some idea expressed in the form of a word, a concept at the level of inner speech).

Only in the latter case can we quite definitely say that the action is controlled by the word and, therefore, is inextricably linked with it. That is, when a person has a thought that contains the idea of \u200b\u200bthe ultimate goal of some system of movements connected into a single action, he performs the corresponding action, controlling his imagery and inner speech. However, in the case when the ultimate goal of an action appears only in the form of an image, speech control of such an action may be absent. As for such a form of behavior as an act, it is almost always associated with speech, since an act acts as a premeditated, complex system of consciously controlled and purposeful actions. An act is almost always associated with overcoming some internal (self-doubt, anxiety, etc.) or external (unsuccessful circumstances, opposition from people around, etc.) obstacles by a person, and this requires additional internal stimulation of the act. In the case of a person committing actions, it is precisely carried out with the help of internal speech, for example, by convincing oneself of the need to overcome the obstacles that have arisen and achieve the set goal.

Bibliography

1. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G. Culture and art of speech. Rostov-on-Don, 1995.

2. Golovin B.N. Foundations of the culture of speech. M., 1980.

3. Sokolova V.V. A culture of speech. Communication culture. M., 1989.

4. Soper P.A. Fundamentals of the art of speech. M., 1999.

The concept and functions of speech.

Types of speech.

Equipment:lecture notes, notes and a diagram on the board, test with tasks

Bibliography:

1.R.S. Nemov General psychology: Short course.-SPb.: Peter, 2005: ill., (P.151-153)

2. General psychology: Textbook / Edited by R.Kh. Tugusheva. and Garber E.I.-M .: Eksmo Publishing House, 2006. (p. 244, p. 249)

3. Psychology: Textbook for students of higher pedagogical educational department: V3kn.-3rd ed.- M .: Humanit.edit.centr VLADOS, 1999 .- (P.311-318).

Course of the lesson

1.Org Moment

2. Setting goals and objectives

3. Learning new material.

The concept and functions of speech.

Speech-it is a mental function associated with the knowledge and use of languages \u200b\u200bby a person for communication, thinking and solving many other vital tasks. (R.S. Nemov)

Without written speech, a person would be deprived of the opportunity to find out how people of previous generations lived, what they thought and did. He would not have the opportunity to convey his thoughts and feelings to others. Thanks to speech as a means of communication, the individual consciousness of a person, not being limited to personal experience, is enriched with the experience of other people, and to a much greater extent than observation and other processes of non-speech, direct cognition, carried out through the senses: perception, attention, imagination, memory, can allow. and thinking. Through speech, the psychology and experience of one person become available to other people, enrich them, contribute to their development.

According to its vital meaning, speech has a multifunctional character. It is not only a means of communication, but also a means of thinking, a carrier of consciousness, memory, information (written texts), a means of controlling the behavior of other people and regulating a person's own behavior.

Speech functions:

1.Communicative-speech acts as a means of communication or exchange of information between people;

2.Intellectualspeech is involved in thinking processes;

3.Motivational and regulatoryspeech is involved in the management of both mental processes and states, and human behavior;

4.Psychodiagnostic-a person's speech expresses his psychology (for example, when we analyze a person's spontaneous speech utterances, ask him questions and evaluate the answers to them. We suggest to compose something and judge the psychological characteristics of a person from the essays);

5.Psychotherapeutic-we try to calm down the person with words, instill in him self-confidence, especially if this person is sick or worries about the problems he has.

The meaning of speech in human life.

Speech is the main means of human communication. Without it, a person would not be able to receive and transmit a large amount of information, in particular, one that carries a large semantic load or captures in itself what cannot be perceived with the help of the senses (abstract concepts, not directly perceived phenomena, laws, rules, etc. . P.). Thanks to speech as a means of communication, the individual consciousness of a person, not being limited to personal experience, is enriched with the experience of other people, and to a much greater extent than observation and other processes of non-speech, direct cognition, carried out through the senses: perception, attention, imagination, memory, can allow. and thinking.

