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AnalysispoemsNekrasov"Poetandcitizen"
poem Nekrasov poet citizen
It is no secret that Nikolai Nekrasov was rather ironic about his work, believing that the muse, whoever she was, clearly cheated him with the talent that Pushkin undoubtedly possessed. In the works of this poet, Nekrasov saw the grace and beauty of the style, straightforwardness of thoughts and subtle irony. Moreover, the heyday of Pushkin's work fell on the first half of the 19th century and coincided with many significant events, one of which was the Decembrist uprising. By that time, Nekrasov was only 4 years old, and the future poet was not yet aware of the simple fact that the attempt to overthrow the autocracy, undertaken not by the peasants, but by the best representatives of the nobility, helped Pushkin to clearly formulate the poet's vocation.
By the time Nekrasov became a well-known writer, the social significance of poetry had lost its former acuteness and relevance. Poetry again, as in the time of Zhukovsky, became a secular amusement designed to delight the ear of educated people. Trying to change this idea of \u200b\u200bpoetry, Nekrasov in 1855 created one of his most significant works called "The Poet and the Citizen".
itpoembuiltondialoguetwopeople, oneofwhichis anwriterand, apparently, personifiesmostNekrasov, and the other - an ordinary citizen of his country, moderately well-read and educated. Their meeting begins with reproaches from the citizen, who calls on the poet to remember his destiny and turn his face to his own people who need his support. Meanwhile, the poet is not in the best state of mind, he is "moping and barely breathing." The reason for such an obvious degradation is obvious: the writer not only lost faith in his work, but also believes that there is absolutely no benefit to society from it.
The controversy between a citizen and a poet over the fact that the same Pushkin openly declared what exactly a person should be who took the liberty of creating poetry reveals unexpected features and qualities of Nekrasov. Perhaps, for the first time, the author tries not only to mock his works, but also admits that love lyrics, so revered in society, are, in fact, a senseless waste of time for a person who is able to form public opinion with his works. Hereonlyis anwhetherNekrasovsopoet?
The answer to this question is given by the polemic between the citizen and the poet, during which the author admits that he cannot class himself among the great figures of Russian literature, if only because Russia already has such pillars of poetry as Pushkin and Lermontov. To which the citizen objects to him quite convincingly, noting that “no, you are not Pushkin. But as long as the sun is not visible from anywhere, it is a shame to sleep with your talent. " This phrase can be interpreted in two ways. However, in relation to Nekrasov, it only means that, against the background of romantic and touching literary opuses by other authors, his works, which have a social background and reveal the ulcers of modern society, are like a bomb exploding.
Apotheosisof thisworksbyrightconsideredphrase"Poetcan youyounotto be, butcitizento bemust"that became winged. This is a kind of result of the discussion between the poet and the citizen, who clearly puts all the dots on the i's, showing that no matter what a person does in his life, the interests of society should not be alien to him. And if each of the people managed to realize this, the world would become much cleaner and better. And, perhaps, then poetry would have had a completely different purpose, which was characteristic of it in the time of Pushkin, and could “burn the hearts of people with a verb”.
History of creation Analysis of the poem "The Poet and the Citizen", like any other work of art, should start with the study of the history of its creation, with the socio-political situation that was developing in the country at that time, and the biographical data of the author, if they are somehow connected with the work. The date of writing the text is 1855 - June 1856. It was first published in the author's collection, which was published in the same 56th. Prior to that, Chernyshevsky announced about Nekrasov's book, having published in the next issue of Sovremennik a short review and analysis of the poem “The Poet and the Citizen” and its text, as well as several more bright and Nekrasovian biting works, including the bitter satire “Forgotten Village” ... The publications caused a great resonance in the society and a sharp dissatisfaction with the authorities and official criticism. In The Poet and Citizen, the autocratic government saw (quite rightly, by the way) harsh criticism and subversive revolutionary calls. The entire issue of Sovremennik, as well as the circulation of the book, were removed from free access and prohibited from reprinting. The magazine itself was threatened with closure. And over Nekrasov, who was at that time abroad, the threat of arrest hung upon his return. Why was the reaction of the authorities and censorship so violent?
