clouds of locusts, like a hurricane, crushing everything
met on his way. They ravaged cities, burned villages,
robbed...
A huge number of people died, many were taken away
into captivity, mighty cities disappeared from the face of the earth forever,
precious manuscripts, magnificent frescoes,
the secrets of many crafts have been lost...
It was during this unfortunate time, which lasted about
two centuries, Russia allowed Europe to overtake itself.”
A.I. Herzen Formation of the Mongol state
The first conquerors
Mongol campaigns
First meeting of the Mongolians
and Russian squads
Campaign of Khan Batu
Rus' under the yoke
Threat from the West XII century mongol tribes
roamed the steppes
Central Asia,
in the valleys
rivers Onon and Kerulen.
Mongol tribes
had different names:
Mongols, Merkits,
Kereits, Oirats,
Naimans, Tatars. Mongolian yurt
(sectional)
Appearance Main activities
nomads? Main activities
nomads:
Hunting
Cattle breeding
(sheep and horses) Late 12th century
Decomposition process
tribal relations
Selection
tribal nobility
Noyons
(princes)
Bogatury
(heroes)
Nukers
(squad)
Kara-chu
("black people")
ordinary Mongols
Folds a special type
management nomadic feudalism
The main wealth is
livestock and pastures Temujin (Temuzhin)
Livestock growth
Clashes due to
pastures
Wars between clans
During these clashes
at the end of the 12th century. a native stood out
from the Noyon family - Temujin.
Civil Wars
resumed with renewed vigor.
In 1206 at the kurultai
Temujin was proclaimed
Great Khagan of all Mongols and gave him the name
Genghis Khan (“Great Khan”, “Sent by God”). Genghis Khan
(1206 – 1227)
By uniting the Mongolian
tribes Genghis Khan
begins aggressive
hiking.
Causes
aggressive
Genghis Khan's campaigns? Working with text
Fill the table
"The Campaigns of Genghis Khan" During the conquests, finally
principles of construction have been formed
Mongol army,
recorded
in the laws of Genghis Khan - “Yasa”
(“collection of instructions
and teachings").
Yasa has established a collective
responsibility in battle.
Think about the reasons
victories of the Mongol-Tatars?
Genghis Khan on an ancient Chinese miniature Mongol - Tatar army
10
foreman
100
centurion
1000
thousand's manager
10 000
"tumen"
temnik
O R D A
“Yasa” is the most severe discipline, collective
responsibility for behavior in battle
Main strength
Infantry
Siege
guns
Intelligence service The Kyiv chronicler spent the outgoing year 1222
with a laconic phrase: “THE WAS NOTHING THE SAME” “THE WAS NOTHING.”
The year passed unusually calmly, without the usual princely
strife and raids of the steppe inhabitants.
Rus' lived its normal life.
Peasants plowed, skilled artisans in the cities
created beautiful products, merchants counted turnover.
A white stone cathedral was built in Rostov, and in Suzdal
church doors were gilded in Nizhny Novgorod during the merger
The Oka and Volga built a powerful fortress and so on throughout Russia
earth.
Rus' was living out its last year of peace. And in the steppes between the Don and Volga an unprecedented war began.
Having escaped from the Caucasian gorges into the steppe expanse,
Mongol army, commanded by experienced
generals of Genghis Khan - Jebe-noyon and Subedei-bogatur,
defeated the army of Alans - the ancestors of modern Ossetians.
Following this, the conquerors attacked the inhabitants
Azov steppes - Polovtsians.
Subedei
What kind of relationship did the Russians have?
and Polovtsian peoples? Khan Kotyan
Polovtsian Khan Kotyan
asked for help
to the Russian princes:
“Defend us. Otherwise you won't help
we will be cut off today, and you in the morning
you will be cut off." In the spring of 1223, the princes gathered in Kyiv to discuss:
Mstislav Mstislavovich Udaloy, Prince Galitsky
Mstislav Romanovich the Old, Prince of Kyiv
Mstislav Svyatoslavovich Chernigovsky
In addition to three
Mstislavov at the congress
There were also
15 princes.
Mstislav Galitsky
Mstislav the Old
“Let's help the Polovtsians. If we don't help them, then they
will go over to the side of the Tatars, and they will have more power,
and we will be worse off from them.” May 31, 1223 battle on the river. Kalke
Voivode
Ploskinya
Causes of defeat
Russian-Polovtsian troops? 1227 - Genghis Khan died,
his successor Khan Ogedei continued
the business he started.
Before his death Genghis Khan
divided his empire into uluses.
