Requirements for the registration of the final qualifying work in the specialty 050708.65 -
Pedagogy and methodology of primary education
The guidelines have been developed in accordance with the main current provisions of the State Standardization System, in particular:
GOST 2.105 -95 ESKD General requirements for text documents.
GOST 7.32-2001 Report on research work. Structure and design rules.
GOST 7.82-2001 Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description of electronic resources.
GOST 7.1-2003 Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules for drawing up.
General requirements for the design of the thesis
The text of the thesis is printed on one side of a sheet of A4 white paper (297 × 210 mm).
The text page must have fields:
left - 30 mm,
right - 15 mm,
top and bottom - 20 mm.
The text is printed at one and a half intervals.
Font size (point size) - 14.
Font type –Times New Roman.
The font color is black.
Paragraph indent (red line) - 1.25 cm.
Bold type is used to highlight the headings of the structural parts of the thesis (CONTENT, INTRODUCTION, CONCLUSION, REFERENCES, APPENDIX) and when highlighting the titles of chapters, paragraphs, and chapter conclusions.
The main text is necessarily justified.
"Hanging lines" at the bottom and top of the page are removed.
The text is typed in compliance with the following rules.
The "herringbone quotes" are used, for nested quotes - "paw quotes".
Do not separate when wrapping from one line to another (non-breaking space is inserted Shift + Ctrl + Space ):
surnames from initials (Ivanov A.A.);
abbreviated words from proper names to which they refer (comrade Ivanov, Kemerovo, Parkovaya st.);
numbers and letters with brackets or periods (when enumerating) from the word following them;
roman or Arabic numerals from their abbreviated or full names (1970, 1000 rubles, XX century);
signs and symbols from the following numbers (No. 75).
Do not fight back:
periods or commas from previous text;
ellipsis, like a pause, from the preceding and following words;
dash between digits denoting value limits (1-5);
dash from comma and quotation marks;
hyphen between unions and when transferring (something);
quotes and brackets from words enclosed in them;
footnote marks from a preceding period or comma;
signs of percent, degrees minutes, seconds from a digit;
plus, minus and plus-minus signs.
Fight back:
a dash between words on both sides (Moscow is the capital of Russia);
dash in direct speech at the beginning of a paragraph;
WRC structure
According to GOST 7.32-2001, the structural elements of the work are:
title page,
introduction,
<основная часть>,
conclusion,
literature,
applications.
The chapters of the main part of the work are not structural elements, only the whole main part as a whole is such an element.
Styling headings of structural elements
Section headings : CONTENT,INTRODUCTION,CONCLUSION,LITERATURE,ANNEXESare not numbered.
According to GOST 7.32-2001, the headings of the structural elements of the work are drawn up in capital letters (Caps Lock) without a dot at the end, placed in the middle of the line (center alignment) without indentation.
Headers font type - Times New Roman, bold.
Font size (point size) - 14.
Each structural element must start on a new page.
Example
|
INTRODUCTION |
Formatting headings of sections, subsections and paragraphs
The main part of the text should be divided into sections (chapters), subsections (paragraphs), if necessary, you can use paragraphs.
All sections and subsections should start on a new page.
Section and subsection headings are printed with paragraph indentation, with a capital letter, in bold type, without a period at the end.
Font type - Times New Roman, size - 14.
Sections, subsections, paragraphs should be numbered in Arabic numerals. A subsection (paragraph) number consists of a section (chapter) number and a chapter number, separated by a dot. There is no full stop at the end of the number.
In the numbering, after the numbers there is a space, not a tab.
If the heading does not fit on one line, then the entire word is transferred to the bottom line. Word breaks during hyphenation are not allowed.
Example
|
1.3 Methodological foundations of the formation of general educational skills in mathematics lessons |
1 - chapter number, 3 - paragraph number.
If the title consists of two sentences, then they are separated by a period.
If the title consists of several lines, then the line spacing in the title is single.
The space between the heading and the text should be equal to one blank line (15 pt).
Distance between chapter and paragraph headings - 8 pt.
Example
Pagination
The title page, content, introduction, sections of the thesis and annexes have a general (continuous) numbering.
The pages of the work are numbered in Arabic numerals.
The page number is placed in the center of the bottom sheet without a dot.
The font size is 12.
Font type - Times New Roman.
The title page is included in the general numbering, but the number is not put on it, the numbering begins with the content.
Cover page decoration
The first page of the work is the title page, drawn up in accordance with the attached sample.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
"Novgorod State University named after Yaroslav the Wise"
Institute of Continuing Pedagogical Education
_____________
Department of Pedagogy and Methodology of Primary Education
APPROVED
Head of the Department
G.A. Orlova
"___" ___________2014
FORMING YOUNGER SPELLING SKILLS
SCHOOLBOY WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Final qualifying work
in the specialty 050708.65
"Pedagogy and methods of primary education"
Leader
ph. Phil. D., associate professor
L.N. Sergeeva
"___" _____________ 2014
Group student 7251
N.M. Lebedeva
"___" _____________ 2014
Content design
According to GOST 7.32-2001 heading CONTENT is written in capital letters, in bold, in the middle of the line.
According to GOST 2.105-95, the names included in the content are written in lowercase letters, starting with a capital letter.
Example
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INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………. | |
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Chapter 1 Theoretical foundations of the formation of general educational skills of primary schoolchildren ………………………………………… ... …………. | |
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1.1 Features of the development of general educational skills of primary schoolchildren…. | |
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1.2 Organization of project activities in primary school ……………. | |
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1.3 Methodological foundations of the formation of general educational skills in the lessons of computer science ... ... ... ...................................... .................................................. ... | |
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Conclusions on the first chapter ………………………………………………… ... | |
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Chapter 2 Pedagogical experiment on the influence of project activities on the development of general educational skills ………………………… ... | |
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2.1 Studying the initial level of development of general educational skills in the control and experimental classes ... | |
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2.2 Development of general educational skills in informatics lessons in elementary school using the project method .... ……………………………… .. | |
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2.3 Analysis of the results of the experiment on the development of general educational skills of primary schoolchildren using the project method ………. | |
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Conclusions on the second chapter .... ……………………………………………… ... | |
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CONCLUSION ……………………. …………………………………… ........ | |
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REFERENCES ……………………. …………………………… ... ………… ... | |
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APPENDIX A Educational project "My family" ... ..................................... | |
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APPENDIX B Creative work of grade 3 A students on the educational project "My family" ... .................................. .................................................. | |
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APPENDIX B Educational project "Traditions of celebrating the New Year in different countries" ……………………………… .. ……………… ........... | |
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APPENDIX D Creative work of grade 3 A students on the educational project "Traditions of celebrating the New Year in different countries" ....... ...... | |
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APPENDIX E Results of the final level of development of general educational skills of students in grades 3 ................................................................................. |
Application design
According to GOST 7.32-2001 in the text of the work, references should be given to all applications. Applications are arranged in the order of links to them in the text.
