Introduction
The three hundredth anniversary of the Romanovs 'house, the Romanov celebrations of 1913 - a solemn public and state celebration of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanovs' dynasty on February 21 (March 6) 1913 in the Russian Empire, which, according to the "Imperial Manifesto" given by Emperor Nicholas II (published on February 21, 1913) , was timed to the date of "unanimous election" to the kingdom in Moscow by the Great Zemsky Sobor "on the 21st day of February 1613" boyar Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov, "closest in blood to the dying royal family of Rurik and St. Vladimir" (the wedding to the kingdom was performed on June 11, 1613 years in the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow). Signed on February 21 of the year by the highest decree, in order to "adequately commemorate this solemn day and perpetuate it in the memory of the people" were granted "mercy" to the subjects of the Russian emperor. The decree presented an extensive program of charitable actions, announced benefits for the poor and amnesty for certain categories of convicts, removed debts from small entrepreneurs and landowners, and more.
The accession of Mikhail Fedorovich at the beginning of the 17th century marked the beginning of a new ruling dynasty. The 300th anniversary of the reigning house of the Romanovs, celebrated throughout 1913, is described as a holiday that was celebrated "solemnly and popularly", and 1913 itself was described as "the peak of the empire's prosperity and the year of the great jubilee."
1. Preparation for celebrations
The day of February 21, 1913 was appointed the day of the "solemn celebration of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty" by the highest approved "Ceremonial". The "Ceremonial" stipulated that "solemn liturgies will be performed in all churches and churches of the Russian Empire, followed by prayers of thanks with the proclamation of many years to Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich and the entire reigning house"; the document also described the procedure for the celebration of solemn services and the arrival of persons to them in the Moscow Dormition and St. Petersburg Kazan Cathedrals on February 21, 1913, as well as bringing congratulations to their Imperial Majesties and other events in St. Petersburg. In addition, the emperor ordered the courtiers and other persons to come to the funeral service in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of St. Petersburg on the eve of the celebration, on Wednesday 20 February; The requiem was ordered to be performed "with the commemoration in Bose of the deceased parents of the first tsar from the Romanov family - the most blessed Patriarch Filaret and the nun Martha", all the reigning kings and queens and "all of the family of tsars and grand dukes of Russia from the Romanovs' family who reposed."
By a decree of February 4, 1913, the Holy Synod made an order that in all churches of the empire, at the solemn prayer on February 21, instead of the prescribed prayer "God the great and wondrous", after the proclamation of the deacon "Paki and paki, bend the knee, let us pray to the Lord," a specially compiled a prayer that began with the words "Give strength to our King, O Lord, and lift up the horn of Thy anointed!" ...
On February 13, 1913, the emperor approved a resolution of the Council of Ministers "on declaring the day of February 21, 1913, non-partisan for the entire empire" (February 21, 1913 fell on the Thursday of Cheese Week, that is, the eve of Great Lent).
A special role in the upcoming celebrations was assigned to Moscow and Kostroma, from which Mikhail Romanov was called to the kingdom in 1613. In general, the celebrations took place throughout the Russian Empire. Three years before the upcoming celebrations, a "Committee for the organization of the celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the reigning house of the Romanovs" was formed, and AG Bulygin was appointed its chairman.
1.1. In St. Petersburg
Feodorovsky Cathedral in memory of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty in St. Petersburg. Photo of 1914 (?)
In St. Petersburg, preparations for the celebration began three years before the celebration. The "Committee for the organization of the celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the reigning house of the Romanovs" was formed, the chairman of which was appointed A.G. Bulygin, a member of the State Council and the chamberlain of the highest court (A.G. Bulygin also served as governor of Kaluga from 1888 to 1893). The formed committee proposed to Tsar Nicholas II to promulgate the "Highest Manifesto" on the occasion of the jubilee, which, among other things, read: "By the joint efforts of our crowned predecessors on the Russian throne and all our faithful sons of Russia, the Russian state was built and strengthened. We hope and continue to lead the state along the path of a peaceful arrangement of people's life The noble nobility of Russia has imprinted devotion to the Motherland with their blood The image of the Russian warrior, defender of the faith, the throne and the fatherland appears in the radiance of glory and greatness. our all loyal subjects for new labors and deeds for the glory and prosperity of Russia. " The "Highest Manifesto", according to the "Ceremonial", was read out in all Russian churches after the liturgy, before the solemn prayer service, on February 21, 1913.
