PHILOLOGY
ON THE WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE CHARACTERS OF GENDER IN ARABIC AND TURKISH LANGUAGES
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Gender is a grammatical category that expresses signs of masculine and feminine gender in language. The nominal parts of speech in Arabic can differ in both masculine and feminine gender. At the same time, signs of masculine and feminine gender can be expressed both lexically and through inflection, as well as elements of harfi tarif. The purpose of this article is to determine the ways of expressing the characteristics of the feminine and masculine gender in the nominal parts of speech of the Arabic and Turkish languages, which, both by genetic and typological characteristics, belong to different system languages.
Keywords
feminine gender - muannas.
In many languages, the nominal parts of speech grammatically express the generic meaning. In those grammars where there is a division of names according to genders, the genus is present not only in animate, but also in inanimate names. Arabic is one of those languages. The grammatical division of names along the line of masculine and feminine gender directly affects the change in words in the sentence.
There are also languages \u200b\u200bwhere there is no division of words by gender. Turkish is a typical example of such languages. In this language, male or female names are identified by their lexical meaning. Naturally, such names do not carry any grammatical meaning of gender. That is, there is no grammatical difference between masculine and feminine names. Their belonging to one of the genders does not in any way affect the connection of words in a sentence.
The gender of nouns in Arabic. Gender words are divided into muzakkar "masculine" and (^ ja) mounas "feminine" gender. They are expressed not only in animate objects, but also in inanimate objects. Items not expressing any gender can also be either masculine or feminine.
Muzakkar "masculine" Muannas "feminine"
ab father umm mother
khisan horse faras horse
dick cock dajaja chicken
("^ lL ism al-muunas. In Arabic, animate objects of the feminine gender or
some inanimate objects are called ism al-mu'annas "names of the feminine gender."
uht sister ejl ^ j nazzara glasses
bandage girl üi ^ ia almond table
Yals amma aunt siaU nafiza window
Yam chala aunt (paternal) Äixl milaka spoon
^ B ^ f) alayama at-tanis. In the Arabic language, there are a number of features that determine the gender of certain objects. These signs help to distinguish these items from items.
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expressing masculine gender. These signs are referred to as alayama at-tanis (signs of the feminine gender). The following signs are signs of at-tanis:
1) (^ jij ^ l f ^ l) at - ta al - marbuta. The most common trait is feminine. This feature is realized in the form of endings. It is not the root letter of a word: (®) (). There is no similar form in Turkish.
Muzakkar Muunnas
nazif clean nazif clean
bi kitty cat kitta cat
mumin who believed DAL ^ L mumin who believed
2) (in ^ All2 | ^ N1) ENG Memdude. The second sign, expressing the feminine gender of nouns, most often determines the genus of syfats. It is written at the end of a word as - aa, - aau, - aai. Alif al - mamduda is not the root letter of the word, but the last letter Hamza is one of the root letters of the word. It should be noted that not every word containing a given letter expresses the feminine gender. To do this, it must be transformed into a masculine afal.
3) For example: at the end of the word (^ b ^) hamraau "red" there is alif al - mamduda. However, to find out what gender a given word indicates, you need to look at how it is expressed in the masculine gender. If this word is expressed in the form (^\u003e) afal, i.e. (J ■ LL ^) Ahmar "red" which indicates the masculine gender, it means (^ b ^) Hamarau "red" indicates the feminine gender.
Muzakkar Muunnas
akhmar red fij ^ A hamraau red
ahsan beautiful fliulA hasnaau beautiful
araj temple f ^ j® arajau temple
If the alif al-mamduda at the end of the word is one of the root letters, then in this case this sign does not indicate the feminine gender, but serves as a sign of the plural.
