The technique has a good method that allows "on science" to invent and improve the items from the wheel to the computer and the aircraft. He is called TRIZ (the theory of solutions of inventive tasks). Tryz I studied a little in MEPI, and then visited the courses of Alexander Kudryavtseva in Baumanke.
Example in production
The initial state of the system. The company works as an experimental design.
Factor impact. Competitors appeared on the market, which make similar products, but faster and cheaper with the same quality.
Crisis (contradiction). To make faster and cheaper, it is necessary to produce the most standardized products. But, the release of only standardized products, the company loses the market, as there can be only a small number of standard positions.
Crisis resolutionhappens according to the following scenario :
Proper wording of the ideal end result (ICR)- Enterprises produces an infinitely large range of products with zero costs and instantly;
Conflict area: docking sales and production: for sales there must be a maximum range, for production - one type of product;
Conflict resolution methods: Transition from macro to micro level: on the macro level - infinite variety, on the micro-level - standardization;
decision: Maximum standardization and simplification in production - several standard modules that can be assembled in a large number of client combinations. Ideally, the client configuration does for himself, for example through the site.
New state system. Production of a small number of standardized modules and configuring under the order by the same client. Examples: Toyota, Ikea, Lego.
Law 7 Transition to Supervisory (Mono-Bi-Pol)
exhausted development opportunities, the system is included in the oversystem as one of the parts; In this case, further development is already at the level of the overseystem.
Phone with a call function -\u003e phone call function and SMS -\u003e phone how to choose ecosystems connected to the AppStore (iPhone)
Another example, the entry of the enterprise into the supply chain or holding and development at the new level.
one company - two companies - management company.
one module - two modules - ERP system
Law No. 8 of the transition from the macro level on the micro level
the development of the system parts is first on the macro, and then on the micro level.
Phone-\u003e Cell phone-\u003e Chip in the brain or in contact lenses.
First, it is searched for a common value offer and sales are made, and after the "sales funnel" is optimized and each step of the sales funnel, as well as microdvitations and clicks of the user.
At the factories begin with synchronization between the workshops. When this optimization resource has been exhausted, intra-oral optimization is performed, then the transition to each workplace, up to microdvitations of operators.
Law No. 9 transition to more manageable resources
The development of systems is in the direction of management of increasingly complex and dynamic subsystems.
There is a famous phrase of the brand Andrein - "Software IS Eating The World" (Soft eats the planet). First, the management of computers was carried out at the level of "iron" (Hardware) - electronic relays, transistors, etc. Next, low-level programming languages \u200b\u200btype Assembler appeared, then languages \u200b\u200bare higher levels - Fortran, C, Python. Management is not at the level of individual commands, but at the level of classes, modules and libraries. The music and books began digitized. Later, computers connected to the network. Next, people, televisions, refrigerators, microwaves, telephones connected to the network. Intellect, living cells began digitized.
Law №10 The laws of self-assembly
Care from systems that need to be created in detail, purging and control. Transition to "self-retroaching" systems
4 Rules:
- External continuous source of energy (information, money, people, demand)
- Exemplary semblance of elements (blocks of information, types of people)
- Availability of attraction potential (people pull to communicate with each other)
- The presence of external luggage (creation of crises, termination of financing, change of rules)
According to such a diagram from DNA, cells of cells occurs. We are all - the results of self-assembly. Startups grow into large companies as well according to the laws of self-assembly.
Small and understandable rules on the micro level are poured into complex organized behavior on the macro level. For example, road rules for each driver are poured into an organized flow on the track.
Simple rules of behavior of ants are poured into the complex behavior of the entire anthill.
Creating some simple laws at the state level (increase / decrease in taxes,% on loans, sanctions, etc.), changes the configuration of many companies and industries
Law №11 increase in the coaling of the system
Functions that nobody uses - die away. Functions are combined
A convolution rule 1. The element can be minimized if there is no object object object. The startup may be closed, if a client is not found or a value offer. According to the same reason to achieve the goal - the system breaks down.
A convolution rule 2. The element can be minimized if the object object itself performs this function. Tourism Agencies can be closed, as customers themselves are looking for tours, book tickets, buy vouchers, etc.
A convolution rule 3. The element can be minimized if the function is performed by the remaining elements of the system or the oversystem.
Law №12 law of human displacement
Over time, a person becomes an excess link in any developed system. There is no person, and functions are performed. Robotization of manual operations. Vending machines of self-ads of goods and others.
From this point of view, it may be in vain Elon Mask trying to settle Mars by people by physical transportation. It is long and expensive. Most likely the colonization will be informed.
TRIZ is a set of methods combined with a common theory. TRIZ helps in organizing the inventor thinking when searching for the idea of \u200b\u200bthe invention, and makes this search more focused, productive, contributes to finding the idea of \u200b\u200ba higher inventive level.
Structural scheme basicthe mechanisms of the classic TRIZ, developed by G. S. Altshuller, conveniently portrayed in the form of a graphic scheme.
Fig.1. Structural scheme of the main mechanisms of classical triz
TRIZ-techniquesaims to solve non-standard, creative tasks. As a rule, the signs of these tasks are as follows:
the problem is solved for a long time and unsuccessfully (often the employees of the company are growing "myth" about her indestructibility, etc.);
the problem contains one or more acute contradictions;
the problem is interdisciplinary;
the problem is not solved, as the chess players say, "in one run", and requires the solutions system.
In TRIZ, as the main direction for the first time, the study and use in inventiveness laws of the Development of Technical Systems.
The main TRIZ tool was Algorithm for solving inventive tasks (Ariz). Ariz is a series of consecutive logical steps, the purpose of which is to identify and resolve the contradictions that exist in the technical system and implancing it.
TRIZ uses a number of tools to solve problems. These include:
Table of elimination of technical contradictions,in which contradictions are represented by two conflicting parameters. These parameters are selected from the list. For each combination of parameters, it is proposed to use multiple conflict removal techniques. Total40 receptions.Takes are formulated and classified on the basis of statistical studies of inventions.
Task solving standardsThe standard problem situations are found. To resolve these situations, typical solutions are proposed.
Weping(real-field) analysis. Possible relations between the components of the technical systems are determined and classified. Revealed patterns and formulate the principles of their transformation to solve the problem. Based on the cheeping analysis, standards for solving problems were expanded.
Index of physical effects.Describes the most common physical effects for inventive effects and the possibilities of their use to solve inventive tasks.
Methods for the development of creative imagination (RTV).A number of techniques and methods are used to overcome the inertia of thinking when solving creative tasks. Examples of such methods are the method of small little men, the RVS operator.
TRIZ. Laws for the development of technical systems
The law of completeness of the system parts. A prerequisite for the principal viability of the technical system is the presence and minimal performance of the main parts of the system.
The law of energy conductivity of the system. A prerequisite for the principal viability of the technical system is a through passage of energy in all parts of the system.
The law of coordination of rhythm parts of the system. A prerequisite for the principal viability of the technical system is to coordinate the rhythm (frequency of oscillations, periodicity) of all parts of the system.
The law of increasing the degree of ideality of the system. The development of all systems is in the direction of increasing the degree of ideality.
The law of uneven development of parts of the system. The development of the system parts is uneven. The harder the system, the uneven development of its parts.
The law of transition to the overseas. Having exhausted development opportunities, the system is included in the oversystem as one of the parts. In this case, further development goes at the level of the overseystem.
The law of transition from the macro level to the micro level. The development of the working bodies of the system is first at the macro, and then on the micro level.
The law of increasing the degree of weepiness. The development of technical systems is in the direction of increasing the number of real-field bonds.
TRIZ. Recreation of contradictions
Principle of crushing
divide the object on independent parts;
perform an object collapsible;
increase the degree of crushing object.
The principle of submission
separate from the object "interfering" part ("interfering" property);
allocate the only necessary part (the desired property).
Principle of local quality
go from the homogeneous structure of the object (or external environment, external influence) to heterogeneous;
different parts of the object must have (perform) various functions;
each part of the object must be in the conditions most favorable for its work.
The principle of asymmetry
go from the symmetric form of the object to asymmetric;
if the object is asymmetric, increase the degree of asymmetry.
The principle of association
combine homogeneous or intended objects objects;
combine in time homogeneous or adjacent operations.
Principle of universality
the object performs several different functions, thereby disappears the need for other objects.
Principle "Matryoshka"
one object is placed inside the other, which, in turn, is inside the third, etc.;
one object passes through the cavity in another object.
Principle of Antena
compensate the weight of the object with a connection with another having a lifting force;
compensate the weight of the object by interaction with the medium (due to aero and hydrodynamic forces).
Principle of preliminary antihionics
predetermine the voltage object opposite to unacceptable or undesirable working stresses;
if, under the terms of the task, it is necessary to make any action, you need to make anti-action in advance.
Principle of preliminary action
pre-perform the required action (fully or at least partially);
in advance to place objects so that they can enter into force without the cost of delivery time and from the most convenient place.
Principle "Pre-subled pillow"
compensate the relatively low reliability of the object in advance prepared emergencies.
Principle of equipotential
change the working conditions so that you do not have to raise or lower the object.
Principle "On the contrary"
instead of action dictated by the terms of the task, to carry out the opposite;
make a moving part of the object or external environment still, and a fixed - moving;
turn over the object "upside down", turn it out.
Principle of spheroidality
move from straight parts to curvilinear from flat surfaces to spherical, from parts made in the form of cube and parallelepiped, to ball structures;
use rollers, balls, spirals;
go from straight movement to rotational, use centrifugal power.
Principle of dynamism
the characteristics of the object (or external environment) must vary in such a way to be optimal at each stage of operation;
split an object on parts capable of moving relative to each other;
if the object is generally fixed, make it moving, moving.
The principle of partial or excessive action
if it is difficult to get 100% of the desired effect, you need to get a "slightly smaller" or "slightly more" - the task at the same time will be significantly simplified.
The principle of transition to another dimension
the difficulties associated with the movement (or placement) of the object over the line are eliminated if the object acquires the ability to move in two dimensions (i.e. on the plane). Accordingly, the tasks associated with the movement (or placement) of objects in the same plane are eliminated during the transition to space in three dimensions;
use a multi-storey layout of objects instead of one-story;
tilt the object or put it "on the side";
use the opposite side of this area;
use optical streams falling on the adjacent area or the opposite side of the available area.
Use of mechanical oscillations
lead an object into an oscillatory movement;
if such a movement is already performed, increase its frequency (up to ultrasonic);
use the resonant frequency;
apply instead of mechanical vibrators piezovibrators;
use ultrasound oscillations in combination with electromagnetic fields.
Principle of periodic action
move from continuous action to periodic (pulse);
if the action is already carried out periodically, change the frequency;
use pauses between pulses for another action.
The principle of continuity of useful
work continuously (all parts of the object must work with full load all the time);
Principle of Square
conduct a process or individual stages (for example, harmful or dangerous) at high speed.
Principle "Pay harm in favor"
use harmful factors (in particular, the harmful effects of the medium) to obtain a positive effect;
eliminate the harmful factor due to additions with other harmful factors;
strengthen the harmful factor to such an extent so that it stops being harmful.
The principle of feedback
enter feedback;
if there is a feedback, change it.
