One of the first socialist emblems. The coat of arms of the USSR was established by the Constitution of the USSR (Article 143) and was an image of a hammer and sickle against the background of the globe, in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics "Workers of all countries, unite!" At the top of the coat of arms is a five-pointed red star with a yellow rim.
The state emblem of the USSR symbolized the union of workers and peasants, the voluntary unification of equal union republics in a single union state, the equality of all nations and expressed the idea of \u200b\u200binternational solidarity of the peoples of the USSR with the workers of all countries of the planet Earth.
The continents on the coat of arms are depicted in light brown, the mottos are in gold letters on a red ribbon. The ears symbolize the vitality of the state, prosperity; the sun is the light of communist ideas, a bright future. The first state emblem of the USSR was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. Its description was enshrined in the USSR Constitution of 1924. In 1923-36 the motto "Workers of all countries, unite!" was written in 6 languages \u200b\u200b(according to the number of languages \u200b\u200bof 4 union republics (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Armenian, Georgian, Azeri), which formed the USSR in 1922); further, in accordance with the number of union republics, the number of red ribbons with the translation of the motto on the coat of arms also changed. In 1937-46 - 11 tapes, in 1946-56 - 16, from 1956 - 15.
In the fall of 1922, a commission for the development of Soviet symbols began work at Goznak. (Compositions of the first Soviet stamps and banknotes were created.) On January 10, 1923, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR created a commission to develop the state emblem and flag. At the same time, the Central Executive Committee determined the main elements of the state symbols of the union: the sun, the hammer and sickle, the motto "Workers of all countries, unite!" In February 1923, the order for the creation of the coat of arms was transferred to Goznak. The sketches of the projects of the coat of arms of Goznak artists D.S.Golyadkin, Y.B.Dreyer, N.N.Kochura, V.D.Kupriyanov, P. Rumyantsev, A.G. Yakimchenko, I. Shadra have survived. The artist K.I.Dunin-Borkovsky, as an adherent of classical heraldry, presented the coat of arms of the USSR as a heraldic shield with a hammer and sickle.
The coat of arms of the USSR on the pedestal of the monument to Lenin in the Nizhny Novgorod region of Sormovo
One of the early projects (1923) can be seen on the building of the Central Telegraph in Moscow: the globe is surrounded by ears of corn, a red star at the top, a sickle and a hammer on the sides. The coat of arms was drawn by V. Lomantsov (1992). D.S.Golyadkin's project is a pentagon, in the middle of which there is a hammer and sickle in the sun's rays, and around it are industrial symbols. J. B. Dreyer's project - a sickle, a hammer, a star, a globe, ribbons with a motto. V.P. Korzun's project is already very close to the coat of arms of the USSR approved later. The head of the art and reproduction department of Goznak V.N.Adrianov (1875-1938) was also involved in the creation of the coat of arms. It was he, as a cartographer, who proposed to add an image of the globe to the coat of arms. The latter was supposed to mean that access to the Union is open to all states of the world. In general, the entire composition of the coat of arms was composed by Adrianov. The work on the sketch of the coat of arms was supervised by state authorities. For example, the secretary of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee, A. S. Yenukidze, on June 28, 1923, suggested placing a red star at the top of the coat of arms, in place of the monogram "USSR". His remark "A star instead of a monogram" is preserved in the archival drawing of V.P. Korzun.
At the final stage, the artist II Dubasov was invited to work on the coat of arms, and he completed the final drawing. In his first draft, the slogans were placed on a red ribbon covering the lower part of the coat of arms. Then it was decided to place the slogans in 6 languages \u200b\u200bon the tape hooks.
On July 6, 1923, the II session of the USSR Central Executive Committee adopted a drawing of the coat of arms (simultaneously with the adoption of the draft Constitution). On September 22, 1923, the drawing of the coat of arms was finally approved by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR A.S. Yenukidze. The Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Second Congress of Soviets on January 31, 1924, officially legalized the new coat of arms.
The USSR Constitution of 1924 contained a description of state symbols in the 11th chapter:
"70. The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a hammer and sickle on the globe, depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bmentioned in Art. 34: “Workers of all countries, unite!”. There is a five-pointed star at the top of the coat of arms ”.