The most important achievement of a person, which allowed him to use common human experience, both past and present, was verbal communication, which developed on the basis of labor activity. Speech is language in action. Language is a system of signs that includes words with their meanings and syntax - a set of rules by which sentences are built. The objective property of a verbal sign, which determines our theoretical activity, is the meaning of a word, which is the relation of a sign (a word in this case) to an object designated in reality, regardless of how it is presented in individual consciousness. In contrast to the meaning of the word, personal meaning is a reflection in the individual consciousness of the place that a given object (phenomenon) occupies in the system of human activity. If meaning unites socially significant signs of a word, then personal meaning is a subjective experience of its content.

The following main functions of language are distinguished: 1) a means of existence, transmission and assimilation of social and historical experience; 2) a means of communication (communication); 3) a tool of intellectual activity (perception, memory, thinking, imagination).

Speech has three functions: significative (designation), generalization, communication (transfer of knowledge, relationships, feelings). Significative function distinguishes human speech from animal communication. A person has an associated idea of \u200b\u200ban object or phenomenon with a word. The function of generalization is associated with the fact that the word designates not only a separate, given object, but a whole group of similar objects and is always the carrier of their essential features. The third function of speech is the function of communication, that is, the transfer of information. If the first two functions of speech can be considered as internal mental activity, then the communicative function acts as external speech behavior aimed at contacts with other people. In the communicative function of speech, three sides are distinguished: informational, expressive and volitional. The information side manifests itself in the transfer of knowledge and is closely related to the functions of designation and generalization. The expressive side of speech helps to convey the feelings and attitude of the speaker to the subject of the message. The volitional side is aimed at subordinating the listener to the speaker's intention.

2. Types of speech and their purpose.

Oral speech is communication between people through pronouncing words aloud, on the one hand, and listening to them by people, on the other.

Dialogue is a type of speech that consists in the alternating exchange of sign information (including pauses, silence, gestures) of two or more subjects. A replica - an answer, objection, remark to the words of the interlocutor - is distinguished by its brevity, the presence of interrogative and motivating sentences, syntactically not expanded constructions. A distinctive feature of the dialogue is the emotional contact of the speakers, their influence on each other by facial expressions, gestures, intonation and timbre of the voice. The dialogue is supported by the interlocutors with the help of clarifying questions, changes in the situation and the intentions of the speakers. A focused dialogue related to one topic is called a conversation. Conversation participants discuss or clarify a specific problem using specially selected questions.

A monologue is a type of speech that has one subject and is a complex syntactic whole, structurally not at all related to the speech of the interlocutor. Monologue speech is the speech of one person who expresses his thoughts for a relatively long time, or a consistent coherent presentation of a system of knowledge by one person. Monologue speech is characterized by: - \u200b\u200bconsistency and evidence, which ensure the coherence of thought; - grammatically correct design - expressiveness of vocal means. Monologue speech is more complicated than dialogue in terms of content and linguistic design and always presupposes a sufficiently high level of the speaker's speech development. There are three main types of monologue speech: narration (story, message), description and reasoning.

Written speech is a graphically designed speech organized on the basis of letter images. It is addressed to a wide range of readers, is devoid of situational awareness and presupposes in-depth skills of sound-letter analysis, the ability to logically and grammatically correctly convey one's thoughts, analyze what has been written and improve the form of expression. Full-fledged mastering of writing and writing is closely related to the level of development of oral speech. During the period of mastering oral speech in a preschooler child, unconscious processing of linguistic material occurs, the accumulation of sound and morphological generalizations, which create a readiness for mastering writing at school age. With speech underdevelopment, as a rule, writing disorders of varying severity occur.

Inner speech (speech "to oneself") is speech devoid of sound design and proceeding with the use of linguistic meanings, but outside the communicative function; internal pronunciation. Inner speech is speech that does not perform the function of communication, but only serves the process of thinking of a particular person. It differs in its structure by its convolution, the absence of secondary members of the sentence. With the help of inner speech, the process of converting thought into speech and the preparation of a speech utterance is carried out.

Although all these forms and types of speech are interconnected, their life purpose is not the same. External speech, for example, plays the main role of a means of communication, internal - a means of thinking. Written speech most often acts as a way of memorizing and storing information, oral speech - as a means of transmitting information. Monologue serves the process of one-way, and dialogue - two-way exchange of information.