Principle "Mediator"
use an intermediate object carrying or transmitting action;
at a time to attach to the Object Object (easily left) object.
Principle of self-service
the object must serve himself, performing auxiliary and repair operations;
use waste (energy, substance).
Principle of copying
instead of an inaccessible, complex, expensive, uncomfortable or fragile object, use its simplified and cheap copies;
replace the object or system of objects by their optical copies (images). Use a scale change (increase or decrease copies);
if visible optical copies are used, go to copies of infrared and ultraviolet.
Cheap durance instead of expensive durability
replace the expensive object with a set of cheap objects, adopted with some qualities (for example, durability).
Replacing a mechanical system
replace the mechanical scheme of optical, acoustic or "smell";
use electrical, magnetic and electromagnetic fields to interact with the object;
move from fixed fields to moving, from fixed - to changing in time, from non-structural - to having a certain structure;
use fields in combination with ferromagnetic particles.
Use of pneumoconstructions and hydroconstructions
instead of solid parts of the object, use gaseous and liquid;
use electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields to interact with an object: inflatable and hydrofilled, airbag, hydrostatic and hydroreactive.
Use of flexible shells and thin films
instead of conventional structures, use flexible shells and thin films;
isolate an object from an external environment with flexible shells and thin films.
The use of porous materials
perform an object porridge or use additional porous elements (inserts, coatings, etc.);
if the object is already completed with porous, pre-fill the pores with some substance.
Principle of change of color
change the color of the object or external environment;
change the degree of transparency of the object or external environment.
The principle of homogeneity
objects interacting with this object must be made of the same material (or close to it by properties).
The principle of garbage and regeneration parts
who completed his purpose or the unnecessary part of the object should be thrown away (dissolved, evaporated, etc.) or modified directly during the work;
consumable parts of the object must be restored directly during the work.
Changing the physico - chemical parameters of the object
change the aggregate state of the object;
change concentration or consistency;
change the degree of flexibility;
change temperature.
The use of phase transitions
use phenomena arising from phase transitions, for example, a change in volume, isolation, or heat absorption, etc.
The use of thermal expansion
use thermal expansion (or compression) materials;
use several materials with different thermal expansion coefficients.
The use of strong oxidizing agents
replace ordinary air enriched;
replace the enriched air oxygen;
use ozonized oxygen;
replace ozonized oxygen (or ionized ozone.
Application of an inert medium
replace the usual inert medium;
conduct a process in vacuum.
Application of composite materials
go from homogeneous materials to composite.
This is the most complete statement of the laws of development of systems. The book contains a methodology for obtaining promising ideas, the forecast for the development of systems and bypass competing patents. Material illustrates about 500 examples and 500 drawings. The book is intended for all who are engaged in innovation, university teachers, students who study the theory of solutions of inventive tasks (TRIZ), engineering creativity, System approach and innovation process, as well as managers of enterprises and businessmen.
* * *
Led Book Foreign Fragment Laws for the development of systems. TRIZ. Ed. 2nd, copy. and supplemented (Vladimir Petrov) Granted by our book partner - LITRES.
1. The history of the laws of development of technical systems
This section is written in research materials that the author collected to develop laws for the development of technical systems.
For the first time this work was made in 1973. In the future, the author periodically replenished these materials5. They were used by the author to read lectures under the laws of development of technical systems.
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Studies on the development of equipment
1.5. Development of laws for the development of technology in TRIZ
1.6. conclusions
1.1. Introduction
Materially, the material is set in chronological order. In some places, this order is violated for a better understanding of the individual directions and the logic of the presentation.
These materials can be used in the courses history of TRIZ and system development laws. They can be useful to future system development researchers.
1.2. Studies on the development of equipment
The development of laws for the development of technical systems was carried out for a long time. The first, well-known author, work under the laws of development of technology, wrote G. Hegel in the paragraph "Tool" of the work of "Science of Logic" 6. "Technique is mechanical and chemical because it serves as the purpose of man that its character (essence) is to determine its external conditions (laws of nature)"
In 1843, V. Schulz described the prototype law full of parts of the system . He wrote that " you can draw the border between the gun and the machine: the intercessor, hammer, chisel, etc., systems of levers and screws, for whom, as it were, they have been done, the driving force is a person ... All this is suitable for the concept of guns; Meanwhile, the plow with his driving force of animals, windmills should be counted for machines"7.
A little later, some laws for the development of technology were described.
K. Marx and F. Engels.
K. Marx described these laws in the section "Machine development" 8: "... the difference between the tool and the machine is established in the fact that a person is served by the driving force, and the driving force of the machine is the power of nature, different from human force, for example, animal, water, wind and so on."nine . Next, K. Marx writes: " Any developed machine device consists of three essentially different parts: engine machines, gear mechanism, finally, machine guns, or working machine. The engine machine acts as the driving force of the entire mechanism. It or itself transmits its motor strength or as a steam machine, a caloric machine, an electromagnetic machine, etc., or receives a pulse from outside, from any finished power of nature, like a water wheel from falling water, windmill wing from wind and t . D. The transmitter mechanism consisting of their flywheel, rolling shafts, gears, eccentrics, rods, gearboxes, belts, intermediate devices and accessories of various kinds of different kinds, regulate movements, changes, if necessary, its shape, for example, turns from perpendicular In circular, distributes it and transfers to working machines. Both of these parts of the mechanism exist only then to inform the machine tool, thanks to which it captures the subject of labor and appropriately changes it. ... Initially, the "machine-gun" (the work machine) was represented in a very modified form, all the same devices and guns, which work the artisan or a manufactory worker, but these are not a man's guns, and the mechanism cannon, or mechanical guns"10 .
Some additional materials can be found in the works.
F. Engels on the history of military equipment and warriors. These are the work of 1860-1861, in particular: "On the rifle gun", "The History of the Rifle", "Defense of Britain", "French Light Infantry" and DR.11. Some of the safety laws of the development of technology and its interaction with man and society are set forth in the works of K. Marx12.
A certain contribution to the understanding of technology and its laws was the creation of the "Philosophy of Technology" 13. This term introduced the German scientist Ernest Capp. In 1877, he released the book "The main lines of philosophy of technology" 14. The main development of this flow took place at the beginning of the XX century. The development of the "Philosophy of Technology" was engaged in German scientists F. Dessaer15, M. Eit16, M. Schneder17 and others. In Russia, this topic was developed by P. K. Engelmeyer. In 1911, he released the book "Philosophy of Technology" 18. All these works discussed theoretical and social problems of equipment and technical progress.
P. K. Engelmeyer In the first issue of "Philosophy of Technology" gives an overview of ideas about the technique, in the second shows the connection of technical philosophy, and the last two issues are devoted to human activity and technical creativity.
Many scientists in various countries K. Tussman19 and I. Muller20 (in Germany), V. I. Sviders20 (in Germany), V. I. Svidersky (in Germany), V. I. Svidersky (in Germany), were engaged in issues of technology, classification and determination of the concepts of technology. Confederates2222 (in Russia) and others. In 1962, fundamental work was issued on the history of technology25. The questions of the philosophy of science and technology are set forth in the book with a similar name26.
1.3. Concepts and definitions
Let's give some definitions.
Law - internal substantial and stable connection of phenomena due to their ordered change .27
Law, required, substantial, sustainable, repeated relationship between phenomena . The law expresses the connection between the objects, the components of this subject, between the properties of things, as well as between the properties inside the item.But not any connection is the law. Communication may be necessary and random. The law is the necessary connection.. It expresses a significant connection between the things coexisting in the space. This is the law of functioning28.
LAWnecessary, substantial, sustainable, repeated relationship between phenomena in nature and society. The concept of law is relatively notion of entity. There are three main groups of laws: specific, or private (eg, the law of addition of speeds in mechanics); common for large groups of phenomena (eg, the law of preserving and turning the energy, the law of natural selection); Universal, or universal, laws. The knowledge of the law is the task of science29.
LAW,objectively existing necessary link between phenomena, an internal substantial relationship between cause and consequence.
LAW, Not dependent on any whose will, objectively occurring immutableness, the predetermination in the process of the existence of this phenomenon, its connections and relations with the surrounding world31.
3Akone this is transition from empirical facts to formulation of essence studied processes.
3Okons exist objectively , regardless of the consciousness of people.
Pattern publicity,objectively existing, repeating, substantial connection of the phenomena of society, the life or stages of the historical process, which characterizes the progressive development of history32.
Pattern publicity, Repeating, substantial connection of phenomena of public life or stages of the historical process. The pattern is publicly inherent in the activities of people, and not there is something external in relation to it. The effect of publicity is manifested in the form of trends that determine the main line of development of society33.
Regularityconditionality of objective laws; existence and development according to laws34.
V.P. Tugarinov gives the following definition of the law: "The law is such a relationship between the essential properties or stages of the development of an objective world's phenomena, which is universal and necessary and manifested in the relative sustainability and repeatability of this connection."35 .
« The concept of "law" serves to designate the essential and necessary, general or universal relationship between objects, phenomena, the systems by their parties or other components in the process of existence and development. These links and relationships are objective. The laws of science are their reflection in the human consciousness.
The concept of "pattern" differs from the law on its content and the adopted. Quite often, speaking of the patterns of one or another phenomenon, thereby emphasize the fact that this process or this phenomenon is not accidental, but is subordinated to the action of a certain law or a set of laws. The latter is especially characteristic of regularity, which in its content is wider than the law and is also denoted by the cumulative effect of a number of laws and its final result.
The difference between laws and patterns that do not exclude, but imply a partial coincidence of the content of these concepts»36.
The history of the emergence and formation of the concept of the law described in detail L. A. Kruyanov37. In addition, it allocates two features inherent in law, and describes four (hierarchy of these features and the selection of text performed by the author of the article):
– Significant connection.« Objectivelaw ... is a significant connection of phenomena (or side of the same phenomenon). The objective law applies not to a separate object, but to the totality of objects that make up a certain class, the species, set, defining the nature of their "behavior" (functioning and development) ... Since ... In nature, there are significant links (objective laws), its behavior is not random , chaotic; It functions and develops naturally and along with variability, it is inherent in relative stability and harmony.»38.
– Necessity. «… any objective law (the law of nature) is necessary; The law, regular communication is always at the same time the necessary connection, which, in contrast to random relationship, in the presence of certain conditions, it is inevitably should have a place (occur, to step) ... Therefore, a significant regular communication (law) is at the same time the necessary communication . In other words, the need is the most important feature of the law, patterns. Any law of nature is, thus, the expression of the necessary nature of substantial relations in the objective world»39.
– Universality. « Another important feature of any objective law is his universality. Any nature of nature is inherent to everyone without exception or objects of a certain type or kind ... Universality is, therefore, the second most important feature of objective laws, laws of nature. Since all the law is wearing the necessary and universal nature, since it is carried out always and everywhere when and where there are similar objects and the relevant conditions for this, therefore, therefore, regular communication will be stable, stable, repeating ... Law invariance regarding phenomena"40.