The theme and idea of \u200b\u200bthe poem Nekrasov never divided his poetry into purely lyrical, intimate, and civil. These two directions, it would seem, are completely different, harmoniously combined in his work into one common stream. “The Poet and the Citizen” (the analysis of the poem proves this statement) is a programmatic work in the sense that it reveals the most important concepts for the author and touches on burning questions. Nekrasov clearly and openly expressed his creative and socio-political credo: it does not matter who you are by profession and convictions. It is important that you are the son of your country, which means that you are a citizen who is obliged to fight for it, for a better life, prosperity, both economic and spiritual. Unfortunately, very few agree with him. Therefore, the Citizen exclaims with bitterness: "In the face of good hearts / To whom the homeland is holy." In the "time of grief and sorrow" talented, honest, educated people have no right to sit on the sidelines, singing the "beauty of nature" and "sweet caress". Art workers, especially writers, are endowed with a special gift - to influence the minds and hearts of people, to lead them along - to a feat. To fulfill his duty, to give himself to the service of the Motherland and the people - this is what Nekrasov sees as the purpose of the creative personality. The "Poet and Citizen", which we are analyzing, is a manifesto poem, an appeal poem, openly calling on all fellow writers to take the side of the people: "There will not be a worthy citizen / Cold soul to the fatherland / He has no bitter reproach ..." ... If you hug a tree, then ... Films that women should definitely watch Why we can fall in love: 12 strange reasons The composition of the work and stylistic features So, the theme of the poem is poet and poetry, their role in the socio-political movement of the country. The main idea and main idea are expressed in the following lines: "Be a citizen ... / Live for the good of your neighbor ...". To express it more clearly and more clearly, to convey it more clearly to readers, Nekrasov chooses an original form for a lyric work - a dramatized dialogue, an ideological dispute. The replicas of the heroes are interspersed with passionate monologues of the Citizen, are full of rhetorical addresses and exclamations, making his speeches extremely emotional. At the same time, the Poet conducts his own internal dialogue. A large number of imperative mood verbs, socio-political vocabulary, invocative intonations create in readers the very active and effective mood that Nekrasov is striving for. "The Poet and the Citizen" is a poem, which he fully managed to prove to the masters of the word that their task is not "graceful literature" and delighting the ears of her lovers, not idle conversations, but serving the people. The work in question has not lost its relevance even today.
The well-known literary critic B. Eikhenbaum said: “... Among the various contradictions accumulated by Russian life and the culture of the last century, there is one, the most painful one that survived until the revolution: the contradiction between“ civil ”and“ pure ”poetry, between the poet-citizen and the poet -a priest. " Lyrics N.A. Nekrasov and became the new force that glorified patriotism and love for the native people. He rethinks the purpose of the poet and poetry. Nekrasov departs from traditions in Russian poetry and develops his own attitude to creativity and art. In 1856 he wrote the poem "The Poet and the Citizen", where Nekrasov asserts the need to give creativity a civic content. The poem is a dialogue between a poet and a citizen, who have completely different understandings of the meaning of life, homeland, motherland.
A citizen cannot understand the poet's apathy and indifference to what is happening around, because now it is simply impossible and impossible to be indifferent to life: In whom the sense of duty has not cooled down, Who is incorruptibly straight in his heart, In whom is the gift, strength, accuracy, Who should not now sleep ... Being a part of society is the main task of every person. Before Nekrasov, it was believed that poetry is a way of expressing feelings, and prose is an expression of thoughts. Nekrasov looked at it from the other side: "Real poetry comes out of the harmonious combination of prose and poetry." This process is observed in his lyrics. The poet believes that love for the homeland should be manifested not so much in feelings as in real actions, since inaction cannot make Russia better: Even if you are faithful to your destination, But is it easier for your homeland, Where everyone is devoted to worship
One of his own personality? You can count those who really sincerely love their native land. The rest are philistines who do not care about anything: They can cross good hearts, to which the homeland is sacred. God help them! .. and the rest? Their goal is shallow, their life is empty. The role of the poet is enormous, for he is "the herald of the truths of the ages", he always strives for the truth and is not afraid to speak it. Here the citizen says the words that, in my opinion, are key:
