Natural resources

In the northeast of the Netherlands, at this time, the subsidence below sea level reached its greatest extent, and thick sedimentary strata accumulated there, with which the deposits of rock salt are associated. The accumulation of natural gas in the same part of the country, apparently, is associated with coals and bituminous shales of marine deltaic fractions of Carboniferous age, from there the gas penetrated into the overlying strata and was stopped by their salt roof. This barrier ensured the safety of large accumulations of natural gas. There are relatively few oil deposits.

Almost all of the natural resources of the Netherlands are used in industry. Small quantities of table salt, limestone, peat, sand are mined. Gas production began in 1950. Its total reserves exceed 2,100 billion cubic meters, 70 billion cubic meters are produced annually, half of which is exported to France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium. Until 1950, more than 12 million tons of coal were mined annually in the Netherlands, but after 25 years all mines in the country were closed.

Netherlands Economy

To better understand the economy of this country, I propose to consider the advantages and disadvantages.

Benefits: Highly skilled and multilingual workforce. Excellent infrastructure. Equal relations between employees and employers. An expensive social system with high taxes and social security benefits. A third of government revenue goes to social benefits. High salary costs. Low inflation - as of April 2014 it was 2.4%. The unemployment rate as of August 2015 is 8.1%.

Weaknesses: An aging population. About 50% of the resources are owned by transnational corporations such as Philips and Shell. economy geographic netherlands natural

The Netherlands has a modern, highly developed post-industrial economy. The most important industries in the country:

• Mechanical engineering
• Electronics
• Petrochemistry
• Aviation
• Shipbuilding
• · Ferrous metallurgy
• · Textile industry
• Furniture industry
• Pulp and paper industry
• Beer production
• · Manufacture of wearing apparel.

Heavy industry - oil refining, chemical production, ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering - are concentrated in coastal regions. There are wind farms on the seaside. The production of chocolate, cigars, gin, and beer is also developed. A well-known industry, despite its modest scale, is diamond cutting in Amsterdam.

The Netherlands hosts the headquarters and production facilities of such transnational and European companies as Royal Dutch / Shell, Unilever, Royal Philips Electronics.

The Dutch banking system is represented by banks such as ABN AMRO, ING Groep N.V. and Rabobank.

In 2002, the Netherlands introduced the common European currency, the euro, replacing the guilder.

The main imports are oil, automobiles, cast iron and steel, clothing, non-ferrous metals, food products, and various transport equipment.

Main export items: chemical products, meat, greenhouse vegetables, flowers, natural gas, metal products.

The main trade partners of the country for exports: Germany (25%), Belgium (12.4%), Great Britain (10.1%), France (9.9%), Italy (6%), USA (4.3%) ; by imports: Germany (17.9%), Belgium (9.9%), USA (7.9%), China (7.4%), Great Britain (6.4%), France (4%) - 2004.

Natural gas is essential in the mining industry. Through pipelines, gas is distributed from Groningen throughout the country and for export. In terms of the reserves of this mineral, the Netherlands ranks first in Western Europe. Until 1975, coal was mined in the province of Limburg. In the cities of Hangelo and Delfzijl, salt mines operated with a production volume of 4 million tons per year. Natural gas reserves are estimated at 1.7 billion cubic meters according to the UN data for 2014. Oil is being produced on the Dutch part of the continental shelf.

The flat relief creates favorable conditions for the development of the road network, but the large number of rivers and canals creates certain difficulties and risks in road construction.

• · The total length of the railway network is 2,753 kilometers (of which 68% are electrified - 1,897 kilometers).
• · The total length of highways is 111 891 km.
• · The total length of navigable rivers and canals is 5052 km.

Ocean shipping also plays an important role in the country's economy. Rotterdam is one of the largest seaports in the world in terms of cargo turnover. The Netherlands handles a significant portion of European freight traffic.

