You are an absolutely individual and unique personality on our planet, and this is confirmed not only by your unique fingerprints, but also by the other nine parts of your body, which are inherent only and only to you.
1. The iris of the eye
The eyes are the mirror of your soul and personality. Your iris has tiny texture patterns. DNA determines its color and structure, and its uniqueness and originality are laid even at the stage of fetal development.
2. Ear
Examine the edges of your ear. You are the only person in the world with this form. In one British study, scientists developed an algorithm that could identify a person with 99.6% accuracy from their ears. The ear is such a convenient identifier that technologies are already being developed to unlock smartphones using an auricle scanner.
3. Lip prints
Research has shown that lip patterns are as unique as fingerprints. There is only one problem: yes, lip prints can be used in some cases as identification and confirmation of identity in court, but criminals usually do not kiss the crime scene.
4. Language
The tongue also has its own shape and texture, and its tiny bumps are located in a completely unique and unrepeatable way. This pattern remains virtually unchanged over time, as the tongue is protected inside the mouth (as opposed to fingertips, which can be scratched and injured). Researchers are already developing 3D language rendering to reliably identify a person.
5. Voice
The voice is, of course, not exactly a part of the body, but it is definitely different from any other. Some of the vocal characteristics are fairly easy to identify: frequency and intensity. The unique human vocal channel is due to genetic factors and has already been partially studied. The structure of the neck and the width of the larynx play a role. Based on these general features, scientists have created systems to automatically recognize a person's voice if it is entered into databases.
6. Toe prints
Toe prints are absolutely unique too. In one classic case, this was the evidence used in court, when a criminal broke into a Scottish bakery and left a footprint on a dusty floor.
7. Teeth
This is why dental records are often used to identify a person, but you also have personal "dental habits" that are unique to you. Perhaps you clench your jaw, grit your teeth, play a certain musical instrument, or enjoy gnawing on a pen. Due to this wear of the teeth, a person is quite easy to identify.
8. Retina
The retina displays a diagram of the blood vessels that your eye doctor monitors for early signs of diabetes, high blood pressure, and even deteriorating brain health. Retinal imaging is widely used in the animal kingdom to screen pigs, cattle and thoroughbred horses, and to track disease outbreaks.
9. Gait
These are not really your feet, but how you use them. Even if you have never noticed anything unusual behind your gait, it is also unique. While more research is needed, gait identification may ultimately be a way of identifying people from a distance - for example, video footage that can identify a burglar exiting a bank.
People assumed that the patterns on the fingers are unique thousands of years ago, but this issue aroused real public interest in 1877, when the Englishman William Herschel suggested that the papillary pattern of our fingers remains unchanged throughout a person's life. Many researchers, especially forensic scientists, have asked the question: "Isn't a fingerprint a unique identifier for each person?" This would open up completely new opportunities in the criminal investigation and would allow keeping an accurate record of persons suspected of committing a crime. But before this idea could become a reality, it was necessary to develop a system for the classification of papillary patterns and, most importantly, to prove that the papillary pattern of each person is unique. And if the specialists coped with the first task quite quickly, then the proof of the uniqueness of fingerprints still raises questions from many experts.
Human palms consist of two layers of skin: cutis - the lower layer, and the epidermis - the upper layer. These layers do not adhere tightly to each other, therefore, over time, folds appear on the cutis, from which our unique papillary patterns are formed. This happens at about the seventh month of the fetus's life, so a person is born with unique fingerprints. As the child grows up, the print increases, but the pattern remains the same. How did the researchers prove that each fingerprint is unique? In fact ... not at all. Simply because it is impossible. This assumption was made on the basis of expert examinations and analysis of fingerprint databases, among which it was not possible to find coinciding with each other. However, it is not yet possible to take fingerprints from all 7 billion people inhabiting the planet and analyze their fingerprints. And if all the people who have lived on the planet throughout history, then the task becomes completely impossible.
Fingerprinting recognizes that re-drawing on the pads of the fingers is possible. It all depends only on the likelihood of this event. Most likely, a complete coincidence of papillary drawings can happen no more often than in one case out of 64 billion. And if we take into account that, according to rough estimates, about 107 billion people were born on the Earth over the entire history of its existence, then, for sure, two people, even though they lived in different eras, had the same fingerprints.