Each appendix should start on a new page with the word "APPENDIX" and its designation at the top in the middle of the page. The application should have a title that is written symmetrically relative to the capitalized text on a separate line.
Applications are designated in capital letters of the Russian alphabet, starting with A, with the exception of the letters E, Z, Y, O, H, L, Y, b. The word "Appendix" is followed by a letter denoting its sequence (for example: APPENDIX B). It is allowed to designate applications with letters of the Latin alphabet, except for the letters I and O. In the case of full use of the letters of the Russian and Latin alphabets, it is allowed to designate applications with Arabic numerals. If there is one attachment in a document, it is designated "APPENDIX A".
The text of each application can be divided into sections, subsections, etc., which are numbered within each application. The number is preceded by the designation of this application.
The pagination of the annexes and the main text should be continuous.
Example
Decoration of illustrations (drawings)
Illustrations include all graphic images: pictures, diagrams, graphs, histograms, diagrams, photographs. All illustrations are indicated by the word "Drawing".
Figures should be placed immediately after the text in which they are mentioned for the first time, or on the next page.
Figures are numbered in Arabic numerals, numbering within a section (chapter). The figure number consists of the section number and the sequential number of the illustration, separated by a dot, for example, "Figure 2.3" (third figure, chapter 2).
The figure caption is placed under it in the center of the line. Font type - Times New Roman. The font size is 12.
The word "Drawing" is written in full. A dash is placed after the figure number and its name is indicated with a capital letter. There is no period at the end of the name.
One free line should be left before the illustration and after its name.
All figures in the text should be referenced. When referring to an illustration, you can write "... in accordance with Figure 2.3".
Example
__________________________________________________________________
Figure 2.3 - Gorodets painting
__________________________________________________________________
If there are applications in the work, then the figures of each application are designated by separate numbering in Arabic numerals with the addition of the application designation in front, for example: "Figure A.3" (third figure in Appendix A).
Example
Figure A.3 - Analysis of student work
on the topic "Fairy flower"
The name of the figure should not go beyond the size of the figure. If the name is long, then it is divided into several lines. The line spacing in the inscription under the figure is single.
Example
Figure 2.2 - Histogram "Dynamics of development of educational and intellectual skills
experimental class students "
Table decoration
In a text document, a table is a method of unified text, which has a large information capacity, clarity, allows you to strictly classify, encode information, and easily summarize similar data.
The table should be as short as possible and have a detailed title. The table may be accompanied by notes that indicate the data sources, the content of the indicators is disclosed in more detail, explanations are given if the table contains data obtained as a result of calculations.
Rounded numbers are given in the table with the same degree of accuracy (up to 0.1; up to 0.01, etc.). If the table shows growth percentages, then in many cases it is advisable to replace percentages of 300 or more with ratios at times. For example, write not “1000%”, but “10.0 times”.
It is not allowed to substitute quotes for numbers repeated in the table, mathematical signs, percent signs and numbers, designations of normative documents, etc. In the absence of individual data, a dash (dash) should be inserted in the table.
The table name should be placed above the table on the left, without paragraph indentation, without a period at the end. The table heading should consist of the word “Table”, the table number and, separated by a dash, the table name. The name of the table is executed with single line spacing, font “Times New Roman”, font size - 14. One free line should be left before and after the name of the table.
Example
Table 2.3 - Comparison of the level of formation of the initial reading skill in German in second graders
The table should be placed in the work immediately after the text in which it is mentioned for the first time, or on the next page. All tables should be referenced in the work, for example, "Table 1.2 presents. ...".
Tables are numbered in the same way as figures, for example, "Table 2.3" (third table of the second section).
The tables of each annex are designated by separate numbering in Arabic numerals with the addition of the application designation in front, for example, "Table B.2".
A table with a large number of lines can be transferred to another sheet. When transferring part of the table to another sheet, the word "Table", the number and the title are indicated once above the first part of the table. The word "Continuation" and the number of the table are indicated above the following parts on the left, for example: "Continuation of table 2.1". When transferring a table to another page, it is necessary to repeat the table heading or an additional row with column numbering.
Column and row headings in the table should be capitalized in the singular, and column subheadings should be written with a lowercase letter if they form a single sentence with a heading, or with a capital letter if they have a separate meaning. At the end of the headings and subheadings of columns and rows, do not use periods. Column headers are usually written parallel to the rows of the table, but they can be perpendicular if necessary.
According to the content of the tables, there are analytical and non-analytical. Analytical tables are the result of processing and analyzing numeric indicators. As a rule, after such tables, a generalization is made as new (output) knowledge, which is introduced into the text in words: the analysis of the table allows us to conclude that ...; the table shows that ...; analysis of the table allows us to conclude that ... etc. Often such tables make it possible to identify and formulate certain patterns. In non-analytical tables, as a rule, statistical data are placed that are necessary only for information or ascertaining.
Formula formatting
Formulas and equations should be separated from the text on a separate line. Leave a blank line above and below each formula or equation. If the equation does not fit on one line, then it must be wrapped after the equal sign (\u003d) or after the plus (+), minus (-) signs, multiplication (x), division (:), or other mathematical signs, and this sign at the beginning of the next line, repeat. When transferring a formula to a sign symbolizing the operation of multiplication, use the sign "x".
An explanation of the symbols and numerical factors used is given below the formula in the same sequence as they are given in the formula.
Formulas in the text are numbered with Arabic numerals within the section. The number consists of the section number and the sequential number of the formula in the section, it is placed on the right side of the sheet at the formula level in parentheses, for example, (2.1) is the first formula of the second section.
Example
A \u003d C + B (2.1)
Formulas in applications are numbered separately within each application with the addition of an application designation in front, for example, (B.2).