KLM operates many international routes. The government is continuously fighting traffic congestion. This makes getting around the Netherlands faster and more comfortable. In 2010, 640 deaths due to road traffic accidents were recorded, which is 11% less than in 2009. By 2020, the government plans to take the necessary measures to reduce the number of road deaths to 500.

Agriculture in the Netherlands is a highly intensive and important sector of the economy, although it employed only about 1.0% of the country's population in 2005. In 2005, agricultural exports exceeded 17 billion euros (more than 6% of the country's merchandise exports), about 80% of exports are consumed by the EU countries (Germany - 25%, Great Britain - 12%). The structure of agricultural exports is dominated by vegetables and flowers (12 billion euros) and dairy products (5 billion euros).

Agricultural lands occupy about 65% of the country's territory. About 27% of agricultural land is arable land, 32% is pasture and 9% is forested. The share of pastures is continuously decreasing; from 1995 to 2015, these lands decreased by 8.5%, which is mainly due to the expansion of housing construction.

The soil in the Netherlands is carefully looked after, in addition, in 2010, the country ranked first in the world in terms of the amount of mineral fertilizers applied per hectare. The area of \u200b\u200bland irrigated for agricultural needs is 5650 km2 as of 2013.

Floriculture prevails in some parts of the country. Potatoes, sugar beets and grain crops are also grown. An important export item is high quality greenhouse and canned vegetables.

The Netherlands ranks fifth in Europe in butter production and fourth in cheese production. The most common is grazing livestock, with more than 4.5 million head of cattle grazing on napolders.

In terms of greenhouse areas, the Netherlands ranks first in the world. From 1994 to 2005, the area of \u200b\u200bgreenhouses increased from 13 to 15 thousand hectares; greenhouses are usually heated using local natural gas. 60% of the protected soil is dedicated to floriculture.

Page 1

In general, the climate is temperate, maritime, characterized by cool summers and rather warm winters. The average July temperature is 16-17 ° C, January is about 2 ° C on the coast and slightly colder inland. The absolute maximum air temperature (+38.6 ° C) was recorded on August 23, 1944 in Varnsveld, the absolute minimum (-27.4 ° C) was recorded on January 27, 1942 in Winterswijk. In winter, when anticyclones invade from Eastern Europe, the temperature falls below 0 ° C, snow falls, and channels and lakes are covered with ice. Although there is an average of 650 to 750 mm of precipitation per year, rarely a day goes by without rain. There are often fogs, sometimes it snows in winter.

Land resources:

Agricultural lands occupy about 65% of the country's territory. About 27% of agricultural land is arable land, 32% is pasture and up to 9% is forested.

In the north and east, derkovo-pale-podzolic soils are widespread, developing on sandy deposits. These soils are characterized by a humus horizon up to 20 cm thick with a humus content of more than 5%.

Forest resources

Forests cover 7.6% of the country's territory. Since almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by agricultural land, the forests are almost not preserved. Rare plantings of oak, birch, pine, ash are carefully protected.

Minerals

The main resources of the Netherlands are natural gas, oil, salt, sand, gravel.

The main coal reserves are concentrated in the province of Limburg. There were discovered deposits of hard and brown coal. Oil and gas fields have been discovered in the middle of the country, near the Zuider-See Bay.

There are oil and gas fields also within the North Sea shelf. Of the less important minerals mined in the Netherlands, peat and kaolin can be distinguished.

Water resources

The rivers are full-flowing, many of them are connected by channels and navigable; rarely freeze. Common delta of the Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt rivers. Many small lakes are found in the northern and western parts of the country.

When transporting goods in the Netherlands, a complex system of artificially created waterways of three main categories is used: two ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam; channels connecting these ports with the North Sea, and channels connecting different parts of the country. Approximately 6 thousand Dutch river vessels (this figure is the highest in the world) carry at least 2/3 of the total water freight of the EU countries.