In 1235 at the Ogedei Kurultai
decides on a new trip
to Europe. And to lead this campaign
there will be Batu - Khan, to whom
belonged to the lands to the northwest
from Khorezm - Polovtsian steppes,
Rus' and beyond.
Khan Batu, son of Jochi,
grandson of Genghis Khan Russian army
Infantry
(footers)
Cavalry
(by the 12th century basis)
Compare the Mongol and Russian armies. 1236 - the Mongols ravaged and
captured Volzhskaya
Bulgaria,
many trade stores were destroyed
cities – Bilyar, Kernek,
Zhukotin, Suvar.
At the same time the Mongols
subjugated the peoples
Volga and Kama regions:
Bashkirs, Mordovians.
Autumn 1237
Mongol-Tatar tumens
came close
to the southeast
borders of Rus'.
The first Russian city,
who met with
Mongols - was Ryazan. This was just the beginning.
Working with text and map, fill out the table
"Batu's Campaigns"
date
Event
Meaning Evpatiy Kolovrat - the last defender
Ryazan land. Mercury Smolensky
Turning south from Torzhok,
Batu spread his army in the form
huge loop, trying to capture
everything that survived in central Rus'.
But the departure was not at all easy.
Batu's troops.
The Smolensk squad stood in the way
led by his commander
Mercury. After numerous
attempts of the Mongol-Tatars
and couldn’t break through the barrier
Smolensk warriors.
And here is the Mongol leader himself
led them into battle. In a cruel
Mercury died in single combat, but so did the enemy leader
fell by his hand. Tumen turned his troops to the southeast
to Kozelsk. Defense of Kozelsk March 25 – May 13, 1238
The small town of Kozelsk was defended for 50 days,
ancient tribal center of the Vyatichi.
In a bold night attack, the inhabitants of Kozelsk destroyed
more than 4 thousand enemies. Death was found under the walls of Kozelsk
three noble commanders from Batu's army. When the Mongols
finally burst into the city, the defenders rushed
into hand-to-hand combat. The city was destroyed.
Mongol-Tatars
they called him
"Evil City" During 1237 - 1241
Mongol - Tatars conquered
most Russian principalities.
From foreign invasion not
only suffered
Smolensk, Pinsk,
Vitebsk and Polotsk principalities
and most of the Novgorod
lands.
When returning from Europe
in 1243 in the lower reaches of the Volga
Dad will create his own
state - Golden Horde.
For most Russians
the principalities will begin to be difficult
a period that has gone down in history
like the Mongol - Tatar IGO. The reasons for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongols In 1243, Batu created his own state in the lower reaches of the Volga
Golden Horde.
At the beginning of 1243, Tatar ambassadors arrived in Rus',
who demanded that all Russian princes appear
to Batu's headquarters.
There was no strength to resist the new invasion.
The Russian princes had to, forgetting their former pride,
set off on a journey with gifts for the khan and his closest
environment.
From now on, all of Rus' found itself in political and economic
dependence on the rulers of the Golden Horde. Yoke is a political and economic system
dependencies.
Political dependence:
Z.O. approved the Russian princes
to reign in the Russian principalities
(label);
Khan's governors in Russian cities
relied on armed detachments;
Regulation of political
relations between Russian princes
by means of a shortcut;
Duty to supply warriors
to the Horde army
Economic
addiction:
Annual payments
Horde - tribute (“Exit”);
Emergency
khan's requests
(extraordinary
payments);
Contents of the Horde
ambassadors The system of domination of the Golden Horde over Russian lands
Khan
Golden Horde
ABOUT
B
L
A
IN
Y
Baskaki
(viceroy)
I
R
L
Y
TO
Baskaki
until the 60s XIII century
Under Ivan Kalita
(1325 – 1340)
Great
prince
Specific
prince
Specific
prince
Russians
land
Specific
prince
D
A
N
b Protracted
economic
decline
Demographic
changes
Changed
internal
development
Russian principalities
Growth and strengthening
Russian
Orthodox
churches 1. Who threatened Rus' from the West?
2. What are their goals?
3. Evaluate which enemy was more dangerous.
The one that came from the West
or Mongol-Tatars?
Give reasons for your answer. 1240
1242
Alexander Nevskiy
(1252 – 1263)
Hood. P. Korin 1246 – death of Yaroslav, father of Alexander Nevsky, in Mongolia.
Alexander - Prince of Pereyaslavl and Novgorod.
1249 – 1250 – Alexander’s trip to Sarai and Karakorum.