binau building
fli ^ safaau purity
shuaraau poets
uzamaau leaders
fliH hulafaau khalifa
4) alif al - maksura. The ending (y-) - aa, comes at the end of the noun. This
the sign does not indicate the gender of nouns, i.e. the presence of this ending at the end of a word does not mean that it is a muannas. Alif al-maqsora can exist in both feminine and masculine names. In order for the word in which this feature exists, we can call the name of the feminine gender, a number of conditions are necessary. Of them:
a) if the adjective ends in alif al-maksura, and this adjective is also used for a masculine noun in the form of Faalyan, then this adjective is used in the feminine form. For example, in order to determine the gender of the adjective (and? ^ EC ") atasha" thirsty ", it is necessary to turn to the use of this word in the masculine gender. Since this word in the masculine gender in the form of faalyan is pronounced as », Then the adjective (w1" br) atshaa "thirsty" is feminine.
b) the root of a noun ending in alif al-maksura is also feminine. For example (^ th) daavaa "invitation, call" (^^) zikraa "remembrance", (^ "y) bushraa" joy ".
c) if the stem or root of a noun ends in alif al-maksura, then the word refers to the feminine gender. For example, unsaa "woman", (<^1) афаа "змея ", (у^)
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hubblya "pregnancy".
d) if the word ends in alif al-maksura, but it does not contain the above signs, then the word will be masculine and not feminine. For example, (^ b.ll) Mustafaa "Mustafa", (j ^ ja) Marda "Sick", (j \\ J?) Jurkhaa "wounded", (Jja) Musanna "dual", (j ^^ "") mustashfaa "hospital".
Feminine nouns with no tanis signs. In Arabic, feminine nouns can be identified by the above characteristics. But there are also words that do not have these signs, and still refer to the female gender. They can be listed as follows:
1. Names assigned to women: female names that do not have signs of the feminine gender are still considered as such. For example, (fiJA ^) Maryam, (^ jij) Zainab, (Jl * ^) Suad and (^ b) Hind.
2. Names used for feminine creatures: The names used for feminine creatures also refer to the feminine gender. For example, uht "sister", (fi) umm "mother", (^ jj) bandage "daughter".
3. Name of paired organs: In Arabic, paired organs of the body are also used in the feminine gender. For example, (d ^\u003e) is "ears", (J * j) ridge "legs", (6jc) ain "eyes".
4. Names of countries, cities and tribes: In Arabic, the names of countries, cities and tribes are also used in the feminine gender. For example, (l ^ J2) Turkey, Bishkek, Quraish.
5. The name of the winds, fire and its various names: In Arabic, this category of words also refers to the feminine gender. For example, (jlj) naar "fire", (jj * ^ 1) saiir "strong fire", (^ i) riih "wind", (oüJ) dubuur "west wind".
6. Names of various flocks and herds of animals: this category of words is also used in the feminine gender. For example (fj®) ghanem "flock of sheep and goats", (f1- *) hamam "flock of pigeons", (Jjj) ibil "flocks of camels"
Feminine species in Arabic. In Arabic, the feminine gender is divided into three groups: hakiki feminine, lafzi feminine, and semai feminine.
1. (JfoH ^ jj-lI fuiVI) Hakiki feminine: words directly used to denote the feminine gender, regardless of the presence or absence of the sign, refer to the feminine hakiki: for example, (i ^ jSi) zikraa "memory", amyaa "blind" , (®ij * l) imraa "woman", (vjü) "zeyneb", (YADYae) "aisha", (fi) mind "mother", (^ i) uht "sister" (^ Щ fetat "young girl"
2. (j ^ iffl ¿uj-lI fuiVI) Lafzi is feminine: words in the sense of masculine glad but feminine are called lafzi feminine, for example, (I ± $ 1 * A,) Muaviya, Zekeriya, (I * A *) Caliph, ("j- * ■) Hamza, (I * ^) Talha.
3. (jd- ^ li ¿jj-lI fuiVI) Semai feminine: words that do not have the feminine gender, but are feminine names in their meaning. Such words refer to the female Semai. For example, shems "sun", nefs "nefs, life", (VJ *) harb "war".
(j £ j-2I fuiVI) masculine. Words that are not feminine and do not have feminine characteristics in themselves are masculine words. Thus, you can easily determine whether a word is masculine. If we cannot determine which gender the word belongs to, then it will be enough to see if it contains signs of the feminine gender. If a word has one of the features of the feminine gender, then this word is feminine, and if it does not have such features, then the word refers to the masculine gender.