– Repeating character. « It is easy to see what importance is the existence of stability, repeatability, order in nature for a person, for the science and practical activity of people. If in nature, nothing was repeated and happened every time in a new way, nor a person nor animals could adapt to the environment, it would be impossible for expedient activities, scientific knowledge, and life itself ... because repeatability, orderliness ... constitute an important characteristic Objective laws, scientific search for natural bonds in nature, usually begin to establish the repeatability of a certain side or the properties of the objects studied ... Therefore, science is interested not for any repetitive links of objects, but only such that are significantly significant, that is, it is interested Significant repetitive connections"41.
«… we can define an objective law (the law of nature) as a substantial connection that wears the necessary, universal, repeated (regular) character"42.
B. S. Ukrainians formulated the general features of objective laws43:
– Commitment is the implementation of needs.« All technical structures or devices, as well as their parts, are created expedient to goals, that is, in such a way that, functioning, they performed the role of means of achieving a human goal. Therefore, all technical laws are in their essence are the laws of objective».
– Manageability by man. "Laws (techniques) are combined by the principle of conjugate the possibilities of technology with human capabilities or in other words, the principle of manageability of the technique of man."
– Principle of teaching.«… the new design should be such that it can be made using existing means of production and based on the existing production skills, as the initial moments of further technical progress.».
– Effective functioning of technology.« The laws of technology are also the laws of effective functioning of technical means of achieving public and personal goals ... If the social value of the labor, material and energy costs for the creation and operation of the equipment exceeds the public value of the results of its use as an artificial material means of objective, then this technique is ineffective and society needs Another technique that meets the requirements and principles of the effectiveness of equipment».
– Compliance with the economic opportunities of society. « Technology laws have another general time expressed by the principle of compliance with the economic possibilities of society at this stage of its development.».
A. I. Polovinkin formulated the requirements that should satisfy the laws of technology44:
– The formulation of the law of technology should be in the form of a concise, simple, elegant, and in content to respond to the data above the definitions of the law.
– The wording of the law should be generalized and reflect a very large number of well-known and possible factors. In other words, the law should allow empirical inspection on existing or specially obtained factors that have a quantitative or high-quality form. In this case, the wording of the law should be so clear that two people, independently selecting and processing actual material, should obtain the same test results.
– The formulation of the law of technology should not only state: "What?, Where?, When?" occurs (that is, it is argued and compressed to describe the facts), but also, if possible, give an answer to the question "Why?" This happens. In this regard, we note that there have been many empirical laws in science, which do not answer the question "Why?" Or respond to it partially. And, apparently, almost no scientific laws (in mind the local nature of their actions), which are responsible for the question "Why?". All questions are usually answered by the theory based on several laws.
– The wording of the law should be autonomously independent, that is, the laws will attribute such generalized statements that cannot be logically derived from other laws of technology. The output generalizations will be attributed to the laws of technology.
– The wording of the law should take into account the relationship: "Technique - the subject of labor", "Man - Technique", "Technique - Nature", "Technique - Society".
– The wording of the law should have a predictive function, that is, to predict new unknown facts that may be more or less obvious, and sometimes unusual, paradoxical.
– The wording of all laws should have a clearly defined unified conceptual basis.
In this book we will consider the laws of development of systems. In this regard, let us define the system and some concepts associated with it.
System45 (from Lat. Systēma., from Greek. σύστημα, "compiled", an integer composed of parts; connection) - set elements , interrelated and interacting with each other, which form a single wholepossessing properties not inherent in the components of its elements taken separately.
This property is called system Effect or emergenity.
Emergenism(from English. Emergent - emerging, unexpectedly appearing in the theory of systems - the presence of special properties inherent in its subsystems and blocks, as well as the amount of elements that are not associated with special system-forming bonds; incorrectness of the properties of the system to the sum of the properties of its components; Synonym - "System Effect" .46
Often this property is also called synergistic effect(from Greek. Συνεργός - acting together) - Increasing operational efficiency as a result of integration, the merger of individual parts into a single system due to the so-called system effect47.
For example, the exchange of things does not lead to a synergistic effect, as they also remain the amount. The exchange of ideas leads to a synergistic effect, as as a result, one person has more ideas.
Synergy (Greek. Συνεργία - cooperation, assistance, assistance, complicity, reports; from Greek. Σύν. - Together, Greek. ἔργον. - business, work, work, action) - The summing effect of interaction between two or more factors characterized by the fact that their effect significantly exceeds the effect of each individual component as their simple amount48
Integrity49 – system characteristics, expressing autonomy and unity of the system opposing the surrounding. It is associated with the functioning of the system and inherent in the laws of development.
The integrity is not an absolute, but relative concept, since the system has many connections with the surrounding objects and an external environment and exists only in unity with them.
Property50 – side (attribute) system. It determines the difference or community of item with other objects.
The property is detected by B. attitude Subsystems in the system, so any property relatively. Properties exist objectively, regardless of human consciousness.
Attitude51 – interconnection, interdependence and ratio of system elements. This is a mental comparison of various objects and their parties.
Example 1.1. Sentence(in language).
The offer consists of words and methods of building a sentence - grammar.
None of these elements has a property to express think. Connected to one system - Offer, acquired a new property - thought -system Effect .
Sentence - holiely . It is autonomously and has its own patterns of development - the development of grammar.
The proposal shows the relationship of individual words, their properties found in their attitude to each other.
Systems are characterized by the concept hierarchy.
System hierarchy:
- Actually system ;
- her subsystems ;
– oversystem;
– external environment .
Hierarchy Systems
Example 1.2. Telephone.
System – telephone.
Subsystems: microphone and earphone, keyboard, display, memory etc.
Superstam – PBX, telephone networks etc.
External environment - most often room, air.
Example 1.3. Car.
System – car.
Subsystems: wheels, engine, gas tank, control system etc.
Superstam – roads, gas stations, parking, motion control systemetc.
External environment - Open space and atmospheric phenomena.
Laws We will consider:
- for analysis existing artificial(anthropogenic) systems;
– creating ( synthesis) Artificial Systems.
Anthropogenic system52 (from Greek. Anthropos - man, Genesis - origin, formation of a developing phenomenon) - a system created as a result of consciously directional human activity.
Example 1.4. Anthropogenic systems.
This is a wide class of systems created by a person: language, concepts, thoughts, knowledge, science, literature and art, social groups (tribes, community, states, etc.), agricultural systems, artificially created fauna and flora objects (genetic engineering, biotechnology, etc.), technical systems, etc.
The focus will be paid to the consideration of one class of anthropogenic systems. - Technical systems.
Technical System (TC)- this is systemcreating concrete purpose to satisfy certain needs . She performs function exercising process,based on defined principle of action .
TC has a certain Structureand Threads.
Note. The technical system may include as artificial, so I. natural elements.
As examples of technical systems, you can call: air Conditioning, Telephone, TV, Computer, Internet etc.
Example 1.5. Plane.
The plane consists of wings, fuselage, engine, chassisetc.
None of these elements has a flying property. Connected to one system - The plane acquired a new property - fly - System Effect.
Example 1.6. Telephone.
The phone consists of microphone headphone, keyboard, display, memory etc.
None of these elements have a property to transmit sound to the distance. Connected to one system - the phone acquired a new property - transmit sound to the distance - system effect.
Example 1.7. Algorithm.
The algorithm is a certain procedure for performing various operations, which leads to a specific result.
The algorithm consists of individual operations, performed in a certain order.
Each of the operations and the procedure for their execution separately will not lead to the desired result. Connected to one system - the algorithm acquired a new property - specific result - system effect.
Analysis and synthesis of technical systems should use a systematic approach.
Synthesis of TC must be carried out in the following sequence: detection needs, functions, principle of operation and Systems (Fig. 1.1) .
Fig. 1.1. Sequence of technical system synthesis
TC analysis is carried out in reverse sequence: an analysis of existing systems , its constituent parts and processes, analysis principle of action Systems, detection functions Systems I. needs which satisfies this system (Fig. 1.2).
Fig. 1.2. System analysis sequence
In the future, alternative systems that use the same principle of operation can be selected or developed, or alternative systems that perform the same function or alternative systems that meet this need.
Need- The need for something necessary to maintain the vital activity of the individual, social group, society, the internal motion of activity53.
Function (from lat. Functio - Completion, execution) - process The impact of the subject on an object having a certain result.
In addition, the function is determined and as " external manifestation of the properties of any object in this system of relations»54.
In the future, we will use a more brief formulation of the function.
Function - This is an action subject on the an object leading to a specific result.
Fig. 1.3. Function
The result of the action may be the change object parameter or it preservation.
The function is written as glagol.
Example 1.8. Plane.
Plane transport (moves) Passengers. Plane - subject , transports - function passengers - an object . Transport - it means change an object.
Example 1.9. Coffee.
A cup holds coffee. A cup - subject , keeps - function , coffee - an object . Hold - it means keep an object.
Example 1.10. A computer.
A computer processes information. A computer - subject , processes - function , information - an object . Process it means change Object (information).
Example 1.11. Computer memory.
Memory remembers information. Memory - subject , remembers - function , information - an object . Memorize - it means keep Object (information).
Process (from lat. Processus - Promotion) - This is a state of any phenomenon in time.
The process can be defined how55:
- consistent change of states of development stages.
- a set of consecutive actions to achieve any result (for example, a production need is a consistent change of labor operations).
For technical systems, we will mainly consider the second definition. The first definition is characteristic of the development of systems.
Example 1.12. Coffee preparation.
Operation 1 - Grinding Coffee Grains. Operation 2 - ground coffee falls asleep to Turku. Operation 3 - Turk is poured with water. Operation 4 - Turku put on fire or placed in preheated sand. Operation 5 - waiting until the foam rises. Operation 6 - Turku is removed from the fire. Operation 7 - waiting until the foam drops. Operations 5-7 are repeated several times.
Example 1.13. Computer program.
Any computer program works on a specific algorithm - the procedure for action. Thus, the computer program performs the process.
Example 1.14. Algorithm Euclida.
As a process, submit an Euclidea algorithm is a method for calculating the greatest common divider (NOD). This is one of the oldest algorithms that is still used.
The greatest common divider (node)- This is a number that divides without a residue two numbers and shares itself without a balance on any other divider of two numbers. Simply put, this is the largest number for which it is possible to separate two numbers without a residue for which NOD is searched.
Description of the algorithm of finding a node division.
- A large number divide to the smaller.
- If it lasts without a residue, then a smaller number and there is a node (you should exit the cycle).
- If there is a residue, then more replacing the balance from division.
- Go to clause 1.
For example, it is necessary to find a node for 30 and 18.
30/18 \u003d 1 (residue 12)
18/12 \u003d 1 (residue 6)
12/6 \u003d 2 (residue 0). End: Node is a divider. Node (30, 18) \u003d 6
Example 1.15. Compiler.
Most compilers translates the program from a certain high-level programming language into a machine code that can be directly executed by the processor.
The compiler consists of the following steps.
- lexical analysis. At this stage, the sequence of symbols of the source file is converted to a lex sequence. The purpose of lexical analysis is to prepare an input sequence to grammatical analysis.
- syntax (grammatical) analysis. The sequence of the lex is converted to the parsing tree.
- Semantic analysis. The parsing tree is processed with the purpose of establishing its semantics (meaning) - for example, binding identifiers to their declarations, types, compatibility check, define the types of expressions, etc. The result is commonly called "intermediate representation / code", and can be an up-to-date dismissal tree, A new tree, an abstract set of teams or something else, convenient for further processing.