In the USSR Constitution of 1936, the coat of arms is described in Chapter XII "COAT OF ARMS, FLAG, CAPITAL". Article 143 read:
“The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a hammer and sickle on the globe, depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics:“ Workers of all countries, unite! ” There is a five-pointed star at the top of the coat of arms.
At the end of the 1920s, the motto "Workers of all countries, unite!" Was added to the coat of arms. in Turkic. The Russian version of the motto has moved to the central interception of the tape. Similar coats of arms were printed on the USSR treasury bills of 1934. Inscriptions were made in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian (national alphabet), Armenian (national alphabet), Turkic-Tatar (Arabic graphics), Turkic (Latin alphabet) languages.
According to the Constitution of 1936, the USSR consisted of 11 republics (ZSFSR was divided into the Azerbaijan, Armenian and Georgian Soviet Socialist Republics). There were also 11 ribbons on the coat of arms.
Coat of arms of the USSR with 16 ribbons and inscriptions. Postage Stamp.
On September 3, 1940, the Secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided to amend the state emblem of the USSR in connection with the change in the number of union republics and clarification of the spelling of the motto in national languages. Work was underway to prepare a new Constitution, and on March 3, 1941, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet adopted a preliminary draft of the emblem, but the completion of the work was prevented by the war. Only on June 26, 1946, by the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces, a new version of the coat of arms was introduced, the motto on which was reproduced in 16 languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics. Mottos in Moldavian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian and Finnish were added to the existing inscriptions. The inscriptions in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Central Asian republics and Azerbaijan were already executed in Cyrillic.
On July 16, 1956, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was transformed into an autonomy within the RSFSR, as a result of which, by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR of September 12, 1956, the sixteenth ribbon with the motto in Finnish was removed from the coat of arms. On April 1, 1958, by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR, the text of the state motto in the Belarusian language was clarified. It began to sound like: "PRALETARY ІСІХ KRAIN, YADNAYTSESYA!" The change was made to the coat of arms of the USSR. A little earlier, on February 21, 1958, the same clarification was made on the coat of arms of the BSSR by decree of the PVS of the Byelorussian SSR.
The arrangement of ribbons with slogans on the coat of arms of the USSR corresponded to the order of listing the union republics in Art. 13 of the Constitution, established according to the size of the population.
Memorial sign "Coat of arms of the USSR" in the city of Penza
The refinement and redrawing of the coat of arms at different times was carried out by the artists of Goznak I. S. Krylkov, S. A. Novsky, P. M. Chernyshev, S. A. Pomansky. On March 31, 1980, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Regulation on the State Emblem of the USSR was approved. On June 25, it is enshrined in the Law of the USSR. According to this Regulation:
"one. The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a symbol of the state sovereignty of the USSR, the inviolable union of workers, peasants and intelligentsia, friendship and brotherhood of the working people of all nations and nationalities of the country, the state unity of the Soviet people, building a communist society.
2. The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is an image of a hammer and sickle against the background of the globe, in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics: "Workers of all countries, unite!" At the top of the coat of arms is a five-pointed star. The inscriptions on the State Emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics are reproduced on the ribbon framing the ears in the following order: in the bottom center - in Russian; from bottom to top on the left side - in Ukrainian, Uzbek, Georgian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Tajik, Turkmen; on the right side - in Belarusian, Kazakh, Azerbaijani, Moldavian, Kyrgyz, Armenian, Estonian. In the color image of the State Emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the hammer and sickle, the sun and ears are golden; the water surface of the globe is blue, the continents are light brown; ribbon - red; the star is red, framed by a gold border. "
In the fall of 1922, a commission for the development of Soviet symbols began work at Goznak. (Note: At that time, compositions of the first Soviet stamps and banknotes were created.) On January 10, 1923, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR created a commission to develop the state emblem and flag. At the same time, the Central Executive Committee determined the main elements of the state symbols of the union: the sun, the hammer and sickle, the motto "Workers of all countries, unite!" In February 1923, the order for the creation of the coat of arms was transferred to Goznak. Sketches of the projects of the coat of arms of Goznak artists D.S.Golyadkin, Ya. B. Dreyer, N.N. Kochura, V.D.Kupriyanov, P. Rumyantsev, A.G. Yakimchenko, I. Shadr have survived. An interesting project was presented by the artist K.I.Dunin-Borkovsky - as an adherent of classical heraldry, he represented the coat of arms of the USSR as a heraldic shield with a hammer and sickle.