Registration of transfers
In the text of the thesis, enumerations can be applied, which are made out in three ways.
Enumerations can be single-level and multi-level. In the first case, any of the above enumeration methods can be used. With multilevel enumeration, the first method is applied first, then the second, then the third.
An example of a multilevel list design
Software classification
1. System software:
oS;
file managers;
drivers;
archivers;
disk maintenance programs;
antivirus programs.
2. Programming environments.
3. Application programs:
general purpose programs;
special purpose programs;
game programs.
Formatting quotes and links in the text
Quotations are literal excerpts from any text of a scientific or journalistic nature.
When quoting, you must observe the following rules:
The source of the citation must be the cited edition, and not the publication of another author, where the cited text is cited as an excerpt (with the exception that the original source is not available or it is difficult to find it; a published archive document is cited; the quoted text became known from the author's words in the memoirs of another person).
The text of the quotation is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in the grammatical form in which it is given in the source, while maintaining the peculiarities of the author's spelling.
Citation should be complete, without arbitrary reduction of the quoted passage and without distorting the meaning.
The omission of words, sentences, paragraphs when quoting is allowed if it does not entail distortion of the entire fragment, and is indicated by an ellipsis, which is put in place of the gap.
If a quote is included in the text, then the first word is written with a lowercase letter.
If a quote stands out from the main text, then it is written from the left margin of the page at a distance of paragraph indentation, and each quote must be accompanied by a link to the source.
Quotation marks that delimit a quotation are placed only at the beginning and end of it, regardless of the size of the quotation and the number of paragraphs in it.
If inside a quote there are words (phrases, phrases), in turn, enclosed in quotes, then the latter should be of a different pattern than the quotes that open and close the quote (outer quotes are usually Christmas trees "", inner ones are paws "").
| INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………. | |
| 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS……………………………………………… | |
| 2. METHODOLOGY FOR PERFORMANCE OF GRADUATE QUALIFICATION WORKS ................................................................................. .................. | |
| 3. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE GRADUATE QUALIFICATION WORK …………………………………………………………………… 3.1. General requirements ………………………………………………… 3.2. Requirements for the content of structural elements of the final qualifying work ……………………………………………… | |
| 4. RULES FOR REGISTRATION OF GRADUATE QUALIFICATION WORKS .. ……………………………………… 4.1. General recommendations …………………………………………… ... 4.2. Rules for the presentation of text material …………………. 4.3. Registration of tables, figures and formulas ……………………… .. 4.4. Links design ………………………………………………. 4.5. Application design ………………………………………… | |
| APPENDICES ………………………………………………………… .. Appendix A. Student's statement on the approval of the topic of the final qualifying work …………………………………… Appendix B. The form of the title page of the final qualifying work ……………………………………………… Appendix C. Form of the assignment for the final qualifying work ………………………………………… …………………………… ... | |
| Appendix D. Rules for compiling a bibliographic description of the final qualifying work ………………………. Appendix D. Review of the supervisor for the final qualifying work ………………………………………………. Appendix E. Review of the final qualifying work ………………………………………………………………… ... | |
INTRODUCTION
Final qualifying work (Further WRC ) is the final stage of mastering the basic professional educational program of higher education (hereinafter OPEP HE) and according to the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education is included in the state final certification. The purpose of the FQP is to systematize, generalize and consolidate theoretical knowledge, practical skills and complete the formation of general cultural, general professional and professional competencies of the student.
The final qualifying work is an independent, logically completed research related to solving an urgent scientific and practical problem. It has a research focus, and also contains elements of educational design (programs, models, methods) for a specific research object. The FQP testifies to the author's ability to systematize and use the obtained theoretical and practical knowledge in the disciplines of the basic and variable part of the curriculum of OBEP in the direction of training / specialty.
The main taskimplementation of the WRC is to identify:
- the level of formation of the student's competencies in educational programs of higher education - bachelor's programs, specialist programs, master's programs;
- the ability to study and analyze sources of literature in the field of scientific research;
- the ability to independently conduct research, carry out design work, systematize and generalize factual material;
- Ability to independently substantiate conclusions and practical recommendations based on the results of the research.
The manual sets out the main methodological approaches to the implementation, design and protection of FQPs.
Federal Law No. 273-F3 of December 29, 2012 "On Education in the Russian Federation" (as amended on December 30, 2015);
Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2013 No. 1367 "On approval of the Procedure for organizing and carrying out educational activities for educational programs of higher education - bachelor's programs, specialty programs, master's programs";
Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of June 29, 2015 No. 636 "On approval of the Procedure for conducting state final certification for educational programs of higher education - bachelor's programs, specialist programs and master's programs";
Federal state educational standards of higher education in the relevant areas of training (specialties) (hereinafter - FSES HE);
Order of the Rector of FGAOU VO “KFU named after IN AND. Vernadsky "dated December 31, 2014 No. 94 on the approval of the Regulations on the procedure for conducting state final certification for educational programs of higher education - bachelor's programs, specialist programs, master's programs at FGAOU HE" KFU im. IN AND. Vernadsky ";
Order of the Rector of FGAOU VO “KFU named after IN AND. Vernadsky "dated February 25, 2016 No. 107 on the approval of the" Regulations for the use of the "Antiplagiat" system in the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Crimean Federal University named after V.I. Vernadsky ".
GENERAL PROVISIONS
The implementation of the FQP is the final stage in the development of OBEP VO at the corresponding educational and qualification levels. The content of the FQP and the level of its protection are considered as the main criterion in assessing the level of professional training of a student and the quality of implementation of the educational program.
FQP on the educational bachelor's program is a complete study on a given topic, written personally by a student under the guidance of a scientific advisor, containing elements of scientific research and testifying to the student's ability to work with literature, generalize and analyze factual material, demonstrating mastery of general cultural, general professional and professional competencies formed during the development of the educational program.
FQP on the educational program of the specialist is a complete research on a given topic, which allows in a complex to assess knowledge in the specialty and compliance with qualification requirements, carried out personally by the student under the guidance of a supervisor; FQP testifies to the student's ability to systematize and use the theoretical and practical knowledge gained during training in the disciplines of the basic and variable parts of the OBEP VO curriculum in the formulation and solution of issues and problems developed in the FQP, as well as the degree of readiness of the student for independent practical work in the specialty in in accordance with the qualifications obtained.