You may not be a poet, But you must be a citizen. It is not surprising that these lines have become an aphorism. The poet is well aware that indifference is immoral and unworthy. He gives an explanation for such a life position and the reasons that made him so. The lyrical hero still remembers the days when he “honestly hated” and “truly loved”. But so many ill-wishers and hatred appeared in his life that much had to be overestimated. The people around him perceived his words, his striving for the truth as lies and slander. No, the lyric hero does not blame people or fate. Once he was young and between silence and death he chose life. After all, he was only twenty years old, and "slyly life beckoned ahead." Now the lyrical hero must silently suffer from the fact that he once left the path of truth and truth: If they knew my life, my love, my worries ... Gloomy and full of anger, I stand at the door of the coffin
Thus, the author of the poem shows how society can affect the consciousness and worldview of a person, what exactly society makes us what we are: Under the yoke of years, the soul bent, It cooled to everything, And the Muse turned away completely, Full of bitter contempt. For the lyrical hero, his whole life was a prison, and he himself is a slave to reality. The poet is broken by fate, he could not resist the world and did not know true creativity. Now, looking back, the lyric hero begins to understand that the truth can be achieved only at the cost of suffering, opposition and extraordinary spiritual strength. Now he no longer knows whether his work is an accident or this fate was prepared for him: Alas! who knows? harsh rock All hid in deep darkness, But there was one wreath of thorns To your gloomy beauty. Only now the poet understood that life is suffering and that it was not worth giving up his ideas.
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The poem by N. A. Nekrasov "The Poet and the Citizen" has a strong dramatic beginning. It is a dialogue between a poet and a citizen. Moreover, N. A. Nekrasov includes in the text of the work the remarks (“enters”, “takes the book”, “reads”, “with delight”). The poem was written for the purpose of polemics between the advocate of civic poetry and supporters of the so-called pure art. The citizen, who came to the poet, calls on him to wake up and smash the vices boldly. The poet also sings sweet sound: "Not for everyday excitement, Not for self-interest, not for battles, We were born for inspiration, For sweet sounds and prayers."
The citizen, however, does not share the poet's enthusiasm and declares: “It is a shame to sleep with your talent; Even more ashamed in a time of grief The beauty of the valleys, the sky and the sea And the sweet caress to sing ... ”. The citizen paints the poet a figurative picture of a ship sailing on water. While "the thunderstorm is silent" and "the evening is gentle and sleepy," this picture pleases the eye. And when the storm begins, it is not the time to indulge in idle pleasures. In the course of the dispute, it turns out that if a poet talks about nonsense, then in the end the citizen remains speechless, for the poet's voice is precisely the voice of society. The poet in the poem is called "the chosen one of heaven", "herald of the age-old truths." In the finale of the poem, the image of the Muse appears, whose sullen beauty is a wreath of thorns.
The content of the work echoes the works of V.G.Belinsky and N.G. Chernyshevsky about civic spirit and the nationality of art. It also contains a reference to Pushkin's poem "The Poet and the Crowd" ("Not for everyday excitement ..."). And also an arrangement ... of a line from KF Ryleev's poem "Voinarovsky": "I am not a poet, but a citizen": "You may not be a poet. But you must be a citizen. " Material from the site
The story of the creation of the poem is interesting. Initially, N. A. Nekrasov published several stanzas in No. 6 of So-vremennik for 1855 with the title "To Russian Writer". Then, in No. 3 of Sovremennik for 1856, several more stanzas were printed. The final version was published as a preface to the collection Poems (1856). In all subsequent editions, its text was printed with censorship distortions.
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It's no secret that Nikolay Nekrasov rather ironic about his work, believing that the muse, whoever she was, obviously cheated him with the talent that he undoubtedly possessed. In the works of this poet, Nekrasov saw the grace and beauty of the style, straightforwardness of thoughts and subtle irony. Moreover, the heyday of Pushkin's work fell on the first half of the 19th century and coincided with many significant events, one of which was the Decembrist uprising. By that time, Nekrasov was only 4 years old, and the future poet was not yet aware of the simple fact that the attempt to overthrow the autocracy, undertaken not by the peasants, but by the best representatives of the nobility, helped Pushkin to clearly formulate the poet's vocation.
By the time Nekrasov became a well-known writer, the social significance of poetry had lost its former acuteness and relevance. Poetry again, as in the time of Zhukovsky, became a secular amusement designed to delight the ear of educated people. Trying to change this idea of \u200b\u200bpoetry, Nekrasov in 1855 created one of his most significant works called.