Interesting Facts about fingerprints:
- The Argentine police were the first to use Galton's method for fingerprint detection.
- Juan Vucetih, a member of the Argentine police, was the first police officer to catch a criminal using fingerprinting. It turned out to be a woman who killed her own sons. After their death, she cut her throat so as not to be found guilty. However, after the murder of the boys, she left fingerprints on the door, so she could not escape punishment.
- Of all types of forensic examination, fingerprints are the most evidential phenomenon found at a crime scene.
- The pattern on the soles and toes is also individual for each person. It often helps to find a person as well as drawing the fingers.
- It is fingerprints that can show that a person has used drugs - the skin secretes sebum, which includes the remains of any substances in the body.
- Your cat will also not be able to escape responsibility - after all, his nose print is also individual.
Illustration: depositphotos | JohanSwanepoel
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The existence of twins is a striking phenomenon that is not so rare these days. If you look at the situation from the outside, then their appearance in this world can be compared with the plot of a good science fiction novel. The twins themselves, as a rule, do not immediately manage to get along with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe presence of an identical twin nearby. In this article, we'll share some little-known and surprising facts about twins.
Identical twins have different fingerprints
The term "identical twins" should be taken literally. They are called that because they are practically indistinguishable from each other. But even the most similar twins will have different fingerprints. This feature is strictly individual for people.
According to experts, their shape depends on the position of the fetus and the density of the amniotic fluid, which spirals around the fingers at different times. Identical twins occupy different parts of the womb, so their hands are pressed to different places.
Fingerprint verification is the only reliable way to tell one twin from another.
Sometimes one twin disappears
One of the creepiest things that can happen when a woman is pregnant with twins is vanishing twins syndrome.
First, the mother finds out on an ultrasound that she has twins. A few months later, it turns out that one of them died right in the womb.
According to statistics, this happens in 20-30% of cases of multiple pregnancies.
Twins who are separated at birth often lead strange lives
Sometimes it happens that twins are separated at birth. At the same time, they do not even suspect that they practically exist somewhere. full copy... Surprisingly, in doing so, they begin to lead parallel lives in adulthood.
One example is Paula Bernstein and Elise Shane, who reunited at the age of 30. They were surprised to find that they both became writers, had the same political views and passions in art. In adolescence, they suffered from identical intestinal disorders, besides, they edited school newspapers, and studied cinema in college.
Gemini communicate before birth.
The womb is a lot like your first apartment outside of school. It's cramped, messy, and you spend too much time sucking strange drinks out of an even weirder pipe.
But this first apartment is completely yours, and it is completely new to you, so you dig it. The only thing that can make it even better is a cool, friendly roommate, and that's exactly what the twins have.
Twins have an unusually strong bond with each other. According to recent studies, they begin to communicate and feel sympathy for each other while still in the womb.
For example, it was possible to establish that already at the 14th week of pregnancy, twins begin to reach out to their brother. By week 18, they are regularly touching their partner. At the same time, be careful when touching the twin's eyes so as not to injure.
"Mirror Twins"
Mirror twins are quite different from the more common identical twins.
In fact, they look exactly the same, but their functions are mirrored. They all have the same genes, but one twin can be left-handed and the other right-handed.
If one has a noticeable birthmark on the left leg, then the "mirror twin" will have a birthmark in the same place, but on the right leg. They are often bite on opposite sides. Moreover, despite this strange asymmetry, most often they are monozygous.
The minds of Siamese twins can be connected
Tatiana and Christa Hogan are twin twins, whose skulls are fused together. The fact that they are alive is already a miracle. Most of this phenomenon requires surgical separation to survive.
Even more incredible, there is a physical connection between their brains, which neurosurgeons call the thalamic bridge. Thanks to this, they can feel each other even on a sensory level. For example, if Krista tries some new food, Tatiana can taste it.
Twins can have different fathers
It’s hard to say where this strange fact would be more appropriate: in a science fiction novel or a sitcom. It is now reliably known that twins can have different fathers.
The fact is that twins are born when a woman produces two eggs, each of which is fertilized by a separate sperm. Therefore, if she meets in the same period with two men, this is likely.
Such situations most often occur in animals, but they also occur among humans. There are at least a few proven cases.