On August 5, 1911, in the presence of the Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich (the august patron of the building committee), a church was laid in St. Petersburg in honor of the Feodorovskaya icon, in memory of the 300th anniversary of the reigning house; the main chapel of the upper church was consecrated on January 15, 1914 by Metropolitan Vladimir (Epiphany) in the highest presence.
In addition, in St. Petersburg, sculptors and architects worked on a monument to the anniversary. Not far from the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, a church was built in honor of the Romanov dynasty (the Cathedral of the Feodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God), a rotunda was erected on St. Isaac's Square. For the celebration, anniversary medals were issued - gold, silver, dark bronze and light bronze (the Mint worked on the production of medals in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty). In connection with the holiday, coins, stamps, postcards, Faberge eggs, household items were issued, on which two-headed eagles and the number "300" were depicted: glasses, tablecloths, headscarves, brooches. Thousands of workers were recruited to erect stalls and kiosks, erect flag masts and install banners, decorate buildings and provide illumination.
With the rescript of February 15, 1913, the emperor granted the emir of Bukhara Seyid-Alim-khan (the emir was received by the emperor in Tsarskoe Selo) his portrait, decorated with diamonds, to be worn on his chest - “as a sign of special location and in memory of the significant current days of celebrating the three hundredth anniversary of the reign the house of the Romanovs. " With the rescript of February 18, 1913, the emperor granted the Khiva Khan Seyid-Asfendiar Bogadur (accepted by the emperor in the Great Tsarskoye Selo Palace on the same date) the title of "highness".
On the eve of the day of the celebration, February 20, 1913, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, Patriarch Gregory IV of Antioch (he was invited to Russia for the celebrations), co-served by Metropolitan Demetrius of Belgrade and other hierarchs, performed a panikhida in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in their highest Majesties presence.
1.2. In Moscow
People's House of Emperor Nicholas II in St. Petersburg, decorated for the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty
On January 17, 1911, at a meeting of the Commission on the Benefits and Needs of the Public, the question of the construction, in connection with the anniversary, of a commemorative obelisk, similar to the one already in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, was raised at the meeting of the Commission on the benefits and needs of the public. In 1912, a design competition was held. The commission chose the project of the architect S. A. Vlasyev, which received the second competitive prize. The solemn laying of the obelisk took place on April 18, 1914, and on July 10, the monument was unveiled. Its official name was "Romanovsky obelisk in memory of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty" (today it is a monument-obelisk in the Alexander Garden).
The State Duma proposed a bill on the creation in Moscow of the All-Russian National Museum in honor of the 300th anniversary of the reign. It was decided to take the collections of the Rumyantsev Museum as a basis for the new museum, and obtain the materials missing for the new museum from the Historical, Polytechnic, Russian and Bakhrushin museums. A special meeting was held to work out the main foundations of the bill on the All-Russian National Museum, in commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the House of Romanov Museum, at which the majority voted against the creation of such a museum. This project remained unfulfilled.
For celebrations in Moscow in the highest presence in May 1913, the emperor approved a special document - "The procedure for solemn celebration of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty in Moscow in the month of May 1913".
1.3. In the Kostroma province
Much attention was paid to the preparation for the celebrations in the Kostroma province, from where Mikhail Fedorovich was called to the kingdom. On Wednesday, March 13, on the eve of the date of the calling of his kingdom, in all city churches after the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, requiems were performed with the proclamation of eternal memory to the parents of Mikhail Fedorovich - Patriarch Filaret and nun Martha and all the deceased kings and emperors from the reigning house of the Romanovs.
The National Club has made life-size busts for the anniversary - of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, Emperors Alexander I, Alexander II and Nicholas I. The Imperial Moscow Stroganov School was given an order for the performance of valuable contributions that the Romanovs' house made to the Moscow Archangel Cathedral and to the temple of the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma. For the temple of the Ipatiev Monastery, the school also ordered the Gospel, the altar cross, bowls, a diskos, a ladle for warmth, a liar and a spear. All these things were made according to the sketches of the Grand Duke Pyotr Nikolaevich, who personally handed over his drawings to the director of the Stroganov School when passing through Moscow. All these objects were massive, decorated with enamel and precious stones.
A commission under the State Duma adopted a project to establish a pedagogical institute in Kostroma. It was planned to give the future institute the name “Romanovsky”. The training was to be conducted for both genders free of charge, but for graduates it was necessary to serve in the training field for 7 years.