Many artists were involved in the development of the coat of arms of the USSR. Many designs of the coat of arms are known.
One of the early projects (1923) can now be seen on the building of the Central Telegraph in Moscow: the globe is surrounded by ears of corn, a red star at the top, a sickle and a hammer on the sides. The coat of arms was drawn by V. Lomantsov (1992) The project of D.S.Golyadkin is a pentagon, in the middle of which there is a sickle and a hammer in the sun's rays, around there are industrial symbols. J. B. Dreyer's project - a sickle, a hammer, a star, a globe, ribbons with a motto. V.P. Korzun's project is already very close to the coat of arms of the USSR approved later. The head of the art and reproduction department of Goznak V.N.Adrianov (1875-1938) was also involved in the creation of the coat of arms. It was he, as a cartographer, who proposed to add an image of the globe to the coat of arms. The latter was supposed to mean that access to the Union is open to all states of the world. In general, the entire composition of the coat of arms was composed by Adrianov. The work on the sketch of the coat of arms was supervised by state authorities. For example, the secretary of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee, A. S. Yenukidze, on June 28, 1923, suggested placing a red star at the top of the coat of arms, in place of the monogram "USSR". His remark "A star instead of a monogram" is preserved in the archival drawing of V.P. Korzun.
At the final stage, the artist II Dubasov was invited to work on the coat of arms, and he completed the final drawing. In his first draft, the slogans were placed on a red ribbon covering the lower part of the coat of arms. Then it was decided to place the slogans in 6 languages \u200b\u200bon the tape hooks.
On July 6, 1923, the II session of the USSR Central Executive Committee adopted a drawing of the coat of arms (simultaneously with the adoption of the draft Constitution). On September 22, 1923, the drawing of the coat of arms was finally approved by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR A.S. Yenukidze. The Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Second Congress of Soviets on January 31, 1924, officially legalized the new coat of arms.
The USSR Constitution of 1924 contained a description of state symbols in the 11th chapter:
"70. The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a hammer and sickle on the globe, depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bmentioned in Art. 34: "Workers of all countries, unite!" There is a five-pointed star at the top of the coat of arms. "
[ 2 ]
- Coat of arms of the USSR 1936-1956
In the USSR Constitution of 1936, the coat of arms is described in Chapter XII "COAT OF ARMS, FLAG, CAPITAL". Article 143 read:
"The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a hammer and sickle on the globe, depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics:" Workers of all countries, unite! " There is a five-pointed star at the top of the coat of arms.
At the end of the 1920s, the motto "Workers of all countries, unite!" Was added to the coat of arms. in Turkic. The Russian version of the motto has moved to the central interception of the tape. Similar coats of arms were printed on the USSR treasury bills of 1934. Inscriptions were made in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian (national alphabet), Armenian (national alphabet), Turkic-Tatar (Arabic graphics), Turkic (Latin alphabet) languages.
According to the Constitution of 1936, the USSR consisted of 11 republics (ZSFSR was divided into the Azerbaijan, Armenian and Georgian Soviet Socialist Republics). There were also 11 ribbons on the coat of arms.
On September 3, 1940, the Secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided to amend the state emblem of the USSR in connection with the change in the number of union republics and clarification of the spelling of the motto in national languages. Work was underway to prepare a new Constitution, and on March 3, 1941, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet adopted a preliminary draft of the emblem, but the completion of the work was prevented by the war. Only on June 26, 1946, by the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces, a new version of the coat of arms was introduced, the motto on which was reproduced in 16 languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics. The mottos in Moldavian, Latvian, Estonian and Finnish were added to the existing inscriptions. Moreover, the inscriptions in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Central Asian republics and Azerbaijan were already executed in Cyrillic.