1250 – Alexander – Grand Duke of Kyiv and Novgorod.
1252 – Alexander’s second trip to Sarai. Break with brothers
Andrey and Yaroslav;
- Nevryuev’s army entered North-Eastern Rus', Kuremsha invaded
to the Galicia-Volyn land;
- Alexander - Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal,
Novgorod-Pskov and Polotsk-Vitebsk lands.
1253 – reflection of the German raid on Pskov and the treaty
with a German order.
1256 – Finnish campaign of Alexander’s squad.
1257 – 1259 – Tatar census in Rus'. Alexander's third trip
to Saray. Treason of Vasily, son of Alexander.
1262 – uprisings in Rostov, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yaroslavl against
tribute collectors.
1263 – Alexander’s last trip to Sarai, illness
on the way back.
November 14, 1263 – Death of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Gorodets. He was 43 years old.
In the word above the tomb of Alexander Nevsky
Metropolitan said:
“Children of May understand that already
The sun of the land of Suzdal has set.
You won't find yourself like that anymore
there is not a single prince in the land of Suzdal.”
In the first half of his life he defended
Rus' on the battlefield.
The second half was protected and saved
wise diplomacy, humility, so
how I understood that there were still no forces capable
resist the Tatars.
Was ranked among the Russian Orthodox
Church to the face of the Saints.
Alexander Nevskiy. Icon In the 18th century Peter I at the site of victory
ordered to be erected over the Swedes
Alexandro - Nevsky Lavra,
where the ashes were transferred
Alexandra.
In 1721 Peter I established
Order of Alexander Nevsky.
The order's motto read:
"For labors and the Fatherland."
July 29, 1942 established
Military Order of Alexander Nevsky.
During the Great Patriotic War
this order was awarded to 40,217
officers of the Red Army.
Exit JUDGMENTS
1. Traditional assessment
CM. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky
and most historians
AND RATINGS
2. There was no yoke in Rus'
L.N. Gumilyov
There were allied
relations between Rus' and the Horde. Rus
YOKE:
paid tribute, and the Horde in return
for Rus' was great
ensured the safety of Russians
disaster;
principalities
system of relations of conquerors
3. A. Fomenko, V. Nosovsky
(Mongols) and defeated (Russians),
The so-called Mongol -
which manifested itself in
Tatar yoke - just
political, tributary and
specific period in history
military dependence.
Russian state, when the country
was divided into two parts:
peaceful, civilian population,
ruled by princes;
permanent regular army
Horde under control
military leaders - khans.
“Mongol invasion of Rus'” - Reasons for the defeat of Russian troops. Mongols. Genghis Khan (1206-1227). Tatar-Mongol invasion. In 1241-1242 The Mongol-Tatars devastated Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Batu's first campaign in northeastern Rus' 1237-1238. Fight against the invasion of the Crusaders. Social structure. Control system of the Golden Horde.
"Mongol-Tatars" - Battle of Kalka. What lands were conquered by the Mongol-Tatars during the 2nd campaign? When did the Battle of the Sit River take place? Capture of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars. What is the goal of the Mongol-Tatars? Army of the Mongol-Tatars. Kurultai 1235 Ryazan 3-7 thousand. Battle of Ryazan. Torzhok. Read the document. Conquests of the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century.
“Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in Rus'” - Flight of the Swedes to the ships. The king of the northern country is making plans to conquer Rus'. ORDER OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY, ESTABLISHED BY CATHERINE I in 1725. What was the strength of the Tatar-Mongol army? Swedes' naval campaign against Rus'. Soviet Order of Alexander Nevsky. Alexander Nevskiy. Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky.
“Batu’s Troops” - The Tatars plundered the Pechersky Monastery and did not even leave the graves alone. I. Glazunov. Monument to the defenders of Kozelsk in 1238. Prince Yuri himself was beheaded in the battle. Diorama “Defense of Kozelsk”. Evpatiy Kolovrat P.P. Litvinsky. On March 4, 1238, a battle took place with the Mongol-Tatars on the City River.
"Genghis Khan" - Genghis Khan is the greatest conqueror. 1162 - deep in the heart of Asia, in the north of the Gobi Desert, a boy was born. Bloodthirsty and cruel barbarian. The chosen one of the gods? Genghis Khan. The chosen one of the gods. Vyuginova A. Yu. history teacher of school No. 147. Genghis Khan is a man of the second millennium. A great conqueror. Great commander?