To improve the approaches from the North Sea to the two largest ports - Amsterdam and Rotterdam - at the end of the 19th century. two canals were built. The Nordsee Canal provides the shortest exit from Amsterdam to the North Sea. The wide and deep 27 km long Nieuwe Waterweh canal connects Rotterdam with the sea, breaking through the dune belt at Hoek van Holland.

Recreational resources

In the Netherlands, there are fortresses and many palaces and castles.

The museums have unique collections of paintings. The Riksmuseum houses the largest collection of Flemish paintings in the world, the Van Gogh Museum contains 800 paintings by the artist. Rich collections of paintings are in the Museum of Modern Art, the Rembrandt Museum, in the Hague Royal Art Gallery. Among the architectural monuments in Amsterdam are the gate of St. Anthony Port, now the Historical Museum, the Gothic old church, the North and East churches, the Royal Palace.

Geography materials:

Regularity of the growth of polybranch economic efficiency in the near-nuclear agglomeration zone
It is connected with the fact that highly agglomerated territories of the near-nuclear zone provide significant economic efficiency of the development of most branches of industrial production located within its boundaries. So, when approaching the core of the agglomeration, most types of economic activity have the same ...

Animal world
The fauna of the study area is represented by species inhabiting the forest-steppe zone. As a result of human activity, the natural landscape has been replaced by a man-made one. Deep forests and impenetrable swamps have disappeared, arable lands, hayfields, pastures, settlements have appeared in their place. The most massive ...

Agricultural use and protection of brown forest soils
Agricultural use. Brown forest soils are used for forest land; in agriculture, they are suitable for grain, vegetable, industrial and fruit crops. They are highly productive everywhere. S.V. Zonn (1974) noted on the example of brown forest soils in Lithuania, Belarus ...

Introduction 3

1. General information about the country. five

1.1. Geographical position. five

1.2. Political structure_ 6

1.3. History_ 6

1.4. People. thirteen

1.5. Religion and languages_ 13

2. Natural resources. sixteen

2.1 Nature and environment of the Netherlands. sixteen

2.2. Climate. 17

2.3. Relief. eighteen

2.4. Vegetable world. 20

2.5. Animal world. 20

2.6. National parks and reserves in the Arab (Netherlands). 20

3. Economic resources. 22

3.1. Transport. 22

3.2. Accommodation facilities (hotels). 23

3.3. Entertainment industry (clubs, parties). 23

3.4. Other entertainment (concerts, festivals). 24

4. Cultural and historical resources. 26

4.1. Monuments of secular architecture. 26

4.2. Socio-cultural heritage (holidays and traditions). 28

4.3. Special facilities for meals. 29

5. Programmed tourism resources. 31

5.1. Events (holidays). 31

5.2. Thematic resources (parks, etc., etc.). 32

6. Tourist formalities. 33

6.1. Visa. 33

6.2. Currency. 33

6.3. Customs. 34

7. Cities are tourist centers. 35

8. Map of the Netherlands. 38

Conclusion. 39

Bibliographic list. 41

Introduction

In the west of the Central European Plain, at the confluence of the Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt into the North Sea, there is a small state of the Netherlands, also known as "Holland". These names are quite close in meaning: "Netherlands" - "low country", "Holland" - "land without a solid foundation". The name "Holland", in fact, refers to only two western provinces (North and South Holland), which were the historical core of the state and still retain a leading role in its political, economic and cultural life. The introduction of this name all over the country is hardly justified. In all state documents, only the name "Netherlands" is accepted, which does not cause any discrepancies !!!