This poem is based on a dialogue between two people, one of whom is a writer and, apparently, personifies Nekrasov himself, and the other is an ordinary citizen of his country, moderately well-read and educated. Their meeting begins with reproaches from the citizen, who calls on the poet to remember his destiny and turn his face to his own people who need his support. Meanwhile, the poet is not in the best state of mind, he is "moping and barely breathing." The reason for such an obvious degradation is obvious: the writer not only lost faith in his work, but also believes that there is absolutely no benefit to society from it.
The controversy between a citizen and a poet over the fact that the same Pushkin openly declared what exactly a person should be who took the liberty of creating poetry reveals unexpected features and qualities of Nekrasov. Perhaps, for the first time, the author tries not only to ironically over his works, but also admits that love lyrics, so revered in society, are, in fact, a senseless waste of time for a person who is able to form public opinion with his works. But is he just such a poet?
The answer to this question is given by the polemic between the citizen and the poet, during which the author admits that he cannot rank himself among the great figures of Russian literature, if only because Russia already has such pillars of poetry as Pushkin and. To which the citizen objects to him quite convincingly, noting that “no, you are not Pushkin. But as long as the sun is not visible from anywhere, it is a shame to sleep with your talent. " This phrase can be interpreted in two ways. However, in relation to Nekrasov, it only means that, against the background of romantic and touching literary opuses by other authors, his works, which have a social background and reveal the ulcers of modern society, are like a bomb exploding.
The apotheosis of this work is rightfully considered the phrase "you may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen", which has become a winged one. This is a kind of result of the discussion between the poet and the citizen, who clearly puts all the dots on the i's, showing that no matter what a person does in his life, the interests of society should not be alien to him. And if each of the people managed to realize this, the world would become much cleaner and better. And, perhaps, then poetry would have had a completely different purpose, which was characteristic of it in the time of Pushkin, and could “burn the hearts of people with a verb”.
"Poet and Citizen" Nekrasov
"Poet and Citizen" analysis of the work - theme, idea, genre, plot, composition, characters, problems and other issues are disclosed in this article.
History of creation
The poem was written in 1856 and is included in the collection published in 1956. Since by that time the collection of poems in 1856 had already passed the censorship check, Nekrasov introduced the poem "The Poet and the Citizen" as a preface, it was printed in a larger print.
In the journal "Sovremennik" No. 11, 1856, in Chernyshevsky's review of Nekrasov's collection, three poems were fully cited, among them - "The Poet and the Citizen". The poem was subjected to censorship attacks and in the next edition of 1861 it was printed in a distorted form.
Literary direction and genre
Nekrasov is a poet-realist. The poem "The Poet and the Citizen" belongs to the genre of civic lyrics. It poses a problem: should lyrics always show the civic position of the author?
The poem is written in the form of a dialogue. This refers the reader to Pushkin's poem "The Poet and the Crowd", with which Nekrasov argues. In addition, the dialogue between the Poet and the Citizen manifests a conflict that is both a conflict between two life positions, active and passive (external), and a conflict in the minds of 35-year-old Nekrasov, who chooses his own path as a poet (internal). This poem is a manifesto by which Nekrasov declares his position in life.
Images of the Poet and the Citizen
The image of the Citizen reflects the views of the revolutionary democrats: Nekrasov himself, Chernyshevsky, Belinsky. On the other hand, Nekrasov also identifies himself with the poet.
The poet is passive: alone, stern, lying, moping.
A citizen is like a person's conscience, which does not allow living for itself. He points to the best character traits of the Poet, which he drowns in himself: a sense of duty, sincere honesty, talent, strength, accuracy. The citizen calls to wake up (metaphor), boldly smash vices.
The poet tries to justify himself by Pushkin, quoting the poet's credo from the poem "The Poet and the Crowd". But the accents in Pushkin's poem are somewhat different: the conflict between the pragmatic type of consciousness and the sublimely poetic. Pushkin does not solve this conflict. At Nekrasov, the winner is the Citizen - the bearer of an active life position (regardless of whether it is useful or beneficial).