“Batu’s invasion of Rus'” - I. Krylov. Armament of the Mongols. Stan - camp Forage - food for horses and livestock. Vocabulary work. In what year did Batu's soldiers return to the Lower Volga? Which Western countries were devastated by Batu? Genghis Khan. Invasion from the East. Evpatiy Kolovrat. Which cities of Southern Rus' were burned? I have partially mastered the material, many questions still require additional work.
summary of presentationsPower of the Golden Horde
Slides: 21 Words: 1714 Sounds: 0 Effects: 2Russian lands under the rule of the Golden Horde. Baskaki. Get involved in learning activities. Degree of assimilation. Correct execution of the test. New concepts. Fill out the table. Define the concept. Ulus. Duties of the Russian population. Write down the definition of concepts. Representatives of the Mongol khans. Consequences of Horde rule. Correct execution of tasks. Evaluate your work. Received knowledge. Give yourself a mark. Golden Horde. Dependence of Russian lands. Goal: Evaluate your work in class. Learn the table. - Power of the Golden Horde.ppt
History of the Golden Horde
Slides: 13 Words: 2521 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Civil strife in the Golden Horde. Great changes have occurred in the history of the Golden Horde. Genuine civil strife in Ulus. Tokhtamysh. The reign of Tokhtamysh. Confrontation between Tokhtamysh and Tamerlane. The defeat of the city of Bolgar by Tamerlane. Idegey. Making a dream come true. Idegey's plans. Fall of Idegei. Collapse of the Golden Horde. Consequences for the Chuvash Bulgarians. - History of the Golden Horde.ppt
Mongol-Tatars in Rus'
Slides: 26 Words: 822 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. Number of people. Establishment of the Horde yoke. Features of the Mongolian state. Formation of the Mongolian state. Mongol-Tatars. Genghis Khan. Title of Genghis Khan. Military campaigns of the Mongol-Tatars. Battle of the Kalka River. After the battle on the Kalka River. Problematic issues. Volga Bulgaria was captured. The number of Batu's troops. Mongol-Tatars in Rus'. Ryazan was destroyed. Question for the class. Mongol-Tatars in Rus'. Hike to Southern and South-Western Rus'. Mongol-Tatars in Rus'. Education of the Golden Horde. Statement. Reasons for the defeat of Rus'. Golden Horde yoke. - Mongol-Tatars in Russia.ppt
Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars
Slides: 29 Words: 2515 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Mongol-Tatar invasion. Chronology of events. Territory conquered by the Mongol-Tatars. You must believe everything we write. About the appearance of the Mongols. About the attire of the Mongols. About their marriage. Lifestyle and activities. Belonging to a clan was paramount. Control. Creation of an empire. Genghis Khan. Reforms of Genghis Khan. Stages of Genghis Khan's campaigns. Empire of Genghis Khan. Mongol Empire and dominions in 1300-1405. Batu's campaigns. Approximate strengths of rivals. Invasion of Russian lands. First meeting. Chronicle of the battle. 1237 – 1238 – fall of northeastern Rus'. Defense of Kozelsk. - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars.ppt
Mongol invasion of Rus'
Slides: 28 Words: 1623 Sounds: 0 Effects: 38The beginning of the invasion of Rus'. Conquest of Volga Bulgaria. Data on the number of Batu's troops. Defense of Ryazan. Prince of Ryazan Yuri. Eupraxia of Ryazan. Ryazan fell. The filthy ones approached the city. The Tatars broke into the Ryazan walls. Boyar Evpatiy Kolovrat. Conquest of North-Eastern Rus'. The conquerors besieged the small fortress of Moscow. The Mongols came to Vladimir. Siege of the city. New army. The road to Novgorod. Batu moved south. The Tatars fought near the city. Invasion of Southwestern Rus'. Tithe Church. Mongol generals. The Mongol invasion of Rus'. Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. - Mongol invasion of Russia.pptx
Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'
Slides: 24 Words: 1083 Sounds: 0 Effects: 16Mongol - Tatar invasion of Rus'. Conquest of Rus'. Wars between states. Algorithm of actions. Work evaluation criteria. Hatred of peoples towards each other. Plan for the selection of historical facts. Mongols and their way of life. Genghis Khan. Reforms of Genghis Khan. Conquest of China and Central Asia. Power of Genghis Khan. Mongolian and Russian warriors. Battle of the Kalka River. Ögedei. Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. Defense of Ryazan. Evpatiy Kolovrat. Opinion of L. Gumilyov. Massacre of the residents of Kozelsk. Textbook text. The yoke of the Mongol-Tatar khans. Consequences of the invasion of Rus'. Choose your arguments. - Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia.ppt
Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'
Slides: 26 Words: 2015 Sounds: 0 Effects: 1Mongol-Tatar yoke. Mongols. Genghis Khan. Temujin. Transition from primitiveness. People from hell. Conquests of Genghis Khan. Death of Genghis Khan. Division of power. Minorat. Golden Horde. Batu's campaigns. All-Mongolian western campaign. Invincible army. Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'. The beginning of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Surviving Russian princes. Rus' under the yoke. Consequences from the yoke. Gumilyov's position. Russian princes. Argumentation. Metochion of an Orthodox bishop. Yoke. Concept. Thank you for your attention. - Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia.pptx
Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus'
Slides: 35 Words: 2908 Sounds: 0 Effects: 63Mongol-Tatar yoke. In North-Eastern Rus' it lasted until 1480. The term “yoke,” meaning the power of the Golden Horde over Russia, does not appear in Russian chronicles. Eradicating cowardice from their own, they stood up for bloody weeding. Executing some and pardoning others, they weakened themselves on the sly. The siblings fought like dogs. Russian lands retained local princely rule. The establishment of tributary dependence occurred later. In 1259, the Mongol military leader Burundai forced the Romanovichs to demolish the fortifications of several Volyn cities. In 1277, the Galician-Volyn princes, together with Nogai’s troops, invaded Lithuania (at Nogai’s suggestion). - Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia.pptx
Battle of Kalka
Slides: 34 Words: 2370 Sounds: 0 Effects: 91ART Education Center. First meeting with the “unknown people.” Russian Land. Kurultai at the source of the river. The conquests of Genghis Khan. Subjugation of the Buryat tribes. Khan Kotyan. Father-in-law of Mstislav the Udaly. Mongols and Russians. A detachment of Mongol light cavalry. Scheme of the Battle of Kalka. Russians and Mongols in battle. Russian princes in captivity. Folk epic. Coalitions. List of Russian princes. Let's solve the crossword puzzle. Period in history. Great Khan. Kalka River. Nickname of Mstislav. The Mongols went to the Volga. The smallest military unit. One of the Mongol commanders. Allies of Russian princes. Epic hero. - Battle of Kalka.pptx
Standing on the Ugra River
Slides: 23 Words: 878 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Overthrow of the Horde. Akhmat with a large army moved to the Russian borders. In 1476, Grand Duke Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the khan. Akhmat managed to come to an agreement with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV. In January 1480, his brothers rebelled against Ivan III. Ivan III began to gather troops to the banks of the Oka River. The miraculous Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. Akhmat's troops moved freely across Lithuanian territory. Russian regiments are waiting for him on the Oka. Confrontation on the Ugra. On October 3, Ivan III left Moscow and headed to the city of Kremenets. To prevent an attack from the rear, the Tatars ravaged the upper reaches. -
Contents MONGOL-TATAR YOKE MONGOLO-TATAR YOKE BATY (BATUKHAN) () BATY (BATUKHAN) () CONQUEST OF RUSSIA BY THE MONGOL-TATARS CONQUEST OF RUSSIA BY THE MONGOL-TATARS BATTLE OF KALKA BATTLE OF KALKA CONQUEST OF NORTHEASTERN RUSSIA CONQUEST OF CE OF VERO-EASTERN Rus' THE DEFEAT OF SOUTH Rus' AND EASTERN EUROPE THE DEFEAT OF SOUTHERN Rus' AND EASTERN EUROPE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Mongol Empire Mongol Empire (Mongolian Mongolian ezent guren; Middle Mongolian Yeke Mongγol ulus Great Mongol State, Mongolian Ikh Mongol uls) a state that emerged in the 13th century as a result of the conquests of Genghis Khan and his successors and included the largest in world history adjacent territory from the Danube to the Sea of Japan and from Novgorod to Southeast Asia (area approximately square kilometers). Karakorum became the capital of the state. Mongol Empire (Mongolian Mongol ezent guren; Middle Mongolian Yeke Mongγol ulus Great Mongolian State, Mongolian Ikh Mongol uls) a state that emerged in the 13th century as a result of the conquests of Genghis Khan and his successors and included the largest contiguous territory in world history from the Danube to the Sea of Japan and from Novgorod to Southeast Asia (area approx. square kilometers). Karakorum became the capital of the state.