The Netherlands is famous for its abundance of inland waters. The area of \u200b\u200bthe country, with the area of \u200b\u200ball rivers, lakes and canals, is 41.2 thousand square meters. km., and without water areas - 36.9 thousand sq. km. This small area is home to 14.56 million people. The borders of the Netherlands with Belgium and Germany run along the plains and are almost never connected with natural boundaries. Ethnic and linguistic differences in the border areas are also not pronounced. Flemings live on both sides of the Dutch-Belgian border, and in northwest Germany there are small groups of Dutch and Frisians. The maritime borders of the Netherlands run along the shelf of the North Sea. This shallow basin rich in oil and gas is divided between Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands and Belgium on an equal distance from the nearest coastal points. The Netherlands owns a significant area in the south and southwest of the shelf.
The Netherlands occupies an advantageous position at the intersection of many European and intercontinental transport routes. The country goes directly to the North Sea, which is used by cargo and passenger ships between Europe and America. The nodal transport and geographical position of the Netherlands contributed to the development on their territory of such giant international industrial and transport complexes as Rotterdam and Amsterdam.

The aim of this paper is to examine the history, natural resources and tourism in the Netherlands.

This goal led to the solution of the following tasks:

1. Consider general information about the country.

2. Consider the natural resources of the Netherlands.

3. Consider economic, cultural, historical and program tourism resources.

4. Consider travel formalities.

5. Consider the cities and tourist centers of the Netherlands.

6. Make the appropriate conclusions.

1. General information about the country.

1.1. Geographical position.

The Netherlands, or, unofficially, Holland, is a state in Western Europe, on the North Sea coast. Holland is just a part of the country, now divided into two provinces. Despite this, in colloquial speech, this name stuck.

The name of the country ("Low Lands") contains the main characteristic of its relief. About half of the territory (mainly in the western part) lies below sea level.

In the east, flat and gently undulating plains prevail; their height rarely reaches 50 m above sea level. In the south, the territory is crossed by the Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt rivers, forming a single delta, providing maritime transport with access to the hinterland of Europe. 1

A strip of sand dunes stretches along the coast, then there are vast lowlands protected from flooding by dams and dams. In the sea, parallel to the coast, stretch the West Frisian Islands, which are an outer chain of dunes, partially flooded.

The name itself gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe location of this country as accurately as possible ("neder" - lower, low, "landen" - land). The Kingdom of the Netherlands stretches along the coast of the North Sea and borders in the east with Germany, and in the south with Belgium.

The Netherlands became famous all over the world for tulips, mills and cheese. The country generously offers its residents and tourists a huge number of museums, parks, historical sites, sandy beaches, canals, flower fields, restaurants and cafes for every taste.

The Netherlands is also of particular interest to Russian tourists for its long-standing close historical and cultural ties with Russia, dating back to the time of Peter the Great, who literally fell in love with Holland, where he studied the art of shipbuilding.

1.2. Political structure

The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the king (queen). The monarch appoints ministers and judges, has the right to dissolve parliament, and commands the country's armed forces.
Legislative power is exercised by the monarch and parliament - the bicameral States General. In the provinces, there are provincial states headed by commissars.

The capital of the country is Amsterdam, the seat of parliament and government is the city of The Hague. The day of the royal family is April 30 - the birthday of mother Beatrix, Queen Juliana. 2

1.3. History

The name Netherlands translates as low-lying land. It first appeared in the XIV-XV centuries. to designate the lands near the North Sea, now part of: Holland, Belgium and Northern France, in the lower reaches of the Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt rivers. Holland (formerly one of the counties that occupied part of the modern territory of the Netherlands) - means "wooded country", from the ancient Frisian holt ("tree") and land ("country, land"). 3

The territory of the Netherlands was inhabited already in the Neolithic period. In the second half of the 1st millennium BC. e. mainly Celtic tribes lived here, driven out by the Germans by the beginning of our era (Batavians, Frisians, Hamavs, canninefates).

In the 1st century. BC e. part of the territory of the Netherlands was conquered by the Romans, which accelerated the cultural development of local tribes.

In III-IV AD. e. the Franks (in the south) and the Saxons (in the east) settled on the territory of the Netherlands, the Frisians occupied the north. With the formation of the Frankish state (V century), the territory of the Netherlands was included in it. Among the tribes inhabiting the territory of the Netherlands, feudal orders and Christianity were forcibly implanted.