Masculine species. The masculine gender is divided into two groups:
1) (jfoll j ^ J-lI Hakiki masculine: words denoting an inspired object of the masculine gender and not having feminine characteristics refer to the hakiki masculine. For example (A-l |) Akhmetg, (± -ъA) Muhammet, (^) Ali.
2) f ^ VI) Manevi masculine: words for an inanimate object of masculine gender refer to hakiki masculine. For example, beit "house", (j-2) chambers "moon", (th ^) lisan "language".
There are a small number of exception words in Arabic that are used in both the feminine and masculine gender. That is, from a grammatical point of view, these words are both masculine and
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female. But this does not mean that these words have no gender, as is the case in other languages.
cybd lung flAUl sema sky
Jju bitches market Jb hal state
tarik road shikin knife
unuk neck force weapon
Gender of nouns in Turkish. In Turkish, from a grammatical point of view, there is no division of words by gender. Creatures of different kinds are designated by different names and titles. However, based on the fact that they are nouns that do not express any gender, there are no differences in grammar regarding this number of features. Thus, this action does not affect the masculine and feminine words. Items that do not belong to a specific genus also do not belong to the categories of generic characteristics. In short, there is no gender category among the noun categories in Turkish. And therefore in grammar there is no such thing as an ending expressing the gender of a noun.
Differences between real names are feminine and masculine. As already noted, in the grammar of the Turkish language there are no differences between genders, but there are signs by which the sex of a given subject is determined. They can be listed in the following order:
1. Attach adjectives to people's names: In order to determine which gender a name belongs to, it is necessary to attach adjectives such as egkek "man", kadm "woman" or kiz "deeo4Ka". For example, Erkek gocuk (boy), kiz gocuk (girl), erkek karde§ (brother), kiz karde§ (sister), erkek isgi (worker), kadin isgi (worker), erkek doktor (doctor), kadin doktor (doctor woman), erkek §arkici (neeets), kadin §arkici (singer), erkekyolcu (traveler), kadin yolcu (traveler), etc.
2. The use of different words in the designation of the related knot: For example, mother, father, son, daughter, sister, brother, daughter-in-law, son-in-law, matchmaker, brother-in-law, husband, wife, mother-in-law, mother-in-law, father-in-law, father-in-law, aunt, uncle, etc. etc.
3. The use of the adjectives erkek (man) and di§i (woman) before the names of animals: Erkekaslan (lion), di§i aslan (lioness), erkek kaplan (tiger), di§i kaplan (tigress), erkek timsah (male crocodile), di§i timsah (female crocodile), erkek kedi (cat), di§i kedi (female cat), erkek güvercin (male pigeon), di§i güvercin (female pigeon), etc.
4. Name of animals: koyun (sheep), kog (kochkor), kegi (goat), teke (goat), inek (cow), oküz (buffalo), boga (bull), aygir (horse), tavuk (chicken), horoz (rooster), etc.
Comparison of these two languages. As already noted, in Arabic, nouns are subdivided into genders. However, the Turkish language lacks this category. In Arabic, nouns are divided into muzakkar and muunnas. Thus, all animate or inanimate objects considered in the framework of these two genera. In order to distinguish one from the other, there are certain signs called alamats. These alyamaty are either in the root of words or puts as endings. By means of such signs, in Arabic, you can distinguish the masculine gender from the feminine gender.
Arabic and Turkish grammatically have no points of contact at all. However, despite this, still there is a certain similarity in the linguistic logic:
1. In both languages, separate names were used to denote female or male sex.
2. In both languages, there is such a problem as the designation of the gender of some names. For example, the word doctor in both languages \u200b\u200bis used for both men and women. The Arabic language solved this problem by means of the ending i.e. to the word duktur - the doctor added the ending (»JJ ^ J) duktura, so this word already expresses the doctor woman.