MONGOL-TATAR YOKE MONGO-TATAR YOKE in Rus' (), the traditional name for the system of exploitation of Russian lands by Mongol-Tatar conquerors. Established as a result of Batu's invasion. After the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) it was nominal in nature. Finally overthrown by Ivan III in 1480. It was a brake on economic, political and cultural development, one of the main reasons for Rus''s lag behind Western European countries. MONGOL-TATAR IGO in Rus' (), the traditional name for the system of exploitation of Russian lands by Mongol-Tatar conquerors. Established as a result of Batu's invasion. After the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) it was nominal in nature. Finally overthrown by Ivan III in 1480. It was a brake on economic, political and cultural development, one of the main reasons for Rus''s lag behind Western European countries.
Mongol invasion of Rus' Mongol invasion of Rus' invasion of troops of the Mongol Empire on the territory of Russian principalities in the years. during the Western campaign of the Mongols (Kipchak campaign) under the leadership of Genghisid Batu and the military leader Subedei. The Mongol invasion of Rus' was the invasion of the troops of the Mongol Empire on the territory of the Russian principalities in the years. during the Western campaign of the Mongols (Kipchak campaign) under the leadership of Genghisid Batu and the military leader Subedei.
BATY (BATUKHAN) () Batu, Khan of the Golden Horde, son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. According to the division made by Temuchin in 1224, the eldest son, Jochi, inherited the Kipchat steppe, Khiva, part of the Caucasus, Crimea and Russia (Ulus Jochi). Batu, Khan of the Golden Horde, son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. According to the division made by Temuchin in 1224, the eldest son, Jochi, inherited the Kipchak steppe, Khiva, part of the Caucasus, Crimea and Russia (Ulus Jochi).
Subedei () the most prominent Mongol commander, ally of Temujin-Genghis Khan. He was the son of the blacksmith Chzharchiudai from the Uriankhai tribe. He came to Temujin following the example of his older brother Jelme, who was already in his service. He took part in all the main Mongol campaigns of the first half of the 13th century against northern China (Jin Empire), the Merkits, and the state of the Khorezmshahs. During the campaign in the Caucasus and Eastern Europe, together with Jebe, he led the Mongols in the Battle of Kalka (1223). He was the actual commander in the Western Campaign of Batu (). () the most prominent Mongol commander, ally of Temujin-Genghis Khan. He was the son of the blacksmith Chzharchiudai from the Uriankhai tribe. He came to Temujin following the example of his older brother Jelme, who was already in his service. He took part in all the main Mongol campaigns of the first half of the 13th century against northern China (Jin Empire), the Merkits, and the state of the Khorezmshahs. During the campaign in the Caucasus and Eastern Europe, together with Jebe, he led the Mongols in the Battle of Kalka (1223). He was the actual commander in the Western Campaign of Batu ().
GENGISH KHAN 1155 or August 1227) short title of the Mongol khan from the Borjigin clan, who united the scattered Mongol tribes or August 1227) short title of the Mongol khan from the Borjigin clan, who united the scattered Mongol tribes. The commander who organized the Mongol conquests in China, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Founder of the Mongol Empire and its first great Khagan. The commander who organized the Mongol conquests in China, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Founder of the Mongol Empire and its first great Khagan.
Prehistory For the first time, the task of reaching the city of Kiev was set to Subedei by Genghis Khan in 1221. For the first time, the task of reaching the city of Kiev was set to Subedei by Genghis Khan in 1221. When the united Russian-Polovtsian army suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of the Kalka River on May 31, 1223, the Mongols invaded to the border southern Russian lands (the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary calls this the first Mongol invasion of Russia), but abandoned the plan to march on Kyiv, and then were defeated in Volga Bulgaria in 1224. When the united Russian-Polovtsian army suffered a crushing defeat in the battle on the Kalka River on May 31, 1223, the Mongols invaded the southern Russian border lands (the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary calls this the first Mongol invasion of Russia), but abandoned the plan to march on Kyiv, and then were defeated in Volga Bulgaria in 1224.