According to the Treaty of Verdun (843), the territory of the Netherlands became part of the possessions of Lothair I, according to the Treaty of Mersen (870) - into the East Frankish kingdom. 4

In the X-XI centuries. on the territory of the Netherlands, a number of fiefdoms (counties of Holland, Geldernidr.) were formed, formally linked by vassal relations with the "Holy Roman Empire".

Since the XII century. urban development begins. In the economy, along with handicraft production in the XIII - XIV centuries. the importance of fishing and shipping is growing. Already by the XIII century. a system of dams and dams is being created, which made it possible to develop the swampy or flood-flooded low-lying regions of the country (the name of the country literally translated from Dutch means “lower land”).

The main economic rivals of this period were the bishopric of Utrecht and the counties of Holland and Geldern. As a result, Geldern achieved dominance.

In the second half of the XIII century. the process of centralization of the country begins. The importance of Holland is growing (especially under Floris V, ruled 1256-1296) and the counts of the Avenach dynasty of Gennegau (1299-1354). Holland and Gennegau unite, West Friesland (1287) and most of Zealand (1323) join. The Avens competed with the Counts of Flanders Dampiers - allies of France, and focused on an alliance with England. This involved Holland in the Hundred Years War (1337-1453). five

In the XIV century, in conditions of aggravated social tension in Holland, Zeeland, Geldern, there was a regularly operating estate representation - states.

In 1433, weakened by internal strife, Holland, and then a number of other feudal principalities of the Netherlands were captured by the Dukes of Burgundy and became part of their state. With its disintegration, the Netherlands came under the control of the Habsburgs (1482), who completed in the 16th century, under Charles V, the annexation of those regions that had previously remained independent (Utrecht, Geldernidr.).

In 1548, the Habsburgs included all the annexed territories in a complex of lands from 17 provinces called the Netherlands.

In 1556, after the division of the empire of Charles V, the Netherlands came under the rule of Spain.

In 1566, the bourgeois revolution that began was closely intertwined with the war of liberation against Spanish rule and took place under the banner of Calvinism (named after Calvin, one of the leaders of the Reformation).

In 1572-1575. as a result of the uprising, the Spaniards were expelled from the territory of the Netherlands.

In 1579, the political union of the northern provinces - the Union of Utrecht - laid the legal foundation for the existence of an independent republic in the north of the Netherlands. In the south, the anti-Spanish movement was defeated.

The location of the Netherlands in temperate latitudes on the Atlantic lowlands of Europe determines the climatic features of the country. Due to its small size and the absence of significant elevations, climatic differences are poorly expressed. All year round, but especially in winter, cyclones sweep over the country from the Atlantic. The sky is often covered with clouds, cloudy, rapidly changing weather with thick fogs is typical. On average, there are only 35 clear days per year.

Due to the prevalence of westerly winds blowing from the North Sea, the weather in the Netherlands is usually mild in winter and cool in summer. The average January temperature is 2 ° C. In winter, there are short periods with negative temperatures, alternating with thaws. Snowfalls are very rare and rainfall occurs even in winter. Severe frosts happen in exceptional cases; only with the invasion of cold air from the east ice forms on the lake. IJsselmeer and the lower Rhine. But if a safe ice sheet nevertheless forms, the Dutch are happy to go ice skating along the canals. The average July temperature is + 16-17 C. In summer, periods of cool weather alternate with hot days.

Average annual precipitation is 650-750 mm, their maximum amount is in August-October.

The climatic conditions of the Netherlands are favorable for the growth of forage grasses, as well as grain, industrial and fruit crops, which give high yields. Thanks to the long frost-free period, vegetables can be grown outdoors from early spring to late autumn.