3. In both languages, if there is no sign of the feminine, the word is a noun considered to be masculine. Therefore, in Arabic, the sign of tanis is necessary to designate the feminine gender. In Turkish, an adjective is used for this.
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List of used literature:
1. Aziz Ahmad Khalil, £ ev. Burhan Sümerta§, Kur "an" da Cinsiyet Kaliplari: Sosyolengüistik Bir Yakla§im, Istanbul: Í.Ü. ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Bahar, 2010/1 (1), 295-306 s.
2. Cämi Abdurrahman, Trc. Ercan Elbinsoy, el-Feváidü "z-Ziyáiyye, Molla Cämi tercümesi, istanbul: Yasin Yayinevi, 2005, 568 s.
3. £ örtü Meral M., Arapga Dilbilgisi: Sarf, istanbul: i.Ü. ilahiyat Fakültesi Vakfi Yayinlari, 2001, 573 s.
4. Ergin Muharrem, Türk Dilbilgisi, istanbul: Bogazi ^ i Yayinlari, 1998, 407 s.
5. Korkmaz Zeynep, Türkiye Türkgesi Grameri (§ekil Bilgisi), Ankara: TDK Yayinlari, 2003, 1224 s.
6. Yilmaz Demir-Emine N., "Ural-Altay Dillerive Altay Dilleri Teorisi", Türkler, p. I, Ankara: Yeni Türkiye yay., 2002, 394-402 s .; http: //yunus.hacettepe. edu. tr / ~ eminey / makaleler / yilmazkbol5.pdf, (eri§imtarihi: 01/14/2015).
7. 397 "2003" ¿"" b "il jIj í ^ j ^ ÜI ^ i jbiiJl" Jj ^ S jaJ (Ahmed Hasan Kuhail, Interpretation of nominal forms, Qusaym: Dar Asdaul-Muztema, 2003, 397 p.).
8. ^ ¡^ a 446 1988 AY ^ d "" ¿JAISJI "i_il3 £ ll" jjjlfc l "^ l ^^ Jl JJC. Í ^ JS ^ J "jjja ¿J jlAic. ¿J JJA ^ J ^ J (Sibaveikh Abu Bishr Amr ibn-Usma ibn-Kander, Txk: Abdusselam Muhammad Harun, Book, Cairo: Mektebetul-Khanzhi, 1988, part 1, 446 s.).
9.408 "1998" ^ aJUI i-iuSJl jij "üjju" ^ ¿juJlj jjSíüJI ^ ijjlal ^ íj- ^ JI "jjjJl jjj (Isaam Nuriddin, Morphological signs of the difference between male and female gender, Beirut: Darul-Kitabul-1988 , 408 p.).
10. 430 "1973" AjAkil AjjSaJI "¿jaISJI" ¿jJI Í¿JI la / jí ¡lL jI ^ í (Fuad Nam, A Short Course of Arabic Grammar, Cairo: Al-Maktabul-Ilmiyye, 1973.430 pp.).
11. 902 "1971" AjjSaJI "üjju" AajJI ^ ¡jjjJI ¿lU "^ íu ^ aJI ^ ¿L ^ l (Mustafa al-Galayini, Arabic lessons, Beirut: Al-Maktabul-Asriya, 1971, p. 1 , 902 p.).
12. 378 "1. £" 1981 "Aíj * aJI jIj" JjjjH ^ I "jajJlj uij ^ ji Jclja\u003e j. ^ Milj\u003e jVmil í ^ íaí aa ^ l (Muhammad Zikhni, Selected rules of morphology and word formation, Istanbul: Izd -vo Marifet, 1981, part 1, 378 p.).
13. 352 "2002" j & SI jIj "^ jjjjJI" jajJl jIj ^ Í "jUA ^ ¿j aa ^ í jjjJl ^ a ^ ajIj U\u003e b JUS ¿jI (Ibn Kemal Pashazade Shemsuddin Ahmed ibn Suleiman, Secrets of the science of morphology: Darul-Fikr, 2002, 352s.).