FQP on Master's educational program is a complete independent research work performed personally by a student under the guidance of a supervisor. FQP testifies to the ability of a student to independently conduct scientific research, using theoretical knowledge and practical skills and abilities, in accordance with the problems, to be able to design scientific research.
Procedure for approving WRC topics.The student is given the right to choose the topic of the WRC or proposals of his own topic with a justification of the expediency of its development. The topics of the FQP should be relevant, correspond to the orientation of the OPEP of HE, the current state and prospects for the development of science, scientific schools, to solve urgent problems of the Crimean Federal District. The topic of the FQP is determined by the graduating departments and approved by the academic council of the faculty.
Scientific guidance of WRC... During the preparation of the FQP, each student is assigned a scientific advisor and, if necessary, a consultant. The scientific supervisors of the FQP are appointed professors, associate professors and research workers of the university or, if necessary, research workers of other institutions and enterprises.
A scientific consultant is a specialist in a narrow scientific and industrial field, which requires additional advice.
The assignment of the FQP topics to the students, the appointment of the head and consultants is carried out by the order of the rector.
The scientific guidance of the WRC includes:
Registration by the scientific supervisor of the assignment for FQP;
Providing assistance to the student in the development of a work schedule for the entire period of the FQP;
Conducting systematic consultations on the progress of the WRC;
Checking the FQP, assessing its readiness for defense;
Writing a response to the WRC.
The admission of a student to the FQP defense is carried out after the posting of the FQP text in the electronic library system of the University and verification of the FQP content in the system " Antiplagiarism »The absence of unauthorized borrowing.
FQP completed upon completion of the development of bachelor's, specialist's and master's educational programs are subject to peer review ... The reviewer can be a specialist in the profile of the peer-reviewed FQP, who, based on the analysis of the FQP text, determines the level of fulfillment of the requirements for the preparation of a bachelor, specialist or master, who is not an employee of the department in charge of the FQP. The FQP reviewer must have an academic degree.
When reviewing FQPs, it is assumed that the student should be able to:
- to formulate the goal and objectives of the study;
- draw up a research plan;
- conduct bibliographic search using modern information technologies;
- to use modern methods of scientific research, modify existing and develop new methods, based on the tasks of a specific research;
- to process the obtained data using information technologies, analyze and synthesize them on the basis of well-known literary sources;
- to formalize the research results in accordance with modern requirements.
FQP is an independent work of a student, on the basis of which the State Examination Commission makes a decision on awarding him the appropriate qualification. The main criteria for assessing the quality of FQP are its relevance, scientific novelty and applied value.
In order to achieve the goals and objectives, the student needs:
- discuss the topic with the supervisor, highlight the relevance, determine the novelty;
- analyze bibliographic sources on the research topic, summarizing the collected material;
- analyze the features of the functioning of the subject of research, establish their patterns;
- substantiate fundamentally new or apply existing solutions to problems related to the object of research;
- skillfully and logically present the results of independent research on the chosen topic, accompanying them with the necessary illustrative and explanatory materials.
2 . PROCEDURE FOR EXECUTION
QUALIFICATION WORK
The first stage is the installation... It consists in choosing a topic and determining the methodological apparatus of the study.
As a result of the first stage, the student draws up a research plan (research project).
The choice of a topic is carried out by the student independently from the list of recommended topics approved by the department. The wording of the topic of the WRC is agreed with the scientific supervisor. The assignment for the student of the topic and the scientific supervisor of the work is carried out on his personal application (Appendix A) and the submission of the department, and is formalized by the order of the rector of the university.
The wording of the topic should be clear and clear. The topic of the FQP should reflect the topical problems of science, the solution of which will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of the student's professional activity.
The first stage of the work ends with the choice of research methods. A method is understood as a way of solving a research problem, a way of studying a phenomenon. The chosen research methodology should contribute to the rational achievement of results.
The second stage is research... At this stage, the student performs the research part of the work on the basis of the developed research plan, using the selected methods, techniques, technologies.
An important component of the implementation of the WRC is familiarity with the published on this topic literature and analysis of the available factual material. It is necessary to purposefully seek literary and factual sources on the chosen topic and deeply comprehend the material contained in the publications of specialists. For a full-fledged research, scientific continuity is necessary, that is, the student, while working on the research, is obliged to use the experience already accumulated by science on this issue in this area of \u200b\u200bknowledge. It is necessary to pay attention to the debatable aspects of the topic, to the contradictions in the views of different authors, the inconsistency of various normative and instructive materials, recommendations of practitioners, scientists on a particular issue.
Work on a literature review should start with an information search, a list of sources that are recommended, the student can choose independently or with the help of a work manager. Studying the material of the topic, the student can fix the main provisions, write out quotations with reference to sources. The student groups the selected data into sections. For each of the questions, data from various authors are presented, their comparative analysis is given, possible contradictions are clarified, and generalizing conclusions from the review are formulated.
To get acquainted with the modern publications of domestic and foreign authors related to the topic of the work, it is also advisable to use the scientific databases of the Internet computer network (monographs, abstracts of candidate and doctoral dissertations, scientific periodicals, electronic library systems).
The results of theoretical and practical research are analyzed and summarized. The result of the second stage is working materials: text, graphic, tabular and others.
The third stage is the systematization of materials, writing of the text and design of the final work... On the basis of the developed presentation plan and in accordance with the requirements, the student draws up the obtained research results.
The most characteristic feature of written scientific speech is the formal-logical way of presenting the material. Scientific presentation, which is carried out in the so-called academic (subtype of scientific) style, consists mainly of reasoning, the purpose of which is to prove the truths revealed as a result of the study of the facts of reality.
The style of scientific speech is an impersonal monologue. Therefore, the presentation is conducted from a third person, since all attention is focused on the content and logical sequence of the message, and not on the subject. The first and second person forms of the singular pronouns are not used. The author's "I" recedes into the background. It has become an unwritten rule when the author appears in the plural and instead of "I" uses "we", believing that the expression of authorship as a formal collective gives more objectivity to the presentation. Expression of authorship through "we" allows you to reflect your opinion as the opinion of a certain group of people, scientific school or scientific direction. Having become a fact of scientific speech, the pronoun "we" has conditioned a whole series of new meanings and their derivatives, in particular, with possessive pronouns (for example, "in our opinion"). However, whipping up this pronoun in the text should be avoided. For this, the form of presentation from the third person is used (for example, "the author believes ..."). A similar function is performed by sentences with a passive voice (for example, "An integrated approach to research has been developed ...").