The modern landscape of the Netherlands has been taking shape for more than one century; in the process of its formation, the features of the geological structure played an important role. The country lies within the North Sea Plain, which also includes parts of Belgium, northern France, northwestern Germany, western Denmark and eastern England. These areas are experiencing immersion that is at its highest in the Netherlands. This explains the predominance of low altitudes over most of the country and the susceptibility to flooding. In addition, during the last continental glaciation in the north-east and in the central part of the Netherlands, sand and pebble strata accumulated, and low pressure moraine ridges formed in the marginal zone of the ice sheet.

Outside the glaciated region in the south of the Netherlands, the fast-moving Rhine and Meuse rivers deposited thick sands. At times, when the sea level dropped, these rivers developed deeper channels; at the same time, river terraces and low interfluves, characteristic of the southern provinces, were formed. At the end of the Ice Age, sand dunes formed on the coast of the country, followed by extensive shallow lagoons, which were gradually filled with alluvial and marine sediments; subsequently, swamps arose there.

Rivers, especially the Rhine (one of the largest rivers in Western Europe), are the main routes to countries and areas remote from the sea. Waterways pass through the country to the Ruhr - one of the largest industrial and coal-mining regions in Western Europe, to the inland regions of France, Belgium, Switzerland. Among all ports in the Netherlands, Rotterdam is issued. It is a large and well equipped port - one of the best ports in the world, the gateway to Europe.

Among the minerals is natural gas (proven reserves of 2 billion m3, 1st place in Western Europe). Oil is being produced on the Dutch part of the continental shelf. There is coal, clay.

The land cover of the Netherlands, despite the small size of the country, is quite diverse. In the north and east, derkovo-pale-podzolic soils are widespread, which developed on sandy deposits under heaths and oak forests. These soils are characterized by a humus horizon up to 20 cm thick with a humus content of more than 5%. In many localities, the accumulation of humus was artificially stimulated, and the natural soils there are actually buried under a dark-colored layer - a mixture of manure, turf, forest litter and sand. These soils occupy one of the first places in Europe for their arable properties.

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Netherlands (Kingdom of the Netherlands) is a state located in Western Europe. The Netherlands is a member of the European Union and is part of the Schengen area. The Netherlands hosts the Hague International Military Tribunal (in The Hague), the main role of which is to ensure the inevitability of punishment over modern war criminals. The Netherlands is the first country in the world to have a bourgeois revolution and parliament.

The Netherlands is often called Holland, although this is fundamentally wrong. Holland is just a part of the Netherlands and there are already two Holland - North and South Holland, these are two provinces.

The Netherlands is one of the three Benelux countries. It is an economic union of three states: the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. all three countries have the same laws and taxes.

The Netherlands is the only country in Europe where prostitution and the use of soft drugs are allowed. Prostitution is allowed only in one quarter of Amsterdam - the Red Light District. You can only smoke marijuana in coffee shops, and even then not in all. In all other places, prostitution and smoking marijuana are punishable by law. The Queen of the Netherlands plays a symbolic role, although all the Dutch love her very much, and the country's leadership takes her opinion into account.

The Netherlands is also the lowest-lying country in Europe, more than two-thirds of the territory of the Netherlands is below sea level and protected from the sea by dams. The country is in first place in the world in terms of land area reclaimed from the sea. This is the only country that has almost doubled its territory artificially, moving the coastline of the sea further and further.

The Netherlands is the country with the largest concentration of fresh water reserves in Europe. In terms of the amount of rain and fog, the country is second only to Great Britain and Ireland.

The capital of the Netherlands is the city of Amsterdam. It is the largest city in the Netherlands. Other large cities are Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, Groningen, Tilburg. There are no cities in the country with a population of more than one million. The population of the country is nearly seventeen million people. The Netherlands is the most populous country in Europe. The country is located in the same time zone. The difference with universal time is one hour.

The capital of the Netherlands - Amsterdam - is considered the "big brother" of Russian St. Petersburg. It was here that Peter the Great came to study shipbuilding, it was the Amsterdam canals that served as an example of how to design St. Petersburg.