- Optimization. Removing excessive structures and simplify code conservation of its meaning. Optimization can be at different levels and stages - for example, over the intermediate code or above the final machine code.
- Generation code. From the intermediate view, the code is generated on the target language. In specific compilers implementations, these stages can be separated or, on the contrary, are combined in one form or another.
Each of these stages has its own program operating on a specific algorithm of the process.
We continue to consider the concept functions.
Functions can be classified:
- by utility;
- The degree of their implementation.
We describe the classification of functions:
– for utility :
– useful;
– useless;
– harmful.
– by degree of useful functions :
– sufficient;
– excessive;
– insufficient.
Useful feature - function providing system performance.
Useless function - function, not ensuring the performance of the system. Sometimes such functions are called superfluous .
Harmful function - function creating unwanted effect.
Sufficient function - function creating necessary (sufficient) action.
Excessive function - function creating excessive action.
Insufficient function - function creating insufficient action.
It should be noted that excess and disadvantage useful function should be considered as harmful function .
Example 1.16. Refrigerator.
Function The refrigerator is cool Product, such as meat.
Useless functionfor the consumer - heating the back of the refrigerator, but it is necessary for the principle of operation of the refrigerator. This heating is not needed by the consumer.
Harmful function Refrigerator - compressor noise.
Sufficient function Refrigerator - Normal cooling to a given temperature.
Excessive function Refrigerator - excess cooling (supercooling) - below the desired temperature.
Insufficient function The refrigerator is insufficient cooling - above the desired temperature.
Example 1.17. Gas stove.
Function Gas stove - warm Object, for example, water or meat.
Useless functiongas stove - heating of the environment (excess heat consumption).
Harmful function Gas stove - gas leakage.
Sufficient function Gas stove - Normal heating of the object to a predetermined temperature.
Excessive function Gas stove is an excess heating of the object, for example, the water was bought, the meat burned down.
Insufficient function Gas stove is a weak fire, for example, insufficient water boiling.
Example 1.18. A computer.
Function Computer is handle information.
Useless function- These are the cost of energy when they work on the computer, and it is enabled. The computer should work only when it is entered, information is processed and displayed. At everything else, the computer is in vain consumes energy.
Harmful functions Computer is an electromagnetic radiation from the computer and Wi-Fi, noise from the fan.
Sufficient function Computer is, his normal work.
Insufficient function Computer is when there is a long processing of information, for example, when downloading information from the Internet.
Example 1.19. Telephone.
Function phone - transmit Beep, for example, speech.
Useless function -the phone is turned on, but they do not say. The phone should only work when the signal is transmitted. At everything else, the phone in vain consumes energy. In any breaks of the signal, the phone must be disconnected and turned on with the appearance of the signal.
Harmful function - Electromagnetic radiation arising from a conversation on a mobile phone. It harmors the surrounding equipment, so in airplanes and in hospitals is not allowed to talk on a mobile phone. The antennas of mobile communication repeaters is harmful to others.
Sufficient function Phone - the phone works fine.
Excessive function Phone - the sound is transmitted too much, it is distorted.
Insufficient function Phone - the sound is poorly heard.
Example 1.20. Car.
Function car - transport of people.
Useless function The car is the cost of energy when the car is worth it, and the engine works, for example, on the traffic light.
Harmful functions The car is thrown into the atmosphere of exhaust gases that pollute the environment.
Sufficient function - Normal car work.
Redundant function -the car is designed for the speed of movement significantly exceeding the permissible speed.
Insufficient function - The car can not get out of snow drift, dirt or overcome a very cool rise.
Hierarchy of functions:
– main function- the function of the highest rank (conditionally let's call this rank "0");
– basic function- the function of the next rank (1st rank), which ensures the execution of the main function;
– auxiliary function- Function of the 2nd Rank, which ensures the execution of the main function.
Main function
Example 1.21. Telephone.
Home Phone Function - transmit sound , in particular, voice. This is a useful feature.
Example 1.22. Car.
The main function of transport systems - move object For a certain distance. This is a useful feature. Depending on the movement medium, its structure is changing. The car is moving along the road.
Basic function
Example 1.23. Telephone.
The main function of the phone is convert the sound into an electrical signal , and reverse function - convert an electrical signal to sound. This is a useful feature.
Example 1.24. Car.
The main function of the car - rotation of wheel . This is a useful feature.
Auxiliary function
Example 1.25. Telephone.
Auxiliary phone function - provide electricity microphone (earphone). This is a useful feature.
Example 1.26. Car.
Auxiliary car function - provide engine energy . This is a useful feature.
Harmful, insufficient, redundant function
Example 1.27. Telephone.
Noise generation is a harmful function.
Bad audibility is an insufficient function.
Too loud sound - redundant function.
Example 1.28. Car.
The separation of carbon dioxide is a harmful function.
The inability to drive through rough terrain is an insufficient function.
The ability to go with a very high speed - an excessive function, often turning into a harmful function - a collision (road accidents).
Operating principle - this is a way of execution the main function of the system.
Structure (from lat. Structūra - "Building") - this interior system system.It is created elements and connectionsbetween them.
Communication can be internal and external .
Internal connections - Communication between system elements (subsystems).
External Relations - communications of the system with the oversystem and the environment and the opposite effects of the environment and the support system. One of the supervision is an object for which the system is intended. This connection provides the main function of the system.
Elements and communication may be:
– real;
– energy;
– information.
Internal connections
Example 1.29. Telephone.
The phone body provides internal connections. It provides real (mechanical) links of individual phone elements. Wires provide energy and information connections.
Example 1.30. Car.
The car body provides internal real connections. Pipelines and wires provide energy connections. Information links are provided by wires from the management system and to it or contactless, for example, opening the doors.
External Relations
Example 1.31. Telephone.
External communications at the phone are carried out on wires or contactless at the radio telephone and mobile phones.
Example 1.32. Car.
External connection with the car - for example, the friction of the tire of the auto strokes about the road.
The operation of the system is carried out due to passage Threads:
– substances.
– energy.
– information.
Threads Substancesmay be:
– solid;
– liquid;
– gaseous;
– mixed.
In turn solid flows may be:
- monolith;
The form of individual particles (powder).
Threads of substances
Example 1.33. Car stream.
Flow of solid monolithic substance.
Example 1.34. Oil flow.
Flow of liquid substance.
Example 1.35. Stream of compressed gas, for example, to automatically swing tires.
Gas stream.
Energy flows
Example 1.36. Telephone.
Example 1.37. Car.
Liquid fuel stream. This is the stream of substance in liquid state.
Wire electricity flow.
Information flows
Example 1.38. Telephone.
Flow of electrical and sound signals.
Example 1.39. Car.
The flow of control signals and signals from sensors.
1.4. Works on the laws of development
Based on the study of the history of technology, K. Marx formulated some laws of development of technology56:
– The law of emergence and increasing needs.
– The law of accelerated development of the means of production.
– The law of continuous development of new types of industries.
Various scientists described the requirements for the development of equipment and technical sciences. Attempts to classify laws and laws of technology. These include J. Bernal57, D. Killefer58, Ya. Kocho and E. Duddla, L. Tondla59, I. Muller, D. Teichmana60, K. Tessmann61, L. Shtirinburg62, B. M. Kedrov63, O. D. Simonenko64, V. M. Rosina65.
Consider in more detail some of them.
Philosopher V. P. Relin allocated two types of development laws any Systems66 :
– Laws of the structure and operation of systems.
– Laws for the development of systems.
A. S. Mamzin and V. P. Roxin celebrated: "The difference in the laws of functioning and laws of development of material reality objects is due to the fact that in the first case we are dealing with this kind of laws that characterize the internal connection of the elements of the system and act as an important condition for the preservation of the integrity and exhaustivity of the material structure of the object in the process of continuous changes. In the second case, we are dealing with laws characterizing a certain sequence, rhythm, pace, etc. In the processing of material structures themselves, the relationship between different states of system objects "67 .
Thus, it can be said that the first group of laws is needed to build a system and its system functioning, and the second one determines how the system will develop. In our opinion, this is the most correct presentation.
Consider other classifications.
In the work of Ya. Kocho and E. Dudy "The Phenomenon of Technology" highlighted four groups of laws: classification, Relations, Causes and Dialectic68. They view equipment as a unified system.
I. Muller allocates three groups of laws69:
– Structures and development of equipment as a certain integer.
– Structures of developing processes that make up the basis of engineering activities (design, technological, etc.).
– Specific laws (differ from group 1) forming the basis of technical systems.
M. Korakh70 formulated, in his opinion, four fundamental laws:
– Law of value variable.
– The law of a large number of variables.
– The law of the scale effect.
– Automation law.
The most detailed description of the technical object was given by V. V. Keshev71. He's writing "... The technical object is represented as a certain set of elements, in the form of a certain real structure. ... It is a special "appropriate form" of the manifestation of some law of nature and should be described by the technical properties of them in practical use in a manufacturing (or other) field of activity, and should also be described by its internal content as a process defined by the law of nature. Describing the technical device with a set of technical and natural properties, we get a generalized idea of \u200b\u200bthe technical object. "
V. V. Keshev allocates two main groups of concepts:
– reflecting the structure of the technical object;
– describing the functioning of a technical object as a means of appropriate activity.
The first group allocated concepts. The most common among them " operating principle", To which V. V. Chechev attributes:
– "The generalized characteristics of the form of manifestation of the law of nature, as they indicate the main factors that determine the course of the process.
– The "principle of action" contains an indication of the law of nature, which determines the course of the process and its features ...
– The "principle of operation" generalizes the structure of the technical object, since if the main factors of the process are indicated, their role, then it is indicated on the main structural units of the object, to which in the future you can put specific requirements. "
There are works that describe individual principles for building equipment, for example:
– Systemity72 partially described V. I. Svidersky: " Speaking about the elements, we must imply under them not just fractional parts of this whole, but only such of them, which, entering into a certain system of relations, directly create this whole. " Under the elements, he understands: "In the most general meaning, any phenomena, the processes that make this phenomenon, this process, should be understood in the elements.73 .
– Principle of aggregation and unification Described H. Gabel and S. A. Maitors. H. Gabel74 describes the principle of aggregation and unification in relation to machines and automatic lines. Machines are collected from unified blocks, and lines from aggregate machines. S. A. Maitors considers this principle in relation to digital control machines (today the term computer is more accustomed). He's writing: " In connection with the continuously increasing need for digital control machines, there is a need for a more efficient development of progressive principles of the design of the Central Committee on the basis of the simplest unified functional nodes and blocks that allow me to mechanize and automate the main production processes of these nodes, improve reliability and reduce the development and development of new ones, More advanced control machines "75 .
– Law of growing differentiation of equipment Offered by German scientist O. Kieenzle76.
German scientists were quite a lot of German scientists. In the 1930s, V. Bishof was engaged. Then these works continued F. Hanzen. He called them " design systematics" He revealed patterns associated with the structural and functional representation of technology77.