The manager systematically conducts consultations on separate sections of work, evaluates the progress and results of the implementation of the individual plan.
The completed FQP is submitted to the supervisor in printed and electronic form. After submitting the completed work and graphic material to it, the manager checks the work and writes a review on it.
FQPs must go through the peer review procedure and check for the absence of unauthorized borrowing in accordance with the Regulations for the use of the Antiplagiat system at the KFU named after IN AND. Vernadsky ".
By the time the work is approved by the head of the department and the student is admitted to the defense, it must be intertwined, on the title page there must be the signatures of the student, the head of the work, the head of the department. Documents (review and feedback from the manager) must be put in an envelope, and the envelope must be glued to the inside of the hard cover. After the signature of the head of the department, the work, documents remain at the department until the day of defense.
Fourth stage - submission of the WRC and its preliminary defense... This stage is extremely important in educational and organizational terms. As a result of the discussion of the presented materials at the meeting of the department, the weakest parts of the FQP are revealed, it becomes possible to identify and eliminate errors, to comprehend those provisions that need to be clarified. Based on the results of the preliminary defense, taking into account the main remarks, the text of the WRC, its illustrations and applications are being finalized.
Fifth stage - defense of WRC... Students who have fulfilled all the requirements of the individual plan and curriculum are allowed to defend the work.
The completed work, signed by the student, the head, with the necessary documents is sent to the head of the department for signature.
In addition to the FQP, documents are submitted to the State Examination Commission:
Review of the scientific advisor (Appendix D);
Review (Appendix E).
Scientific adviser review
ABOUT work a student during the preparation of the FQP (conscientiousness, efficiency, responsibility, accuracy, etc.);
On the compliance of the content of the FQP target installation;
On the scientific level, completeness, quality and novelty theme development;
On the degree of student initiative;
About skills and skills received by the student in the process of work (the ability to work with literature, the skills of analyzing the results obtained, generalization, the ability to draw scientific and practical conclusions, etc.);
About the area of \u200b\u200bpossible using results WRC or its approbation;
On the results of checking the work to identify the use of borrowed material without reference to the author and (or) the source of borrowing.
The response determines the level of formation of the required competencies and the possibility of submission for defense in the State Electoral Commission.
Review
The review is submitted in one copy. The text can be handwritten or typed. The personal signature of the reviewer must be certified by the seal of the organization where the reviewer works.
The review must contain an objective assessment of the FQP. It is recommended to reflect the following in the review:
- relevance topics, completeness and quality completing the assignment;
Compliance with the tasks and results research;
Scientific, technical, economic expediency conducted research;
Availability of elements research nature , ability to analyze, generalize and draw conclusions;
- dignity and limitations WRC;
- quality of design WRC.
The review should end with conclusions about the completeness of the development of the topic, the correspondence of the posed and disclosed questions to the scientific task, the theoretical and practical significance of the FQP, and the possible area of \u200b\u200busing the results obtained.
The student has the right to read the review no later than 2 calendar days before the defense of the FQP. Based on the content of the review, the student prepares motivated responses to comments when defending the work.
Job protection
The procedure for defending the FQP includes: a student's report, questions on the report, the head's review, the reviewer's review, speeches by the commission members and others present, the student's final speech.
The duration of the defense of the work of one student should not exceed 30 minutes. The student is given no more than 10 minutes for a message (report).
Report must meet the following requirements:
The report should be clearly structured, logical, understandable;
The report should fully reflect the results of the work;
The basis of the report should be the material and methodology, own results and conclusions of the work;
The presenter should speak loudly enough, clearly, focusing the attention of the audience on key points;
Demonstration material in the form of a presentation or posters is required;
In the course of the report, it is imperative to refer to the illustrative and tabular material of the presentation and to explain all the slides using a pointer;
The report begins with an appeal to the members of the commission, reporting the topic, tasks, relevance and scientific novelty of the research, and ends with the main results, their practical significance, thanks;
You can skip the conclusions and use the phrase “Let me not read the conclusions, because they are given in the work and presented in the presentation. "
Presentation must meet the following requirements:
The presentation should not be entertaining;
Presentation design should be uniform, without special effects;
The background of the slides should not be bright, colorful and interfere with the perception of the main information;
The presentation should reflect key diagrams, formulas, graphs and figures;
Tables with more than 3-4 rows (columns) should not be included in the presentation, it is better to present the data available in them in the form of graphs and diagrams;
All figures, graphs, tables, diagrams must have a title and data labels, the names of tables are given at the top, figures - below;
On graphs and diagrams, the names of the coordinate axes, units of measurement, conventional signs, etc., must be indicated;
All details of the figure should be clear from the figure itself, its name and designations to it;
The text in the presentation should be kept to a minimum, with the exception of slides with goals, objectives and conclusions, which should fully correspond to the text of the work;
The text should be clearly visible on the background of the slide, preferably black Times New Roman or Arial, font size at least 20-24 pt;
Slides should be presented in the order in which they appear in the report;
On the first slide of the presentation, the topic of the work, the name of the student, the direction of training / specialty, information about the supervisor should be located;
On the second, third slide, the goal and objectives of the work;
At the end of the presentation - "Conclusions";
There should be no slides that are not discussed during the presentation.
The results of the defense of the work are determined on the basis of the submitted FQP, the student's report, his answers to the questions of the commission and comments (including those contained in the response of the head and reviewer).
Common evaluation criteria WRCs are:
Justification of the relevance of the research topic, compliance of the content with the topic, completeness of its disclosure;
The level of comprehension of theoretical issues and generalization of the collected material, the validity and clarity of the formulated conclusions;
The clarity of the structure of the work and the consistency of the presentation of the material, the methodological validity of the study;
The effectiveness of using selected research methods to solve the problem;
Possession of the scientific style of presentation;
The validity and value of the results and conclusions obtained, the possibility of their application in practice;
Compliance of the FQP submission form with all the requirements for registration of works;
Spelling and punctuation literacy;
Oral presentation quality, fluency in WRC material;
The depth and accuracy of answers to questions, comments and recommendations during the defense of work.