[ 3 ]
- Coat of arms of the USSR 1958-1991
On July 16, 1956, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was transformed into an autonomy within the RSFSR, as a result of which, by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR of September 12, 1956, the sixteenth ribbon with the motto in Finnish was removed from the coat of arms. On April 1, 1958, by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR, the text of the state motto in the Belarusian language was clarified. It began to sound like: "PRALETARY ІCIX KRAIN, YADNAYTSESYA!" The change was made to the coat of arms of the USSR. A little earlier, on February 21, 1958, the same clarification was made on the coat of arms of the BSSR by decree of the PVS of the Byelorussian SSR.
The arrangement of ribbons with slogans on the coat of arms of the USSR corresponded to the order of listing the union republics in Art. 13 of the Constitution, established according to the size of the population.
The refinement and redrawing of the coat of arms at different times was carried out by the artists of Goznak I. S. Krylkov, S. A. Novsky, P. M. Chernyshev, S. A. Pomansky. On March 31, 1980, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Regulation on the State Emblem of the USSR was approved. On June 25, it is enshrined in the Law of the USSR. According to this Regulation:
"one. The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a symbol of the state sovereignty of the USSR, the inviolable union of workers, peasants and intelligentsia, friendship and brotherhood of the working people of all nations and nationalities of the country, the state unity of the Soviet people, building a communist society.
2. The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is an image of a hammer and sickle against the background of the globe, in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics: “Workers of all countries, unite!” At the top of the emblem there is a five-pointed star Inscriptions on the State Emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics are reproduced on the ribbon framing the ears in the following order: in the bottom center in Russian; from bottom to top on the left side - in Ukrainian, Uzbek, Georgian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Tajik, Turkmen ; on the right side - in Belarusian, Kazakh, Azerbaijani, Moldavian, Kyrgyz, Armenian, Estonian In the color image of the State Emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the hammer and sickle, the sun and ears are golden; the water surface of the globe is blue, the continents are light brown; ribbon red; the star is red, framed by a gold border. "
Coat of arms 1923
Until the end of the 1960s, it was believed that the author of the coat of arms of the Soviet Union was Ivan Ivanovich Dubasov, the artist of Goznak. It is known that I. Dubasov did not participate in the first competition among Goznak artists, announced at the beginning of 1923 for the creation of a draft of the USSR coat of arms. Then this work was entrusted to the head of the art and reproduction department of Goznak, Vladimir Nikolaevich Adrianov, an excellent graphic artist and cartographer. In turn, V. Adrianov attracted a colleague of topographer-photogrammer Vsevolod Pavlovich Korzun to this work.
In accordance with the instructions of the CEC commission, it was necessary to preserve the emblem "Hammer and Sickle" on the USSR coat of arms, which appeared on the RSFSR coat of arms in 1918.
This emblem was born in the days of the February bourgeois revolution of 1917 and symbolized the alliance of workers and peasants. This interpretation of this symbol was consonant with the October Revolution and it was decided to have this emblem on the state emblem of Soviet Russia. Analyzing the previous images of the hammer and sickle, we can say that everywhere its handle has a thickening in the lower part, i.e. the sickle is attached to its thinner end. The handles of many other tools (files, scrapers, etc.) are attached in the same way, because the thickened part of the handle provides comfort and reliability in holding. On the coats of arms of cities and numerous projects of the coat of arms of the RSFSR and the USSR, the handle of the sickle is depicted with a thickening downward; V. Korzun did the same, presenting to V. Adrianov his first draft of the coat of arms of the USSR. The head of the work V. Adrianov tried to depict all the elements of the coat of arms as clearly and accurately as possible. To this end, he took pictures of his globe many times in order to depict the globe from the best angle, and he coped with this task brilliantly. Following this principle, he apparently asked to get him a "real peasant sickle", as he was later called by many authors of articles on the history of the USSR coat of arms, referring to the memoirs of I. Dubasov. However, the sickle that appeared in V. Adrianov's office differed from its "brothers" in that it was attached to the thickened end of the handle. It was noted above that the sickle was never depicted in this way, but in everyday life it happened, because there could be several reasons for attaching the sickle to the thickened end of the handle: for example, damage to the thin end of the handle with a careless attachment, the appearance of cracks in this place, etc .; in any case, this was done for the temporary use of the sickle. It can only be assumed that when a request came from the city to provide a sickle as a sample, the peasants gave the one that was not needed on the farm, with a broken handle. V. Adrianov and V. Korzun in the past, military intellectuals, were far from agriculture and never held in their hands such an instrument of labor as the sickle of the grain grower. Blindly trusting this "nature-model", on their very first joint project, which was essentially the basis of the coat of arms of the USSR, they depicted a sickle on the globe with a handle inserted with a thickening upward. All subsequent versions of the coat of arms had the same image of a sickle, including those worked on by I. Dubasov, who was invited to complete the final drawings of the coat of arms of the USSR, both line and full color.