In the years, having ascended the throne, Ogedei sent a 30,000-strong corps to the west, led by Subedei and Kokoshay, against the Kipchaks and Volga Bulgars. In the years, having ascended the throne, Ogedei sent a 30,000-strong corps to the west, led by Subedei and Kokoshay, against the Kipchaks and Volga Bulgars. However, in the years the Mongols waged a second war with Jin, and the movement to the west of the united forces of all uluses began immediately after the decision of the kurultai in 1235. However, in the years the Mongols waged a second war with Jin, and the movement to the west of the united forces of all uluses began immediately after the decision of the kurultai in 1235. Gumilyov L.N. estimates the size of the Mongol army similarly (30-40 thousand people). In modern historical literature, another estimate of the total number of the Mongol army in the western campaign is dominant: thousand warriors, 150 thousand soldiers. Similarly (30-40 thousand people) estimates the number of the Mongol army Gumilyov L. N. In modern historical literature, the dominant one is another estimate of the total number of the Mongol army in the western campaign: thousand warriors, 150 thousand soldiers
Initially, Ogedei himself planned to lead the Kipchak campaign, but Munke dissuaded him. In addition to Batu, the following Genghisids took part in the campaign: the sons of Jochi Orda-Ezhen, Shiban, Tangkut and Berke, the grandson of Chagatai Buri and the son of Chagatai Baydar, the sons of Ogedei Guyuk and Kadan, the sons of Tolui Munke and Buchek, the son of Genghis Khan Kulhan, the grandson of Genghis Khan's brother Argasun. The importance the Chingizids attached to the conquest of the Russians is evidenced by Ogedei’s monologue addressed to Guyuk, who was dissatisfied with Batu’s leadership. Initially, Ogedei himself planned to lead the Kipchak campaign, but Munke dissuaded him. In addition to Batu, the following Genghisids took part in the campaign: the sons of Jochi Orda-Ezhen, Shiban, Tangkut and Berke, the grandson of Chagatai Buri and the son of Chagatai Baydar, the sons of Ogedei Guyuk and Kadan, the sons of Tolui Munke and Buchek, the son of Genghis Khan Kulhan, the grandson of Genghis Khan's brother Argasun. The importance the Chingizids attached to the conquest of the Russians is evidenced by Ogedei’s monologue addressed to Guyuk, who was dissatisfied with Batu’s leadership.
The beginning of the invasion of Rus' The Mongol-Tatars, led by Khan Batu, decided to send their troops to the territory of present-day Russia. The goal was still the same - to conquer these territories. One of the first cities to be attacked was Torzhok. At first, the residents fought back with full force, but hope waned, so numerous was the Mongol-Tatar army. The residents of Torzhok could only sell their lives at a higher price and inflict as much damage on the enemy as possible. After a two-week siege, Torzhok was taken. On March 5, 1238, the Mongol-Tatars entered the burning city, killing absolutely everyone: women, children, old people. Those who were able to escape from the city were killed later, on the way to the north. The Mongol-Tatars, led by Khan Batu, decided to send their troops to the territory of present-day Russia. The goal was still the same - to conquer these territories. One of the first cities to be attacked was Torzhok. At first, the residents fought back with full force, but hope waned, so numerous was the Mongol-Tatar army. The residents of Torzhok could only sell their lives at a higher price and inflict as much damage on the enemy as possible. After a two-week siege, Torzhok was taken. On March 5, 1238, the Mongol-Tatars entered the burning city, killing absolutely everyone: women, children, old people. Those who were able to escape from the city were killed later, on the way to the north.
Establishment of the Horde yoke In 1257, Mongol officials arrived in the Russian Land, whose goal was to enumerate the entire population of Rus' and impose a heavy tribute on the people. The only category of people that was not rewritten were the clergy. This census meant the establishment of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'. The princes themselves helped to register the population of their lands. In those areas where the princely power was strong, the census took place without incident. In 1257, Mongol officials arrived in the Russian Land, whose goal was to enumerate the entire population of Rus' and impose a heavy tribute on the people. The only category of people that was not rewritten were the clergy. This census meant the establishment of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'. The princes themselves helped to register the population of their lands. In those areas where the princely power was strong, the census took place without incident. A heavy two-hundred-year yoke began. A heavy two-hundred-year yoke began. After Batu's pogrom, the restoration of cities from the ashes began. However, this task was far from easy. For a whole century after Batu's invasion, stone construction was not resumed. The appearance of Russian cities has also become poorer. Complex crafts are completely disappearing and will only be restored in years to come. All trade connections were forcibly destroyed. After Batu's pogrom, the restoration of cities from the ashes began. However, this task was far from easy. For a whole century after Batu's invasion, stone construction was not resumed. The appearance of Russian cities has also become poorer. Complex crafts are completely disappearing and will only be restored in years to come. All trade connections were forcibly destroyed.
Historical significance The invasion killed about half the population. Kyiv, Vladimir, Suzdal, Ryazan, Tver, Chernigov, and many other cities were destroyed. The exceptions were Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, as well as the cities of Polotsk and Turov-Pinsk principalities. The developed urban culture of Ancient Rus' was destroyed. As a result of the invasion, about half of the population died. Kyiv, Vladimir, Suzdal, Ryazan, Tver, Chernigov, and many other cities were destroyed. The exceptions were Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, as well as the cities of Polotsk and Turov-Pinsk principalities. The developed urban culture of Ancient Rus' was destroyed.