The Netherlands borders Germany and Belgium by land, and Great Britain, Norway and Denmark by sea. The Netherlands is washed by only one sea - the North - and has direct access to the Atlantic Ocean. The Netherlands is a small country, stretching 250 km from north to south and 180 km from west to east. The country is located in a temperate climatic zone.

There are very few forests in the Netherlands, about 3% of the territory. The rest of the area is occupied by flood meadows and sand dunes on the coast.

The Netherlands is one of the few countries in Europe where mountain ranges are completely absent.

In the Netherlands, there are three large rivers - the Scheldt, Rhine and Meuse. They are all navigable and empty into the North Sea. The largest lake in the Netherlands is Eiselmeer. Formed after filling the dam (artificially). Other large natural lakes are Grevelingen, Emmer, Ketelmer.

Administratively, the Netherlands is divided into 12 provinces: Gelderland, Groningen, Drenthe, Zeeland, Limburg, Overijssel, North Brabant, North Holland, Utrecht, Flevoland, Friesland, South Holland. In addition to the provinces, the Netherlands has overseas possessions, and all of them are located in the Caribbean: Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba, the Netherlands Antilles.

Map

Roads

The Netherlands has an excellent road and rail network. The Dutch autobahns are considered one of the best in the world, and trains run to almost all cities in the country.

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ranks fourth in Europe in terms of passenger traffic. Schiphol is also used for transit flights to cities in North and South America.

History

The Netherlands has a rich and unique history:

a) prehistoric Netherlands (428 thousand years BC - 1000 BC) - the settlement of the territory by tribes of Neanderthals and Batavians;

b) the appearance of the Celtic tribes - the ancestors of the modern Dutch - starting from 1000 BC;

c) the emergence of ancient Germanic tribes - from 300 BC;

d) the entry of the territory of the modern Netherlands into the Holy Roman Empire (Ancient Rome) - from the beginning of our era;

e) the period of the great migration of peoples, the invasion of the Goths and the Huns, the collapse of Ancient Rome - from 400;

f) the territory of the Netherlands as part of the Frankish kingdom - from 500 to 843;

g) the Netherlands as part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation - since 843;

h) The Netherlands as part of France (Burgundy Netherlands) - since 1384;

i) the first unification of the Dutch lands, as well as the territories of modern Belgium and Luxembourg ("Seventeen Provinces") - since 1482;

j) the Netherlands under the rule of Habsburg Spain, loss of independence - from 1556;

k) Dutch-Spanish ("Eighty Years") War, the victory of the Dutch revolution, the overthrow of the Spanish oppression, the restoration of state independence - from 1568 to 1648;

l) the Netherlands during the Golden Age, the country's flourishing - from 1648 to 1672;

m) the Netherlands during the Batavian Revolution (1795), the loss of part of the territories;

o) the Netherlands waters under the rule of Napoleonic France, the French occupation (the so-called Batavian Republic) - from 1795 to 1806;

n) The Netherlands during the First French Empire - part of France) 1806 - 1810):

p) restoration of independence, establishment of a monarchy, the Netherlands and Belgium as part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815 - 1830);

c) the secession of Belgium and its proclamation of its independence, the territory of the Netherlands within its present-day borders - since 1830;

r) the Netherlands during the First World War (1914 - 1918);

s) the Netherlands between the two wars (1918 - 1939);

t) the Netherlands during the Nazi occupation (1940-1945);

x) Netherlands after the Second World War (since 1945).

Minerals

The country is rich in strategic minerals - oil, coal and natural gas. Other minerals include oil shale, peat and kaolin. There are no gold and silver mines in the Netherlands.

The Netherlands ranks first in the world for the export of flowers, and especially tulips, which is why the country is sometimes called the "land of tulips".

Climate

The climate of the Netherlands is temperate. Winters are mild and mostly snowless. Sometimes there are several frosty days a year. Summer is warm, but not hot with frequent rains. As in Norway, in the Netherlands the weather can turn bad in a few minutes, this must be taken into account when planning a trip to this country.