The author of these lines had a chance to visit I. Dubasov twice and to write down in detail the story about his participation in the creation of the coat of arms of the USSR. He said that the projects of the participants of the competition were presented to him, those of Adrianov and Korzun, which had to be taken as a basis, since they were approved by the CEC commission, photographs of the globe with the contours of the continents, meridians and parallels drawn on them, the texts of the slogan "Workers of all countries, unite!" in six languages, and also showed the sickle in Adrianov's office. Dubasov did not want to take it with him to Odintsovo, but took a sheet of tracing paper and traced the outline of the sickle on it along with the handle thickened upwards. As you can see, Dubasov was no better acquainted with the sickle than Adrianov, and did not almost doubt the correctness of the handle attachment. And Dubasov could not make any amendments, changes, and even more additions, since all elements of the coat of arms had already been agreed upon. As an artist, Ivan Ivanovich coped with his task perfectly. Now it is even difficult to imagine that this work could be done by someone else.
Coat of arms 1937
It is surprising that in the CEC commission there was not a single person who would pay attention to the fact that the handle of the sickle was planted upside down. So the coat of arms of the USSR was approved, and twice: the dashed version - August 7, 1923 and the full-color version - September 22, 1923. From that moment on, the coat of arms of the USSR appeared on the state seal, various forms of state papers, on banknotes, coins, badges, badges, i.e. wherever he was supposed to be. It is difficult to say when this incident was noticed, but even when the first change was made to the USSR coat of arms (in 1931, the seventh inscription of the slogan “Workers of all countries, unite!” Appeared on the coat of arms in Tajik), the image of the sickle remained erroneous.
And only in 1937, when there were eleven Soviet republics and the same number of turns of a scarlet ribbon with the proletarian slogan in eleven languages \u200b\u200bappeared on the coat of arms, was the handle of the sickle depicted as it was supposed to be thickened down.
The state emblem of the USSR in 1936 differs from the number of ribbons. In 1936, the USSR already included 11 union republics, respectively, and the number of ribbons on the State Emblem of the USSR increased to eleven.
In the Constitution of the USSR of December 5, 1936, the coat of arms is described in Chapter XII "COAT OF ARMS, FLAG, CAPITAL". Article 143 read: The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a hammer and sickle on the globe, depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics: "Workers of all countries, unite!" There is a five-pointed star at the top of the coat of arms.
This coat of arms is located on the building of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-KGB-FSB from the side of Lubyanskaya Square. 
On the building of the Belorussky railway station. There are two coats of arms. The same.
On the building of the Lenin Library. Nowadays the Russian State Library.
Gorokhovsky lane, house 4. Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography, the former Konstantinovsky Survey Institute.
On the pavilion-pedestal of the sculptural group "Worker and Collective Farm Woman". A remake.
Moscow State University named after Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Mokhovaya street, house 9, building 1.
Bolshaya Pochtovaya Street, house 22, building 4. Year of construction 1926. All-Russian Research Institute of Radio Engineering. But what was there originally? Nearby is a star with a steam locomotive inside, and below it is 1935.
Znamenka Street, building 19. The old building of the General Staff of the USSR Ministry of Defense. It can be seen that the hammer is imposed on the sickle, but on the contrary, the sickle must be imposed on the hammer.