Yu. S. Messenko deeply and thoroughly investigated the development of equipment, technical and natural sciences. In his work, he gave a deep analysis: concepts, concepts, definitions and classification of technology; Communication systems with other public phenomena; development of technology, and scientific and technical revolutions. This is the most fundamental work of that time according to the laws of development of technology78.
As a result of this analysis, Yu. S. Messenko derived some patterns of development of technology. Just as V. V. Keshev, he allocated two main and largest groups of laws and patterns:
– Laws of the structure and functioning of technology.
– Laws of the development of technology.
In addition, Yu. S. Messenko allocates two major groups of laws of development79:
– Internal
– External Laws of the development of technology. The patterns of development of techniques, folding as a result of its interaction with other public phenomena (system of society as a whole).
The presentation of the laws of the development of technology developed by Yu. S. Messenko is given in a brief, somewhat simplified, but more structured, hierarchical and more visual, according to the author, form. The wording of laws are left in the original form. The selection of text is made by the author.
Internal Patterns have two subgroups:
a) patterns characterizing shifts in the substantial side of the technique;
b) patterns associated with changing its elements, structures and functions.
Consider a Read more The structure of the patterns of development of technology according to Yu. S. Messenko.
– Internal Laws of the development of equipment (system of the technique).
- patterns characterizing shifts in the substantial side of technology 80 ;
- changes in application materials.
- expansion of the range of natural materials used in technique81.
- involvement of nature materials in the scope of technical use82.
- "Search and the creation of new materials is combined with constant improvement of existing materials, identifying and using their new properties. This process that has a lawsuit, permeates the entire history of technology "83.
- Growing focusing in the use of materials from which technique has been created84.
- Selection of materials, which in their properties most correspond to the structure and functions of technical devices.
- rational use of materials in quantitative terms. Change of indicators (usually towards a decrease) as the technique improves. For example, a decrease in the specific gravity, the layout coefficient, the relative weight of the structure, etc.
- patterns associated with changes in use of nature processes. Most of this group form patterns that express shifts in energy and other processesused in technique85.
- consistent mastering all more complex forms of motion of matter, their technical use, expansion of the spectrum of the processes used in the technique (the use of physical, chemical and biological processes) 86.
- Use more and more deep and powerful sources of energy. From the use of muscular energy of man and animals, to use the energy of water and air, thermal energy (steam engine, internal combustion engine), electricity, atomic energy87.
- growing intensity of the processes used. For example, pressure, temperature, speed, voltage, speed and intensity of the processes used, increase the speed and number of received and processed information, and so on.
- Permanent ascending degree of focus used energy and other processes. "The meaning and purpose of technology and is not just to make some kind of process, but maximize it in the right direction, make it the most useful and rational "89. This is carried out in two ways:
- Improvement of the selected principle of operation
- Transition to a fundamentally new technique.
- patterns associated with the change in its elements, structures and functions.
- Process Differentiation and specialization technical systems, their elements. "Objective prerequisites for this are rooted in the growth and development of social needs, which cause new and new forms of activity to life, and together with them and appropriate means of labor. These processes are also due to the internal logic of the development of technology. "90
– Functional specialization. Labor or complex technical systems are designed to maintain a specific function or a sufficiently common operation.
– Subject specialization. Technical devices or their elements are intended to perform a narrow operation, have a limited and rigidly fixed action program.
It is also interesting to note that it understands Yu. S. Messenko under differentiation and specialization. He writes: "It is also characterized by the strengthening of differentiation and specialization of elements of technical devices and systems. An example of this is the classic three-bonde machine system, which includes working machine, transmission mechanism and engine. On the automation steps, it is complemented by such a specialized element as managing device"91.
- Process complications and integration Technique.
- Movement K. automation."You can distinguish the three main stages of historically developing interactions, people and techniques in the process of labor, expedient activities: 1) the stage of using instruments of technology; 2) stage of machine equipment; 3) Stage of automation "92. "Thus, a regular for the development of machine equipment is consistent and increasingly complete replacement of man In the execution of material functions "93. "Automation is taking away the steps in its development. There are partial, comprehensive and complete automation "94.
"We looked at some internal laws of the development of technology. The examination of them is significantly not only for the image of the general picture of the historical progress of the technique, it gives certain landmarks for the future, for forecasting Technical Progress "95
– External Laws of the development of technology. These laws are foggy enough. I give in my words.
Initially, the law of increasing needs. Then there is a comparison of the capitalist and socialist way to manage the economy.
Attention should be paid to the formulated by Yu. S. Messenko Group of criteria for technical progress96.
Group of technical progress criteria
« These principles follow from the very essence of technology, from the unity of its natural social moments"97.
- Criteria substantial order. Any technique is created from materials and is based on using the necessary processes "... To judge the progressiveness of technology, given what materials and processes are applied in it and how efficiently it is carried out."
- Criteria structural order. "Technical progress - anti-satropine process associated with enhance the organization and ordering systems , reliability of its functioning . This is implemented through differentiation and specialization, increasing the integrative properties and rationality of the structure. "
– Functional Criteria. The maximum possible compliance with the functions, purpose of technology, the effectiveness of the program laid down in the technical system. This is implemented through indicators, for example, performance, accuracy, speed performed operations. Information Criterion. characterizes the degree of self-regulation, perfection of control processes. 98
– Technological and operational Criteria. Technological criteria characterize the process of manufacturing equipment ( labor intensity which should be the smallest; yield of suitable products which should be the greatest the complexity of the assembly which should be the smallest, etc.). Operational indicators are related to reliability and durability work technique, her performance , cheap and simplicity of service etc.
– Economiccriteria. Cost of technology , cost unit products , payback provided rising labor productivity etc.
– Socialcriteria. Aesthetic, moral, influence of the technical environment per person and society99.
Yu. S. Messenko pointed out and "... general line progressive, ascending development all techniques, line that can be traced throughout the history of this development. It is consistent materialization of human labor functions in technical devices, which is related to movement from instruments of technology to machines and then to automatic technician , replacing not only material, but also intellectual human labor functions. Knowledge of this general line of technical progress gives a common perspective, on the basis of which, first of all, the forecasting and planning of technical progress, scientific technical policy is being built ... Automation Course cannot be considered in separation from fundamental changes in the entire technology system, all industries. Automation is a synthesizing, generalized indicator of technical development in modern conditions, a general guideline of technical progress "100.
We describe the system of laws of technology developed by A. I. Semi-Own101. He shares them into two groups: laws of the structure of technical objects and laws of development of technology.
– Laws of the structure of technical objects
– Laws of symmetry of technical objects.
– The law of bilateral symmetry.
– Law of axial symmetry.
– Law of central symmetry.
– The laws of the correlation of the parameters of technical objects.
– The law of the harmonic ratio of the parameters of the technical object.
– The law correlation of the parameters of one row of technical objects.
– The law of homologous series of technical objects.
– The laws of conformity between the function and structure of the technical object.
– Laws of development of technology
– The laws of expanding the set of needs-functions.
– The patterns of occurrence and preserve the needs-functions.
– Systematics of needs and their hierarchy.
– Expansion of a variety of features needs.
– The law of stadium development of technical objects.
– The law of the progressive constructive evolution of technical objects. – The law of increasing the diversity of technical objects
– The law of increasing complexity of technical objects.
Regularities of evolution anthropogenic (artificial) Systems described in its monograph E. M. Balashov102. He paid the main attention to technical systems. We present the main of the considered patterns:
– Saving the basic functions of developing systems.
– Relative and temporal resolution of contradictions in anthropogenic systems.
– Improving the functional and structural integrity of systems.
– The continuity of the functional structural organization of multi-level systems.
– The adequacy of the functional structural organization of the system is appointed.
– Compressing stages of system development.A gradual compression along the time axis of the dialectical spiral of development is the general pattern of the evolution of systems103.
In addition, E. M. Balashov considers:
– 104 .
– Methodology of evolutionary synthesis of systems105 .
– Structural synthesis of systems106 .
Evolutionary synthesis of systems It is based on the patterns of development of anthropogenic systems using a functional-structural approach and creates problem-oriented systems. At the same time, the principle of multifunctionality and structural synthesis of systems are used. " Evolutionary synthesis of systems allows you to predict the development of projected systems from the position of the evolution of the functions and evolution of technologies"107. " The process of designing a system based on the concept of evolutionary synthesis is essentially a process of consistent formation and transformation (transformation) of models of functional structural organization systems"108.
Principle of multifunctionality109 Setting the relationship of changes in the functions and structure of multi-level systems in the development process and determining the main trends and stages of the development of anthropogenic systems.
1.5. Works on the laws of development in TRIZ
1.5.1. Laws for the development of technical systems, formulated by G. S. Altshuller
The first system of laws for the development of technology in TRIZ was developed by its author G. S. Altshuller in 1956. It was originally it looked like this.
– Separate elements of the machine, mechanism, the process is always in close relationship.
– Development occurs uneven: some elements overtake other, lagging behind in their development.
– The systematic development of the system (machines, mechanisms, the process) is possible until it occurs and does not exacerbate contradictions between the more perfect elements of the system and the lagging parts.
– This contradiction is a brake of the overall development of the entire system. Eliminating the contradiction arisen and there is an invention.
– The fundamental change in one part of the system causes the need for functionally determined changes in its other parts.
In addition, in this work, practically was formulated the law of completeness of the system parts. « Between the main components of the machine - the working body, the transfer mechanism (transmission) and the engine - there is a certain relationship, because all these parts are in close relationships and interconnection. The presence of the relationship between the main components of the machine leads to the fact that the development of one or another part is possible only to a certain limit - until the contradictions arise between the modified part of the machine and the remaining unchanged by its other parts." And further: " Contradictions arising between individual parts of the machine are a general development brake, for the further improvement of the machine is impossible without making changes to the corresponding parts, without fundamental improvement of their properties.».
In the following works, Altshuller describes individual laws. For example, given in the form of a concept the ideal end result and the following wording: " Maximum new effect at a minimum of sales costs"111.
In 1963, Altshuller formulated the following development trends112:
– An increase in the parameters of each unit unit. For example, an increase in the aircraft velocity or car carrying capacity.
– Increase the specific characteristics of machines and processes.
– Intensification of production processes (for example, combination in time of several stages)
– "Dynamization" of machines: machines with fixed characteristics (weight, volume, shape, etc.) are displaced by machines varying during operation; "Hard" designs are displaced by "flexible". This is a prominent trend in the development of modern technology - separation of the machine into several flexible articulated sections.
In the same paper, the concept of "perfect car" 113 is described:
« Perfect car» - An abstract standard, in real conditions, unattainable and characterized by the following circumstances:
– All parts of the perfect car are all the time carrying a useful settlement load.
– The material of the "ideal machine" works so that its properties are used in the best way, for example, metal parts work only on stretching, wooden parts - only on compression, etc.
– For each part of the "ideal machine", the most favorable external conditions (temperature, pressure, character of the external environment, etc.) have been created.
– If the "ideal machine" moves, the weight, the volume and area of \u200b\u200bthe payload coincide or almost coincide with the weight, volume and area of \u200b\u200bthe machine itself.
– The "perfect car" is capable of changing the destination (within its main function).
– The interremmer period of parts is equal to the service life of the entire "perfect car".
Comparing the "ideal machine" with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe invention, one can judge the level, generally achieved in this industry, and the quality of the idea found.