Gemini communicate in their own language
This phenomenon is observed in 40% of twins. It is called cryptophasia. When the twins are still very young, just beginning to master speech, then, unlike most children, together with their partner they are able to create a language that no one else will understand.
These autonomous languages \u200b\u200btend to disappear when toddlers master the language of adults. But this does not always happen.
Matthew and Michael Yulden are two adult twins who have not lost the language they spoke in childhood. From about 7 years old, they began to actively develop it. They had their own alphabet, grammatical rules, it became possible to fully communicate in it.
They call their personal language Umeri. This is an amazing phenomenon. Interestingly, the twins keep him a secret from the rest of the world.
The gene for twins is passed down from mothers
It is considered. that a woman's ability to produce two eggs instead of one. transmitted genetically. So if you have not had twins in your family along the female line for several generations, it is unlikely that they will appear in you.
The birth of twins is always directly related to ovulation. Long-term studies have come to the conclusion that a genetic predisposition is transmitted only from woman to woman.
More and more twins
In 2014, it was found that a record number of twins were born in the world. Since 1980, the frequency with which they were born has increased by 76%.
Basically, this happens for the reason that modern women give birth at a later age.
Incredible facts
The idea that we all have unique fingerprints that can be identified from a computer is wrong, the expert says.
Fingerprints for identifying criminals have played a large role in the conviction.
However, the British Interior Ministry expert Mike Silverman (Mike Silverman), argues that human error, incomplete prints and false results lead to fingerprints as evidence are not as reliable, as previously thought.
Fingerprints
No one has ever proven that fingerprints are unique and family members may have the same elements of papillary patterns.
There are other problems, such as when scanning the fingerprints of older people, whose skin loses its elasticity, and in rare cases, their fingerprints become smooth and expressionless.
"Essentially, you cannot prove that no two fingerprints are the same... It is impossible, like winning the lottery, although people win every week, "explained Mr. Silverman... "We need a specialist to determine that the fingerprint taken from the crime scene and the person in question belongs to one finger."
There are numerous cases where fingerprints have mistakenly pointed to innocent people.
Besides, many things affect the accuracy of a printeg smear and dirt.
In contrast to forensic science, since DNA analysis provides the statistical likelihood of a match, fingerprinting experts usually claim that evidence is 100 percent match, or 100 percent excluded.
Previous research has shown that experts do not always draw the same conclusions about whether a fingerprint fits what was at a crime scene when presented with the same piece of evidence twice.
Fingerprinting
· Fingerprinting - This is the field of study of fingerprints. The name comes from the Greek words "daktylos" - "finger" and "skopein" - meaning "to study".
Our fingers have grooves that help us to grab objects... They provide us with both traction and friction, preventing objects from easily falling out of our hands. They also improve the sense of touch.
· When we touch objects, we leave fingerprints thanks to the natural oils in the skin and the salts secreted by the sweat glands.
English anthropologist Francis Galton classified fingerprints into types such as "spiral", "arc" and "loop".
· Koalas' fingerprints look like human prints... The difference is that koalas have two thumbs and claws.
· Fingerprints are formed even before birth at 3 months of intrauterine development.
· Exists 1 in 64 billion chancesthat your fingerprint matches that of another person.
The fingerprint scanner
Apple has developed a Touch ID fingerprint scanner that can be used as a password.
People have long paid attention to the patterns of skin on their fingertips and even learned how to use them to identify a person, because they are peculiar and unique for each person. Forensic science uses this feature as a way to achieve the goal of proving the guilt of a suspect by taking fingerprints at the crime scene and comparing them with samples in the database or a potential criminal.
Identification procedure
The pattern on the tips of the fingers is formed during the period of intrauterine development of the fetus. The skin consists of several layers, which, joining together, form folds - papillary patterns.
Like everything in the human body, this pattern is determined at the DNA level. There are so many possible combinations of grooves and curls in the print that the probability of such a pattern coinciding in two people approaches zero. Moreover, the prints are different even for one person on different fingers.
For all its persuasiveness, the theory of uniqueness of prints cannot be fully proven. Despite the fact that databases with millions of prints have been created, it is physically impossible to remove and preserve this pattern from every inhabitant of the planet, as well as to compare the prints of living people with those who have died long ago. Therefore, the theory remains a theory, although it has found wide practical application.