The decision on the result of the defense of the WRC is made by a majority vote at a closed meeting of the members of the SEC. All meetings of the GEC are recorded in the manner determined by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and signed by the chairman and members of the commission.
GRADUATION QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
General requirements
The following requirements are imposed on the FQP:
Correspondence of the title of the work to its content, clear targeting, relevance;
The logical sequence of the presentation of the material, based on solid theoretical knowledge on the chosen topic and convincing arguments;
Correct presentation of the material, taking into account the accepted scientific terminology;
The reliability of the results obtained and the validity of the conclusions;
Scientific writing style;
Registration of work in accordance with the requirements.
The scope of the FQP should be sufficient to describe the ways of achieving the assigned tasks, not overloaded with unimportant details and cannot affect the assessment during the defense.
Requirements for the FQP on the bachelor's educational program.FQP is carried out on the basis of theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired by the student during the training period. At the same time, it should be mainly focused on the knowledge gained in the process of studying the disciplines of the basic and variable parts of the curriculum, summarize the theoretical training of the student, contain specific reliable data and confirm the formation of professional competencies. FQPs can be of both applied and analytical nature. The recommended volume of the FQP (excluding annexes) is 40-60 pages.
Requirements for the FQP on the educational program of the specialist.FQP is carried out on the basis of theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired by the student during the entire period of study in accordance with the OBEP HE. FQP should have a research or production orientation and may be associated with the solution of scientific and production problems. At the same time, it should be mainly focused on the knowledge gained in the process of mastering the disciplines of the basic and variable parts of the curriculum, in the process of passing the student's industrial practice. FQP should testify to the formation of professional competencies. The recommended volume of the FQP (excluding annexes) is 50-70 pages.
Requirements for the FQP on the master's educational program. FQP should ensure the consolidation of academic culture, testify to the formation of general cultural, general professional and professional competencies and reflect the necessary set of methodological ideas and methodological skills in the chosen field of professional activity. It is carried out on the basis of the knowledge and practical skills acquired by the student during the entire period of study at the university (including on the basis of knowledge of the previous level of study), passing educational and industrial practice, designing and performing research work performed in the magistracy. The recommended length of the FQP (excluding annexes) is 60-100 pages.
Similar information.
Sometimes you can hear the following phrase: "It doesn't matter how the diploma is written, it is important how it is designed." And there really is truth in this statement. Members of the state commission will not read your thesis, they will only leaf through it. And it's imperative that the superficial impression you get is in your favor!
In order for the state commission to nod their heads approvingly, flipping through your research, you must clearly comply with the requirements for the design of the thesis in accordance with GOST 2017. In this article, we will dwell on the nuances of the design of the thesis, which are important for both the student and the student.
GOSTs that determine the design of the thesis
Strictly speaking, there is no special GOST 2018 for a diploma. GOST for the design of the thesis has practically not changed since 2001 (only a small change was made in 2005).
Thus, the current rules for the design of the thesis (2018) are regulated by a document called GOST 7.32-2001 "System of standards for information, library and publishing. Research report. Structure and design rules ".
This is a voluminous document, to the middle of which not every bird can fly. You can study it yourself, but in this article we will highlight the most important points that should be taken into account when issuing a diploma in accordance with GOST.
In addition to GOST 7.32-2001, the design of the diploma study is regulated by several more documents. So, GOST 7.32-2001 itself is based on almost a dozen GOSTs, the most significant of which for a graduate student are:
- GOST 7.1-2003. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules for drawing up.
- GOST 7.9-95 (ISO 214-76). System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Abstract and annotation. General requirements.
- GOST 7.12-93. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Bibliographic record. Abbreviation of words in Russian. General requirements and rules.
In addition, other documents are taken into account when issuing a diploma, for example, GOST 9327-60 (its requirements relate to the design of texts, tables and graphic materials).
Are you afraid that the roof will go when studying these GOSTs? Don't worry, there is an easy way to get a perfect diploma by reading this article. We have put these terrible GOSTs on the shelves!
It should be noted that, despite the detailed bureaucratic regulation of the design of scientific research, some minor nuances remained variable. For example, the font type is not specified in GOST, but in practice it has long been established the rule to use Times New Roman.
The design nuances that are not specified in the GOST, but for some reason required at your department, are indicated in the manual, which should not be ignored either. Be sure that the student's trump card "And it is indicated in the GOST!" one hundred percent beats teaching "And it was necessary to look in the training manual!".
General requirements for the design of the diploma (page parameters, font, spacing, etc.)
Registration of the thesis according to GOST 2018 implies the fulfillment of the mandatory requirements:
1. Paper should be white, standard A4 size (according to GOST 9327), recommended density - around 80 g / sq. m. In other words - ordinary office paper for printers. (Hereinafter, Captain Obviousness will sometimes take the floor, but it is better to let him speak out than to screw up something on trifles).
An exception: There are cases when GOST allows the use of A3 format in the preparation of scientific research. This happens when a thesis or other research contains a large number of large tables, illustrations, drawings. But it is better, if possible, to place them in Applications.
2. GOST indicates that the thesis must be submitted in printed form - typed on a typewriter or printed using a computer and printer. On the line below the document even uses the term PC - personal computer
For a person who is looking for the rules for the design of a thesis in accordance with GOST 2018, such a revelation can cause a slight stupor. But do not forget that GOST, in fact, has not changed for ten years, and specifically this part - for almost fifteen. In those ancient times, when this GOST was approved, that is, in 2001, not all students had computers, teachers read handwritten drafts, and there was even a profession of a typesetter on a computer. And a little earlier, in the mid-90s, typewriters were widely used for typing, which the compilers of the GOST have not forgotten yet. Or, which is most likely, they just ripped up the wording from an earlier GOST, 7.32-91, with slight changes.
We are sure that when next year students look for information on the design of their thesis in accordance with GOST 2017, they will again encounter typewriters and personal computers
3. The text should be printed on only one side of the sheet. There should not be any images, marks, etc. on the back. However, the graduate student is no longer a beginner, after a dozen of written essays and several term papers, he probably already remembered this.
4. The structural elements of the thesis (introduction, chapters of the main part, conclusion, bibliography, list of footnotes) start from a new sheet. Paragraphs / paragraphs can also be started from a new sheet, but the continuation on the same page is also a canonical option (this point should be clarified with the supervisor or in the manual issued by the department).