In the mid-70s, Altshuller developed another system of laws, which was described in two works of the "Lifeline" of technical systems and
"On the laws of development of technical systems", which were distributed in TRIZ14 schools. In the future, they were published in the book "Creativity as an accurate science" 115 and the collection of bold formulas of creativity16. The laws were broken into three groups: statics, kinematics and dynamics. We give these laws.
Statics
1. The law of completeness of the system parts
A prerequisite for the principal viability of the technical system is the presence and minimal performance of the main parts of the system.
Each technical system should include four main parts: engine, transmission, worker and control body117.
Corollary from Law 1 :
So that the system is controlled, it is necessary that at least one part of it is managed.
2. The Law "Energy Conductivity" of the system
A prerequisite for the principal viability of the technical system is a through passage of energy in all parts of the system.
Corollary from Law 2 :
For a part of the technical system, it is necessary to provide energy conductivity between this part and the management bodies.
3. The law of coordination of rhythm parts of the system
A prerequisite for the principal viability of the technical system is to coordinate the rhythm (frequency of oscillations, periodicity) of all parts of the system.
Kinematics
4. Law of increasing the degree of ideality of the system
The development of all systems is in the direction of increasing the degree of ideality.
5. The law of uneven development of parts of the system
The development of the system parts is uneven; The harder the system, the uneven development of its parts.
6. Law of Transition to Supervision
Exhausted development opportunities, the system is included in the oversystem as one of the parts; In this case, further development is already at the level of the overseystem.
Dynamics
7. Transition law with macro level on micro level
The development of the working bodies of the system is first at the macro, and then on the micro level.
8. Law
The development of technical systems is in the direction of increasing the degree of heepiness.118
Later, Altshuller introduced the law of increasing the degree of dynamism,specified the concepts of laws transition to Overseasystemand increasing the degree of vegetability119, developed line increase in emestitude120 .
Law of increasing the degree of dynamism Altshuller described as follows:
"... For each system, the" dynamization "stage is inevitable - the transition from a rigid, non-changing structure to the structure of a flexible to manageable change. ... "mature" and "older" systems are also dynamic, which compensates for the increase in their size. " ... "Enclosures and elastic elements are introduced, use pneumatic and hydroconstructions, use vibration, phase transitions ... Selecting the method of dynamization depends on specific circumstances, but herself dynamization - Universal Lawdetermining the direction of the development of all technical systems, even those that, by their very nature, it would seem, should remain tough "121. Almost this development of the trend expressed by G. Altshuller in 1963 (see p. 44).
Mechanisms law transition to Overseasystem122 Heinrich Altshuller presented in the form of transition a mono-bi-poly-coagulation.
1. The effectiveness of synthesized bi-systems and poly-systems can be improved primarily by the development of the links of elements in these systems.
2. The effectiveness of bio and poly-systems can be increased increasing differences between system elements: From homogeneous elements to elements with shifted characteristics, and then to heterogeneous elements and inverse combinations of the "element and anti-element" type.
Law of increasing It was represented in the form of "Line of the development of the hemp systems: from non-neboles to simple veipulas, then to complex vepolasses and further to Vepolas, forced and complex forced" 123.
Line of increasing voidness will be described below (see clause 7.5).
Line of transition to capillary and porous substance It was set out in Standard 2.2.3. This transition is carried out through the line: "The solid substance is a solid substance with one cavity - a solid substance with many cavities (perforated substance) - a capillary-porous substance - a capillary and porous substance with a certain structure (and sizes)." As this line is developing, the possibility of placing in the cavities of the liquid substance and the use of physical effects.
1.5.2. Laws of the Development of Technical Systems Formulated by other authors
The laws were formulated and improved by other authors. We note some of the works.
- the law of increasing degree ideality: V. Petrov124, Y. Salamatov and I. Kondrakov125, E. Kagan126, V. Fay127, V. Mitrofanov128, Ivanov129, A. Lubomirsky130.
- the law of increasing degree dynamicity - I. Kondrakov131.
Dynamic podzakons:
but) increased emptiness - Altshuller and I. Velkin132;
b) increased crushing - V. Petrov133;
c) chain of development capillary and porous materials(Kpm)
G. Altshull134, I. Ryabkin135, Yu. Salamatov136, V. Petrov137.
- Law through passage of energy - Ivanov138.
- Law matching Technical systems were developed: S. Litvin139, B. Zlotin and A. Zusman140, V. Petrov and E. Glotina141.
- Modification law of Transition to Supervisory Implemented:
S. Litvin and V. Gerasimov142, Franklah and G. Ezersky143, A. Piniaev144.
- Law increasing the degree of vegetability - V. Petrov145.
- Law Ideality coagulation mechanisms: S. Litvin I.
V. Gerasimov146, V. Dubrov147.
- regularity point - line - volume V. Petrov148, A. Lubomirsky149.
– System analysis, system studies, system theory -V. Petrov150, A. A. Bystritsky151.
- Use laws during conduct FSA - S. Litvin and
V. Gerasimov152.
Since 1965, the author studied and used in practice the theory of automatic control and cybernetics, and from 1968 - the theory of systems, system studies, system analysis and systemic approach. Studies were mainly carried out in order to create new automatic control and control systems for various objects153.
These and other works served as a foundation for the development of laws for the development of technical systems. The author leads these studies since 1973. Initially, an attempt was made to postpone the laws of dialectics (the unity and struggle of the opposites, the transition of quantitative changes to the qualitative and denial of denial) 155 on the development of technology.
In 1973, by analogy with the receivers of the resolution of technical contradictions developed by G. S. Altshuller156, the author decided to develop several trends: crushing (reception 1. Principle crushing), Weight management (reception 8. Principle of Antennaya) and the transition from point to line, plane and volume (reception 17. The principle of transition to another dimension and reception 7. The principle of "Matryoshka"). These works were discussed with Altshuller.
Initially trend of crushing The author described as a transition from monolithic solid object K. flexiblethen K. fragmented object up to powderfurther k. gel, liquids, gas. and K. field157 .
Chain management weight (Later the author called her "Gravipoli") initially the author presented in the form: use forces of Archimedes in Gaza I. liquids, wing and running stream, magnetic and electricalfields158.
Transition from point to line, plane and volume Initially the author described like this: the transition from points to lines in the plane, lines in space, planeUse reverse side of the plane, the Mobius strip, transition to volumeUse internal volume (Matryoshka principle) 159.
During this period, B. Goldovsky160 were made of the most powerful theoretical work on the laws of the development of technical systems160, which considered the concepts and mechanisms on the nodal component, contradictions and the negation operator and introduced the concept of the main useful function of the system (GPF).
One of the first developments of the author in TRIZ was chain of crushing161, which described the gradual transition (replacement) of the executive body (now it is called the working body) from monolithic solidsubstances K. flexible (elastic) object, to separation of an object into separate partsrelated to communications that change from hard to flexible and disappear at all non-related parts or associated with any field, for example, magnetic, parts are gradually crushed, turning into a fine powder - powdered object, gradually moving to gel - pasty substance, then changes the degree of viscosity of the substance before receiving liquidsnext, the degree of liquid associations changes using lighter and volatile fluids and aerosols,the gas content in the aerosol increases, and thus the transition to gasgradually using increasing gas and changing the degree of discharge up to vacuum formation, vacuum make more and more deep, the last transition to fieldIn particular, the plasma is used. This chain was improved and by the mid-70s it had the appearance used by the author today162. In the early 80s, the author attached a chain of capillary and porous materials to this chain.
In 1979, B. Zlotin wrote the work "Process Analysis" 163, where he described the patterns of development of processes and the mechanisms of its execution.
More than more describing the history of the wording of the law matching.
For the first time the law of approval was formulated by G. Altshuller in the early 70s in the form of law coordination of rhythm parts of the system164. This law is a special case of the agreement of the coordination, which was formulated later.
The greatest contribution to the development of this law (as far as the author is known) was made by representatives of the Leningrad School of TRIZ. The main ideas of this law were offered by B. Glorotin, E. Glotina, S. Litvin and V. Petrov in 1975-1980. This law and many other trends were repeatedly discussed in this team. General approaches were developed, for example, that the concept of this law should be significantly expanded, but, nevertheless, everyone had his own look at this law.
For example, the concept of "coordination-rationalization" suggested E. Glotina. Initially, this pattern was developed jointly by B. Glorotin and E. Glorotina, and in the future B. Glorotin and A. Zesman.
S. Litvin Considered four types of coordination165.
1. Component coordination of materials, substances.
2. Structural - coordination of sizes, shapes, structures.
3. Parametric - coordination of the main parameters of technical systems: temperatures, weights, pressures, densities, electrical resistances, etc.
4. Functional - coordination of basic functions.
In addition, S. Litvin considers:
1. Coordination of the subsystems of one vehicle.
2. Coordination of the vehicle and the external environment.
3. Coordination of the product and tool.
4. Coordination of tools among themselves.
5. Coordination of products with each other.
B. Zlotin Considers various views Coordination-rationalization166 (breakdown on points and grouping was carried out by V. Petrov).
1. Coordination-mismatch of parameters.
1.1. Direct and reverse.
1.2. Uniform and inhomogeneous.
1.3. Interior and external.
2. Coordination-mismatch of systems:
2.1. Direct.
2.2. Conditional.
3. Coordination-mismatch of materials.
4. Coordination-mismatch of forms and sizes.
5. Coordination-mismatch of the rhythm of work.
6. Coordination-mismatch of the structure.
7. Coordination-mismatch of flows in systems.
8. Coordination-mismatch of the survivability of the system.
In addition, B. Glotin considers tS development lines In coordination-mismatch:
1. Uncoordinated system → Consistent system → Misselled system → System with dynamic coordination-mismatch.
2. Types of matching:
Uncoordinated system → System with forced coordination → Buffer coordination system → System with rolled coordination.
3. Coordination of the rhythm of working movements during processing:
→ Compatibility of transport and technological movements with speed coordination → Compatibility of transport and technological movements with velocity mismatch → The independence of technology from traffic.
The law of approval formulated V. Petrov In 1975-1978167, it has the following structure:
1. Coordination can be:
1.1. Static.
1.2. Dynamic.
- coordination is carried out by levels:
2.1. Needs.
2.2. Functions.
2.3. Systems.
– Views Coordination:
3.1. In time.
3.2. In space.
3.3. In the structure.
3.4. By conditions.
3.5. Parameters.
TO coordination in timein particular, approval processesand threads.
Coordination of needscan be held:
- by The needs themselves(coordination of needs among themselves);
- by parameters;
- by structure;
- by conditions;
- in space;
- V. time.
In particular, maybe dynamic coordination.
Before approving needs, their special mismatch is understood (maximum increase in the difference between needs).
Coordination of functionscan be carried out:
– in time;
– in space;
– by conditions.
In particular, maybe dynamic coordination.
At the level systems coordinationheld between:
– systems;
– subsystems;
– supports;
– subsystems with the system and the oversystem;
– systems with advanced and external environment;
– reverse harmonization or disagreement of the overseystem and the environment with the system and subsystems.
When agreeing systems, First of all, it is necessary to coordinate it structure. To the structure, in particular, relate form, locationindividual elementsand them interaction.
