It is customary to mention the views of these authors among the well-known expansivistic theory of credit. Undoubtedly, there are certain reasons for this, due to the general idea of \u200b\u200bunlimited credit opportunities. For all the similarity of the theories of John Law, Henry Dunning MacLeod, Albert Hahn and Joseph Schumpeter, each of them is a unique view of credit, with many components.
John Lo on the loan
J. Lo can be considered the ancestor, the founder of the expansionist theory of credit. Unfortunately, however, in J. Law we will not find a detailed analysis of credit and capital; as a representative of mercantilism, he turns his gaze to money. The wealth of a country in this direction depends on the amount of money. In his opinion, "in order to have the power and wealth in accordance with other nations, we would have to have money and the corresponding proportions, for without money the best laws could not give jobs to the population, nor improve production, nor expand manufacturing and trade" 1. The poverty of the people, in his opinion, is a consequence of the insufficient amount of money. "The mass of money we have always had," he wrote, "is a great presumption that we never had enough money." J. Lo believed that the state should have a certain amount of coins in proportion to the population.
Being a supporter of mercantilistic illusions, J. Law, according to N.Kh. Bunge, in contrast to mercantilism, “cared not about increasing the stock of gold and silver coins, but about creating such money, the amount of which could easily be multiplied and would correspond to the existing need, and which was cheap, that is, at a low interest paid on them, would be available to everyone. Obviously, Law is not looking for an increase in the amount of lasting wealth, non-multiplied consumption, in other words, coins, but the acquisition of a tool of productivity ”1. J.L. considered a hard-earned coin neither a value nor a pledge, but only a commodity, an object of trade, exchange. He wants to prove that "only pieces of paper are a good instrument of exchange and circulation and are far preferable to coins."
J. Law was an ardent supporter of paper money. "Nothing," he wrote, "fulfills the function of money better than paper." The land money offered by him for issue, "equal in value to both land and hard currency", "is more suitable to serve also as a yardstick by which goods are valued." At the same time, J. Law believes that “money is not a value for the sake of which goods are exchanged one for another; they are the value through which goods are mutually exchanged. "
He believes that “land is much more useful as money than silver, although it is mined and produced in Scotland. The value of the land is more definite and reliable, it is in the highest degree possesses the qualities of being money, and in addition has other qualities that silver lacks. Land, therefore, can serve as a general yardstick for valuing commodities, for valuing the value on the basis of which commodities are exchanged and contracts are made ”(Chapter 7). The issue of such money, paper money, will be equal to the demand for it.
J. Law is convinced that “trade and the size of the population, which constitute the wealth and power of the state, depend on the amount of money and the way it is operated. Credits can play a big role here ”. As he notes in his Second Note on Banks, credit provides an abundance of money. In the so-called Third Letter (on the new system of finance), referring to the relationship between money and credit, he rightly noted that "money itself, so to speak, needs credit for its own circulation."
Unfortunately, J. Law confused money with capital (and credit). As Cf. Horn, according to J. Law, any use of money gives profit, even if the person who used it suffered a loss 1. Issuing paper money is creating credit, and creating credit is creating capital, and therefore issuing paper money is creating capital. According to J. Law, “the more the bank gives out loans ... the more it increases the amount of coins that generate income for the country, because it gives more hands to work, trade expands, loans become easier and cheaper, and, finally, the bank itself making profits. "
Seeing in money and credit a significant force affecting the economy, J. Law wrote in his Second Note on Banking: “Money in the state is like blood in the human body. You can't live without blood, you can't do anything without money. Circulation is needed here and there, and credit plays the same role in trade as blood cells. "
Concerning the peculiarities of credit, J. Law wrote: "Credit is a voluntary matter and depends on the amount of money generated in the country" (Chapter IV). “A well and skillfully established credit system,” he notes, “has great advantages. However, inept use of credit can cause considerable damage. Therefore, you should always carefully study the lending business before resorting to loans, and then strictly follow the relevant rules. "
Speaking for the development of credit, J. Law, unfortunately, identified it with money. For him, loans are either bank notes or banknotes that replace hard currency. In general, gold, silver, copper, tickets, marked and strung shells, which are used on some coasts of Africa, are all just things that represent wealth, or, in other words, signs that allow the exchange of real wealth. In turn, "a loan is a freely paid ticket that can be freely exchanged for money - coins, as, say, one can exchange a louis for four ecu" 1.