In the monologue of the Citizen, with the help of metaphors, his life credo is revealed. If Pushkin is the sun, then the Poet is the light of a torch. But the dim light also disperses the darkness of the night. A citizen proclaims: just as a son cannot look at his mother's grief, so a worthy citizen must go into the fire for the honor of the motherland, convictions, love (artistic parallelism).
That is, the best execution of civic duty is death for the cause: "You will not die for nothing, the cause is solid when blood flows under it." These words provoked the most attacks from the censorship, which saw a call for political struggle.
The citizen calls the poet the chosen one of heaven (Pushkin's characteristic), the herald of age-old truths. A citizen calls on to serve the people: “Be a citizen! Serving art, live for the good of your neighbor. " As you serve, the poet's gift will manifest itself, like sparks from under the hammer.
The poet justifies his imperfection.
The citizen utters the culminating phrase, which has become an aphorism, which contains the main meaning of the poem: "You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen." Everybody should have a civic position as an internal state of a person. External status (poet, merchant, cadet, tradesman, official, nobleman, senator, hero, leader) becomes irrelevant.
A citizen does not leave the Poet in the dark that the fate of a citizen is difficult, because "He, like his own, wears all the ulcers of his homeland on his body." But "the mute citizen is pitiful" when the boat of freedom flies to the abyss (metaphor).
At the end, the Poet reveals the reason for his passivity. At the age of 20, he showed his civic stance, but “the soul fearfully retreated,” fearing accusations of libel. The poet repents of his betrayal of civic duty, calling it the sacred duty of man, and himself - the sick son of a sick age.
Theme, main idea and composition
The theme of the poem is the definition of the role of the poet and poetry. For Nekrasov, this role is associated with a solid civil position.
The main idea: "You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen." The poet must serve as a talent for the people and the fatherland.
A similar dialogical form of a poem is called a dramatized poem. The citizen wins in polemics. The poet "at the door of the coffin" addresses the muse, repenting for his wasted talent. This is Nekrasov's inner victory over his own passivity and laziness.
Size and rhyme
The poem is written in iambic tetrameter (like Pushkin's "The Poet and the Crowd") with numerous pyrrhicles. Male and female rhymes alternate. Ring, pair and cross rhymes alternate randomly, as in Pushkin.
The master of words, Nikolai Alekseevich, understood well the problems he spoke about, and easily conveyed them to the reader even when he had to disguise his thoughts.
Nekrasov is a democrat, whose ideas inspired many revolutionaries to fight for the happiness of ordinary people, who, even after the reform and the abolition of serf slavery, were still unhappy.
The writer never stood aside from the problems discussed in society, whether they concerned ordinary people or the intelligentsia. The poem "The Poet and the Citizen" can be cited as proof.
Concept and history of creation
The poem was born in thoughts and agony about the fate of the Motherland and everyone who can and should contribute to the development of history. Moving away from the liberals and completely sharing the views of the democrats, Nikolai Alekseevich during this period of his life had a fairly clear position. It is expressed in the work.
Almost immediately it was published in one of the author's collections. But before that, the famous writer Chernyshevsky had already written a positive announcement for this poem by Nikolai Nekrasov, and made a kind of advertisement for him.
Printing the poem in its original form was dangerous. The magazine was constantly, so to speak, on the edge. And if only the political orientation of poetry aroused suspicion among the authorities, one could expect not only criticism, but also the complete closure of the magazine.
I had to act subtly.
The mini-performance described in the work is a polemic of ideas, it is a call for a civic position, for which one is not ashamed.
It can be assumed that the writer writes a portrait from himself, and he is not shy about reproaches and accusations.
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled down,
Who is incorruptibly straight with his heart,
In whom is the gift, strength, accuracy,
Tom should not sleep now ...
Nekrasov in his poem tries to show that it does not matter at all who the person is by profession. The verse could well be called "Accountant and Citizen" or "Seller and Citizen." The main word Citizen .
The dialogue between the heroes of the Nekrasov plot begins with reproaches from a citizen who is trying to convey to the poet that it is impossible to live like this, that you need to be a patriot and a citizen of your homeland. The citizen informs the poet that right now his unfortunate people need support. But the poet's inner state is far from being a civic active position; he is moping and seems to be barely breathing. And all this just because he stopped believing in the effective power of his creativity, disappointment came in his soul.