Mongol-Tatar yoke
Prepared by a primary school teacher at MBOU Secondary School No. 2 named after. E. V. Kamysheva" Yuryeva Elena Gennadievna
IN 1206 year, far in Asia on the Onon River, a congress of the leaders of the Mongol tribes took place, who proclaimed the creation Great Empire led by a ruler Genghis Khan ..
Medieval Chinese drawing of Genghis Khan
The Mongol Empire existed through conquest and tribute. Tribute was imposed on the conquered population. The history of the Great Empire consisted of continuous wars. The Mongols conquered part of China, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, and the Volga region. They created one of the best armies in the world, which no one could resist. IN 1235 year, a decision was made on the Eastern Campaign - to Rus' and further Europe to conquer new lands
IN XIII century from the east, from the distant steppes of Asia, a new threat unexpectedly came to Rus' - nomads- Mongols. They have already conquered many nations. On May 31, 1223, the first battle between the Russians and the Mongols took place. The meeting of Russian princes with the Mongols took place in 1223 year on the river Kalke(on the lands of the current Donetsk region). The steppe inhabitants defeated the Russian army and executed its leaders: they tied them up, threw them to the ground and covered their bodies with boards, and then sat down to dine on these boards. All prisoners died.
It was possible to resist the new powerful enemy only by uniting the forces of all the principalities and acting together against the conquerors. But the princes could not stand shoulder to shoulder: each sat in his own principality and alone fought off the enemy. Great Invasion started in early winter 1237 of the year. The Mongol-Tatars were led by Khan Batu.
The first, after six days of fighting, was conquered Ryazan. Nobody came to her aid. The Mongols fired at the wooden fortifications of the city with incendiary shells made from resin and gunpowder. The prince and all the townspeople died.
The first major battle took place here: Ryazan hero boyar Evpatiy Kolovrat decided to take revenge for the burned city. He gathered a squad of 1,700 people, caught up with the Mongols in Suzdal land and began to beat them. The enemy managed to defeat Evpatiy’s detachment only by surrounding it on a hill and shooting it from stone-throwing machines for the siege of fortresses.
Monument to Evpatiy Kolovrat in Ryazan
Then the Khan's troops headed towards Kolomna. A small Russian army gathered there from Ryazan warriors and Vladimir-Suzdal detachments that arrived in time. The “evil battle” again brought victory to the Mongols.
Two months later, Moscow (fought the Mongol-Tatars for 5 days), Vladimir (resisted for 8 days) and Suzdal lay in ruins and fires, and the Russian princes fell. IN 1240 the main ancient Russian city fell Kyiv .
Batu ruined everything 49 cities . Fourteen disappeared from them forever, and 15 turned into villages. Through the Russian lands, the Mongol army moved on the ice of frozen rivers, since the snow-covered forests were impassable for Batu’s cavalry. Therefore, the rural population was almost unaffected by the invasion. And the cities that stood along the banks of the rivers attracted conquerors with their wealth.
IN 1237-1240 completely died in years Southern Rus', and Kyiv turned into a small town. Then the Mongol-Tatars went to neighboring countries - Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria... But the conquerors did not stay there for long - they had too little strength left, and the invasion of Rus' was too expensive for them.
Mongol-Tatar yoke. And it lasted almost 300 years.
Why couldn't the Russians win?
* Each principality faced the enemy alone.
*The princes did not want to unite and help their brothers who were attacked by the Mongols.
*Although there were fewer Mongols than Russians, their army turned out to be stronger than the troops of each of the Russian principalities separately.
The power of the Mongol-Tatars was established over the Russian lands, which historians later called Mongol-Tatar yoke. And it lasted almost 300 years.
Sources:
1) “Illustrated history of Russia. VIII - Beginning of the 20th century" Borzova L.P.
2) “Victories of the Russian Army and Navy” Filyushkin A.I.
3) “Ancient Rus'” Aleshkov V.I.
4) “History of Russia” Golubev A.V., Telitsin V.L., Chernikova T.V.
5) yandex.ru/images › drawing Genghis Khan
6) yandex.ru/ images › map Mongol Khanate 13th century
7) yandex.ru/images › chinese drawing daddy
8) yandex.ru/images › photo Evpatiya Kolovrat
9) yandex.ru/images › drawing of Kyiv 13 century