© Aksoy M., 2016
FT Lecturer, Gaziantep University Gaziantep, Republic of Turkey
PLACE IN THE FAMILY OF THE ARAB Semitic languages
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The Arabic language belongs genetically to the Semitic languages, and typologically - to the inflectional type, in which, while maintaining the consonant frame, the root can change due to inflection and affixation. The article deals with issues related to the place and characteristics of the Arabic language in the family of Semitic languages.
Keywords
Semitic family of languages, place and features of the Arabic language, al-lyahja, language.
The languages \u200b\u200bof the world are usually classified genetically on the basis of their origin and typologically on the basis of their internal structure. In this case, such features as
You will spend 30 minutes on this lesson. To listen to the word, please click on the Audio icon ... If you have any questions regarding this course, please contact me by e-mail: Learn Arabic.
Below is a list of the most commonly used words, the scope of which: Feminine. The table below has 3 columns (Russian, Arabic and pronunciation). Try to repeat the words after listening. This will help you to improve your pronunciation and remember the word better as well.
List of adjectives
| Russian language | Feminine | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| boy | walad ولد | |
| girl | bent بنت | |
| man | rajul رجل | |
| female | emra "a امرأة | |
| father | ab أب | |
| mother | um أم | |
| brother | akh أخ | |
| sister | ukht أخت | |
| Actor | mumassel ممثل | |
| Actress | mumassela ممثلة | |
| Cat | qet قط | |
| Cat | qetta قطة |
Here is a list of sentences containing several vocabulary items shown above topic about: Feminine. Sentences have been added to help you understand how the structure of an entire sentence can affect the function and meaning of individual words.
Feminine gender with examples
| Russian language | Arabic language | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| He is tall | huwa taweel هو طويل | |
| She is tall | hiya taweela هي طويلة | |
| He is short. | huwa rajul qaseer هو رجل قصير | |
| She is short | hiya emra "a qaseera هي إمرأة قصيرة | |
| He is German | huwa almani هو ألماني | |
| She is German | hiya almania هي ألمانية | |
| The Japanese are friendly | arrejaal alyabanyoon wedeyoon الرجال اليابانيين ودّيون | |
| Japanese women are friendly | anesaa "alyabaneyaat wedeyat النساء اليابانيات ودّيات |
Clothing vocabulary
This is a list of clothing vocabulary. Learning the following words by heart will make your conversation with the indigenous people much easier and more enjoyable.
Clothing vocabulary
| Russian language | clothing | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| belt | hezaam حزام | |
| clothes | malabess ملابس | |
| coat | me "taf معطف | |
| dress | fustaan فستان | |
| glasses | nadaraat نظارات | |
| gloves | kufazaat قفازات | |
| hat | kubba "a قبعة | |
| jacket | me "taf معطف | |
| pants | serwaal سروال | |
| ring | khatam خاتم | |
| shirt | qamees قميص | |
| footwear | ahzya أحذية | |
| socks | jawareb جوارب | |
| suit | bazla بذلة | |
| pullover | satra سترة | |
| tie | rabtat "unuk ربطة عنق | |
| umbrella | mezalla مظلة | |
| underwear | malabess dakhelya ملابس داخلية | |
| wallet | mahfaza محفظة | |
| clock | sa "a ساعة |
Daily conversation
Finally, check out a list of phrases used in everyday communication. For a complete list of popular expressions, please see: Arabic Phrases.