The controversy between the heroes lasts a long time. Everyone makes arguments in defense of their interests. The citizen declares with full confidence that it is impossible for people, educated and conscientious, to stand aside simply to sing the praises of nature. It is poets and writers, possessing a special gift that nature has bestowed upon them, who should inspire people and lead them. And this will be their feat.
Any person, first of all a citizen and patriot of his country. He must strive to make life much better, so that all people are happy not only spiritually, but also economically.
The poet is disappointed with the years he has lived. Suffering and opposition seemed to break him. He is in deep sadness.
The soul bent under the yoke of years
She has cooled to everything
And Muse turned away completely,
Full of bitter contempt.
But the citizen does not back down. He makes you reevaluate your melancholy moods and not betray your ideas.
This is how the main main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work is born.
You may not be a poet
But you must be a citizen.
Composition of Nekrasov's poem
The poem is written in an interesting way - in the form of a dialogue.
In the speech of a citizen, the author introduces a large number of appeals, expressed by rhetorical exclamations and appeals. The poet, on the other hand, speaks more not even with his interlocutor, but he is conducting a conversation, first of all, with himself. And in this unexpected internal dialogue, the author uses verbs, most of which have an imperative mood. The author of the poem tries to create an emotional mood in the reader, to push him to take decisive action.
In the image of the Citizen, one can see the views that were inherent in the democrats, including the author himself and his friends. But the position of the Poet is also close to the author. The lyrical hero's disappointments are understandable.
If you knew my life,
My love, my worries ...
Gloomy and full of anger
I stand at the door of the coffin ...
The citizen is used to acting. He tries to show the poet his best side, naming and demonstrating his best character traits. But he has a lot of them: this is both kindness and straightforwardness, coming from the depths of his heart, the strength and accuracy of his word, a sense of duty. The citizen invites his interlocutor to get up from the sofa, forget about the blues and boldly remind people of their vices, which must be got rid of.
This place was very disliked by the censorship, which considered the words a call for a revolutionary movement.
Nikolay Nekrasov uses many different artistic means:
⇒ Metaphor.
⇒ Rhetorical exclamations and questions.
⇒ Epithet.
⇒ Artistic parallelism.
⇒ Comparisons.
⇒ Impersonations.
⇒ Comparisons.
⇒ Anaphora.
⇒ Antithesis.
Nekrasov's poem is written in a two-syllable meter - an umbus, although it is four-foot. It also contains pyrrhic. Rimmas, male and female, alternate constantly, and the rhyme is completely disordered.
Analysis of Nekrasov's poem "Poet and Citizen"
There were periods in the life of the writer when he doubted his talent, compared himself with other poets and criticized himself uncontrollably. And this is also reflected in the work. In the episode, when a citizen, without trying to embellish reality, says: No, you are not Pushkin. But as long as
Can't see the sun from nowhere
It's a shame to sleep with your talent ...
It should be noted that despite the fact that more than 160 years have passed since the time the work was written, it remains relevant. The civic position of any person, as well as a poet, does not change in society. The drama played out in the work makes you think about your purpose in life, about the quality of life itself, about choosing the right path.
All the appeals in the poem that the current government did not like so much are a method of struggle available to a writer. Therefore, Nekrasov uses all sorts of forms available to the master of the pen to convey the main idea - the path to freedom. This path does not promise to be easy. In this way, victims cannot be avoided. But “lying on the couch” is no longer possible. Society is on the verge of decisive action.
The author of the poem says that the main purpose of any creative person is to serve his people. Therefore, Nekrasov's poem can be viewed as an appeal or manifesto, which should call on all writers to get together, unite and come out in defense of the unfortunate people.
And you, poet! chosen one of heaven
Herald of age-old truths,
Do not believe that he who has no bread
Not worth your prophetic strings!
Do not believe that people fall at all;
God has not died in the soul of people,
And a cry from a believing chest
Will always be available to her!
Be a citizen! serving art,
Live for the good of your neighbor
Submitting your genius to feeling
All-embracing Love;
And if you are rich in gifts,
Don't bother to display them:
They will shine in your work
Their life-giving rays.
Look: solid stone into shards
The poor worker crushes
And from under the hammer flies
And the flame sprinkles by itself!