Note: Try to keep the end of the chapter at least half the page or at least a third. The rule is not fixed anywhere, but refers to those unspoken "etiquette" laws that are customarily observed.
5. The width of the fields in the thesis is established by GOST as follows:
- right - not less than 10 mm (1 cm);
- the left one is not less than 30 mm (1 cm), the margin is given for stitching;
- top not less than 20 mm (2 cm);
- bottom - not less than 20 mm (2 cm).
It is interesting that, despite the wording “no less”, in most cases this indication is interpreted by the supervisors as “exactly” or even “no more”. They can be understood: students sometimes abuse wide fields.
6. The orientation of the sheet is vertical (portrait). Horizontal orientation (landscape) is allowed in the design of applications, but not the main part of the thesis.
7. Alignment of text in modern thesis is usually done in width. GOST does not regulate this point, therefore, in theory, you can align the text to the left (but, of course, not to the right and not to the center). However, in the age of computer technology, this will look strange. Again, remember when this GOST was written (based on the even more ancient GOST 7.32-91): in those days when typewriters had not yet become one hundred percent antiques. On a typewriter, even with hyphenation, it is very difficult to achieve high-quality alignment. And the compilers of these valuable guidelines apparently considered such a requirement an overly stringent requirement. But you have a PC or laptop, right?
We will talk in more detail about the alignment of the headings of chapters and subparagraphs a little below, there are some nuances.
8. Paragraph indents are required, and not according to GOST, but according to the rules of the Russian language. In GOST, however, one should look for instructions regarding its size. But what do we see? The requirements of GOST 2.105-95 on the size of the indentation of 15 or 17 mm in GOST 7.32-2001 disappeared. In other words, you can indent any ... within reason, of course. A paragraph indent of 1.25 - 1.5 cm is considered reasonable. And this is the case when it makes sense to ask about the recommendations of the department.
9. The font color in the thesis is black. In the thesis there should be no color highlighting of the text - this is not Lirushechka for you.
10. What font should I use? GOST is mysteriously silent, but in widespread practice (both domestic and foreign) scientific works are printed in Times New Roman font. This is, in fact, an already established standard.
Question: Can I use other fonts in my thesis? In this regard, GOST will deign to give out the following details: yes, individual formulas, terms can be written in other fonts that differ from the font of the main text.
"It is allowed to use the computer capabilities of focusing attention on certain terms, formulas, theorems, using fonts of different typefaces."
Source:
Moreover: GOST allows you to write by hand formulas and other parts of the text that cannot be entered by typewritten method. For this, either black ink or black ink is used. It is necessary to write in printed characters. But, in our opinion, for a student completing a diploma in accordance with GOST in 2018, this liberty is unacceptable. Modern computer technologies allow displaying any formulas. If there are no matching symbols, formulas are now inserted as images.
11. The size (letter size), according to GOST, must be at least twelve. In practice, graduates use 12 and 14 pt. Times New Roman. In footnotes, in captions to tables and images, you can use a smaller size (up to 10).
12. Line spacing, in contrast to the font, is regulated by GOST. It should be one and a half.
13. CAPS LOK is allowed when writing the titles of the chapters of the thesis. IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO USE IT ANYWHERE!
14. To highlight the structural parts of the work, that is, in headings and subheadings, you can use bold type. It can also be used to highlight some important phrases, terms - but without enthusiasm. The same goes for italics. For example, in can be bold or italicized the words "hypothesis, subject, object, goals, objectives".
15. Misprints are not allowed. If you nevertheless find typos, misprints, graphic inaccuracies during the proofreading of your thesis, then, according to GOST, they can be painted over with white paint (a corrector is used for this) and corrections can be carefully made on top so that there are no noticeable blots. But this, gentlemen, students, is an emergency option - for example, if you decide to re-read your diploma right at the university before handing it over to the reviewer and you do not have time to run to the printer. In general, these days, printing out a thesis is not difficult, so make corrections on the computer and re-print the necessary sheets.
Title design in the thesis
We should dwell on the design of headings and subheadings separately, because GOST is quite intricate in this matter. The rules are as follows:
- Headings are the names of the structural parts of the work, representing a short and clear reflection of the content of sections, subsections, paragraphs.
- Use Arabic numerals for numbering.
- When numbering sections, subsections and paragraphs, a full stop is not put after the numbers.
- When using the wording “part such and such” or “chapter such and such”, a period is placed after the number.
- When numbering sections, subsections, points, the following rules should be followed:
However, in diploma works it does not reach such extremes, so you can forget about letters and numbers with brackets.
- The distance between the text and the heading is not regulated by GOST, but, according to established rules, is 15 mm, that is, one confused line with a one and a half interval. The chapter heading from the subsection / paragraph heading is usually separated by 8 mm (double space).
- Headings are printed, in accordance with GOST, in capital (capital) letters. CAPS LOCOM, SHORT
- Headings are centered, subheadings are indented.
- If the title consists of two sentences, they are separated by a period.
- Headings are not allowed to hyphenate.
- Headings can be bold, but not underlined.
- The period is not put at the end of the heading.
If you are interested in the design of the thesis in accordance with GOST 2018, a sample of the design of headings is in front of you:
But this option is used if the study does not highlight parts (chapters). Since the chapters are highlighted in the thesis, it is necessary to put a full stop after the number in the title: "Chapter 1. FROZEN RULES FOR REGISTRATION ACCORDING TO GOST" Further, the dots in the numbering of subsections are no longer put.
There is also the option of using the paragraph mark (§) when highlighting subsections, but this is considered obsolete. Roman numerals are often used in chapter numbering. There are other options in some departments, according to the principle "in each hut its own rattles." But you now know how to act in accordance with GOST, and the variations are under the responsibility of your supervisor.
Page numbering and content design
Thesis should include content, which indicates all structural parts, including attachments. How to write names - lowercase or uppercase? Unlike GOST 2.105-95, the newer GOST 7.32-2001 provides a solution to this issue at the discretion of the author.
An example of content design in a thesis:
Let's touch on one more GOST nuance. Students who decide to independently study GOST 7.32-2001 can screw up by following the following instruction:
5.4.2 When drawing up a report consisting of two or more parts, each of them should have its own content. At the same time, the content of the entire report is placed in the first part, indicating the numbers of the parts, in the subsequent ones - only the content of the corresponding part. It is allowed in the first part instead of the content of the subsequent parts to indicate only their names.