2. Holding celebrations
Nicholas II at the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty
On February 21, 1913, the highest manifesto on the anniversary, the highest decree to the Senate on "favors", a number of award rescripts and decrees, in particular, on the elevation of the Minister of the Court of Baron VB Fredericks to the count's dignity, were officially published. In addition, by the highest decree, the Holy Synod of February 21, 1913 was granted “the highest breeding grounds for spiritual enlightenment - the theological academies: Kiev, Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kazan, the name“ Imperial"". Also on that day, the highest approved provisions were published on the hereditary breastplate for persons who brought personal congratulations to their imperial majesties, and on the breast medal in memory of the 300th anniversary (for a much wider circle of people).
On February 21, 1913, at 8 am, twenty-one cannon shots from the St. Petersburg Fortress announced the upcoming celebration.
At 11 o'clock in the morning, the solemn liturgy in the Kazan Cathedral was led by Patriarch Gregory IV of Antioch, co-served by a host of Russian and foreign hierarchs. The imperial family arrived at the cathedral for a prayer service (after the liturgy) from the Winter Palace. On the route of the "highest train" to the Kazan Cathedral, troops and cadets of military educational institutions were lined up. A hundred of the imperial convoy was followed by an open carriage, in which were the Emperor Nicholas II himself and his son, heir to the throne Alexei Nikolaevich, behind them was the ceremonial carriage of the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, pulled by four horses, and behind her was a four-seater carriage with princesses and great princesses; the rear of the "highest train" was another hundred of the convoy. At the entrance to the cathedral, the emperor and his family were met by Patriarch Gregory and Metropolitan of St. Petersburg and Ladoga Vladimir (Epiphany), who addressed their majesties with a word. Before the prayer service, the protodeacon read the manifesto on the jubilee; The prayer service was led by Patriarch Gregory IV of Antioch, who read the Gospel in Arabic. At the protodeacon's proclamation of many years to their imperial majesties and the entire reigning house, the troops in the ranks outside the cathedral saluted; the solemn ringing of all the churches of St. Petersburg began (processions from many city churches arrived to the cathedral) and the fireworks from the cannons of the St. Petersburg fortress.
At three o'clock in the afternoon, congratulations began in the Nicholas Hall of the Winter Palace; among the congratulators included all the court officials, maids of honor and chamber-maids of honor, the Senate, the State Council, ministers and officials of ministries, generals, members of the State Duma, ranks of the first classes and others. Bringing congratulations continued on February 22. On February 23, a reception was held in the Imperial Winter Palace and then a dinner was held for the volost foremen and representatives of the rural and non-Russian population of the Russian Empire equivalent to them (over 200 people). On the evening of February 23, the St. Petersburg nobility in their meeting on Mikhailovskaya Street gave a "grand ball" (over 3200 people); Bread and salt was presented to the emperor by the provincial leader of the nobility, His Serene Highness Prince I. N. Saltykov, who addressed the tsar with a greeting that ended with the words: “The St. Petersburg nobility firmly believes that only in the close unity of the faithful people with their autocratic tsar lies all future happiness and the greatness of Russia. " February 24 (Forgiveness Sunday) celebrations in the capital ended with a "grandiose ceremonial dinner table" in the halls of the Winter Palace.
In addition, on February 21, 1913, a solemn Muslim service was performed in St. Petersburg in a new mosque under construction (consecrated the next day, February 22, 1913), where the Khiva Khan and the Emir of Bukhara prayed with their dignitaries and retinue: the khutba was read in Tatar and Arabic languages \u200b\u200band prayer for the king in Arabic. Also, special prayers were performed by Buddhists in the Staraya Derevnya (in the presence of Bandida-Khambo Itigelov, the abbot of the Gusino-Ozersky datsan), as well as by Jews in the Great Synagogue.
In Moscow on February 21, 1913, after the liturgy in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, which was led by Metropolitan Macarius (Nevsky) of Moscow, during a thanksgiving service, a procession of the cross to Red Square took place, where at the Execution Ground Protodeacon K.V. The manifesto was read loudly in pink. On March 14 of the same year in Moscow, in the metropolitan chambers of the Chudov Monastery (in the Kremlin), an exhibition of church-historical monuments ("Romanov exhibition") dedicated to the Moscow period of the Romanov reign (until 1703) was solemnly consecrated and opened; the opening was attended by Grand Duchess Elisaveta Feodorovna.
Anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, 300 -anniversary reign At home Romanov and many others. )