Structure Systems are determined elements and connections.They can be:
– real;
– energy;
– information.
System concepts structuresher Elementsand tiesand their species ( substance, energy, information) also refer to Subsystems, oversystemand external environment.
Parametersmay be :
– technical;
– ergonomic;
– economic;
– environmental;
– aesthetic;
– social;
– politicaletc.
Technical parameters include not only purely technical, but also physical, chemical, mathematical, reliability parameters, i.e. all parameters related to system performance. In particular, frequencies can be considered as technical parameters rhythm.In this way, coordination of Rhythm System Parts refers to one of the species parametric coordination.
In general, the coordination is carried out according to all the above structural areas. It is a combination of these structural directions and contracting the law of coordination.
Coordination should be carried out in a complex morphological structure, as a morphological matrix with browsing. A kind of combination of a tree-like graph structure and busting of all variants on each of the levels of the graph in the form of a morphological matrix.
Development of the laws of laws, according to our data, were engaged
B. Zlotin and A. Zusman168, Yu. Salamatov169, V. Petrov and E. Glotina170, S. Litvin and A. Lyubomirsky, G. Ivanov171, A. Zakharov172, I. Devino173 and M. Rubin174.
We describe the most complete and significant, in our opinion, system.
System of laws B. Zlotinaand A. Zesman175 contained new laws, for example, " deploy-coagulation», « coordination-mismatch», « increase resource use", And mechanisms for the implementation of each of the laws (the line of development of technical systems - only 22 lines) 176.
1. Evolution TS.
Creating a system→ 1 stage of development→ 2 Development Stage→ 3 Development Stage→ Creating a new system.
2. Displaying a person from TS.
Source system→ Power out a person as an individual, while maintaining the principle of operation→ Displacing the human principle of operation, replacing it with machinery.
Outstream at one level
Source system → Out of executive→ Out of converter→ Out of source.
Displacing between levels
Source system→ Owning from the actuator→ Deploying from the control level→ Displacement from the information level.
3. Increase the degree of ideality of the vehicle.
Source system → Improving within the framework of the existing concept→ Go to a fundamentally new system.
4. Deploy-coagulation TC.
Deployment:
Creating a functional center→ Inclusion of additional subsystems: improving the hierarchy level by crushingor Raising the hierarchy level by transition to the overseystem→ Switch to the reticular system.
Clotting
Minimum coagulation→ Partial coagulation→ Full coagulation.
5. Improving the dynamism and controllability of TC.
Transition to multifunctionality:
Nedynic system→ System with interchangeable working bodies→ System with software principle of functions→ System with variable working bodies.
Increasing the number of degrees of freedom
Nedynic system→ System changing mechanical: hinges, mechanisms, flexible materials, etc.→ The micro-level system: phase transitions, chemical. transformations, etc.→ System with varying fields.
Improving manageability
Unguided system → compulsory→ System with self-government.
Change the degree of manageability
Static system→ System with multiple stable states (multi-resistant)→ Dynamically stable system→ Unstable system.
6. Transfer to the micro level and to the use of fields.
Transition to micro-level:
Macro level→ → → → → atomic→
Transition to highly efficient fields:
Mechanical fields (m)→ Thermomechanical (TM) → Heat field (T)→ Thermochemical (TX) → Chemical interactions (x)→ Electrochemical (HE) → Electric fields (e) → Electromagnetic (EM) → Magnetic fields (m).
Improving the efficiency of the fields:
The field is permanent→ Reverse sign field, combination of oppositely directional fields (±)→ A variable field (resonance, standing waves, etc.)→ Pulse gradient field→ Total action of different fields.
7. Coordination - mismatch TC.
Uncoordinated system→ Consistent system→ Misselled system→ System with dynamic coordination-mismatch.
Types of matching
Uncoordinated system→ System with forced coordination→ buffer coordination system→ System with rolled coordination.
Coordination of the interaction of the instrument with the product
Action by points→ Action over lines→ Action on the surface → Action by volume.
Coordination of the rhythm of working movements during processing
Incompatibility of transport and technological movements→ Compatibility of transport and technological movements with speed coordination→ Compatibility of transport and technological movements with velocity mismatch→ Independence and technology from traffic.
8. Crushing TC..
Solid object→ Object with partial internal partitions→ Object with hollow partitions→ Object with partial compartment compartment→ Object with rod type design→ Object with partial linked fields→ Object with structural communication→ Object with software bonds→ System with zero bonds.
9. Transfer to the micro level and to the use of fields.
Fuel:
Macro level→ Subsystem from the details of the generalized form→ Polysystem from highly dispersed elements→ System at an ollocular level→ System at the molecular level (chemistry)→ atomic→ The system using fields.
Fuel
Natural fuel→ "Frost" natural fuel (coke, gasoline, etc.)→ Synthetic fuel (powder, hydrogen, etc.).
Oxidizing agent
Air→ Air Dirty→ oxygen→ ozone→ Other oxidizing agents→ ionized oxidizers.
Control of combustion
Unmanaged burning→ Fuel Management, Oxidizer→ Direct control of the combustion process (catalysts, fields).
Later B. Glorotin and A. Zusman was developed by the technique " Directed Evolution "177, designed to develop a prediction of the development of systems. It consists of 5 stages: collection of historical data, diagnostics of development paths, synthesis of ideas, decision making and supporting development. The work describes in detail the technology of each of the steps. It has extensive applications, where, in particular, the laws of development of systems are also outlined. In 2006, they developed concept and methods for managing the development of artificial systems 178, including bank of Evolution Alternatives (Bank of Evolutionary Alternatives). The bank consists of 5 groups: universal Development, Biological Development, Development of Human Civilization, Development of Artificial Systems, Mountain Protection (Invention and Innovation).
The first system of laws V. Petrov Suggested in 1976 according to the results of the analysis of the laws of the development of biology and transfer them to the technique179. The structure of laws included three groups: viability (laws of the organization) efficiency and evolution Building new systems. In this paper, laws were introduced and defined redundancy and Tolerance. In 1978, this system was improved180: among the laws of evolution, the main law of the development of systems was indicated - the law of increasing the degree of idealitywhich is subject to the overall development of systems. The more detailed system was created in 1979.181 The basis of these studies should be the laws of the development of technical systems developed by G. Altshuller.
The fully formed system of laws was developed by 1982, and was published in 1984.182. The mechanisms of the law of increasing the degree of ideality were developed in 1982. 183, and published in 1983.184
This classification existed until 1983.185 changed only the content of groups, the number of laws, their wording and the mechanisms of their execution.
The author has repeatedly discussed the results of studies in the Leningrad School of TRIZ with their colleagues and friends by Voluslav Mitrofanov, Boris Glotin, Esphyr of Glotina, Semen Litvin, Igor Vikentiev, Vladimir Gerasimov, Vadim Kanener and many others. Boris Goldovsky held great work on the analysis of these works. The advice of these people and their theoretical works significantly influenced the formation of the author's views on the laws of development of technical systems.
In 1984 the author changed the system of laws by smaking them into two groups: organizations Systems and them evolution186. This paper also outlined the methodology for forecasting based on laws for the development of technical systems and system analysis. It set forth on the example of the development of shipbuilding and, in particular, underwater devices. The technique examined the full and express forecasts. Express The forecast was carried out using the system of standards and laws of the development of technical systems. The full forecast provided for deep patent studies of the area under consideration, related and leading regions and a functional study of patents and technical literature. In addition, the regularities of the development of real-existing systems were determined. In the future, this technique was clarified and used to predict the development of welding. The forecast relied on the study of 80,000 patents187.
In 1986 the author began developing the laws of development needs188 I. functions189, which led to a qualitatively new stage in the development of a system of laws, which consisted of three levels: needs, functions and systems. The prediction system also included these three levels. The development of this system of laws was completed by 1987 and published in 1989.190. A refined system of laws for the development of technical systems was set out in the prepared textbook191. Today's presentation of V. Petrov is that only the system of laws should have not only the three levels of laws, but each law should contain mechanisms for its application and have a tendency and anti-dedication of their development192. When predicting the development of the system, economic laws and marketing trends must be taken into account, and when promoting the system to market, it is necessary to further take into account the development trends of the company and market193.
By 1983, B. Goldovsky developed a system of regularities for the construction and development of the vehicle, including about 60 elements whose fragments were published in 1990.
In 1984 Yu. Salamatov together with I. Kondrakov Published the work "Idealization of technical systems" 194. They offered a spatial-temporal model of the evolution of technical systems (model running wave of idealization) on the example of the development of the thermal pipe. The model showed steps deployment and coagulation Technical systems using specific laws. In the future, the system of laws was improved195.
In work S. Litvinaand A. Lyubomirsky A hierarchical system of laws was proposed, headed by the law of development on S-shaped curve196.
This law is subject to the law of improving ideality, and laws are subject to this law:
- the law of transition to the oversystem;
- the law of increasing the coaling;
- the law of improving the efficiency of streaming;
- the law of improving consistency;
- the law of uneven development of parts of the technical system;
- The law of increasing the completeness of the technical system.
The law of increasing consistency has a subtomacon - the law of increasing controllability, and this law has a subtabacon - the law of increasing the dynamism of technical systems.
The law of increasing the completeness of the technical system has a subtabacon - the law of displacement of a person from the technical system.
In this system, laws are considered depending on the stage of development of the technical system in accordance with the S-shaped curve.
M. Rubin He proposed the systematization of the laws of development consisting of the laws of synthesis of systems, the laws of the development of systems and special laws of development, reflecting the features of this type of systems: for a technical substance (tech), for functioning systems and for self-developing socio-technical systems197.
In 2011, M. Rubin offered the system containing the following laws: the law of increasing the ideality, the law of transition to the oversystem, the law of improving the completeness of the system parts, the law of uneven development of the parts of the system (contradiction), the law of optimization of flows, the law of increasing the rollery, the law of human displacement, the law of improving coherence, the law of improving manageability, the law of increasing the dynamism, the development of technical S-curve systems198 .
In addition, Rubin cites eight development lines:
1. Transition to the oversystem and its subsystem (per micro level);
2. Lines of collective-individual use of systems;
3. The line of administration of elements (substances);
4. Line of the introduction and development of fields of interaction;
5. Line of crushing and dynamization;
6. Line coordination-mismatch;
7. Line of the development of systems in accordance with S-shaped curves;
8. Lines and trends in software development.
In 2015, M. Rubin offered a new system of laws199.
1. The law of development of systems in the direction of raising the level and effectiveness of resource capture.
2. The law of increasing systemic links and diversity of interaction fields and capture mechanisms in the process of system evolution.
3. The law of the dependence of the development of systems from available resources.
4. The law of transition from resource to self-organizing and to functional systems.
5. The law of transition to the formation of the Weresisystems (associations) and the education or development of subsystems.
6. The law of changes in the external and internal environment of the system during its development;
7. The law of the desire for ideal functional systems.
8. The law of preserving structural integrity and functional completeness of systems.
9. The law of striving of systems to increase their degree of independence from the external environment.
10. The law of development of taking mechanisms from tough to flexible, from constant to manageable.
11. The law of development through the emergence and resolution of contradictions.
12. The law of the principles of resolution of contradictions in the development of systems in space, in time, systemic transitions and in relationships.