Prechistenka street, house 16/2. Central House of Scientists RAS.
The Museum of Railway Transport of the Moscow Railway at the Rizhsky Station.
Simultaneously with the adoption of the draft Constitution on July 6, 1923, at the II session of the USSR Central Executive Committee, a drawing of the coat of arms was adopted. The final drawing of the coat of arms was approved on September 22, 1923 by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR A.S. Yenukidze. The Constitution of the USSR, adopted on January 31, 1924, officially legalized the new coat of arms.
At first, the coat of arms had six turns of a red ribbon. At every turn the motto "Workers of all countries, unite!" in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, Turkish-Tatar languages. In the mid-1930s, a round was added with the motto in Latinized Turkic, and the Russian version was placed on the central sling. In 1937, the number of mottos on the coat of arms reached eleven. In 1946 - sixteen. In 1956, the Finnish motto was removed from the coat of arms. Until the end of the existence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, fifteen ribbons with mottos remained on the coat of arms (the Russian version on the central sling).
According to article 169 of the Constitution of the USSR of 1977, the coat of arms of the USSR was a globe in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn. The hammer and sickle are depicted on its background. On the coat of arms there were fifteen ribbons with mottos in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics: "Workers of all countries, unite!" A five-pointed star was placed in the upper part of the coat of arms.
More details.
The first state emblem of the USSR was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. Its description was enshrined in the USSR Constitution of 1924. In 1923-36 the motto "Workers of all countries, unite!" was written in 6 languages \u200b\u200b(according to the number of union republics that formed the USSR in 1922); further, in accordance with the number of union republics, the number of red ribbons with the translation of the motto on the coat of arms also changed. In 1937-46 - 11 tapes, in 1946-56 - 16, from 1956 - 15.
In the fall of 1922, a commission for the development of Soviet symbols began work at Goznak. (At that time, compositions of the first Soviet stamps and banknotes were created.) On January 10, 1923, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR created a commission to develop the state emblem and flag. At the same time, the Central Executive Committee determined the main elements of the state symbols of the union: the sun, the hammer and sickle, the motto "Workers of all countries, unite!" In February 1923, the order for the creation of the coat of arms was transferred to Goznak. The sketches of the projects of the coat of arms of Goznak artists D.S.Golyadkin, Ya. B. Dreyer, N.N. Kochura, V.D. An interesting project was presented by the artist K.I.Dunin-Borkovsky - as an adherent of classical heraldry, he represented the coat of arms of the USSR as a heraldic shield with a hammer and sickle.
Many artists were involved in the development of the coat of arms of the USSR. Many designs of the coat of arms are known.
One of the early projects (1923) can now be seen on the building of the Central Telegraph in Moscow: the globe is surrounded by ears of corn, a red star at the top, a sickle and a hammer on the sides. The coat of arms was drawn by V. Lomantsov (1992) The project of D.S.Golyadkin is a pentagon, in the middle of which there is a sickle and a hammer in the sun's rays, around there are industrial symbols. J. B. Dreyer's project - a sickle, a hammer, a star, a globe, ribbons with a motto. V.P. Korzun's project is already very close to the coat of arms of the USSR approved later. The head of the art and reproduction department of Goznak V.N.Adrianov (1875-1938) was also involved in the creation of the coat of arms. It was he, as a cartographer, who proposed to add an image of the globe to the coat of arms. The latter was supposed to mean that access to the Union is open to all states of the world. In general, the entire composition of the coat of arms was composed by Adrianov. The work on the sketch of the coat of arms was supervised by state authorities. For example, the secretary of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee, A. S. Yenukidze, on June 28, 1923, suggested placing a red star at the top of the coat of arms, in place of the monogram "USSR". His remark "A star instead of a monogram" is preserved in the archival drawing of V.P. Korzun.
At the final stage, the artist I.I.Dubasov was invited to work on the coat of arms, and he completed the final drawing. In his first draft, the slogans were placed on a red ribbon covering the lower part of the coat of arms. Then it was decided to place the slogans in 6 languages \u200b\u200bon the tape hooks.