Arabic phrases
| Russian language | Arabic language | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| Do you like my dress? | hal yu "jebuk lebassi هل يعجبك لباسي؟ | |
| I lost my socks | laqad ada "tu jawarebi لقد أضعت جواربي | |
| It suits you | ennaha tabdoo jameela "alayk إنها تبدو جميلة عليك | |
| She has a lovely ring | ladayha khatam jameel لديها خاتم جميل | |
| These pants are long | haza asserwaal taweel هذا السروال طويل | |
| These shoes are small | hazeh alahzya sagheera هذه الأحذية صغيرة | |
| Where are you from? | men ayna ant? من أين أنت؟ | |
| I'm from usa. | ana men alwelayat almutaheda أنا من الولايات المتحدة | |
| I am American / American | ana amriki أنا أمريكي | |
| Where do you live? | anya ta "eesh? أين تعيش؟ | |
| I live in the USA. | ana a "eesh fel welayat almutaheda alamrikia أنا أعيش فى الولايات المتحدة | |
| Do you like it here? | hal anta mustamte "bewujudeka huna? هل أنت مستمتع بوجودك هنا؟ |
Benefits of language learning
Learning a new language will boost your self-confidence. Those who lack the motivation to learn a language will admire you. Even the native speakers of the language you are learning will be impressed and, of course, pleased with your ability to speak it, or at least trying to do it.
Congratulations! You finished your 12th lesson about: feminine gender and clothing... Ready for your next lesson? We recommend to pass arabic Lesson 6... You can also click on one of the links below, or return to our home page by clicking on the link here:
Tags: Arabic grammar, masculine and feminine
ARABIC GRAMMAR IN SIMPLE LANGUAGE
Gender of nouns
For some reason, three genders have been invented in Russian: masculine, feminine and neuter. Explaining to foreigners what our "neuter" is is a thankless task, because in foreign languages \u200b\u200bthere is simply no neuter. Including in Arabic. In Arabic we have masculine and feminine. Dot!
However, for inanimate objects, their "masculine gender" may correspond to our "feminine" and vice versa. For example, what kind of word is "table"? male? You didn't guess: "taula" is feminine. Or a door? Do you think a woman? No! "Bab" is masculine.
So, we conclude that the gender of nouns in Russian and Arabic may or may not be the same.
What to do? You ask.
My answer is: you are incredibly lucky that you are learning Arabic, not French. In French, masculine and feminine nouns also do not coincide with the Russian language, and they just have to be stupidly memorized. But in Arabic there is an excellent hint, namely, ta-marbuta at the end of a word, which is an almost unmistakable feminine sign of both nouns and adjectives. If you see ta-marbutu at the end of the word, then most likely this word is feminine.
Ta-marbuta looks like this:
Or like this:
We train! What kind of ball?
Bark:
Right: feminine.
What kind of bag? shanta:
Right: also feminine :-)
However, there are exceptions.
Some of them are obvious, like mother - Umm
Girl - bint:
As well as the fact that in addition to the masculine and feminine in the Arabic language there is a certain "masculine-feminine" gender. However, this is not at all scary :-)
It's just that a number of Arabic words are masculine and feminine nouns at the same time.
It is not yet required to concentrate on these words, at this stage it is enough just to know that such special words exist.
Gender of adjectives
Adjectives, like nouns, are masculine and feminine. And the feminine gender is also expressed with the help of ta-marbuta. For instance:
Large - large (cabir - cabir)
كَبِير - كَبِيرَة
Beautiful - beautiful (Jamil - Jamila)
جَمِيل – جَمِيلَة
What other parts of speech in Arabic are masculine and feminine?
Have the participles.
One of our upcoming articles will also be released soon about this.
Nouns by declension type are divided into three types:
- Feminine nouns with the ending -а, -я (earth);
- Masculine nouns with zero ending, neuter nouns with the ending -o, -e (house, field);
- Zero-ending feminine nouns (mouse).
In the Russian language, a special group is made up of diverse nouns: burden, crown, flame, udder, banner, tribe, stirrup, time, name, path.
A significant group of nouns does not change in gender and number, they are called non-declining; depot, foyer, aloe, coffee, coats, officer and others.
Adjectives vary in gender, number and case in the singular. In the plural, the case endings of adjectives of all three genders coincide: new tables, books, pens.
There are certain rules for declension and numerals. For example, the number one is declined as an adjective in the singular, and the number two, three, four have special case forms that are similar to the endings of adjectives in the plural.
Numbers from five to ten and numerals from -dt and -type are declined according to the third declension of nouns.
The numerals forty, ninety have two case forms: forty and ninety.
For numbers two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, and for all numbers in-hundred, both parts are inclined.