Work was carried out to identify the patterns of the development of non-technical systems with different authors:
– development of scientific systems - Altshuller200, V. Mitrofanov201, I. Kondrakov202, V. Tsurikov203, Golovchenko204, G. Ivanov205, B. Zlotin and - A. Zesman206;
– development of biological systemsdescribed – V. Petrov207,
I. Zakharov208, V. Timikov209;
– environmental development(creation of a moonlord technical world - BTM) - Altshuller, M. Rubin210;
– development of art systems - Yu. Murashkovsky and
I. Murashkovsk211, R. Florescu212;
– development literature (fairy tales) - A. Nesterenko213, (proverbs) S. Pennitsky214, (the anatomy of the plot) A. Moldaver215;
– development of musical forms - E. Glotina216;
– development of a creative personality -Altshuller and I. Velkin217;
– development of creative team - B. Zlotin, A. Zesman, L. Kaplan218;
– multi-level continuous creative education - M. Zinovka219;
– development pedagogy - A. Nesterenko, V. Bukulov220, A. GIN221;
– development focus -V. L. Uralskaya and S. Litvin222;
– development of journalism223 I. advertising -I. Vikentyev224;
- Development laws management and election struggle -S. Faer225;
– dialectics - V. Petrov226, A. Limarenko227.
Problems forecasting With the use of TRIZ, G. Altshuller228, B. Zlotin and A. Zusman29, S. Litvin and
V. Gerasimov, M. Rubin230, V. Petrov and E. Glotina231, I. Zakharov232,
N. Shpakovsky233.
So far, in our opinion, there has not yet been a single idea of \u200b\u200bthe laws of the development of technical systems. All these works describe common and different moments. There are several systems describing the laws of the development of technical systems. The most successful of them, in our opinion, is the systems of Altshuller,
B. Zlotina and A. Zusman, S. Litvina and A. Lyubomirsky, Yu. Salamatova, V. Petrov.
A new step in the development of TRIZ as science was the summit of TRIZ developers. In 2006, he was conducted on the topic "Laws of the Development of Technical Systems" 234.
The following authors were made to the development of laws: V. Gerasimov and L. Kozhevnikova235 B. Zlotin and A. Zusman236, A. Kudryavtsev237, S. Litvin and M. Gershman238, A. Lubomirsky239, Yu. Murashkovsky240, V. Petrov241, A. Pinyev242, M. Rubin243, B. Chernov244, P. Chuckin245, N. Shpakovsky246.
In this section, did not put the task of conducting a deep analytical overview of the work on the laws of development of technical systems. Surely some works and individual authors are missed, so we apologize to them.
1.6. conclusions
The postulate that any system, including technical, is developing under the laws, was described in the works of Hegel.
The first laws of development of technology were formulated back in the XIX century, and the first classes of the laws of the development of systems in the late 40s - early 60s. XX century.
The first system of the laws of the development of technical systems has developed
G. S. Altshuller.
Currently, a unified system of laws for the development of equipment and any other systems has not yet been established.
This material is intended primarily for people involved in research on the laws of the development of systems, and developers of new techniques, to predict the development of technical systems. This material can be useful, a listener who studies the theory of solutions of inventive tasks (TRIZ).
The future researchers of the laws of development of systems have to be seriously analyzed by all available materials. This work will help them see some sources. In addition, research is needed to develop various systems, above all, the most ancient. These primarily include biological systems. Maybe even more ancient systems for the formation of stars, planets, galaxies and space systems should be even explored. Various types of cultures, languages, religions, music, literature, art, etc. should be investigated. It is no less interesting to explore rapidly developing high-tech systems today. Here, too, there are their patterns. This is especially true of microelectronics, computers, information technologies and programming, where they certainly have patterns that have not yet been identified.
"The prerequisite for the principal viability of the technical system is the presence and minimum performance of the main parts of the system.
Each technical system should include four main parts: engine, transmission, worker and control body.
The meaning of Law 1 is that the synthesis of the technical system requires these four parts and their minimal fitness to perform the functions of the system, for the workable part of the system itself may be inoperable in a particular technical system. For example, the internal combustion engine itself is workable, it turns out to be inoperable if it is used as an underwater engine of a submarine.
Law 1 can be explained as: the technical system is viable if all of its parts not There are "bodies", and "estimates" are put on the quality of the operation of this part as part of the system. If at least one of the parts is estimated by "Double", the system is not focusing even if there are tops from other parts. A similar law in relation to biological systems was formulated Lubikh Back in the middle of the last century (" minimum law»).
From Law 1, the investigation is very important for practice. So that the technical system is managed, it is necessary that at least one part of it is managed.
"Be managed" means to change the properties as it is necessary to manage. Knowing this consequence allows you to better understand the essence of many tasks and more correctly evaluate the solutions. "
Altshull G.S., creativity as an exact science, M., "Soviet radio", 1979, p. 123.
Appendix 5.
Each technical system, independently performing any function, consists of four parts - engine, transmission, a working body and control tool. If there is no certain of these parts in the system, then its functions perform a person or the environment.
Engine - The element of the technical system, which is a source or energy storage device to perform the functions requiring functions.
Transmission - element of the technical system, transporting energy from the engine to the working body with the transformation of its qualitative characteristics.
Working organ - The element of the technical system that transmits the energy element energy and, which completes the execution of the necessary function.
Control tool - An element of a technical system that regulates the stream of energy by its components and coordinates its work in time and in space.
By analyzing some autonomously operating system, be it clock, refrigerator, automatic pen or TV, everywhere you can separate - engine, transmission, working body and control tool. If we miss something, then the person or the environment is performed before, the function of this part is performed.
In order to correctly determine the parts of the system, it is necessary to first determine its function and according to it to determine the working body, and over time and other parts. For example, the milling machine. What is a working body? We form the main function of the machine, then for which it is created. The main function is to remove the extra material from the billet by cutting. What part of the machine completes the execution of this function and gives the workpiece all its energy? Of course, it is a cutter, it is a working body of this system. The engine is an electric motor. And all that is between it and the cutter can be considered a transmission. Controls - all sorts of handles, buttons, as well as software, if such an inherent machine.
In the car: the main function is the shipping of the cargo, the body - the wheel; Transmission - Cardan Transmission, Speed \u200b\u200bShift Box, Frame; engine; Steering wheel control, brakes, special appliances.
Considering that the control tool is not directly involved in the overall function of the system, it can be viewed as an independent system with its own function and its own set of parts. For example, the system for regulating the number of revolutions in diesel engines has its own function - adjustment of the flow section of the fuel line and a whole set of parts for its implementation. In addition, each individual part of the system can be considered as an independent one. For example, the internal combustion engine separately taken from the same car has its own separated function - to turn the gas pressure into mechanical energy, more precisely - into the torque and transmits the energy to the consumer to the flywheel. It is a working engine.
And what is the engine in the engine internal combustion? It will be a hot gas mixture - it is a source of energy. It is a higherly dynamic part of the technical system under consideration, working on the macro level of the substance. The role of transmissions in the engine performs the piston, the rod, the crank shaft. The control means are valves, different regulators, etc.
If you take a part of the engine again - the carburetor, the pump or something else, then in each of them you can separate the full set of parts to perform its specific function. To delight in the subsystem, we will always find all the same glorious four - engine, transmission, working body, control tool. And so as long as it does not reach the structure of the substance, where the functions of this part are rolled and performed by molecules and atoms, that is, a normal physico-chemical process passes. We reached the nature. Artificial technical system disappeared ...
Also, we will see if we will delve into the oversystem.
Briefly follow the main stages of the occurrence and development of parts of the technical system.
Recall the first "self-breathable" stroller - a model of a modern bike. At first it was just a wooden crossbar with two wheels. In the arid system there was only one working body - wheels. The rider itself, the rider itself performed the role of the engine, transmission and control tool, carefully scolding his legs from the roadside and tilting his body to turn to the desired side. No wonder the word "bike" translated into Ukrainian means "fast legs".
But you agree, to unpick from the road and slow down on it are dangerous, and the costs of the notes are increasing. Obviously, it is better to push the wheel of the wheel. But here it is necessary to be a big virtuoso, so as not to get into the knitting of the wheels and to remove the foot from them. The work of the legs became easier and safe when the pedals in the form of Kolovovat were thought of to the axis of the wheel. So there were procurement of the transmission, departed from the working body. Sapozhniki instantly decreased work, and people who compete in speed, the front wheel diameter became even more. The bike has become more immentable, but the number of hits about the obstacle has increased. It was clear that the front wheel somehow should be rotated, even on the cart. There was a transfer of experience from one field of technology to another. A repeated element appeared on the bike - the steering wheel - drawing. Now you can not be afraid of the fence - the control body appeared, and again began to increase the speed by increasing the diameter of the front wheel with pedals. Everything was wonderful until they determined that with the next increase in the diameter of the wheel of the rider, the pedals are no longer getting. Progress stopped, it was necessary to change or rider or a bicycle transmission. Elected the second. The pedals were recorded on the frame and tied them with a flexible swivel wheel. The transmission shared on the components, and this ensured the development of the entire system. With the help of the chain, artificial "elongation" of the leg was reached. And when the chain was transferred to the rear wheel, then reliable brakes and the steering wheel appeared, the classic shape of the bike was formed. So, a working body appeared, a transmission, a means of management, but a person still remained the "engine."
We note an interesting detail: Before the appearance of a "substantial" engine, the technical system is trying to compensate for its lack of transmissions from the transmission of the site, it is possible to accumulate energy. So it was with a self-moving trolley of the Kulibin, the driver of whom worked hardly the flywheel, accumulating energy in it to overcome the ascent of the mountain.
A lot of time passed before the true "self-deviating" strollers appeared - motorcycles and cars with their own engine. Formation of the main parts The technical system stopped.
I would like to note one common feature for all engines and systems. All of them first used fuel grade - wood and coal. Even the first internal combustion engines first worked on a fragmented corner. Then they began to use liquid fuel - kerosene, gasoline, etc. Modern car fleet is interested in gas fuel. And then? In the fuel rollery will gradually use different types of fields - inertial (mechanical field), electric, electromagnetic, magnetic, nuclear, solar (world), gravitational. All these engines are already being developed.
The specified path is typical for engines of all systems - ship rail, aviation, rocket, etc.
Improving, the technical system gradually displaces human. Recall the moonport or controlled by the radio bulldozer. A person remains only to elect the program for which the system will be performed.
The last question remains: why all this need to know?
Having found the main components - elements of the system and analyzing their work, the inventor has the ability to determine the "sensitive" place of the system arising in it contradiction and take the right decision.
The law of completeness of the system parts was developed by the author TRIZ G.S. Altshuller. It looks like this:
1) individual elements of the machine, the mechanism, the process is always in close relationship;
2) Development occurs uneven: some elements overtake others in their development. lagging;
3) systematic development of the system (machines, mechanism, process0 is possible until it occurs and the contradictions between the more perfect elements of the system and the lagging part;
4) This contradiction is a brake of the overall development of the entire system. Elimination of the resulting contradiction and there is an invention;
5) The fundamental change in one part of the system causes the need for functionally determined changes in its other parts.