On July 6, 1923, the II session of the USSR Central Executive Committee adopted a drawing of the coat of arms (simultaneously with the adoption of the draft Constitution). On September 22, 1923, the design of the coat of arms was finally approved by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR A.S. Yenukidze. The Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Second Congress of Soviets on January 31, 1924, officially legalized the new coat of arms.
The USSR Constitution of 1924 contained a description of state symbols in the 11th chapter:
"70. The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a hammer and sickle on the globe, depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bmentioned in Art. 34: "Workers of all countries, unite!" There is a five-pointed star at the top of the coat of arms. "
In the USSR Constitution of 1936, the coat of arms is described in Chapter XII "COAT OF ARMS, FLAG, CAPITAL". Article 143 read:
"The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a hammer and sickle on the globe, depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics:" Workers of all countries, unite! " There is a five-pointed star at the top of the coat of arms.
In the late 1920s, the motto "Workers of all countries, unite!" Was added to the coat of arms. in Turkic. The Russian version of the motto has moved to the central interception of the tape. Similar coats of arms were printed on the USSR treasury bills of 1934. Inscriptions were made in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian (national alphabet), Armenian (national alphabet), Turkic-Tatar (Arabic graphics), Turkic (Latin alphabet) languages.
According to the Constitution of 1936, the USSR consisted of 11 republics (the ZSFSR was divided into the Azerbaijan, Armenian and Georgian Soviet Socialist Republics). There were also 11 ribbons on the coat of arms.
On September 3, 1940, the Secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided to amend the state emblem of the USSR in connection with the change in the number of union republics and the clarification of the spelling of the motto in the national languages. Work was underway to prepare a new Constitution, and on March 3, 1941, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet adopted a preliminary draft of the coat of arms, but the completion of the work was prevented by the war. Only on June 26, 1946, by the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces, a new version of the coat of arms was introduced, the motto on which was reproduced in 16 languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics. Mottos in Moldovan, Latvian, Estonian and Finnish were added to the existing inscriptions. Moreover, the inscriptions in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Central Asian republics and Azerbaijan were already executed in Cyrillic.
On July 16, 1956, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was transformed into an autonomy within the RSFSR, as a result of which, by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR of September 12, 1956, the sixteenth ribbon with the motto in Finnish was removed from the coat of arms. On April 1, 1958, by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR, the text of the state motto in the Belarusian language was clarified. It began to sound like: "PRALETARY ЎCIX KRAIN, YADNAYTSESYA!" The change was made to the coat of arms of the USSR. A little earlier, on February 21, 1958, the same clarification was made on the coat of arms of the BSSR by decree of the PVS of the Byelorussian SSR.
The location of the ribbons with the slogans on the coat of arms of the USSR corresponded to the order of listing the union republics in Art. 13 of the Constitution, established according to the size of the population.
State emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1958 to 1991
The refinement and redrawing of the coat of arms at different times was carried out by the artists of Goznak I. S. Krylkov, S. A. Novsky, P. M. Chernyshev, S. A. Pomansky. On March 31, 1980, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Regulation on the State Emblem of the USSR was approved. On June 25, it is enshrined in the Law of the USSR. According to this Regulation:
"one. The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a symbol of the state sovereignty of the USSR, the inviolable union of workers, peasants and intelligentsia, friendship and brotherhood of the working people of all nations and nationalities of the country, the state unity of the Soviet people, building a communist society.
2. The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is an image of a hammer and sickle against the background of the globe, in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an inscription in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics: “Workers of all countries, unite!” At the top of the emblem there is a five-pointed star The inscriptions on the State Emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Union republics are reproduced on the tape framing the ears in the following order: in the bottom center in Russian; from bottom to top on the left side - in Ukrainian, Uzbek, Georgian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Tajik, Turkmen ; on the right side - in Belarusian, Kazakh, Azerbaijani, Moldavian, Kyrgyz, Armenian, Estonian In the color image of the State Emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the hammer and sickle, the sun and ears are golden; the water surface of the globe is blue, the continents are light brown; ribbon red; the star is red, framed by a gold border. "