Bachelor's final qualifying work — is a complete theoretical or experimental research carried out by a student (several students together), associated with the solution of individual particular problems, determined by the characteristics of training in the studied area and demonstrating the level of preparedness of a graduate for independent professional activity.
FQP is carried out in the form of a bachelor's work.For all the information set forth in the FQP, the decisions made and for the correctness of all data, the student is directly responsible - the author of the FQP.
2. Preparation of the WRC
Undergraduate students no later than November 6 t the current academic year choose one of the topics offered by the department. The assignment of the topic to the student is carried out on the basis of the student's personal application.
The student has the right to propose his own FQP theme, agreed with the supervisor. When considering the initiative topic of the student's FQP, the department has the right to reasonably reject it or, with the student's consent, reformulate it.
If the student does not agree with the wording of the topic proposed by the department, he has the right to propose another topic for the FQP. If the student has not agreed with the department on the initiative topic of the FQP within the established timeframe, he must choose one of the approved sample topics.
Changing or clarifying the topic of the FQP is possible no later than a month before the expected date of defense on the basis of a student's personal statement, agreed with the head, addressed to the head of the department.
FQP, drawn up in accordance with the methodological recommendations for the preparation and defense of FQP, is signed by the student, supervisor, consultants (if any) and submitted by the student in electronic and paper form together with the head's review to the department no later than ten calendar days before the defense of the WRC.
A student who has not submitted the FQP with the recall of the head within the prescribed period is not allowed to defend the FQP. A student not admitted to the defense of the final qualifying work, deducted from Institute for failure to pass the final state certification.
FQP is checked without fail in the Antiplagiat system in accordance with the Regulations for the use of the Antiplagiat system for the collection and verification of written educational works.
Students who have successfully completed the full development of the basic educational program in the areas of training (specialties) of higher professional education and have submitted an FQP with the recall of the head within the prescribed period are allowed to defend the FQP. Obtaining negative feedback is not an obstacle to submitting WRCs for defense.
The student is obliged to submit the final version of the WRC to the head at least three weeks before the appointed date for the defense of the WRC.
3. FQP registration
In accordance with the standard, the explanatory note of the WRC must contain a description of the results of studies, calculations, circuit solutions and have the following structure:
Title page in Russian
Title page in English
Assignment for WRC
Abstract in Russian
Abstract in English
Contents (table of contents)
Introduction
Main part (Chapters and paragraphs, or sections and subsections)
Conclusion in Russian
Conclusion in English
List of used sources and literature
Applications (if required)
Accompanying documents
Presentation (paper and electronic)
Review of the head
Antiplagiat report
Statement of the independent nature of written work
One copy of the handout
2 disks (on it all documents in scanned form (title pages, assignment, feedback, consent to posting the FQP) + full FQP (in Word format) + presentation + drawings in PDF format))
One disc is given to the lectern.
The second is submitted together with the FQP to the university archive.
Title page an explanatory note for the final work is drawn up on a special form
Quest form
annotation — summary of the WRC (performed in two languages \u200b\u200bseparately each).
Introduction. The introduction should substantiate the relevance of the topic, determine the methods for solving the problem and clearly formulate the research goal. The theoretical and practical significance of the work is reflected. The volume of the introduction is usually 2-3 pages.
The main part of the WRC . Includes theoretical and practical parts. The chapters present the results of calculations and research.
Each chapter should end with conclusions, which summarize the results of this stage of work and concretize the tasks and methods of solving them in subsequent chapters.
Conclusion. In the conclusion, the main conclusions are formulated, showing the achieved level of solving the problem. Own results are compared with those already known. The volume of the conclusion is usually 1-2 pages.
The conclusion is carried out in two languages \u200b\u200bseparately each.
List of sources used includes all the cited sources, as well as those sources that were studied by the author when writing the work. This list may contain fundamental works, monographs and scientific articles, textbooks and teaching aids, publications of domestic and foreign specialists, in print and electronic media, statistical materials, as well as various documents, including current regulations and bills and etc. The list includes literature indicating bibliographic data and sources from the Internet. If the explanatory note refers to scientific information that allows a specific decision to be made, the inclusion of the original source in the list is mandatory. It is recommended to use at least one third of the sources over the last 5 years of publication. The recommended amount of literature in a foreign language for FQP is at least 2-3. The list of used literature is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of GOST.
Applications. The appendices include additional materials (tables, results of experiments and calculations, diagrams, printouts of programs), confirming the conclusions and recommendations of the work, additional materials. At the same time, the main text of the WRC should contain links to the relevant annexes.
4. Technical requirements
An explanatory note of the final qualifying work is drawn up in accordance with GOST. Prints on a standard A4 sheet of paper with a border. Margins are left on all four sides of the printed sheet: left margin - 35 mm, right - at least 10 mm, top and bottom - at least 20 mm, approximate number of characters per page - 2000. Font Times New Roman, 14 point size, line spacing 1 , 2. Paragraph indent - 1.25 cm. The text of the FQP is stated on one side of the sheet. Width justification.
Each new chapter starts on a new page; the same rule applies to other main structural parts of the work (introduction, conclusion, bibliography, appendices, etc.).
The pages of the final qualifying work with drawings and appendices must be consecutively numbered. The first page is the title page, on which the page number is not affixed.
The title page is drawn up according to the established sample
Sheet for the first page of chapters
Attachment sheet
The recommended length of the WRC explanatory note is 60-80 pages.
The final qualifying work must be performed in two versions:
1. Printed - bound (ahead of the work 3 transparent files for revocation, consent, conclusion, behind the work one file for the presentation).
2. In electronic form (on a disk for checking the FQP for the amount of borrowing and placement in the electronic educational environment of KNRTU-KAI)
Rules for writing formulas, symbols
Formulas are placed in separate lines in the center of the sheet or within text lines. It is recommended to put formulas in the text that are short, simple, have no independent meaning and are not numbered. The most important formulas, as well as long and cumbersome formulas containing the signs of summation, product, differentiation, integration, are placed on separate lines. To save space, several short formulas of the same type, selected from the text, can be placed on one line, and not one under another.