In the views of J. Lo, credit is associated with the obligation to pay for the ticket in gold. The sample of the tickets offered by him is typical.
One hundred crowns in coins number 520
The Bank undertakes to pay the ticket holder an amount of one hundred ecu in coins of weight and purity of the metal on the day the ticket is issued.
Manager seal Inspectors
As it follows from the text, the obligation to pay its holder the equivalent in coin on the day of issue is fixed in the ticket as a certificate of debt. J. Law realized that too wide a loan, an excessive number of tickets, that “even a well thought out project is in danger of failure” (§ III. “First note on banks”).
Referring to the restrictions on the issuance of traditional credit to merchants, J. Law noted the need to study all aspects of their activities, take into account the opinions about them. He believed that the volume of a loan should be limited not only by the recipients' own funds and confidence in them. It is desirable that the money lent be interest-free, and the profit received from it is divided between the lender and the borrower. By designing new system finance, J. Lo noted that there is no more sure sign of a dysfunctional state, sliding into poverty, than the high cost of money.
In general, the author gave great importance to the loan. "Credits are necessary and useful," he wrote, "they produce the same effect and the same benefit in trade as if the amount of money increased." At the same time, as later A. Gan, J. Law believes that the bank creates a loan. “Establishing credit through a bank would increase the amount of money in a year to a much greater extent than profitable trade would in ten years: therefore, France must resort to credit - or else it will be in a state of weakness compared to others powers that use credit "1. And further, what J. Schumpeter later wrote about: "Only the institution of credit can deliver an abundance of money and give the first impetus (premier movement), which further gives France benefits." J. Law associates the provision of a loan with an increase in the amount of money in the country, believing that new credit infusions, expanding the scale of the money supply, also increase the mass of capital, and can reduce the level of loan interest.
J. Law connects the size of the loan with the amount of the metal stock. In his opinion, “only that bank is“ reliable ”, the metal stock of which is equal to the number of tickets issued by it”, “because it will be sound even if the sums for all its obligations are claimed.” And further: “The loan depends on the amount of the coin , located in the country, and falls and rises accordingly with this amount. "
J. Law, however, believed that banking practice should not strictly adhere to these rules. Realizing the danger of excessive issuance, he at the same time believed that there was "a certain benefit, which ... far outweighs the danger, even if the bank suspended its payments in two or three years."
J. Law had similar ideas earlier. In his draft presented to the Scottish Parliament, he, as noted, proposed issuing paper money (tickets) backed by land; Subsequently, in the "System" he created, the collateral with land was replaced by collateral in the shares of the Company of India (Compagnie des Judes). As N.Kh. Bunge, "the shares of the Indium Company were not suitable as a guarantee of tickets and because the value of their [shares] depended on the profitability of the merchant and financial enterprise, had ... a value subject to large fluctuations." At the same time, J. Law did not envision any limits for the issuance of his land-backed tickets.
Initially, the issue of shares in France in accordance with J. Law's ideas brought noticeable success. The shares were bought very willingly. After all, on them due to the development of the wealth of the Mississippi coast. High revenues for the company and high dividends for holders of issued tickets were offered. The public was actively buying shares in exchange for the gold sovereigns. The country's treasury, completely devastated the day before, was filled with gold coins in a short time. From a poor country, France became a prosperous state. The promises of high income for the shareholders were fueled by relevant advertising. As Cf. Horn, “the crowd was shown engravings ... the signature read: 'there are mountains filled with gold, silver, copper, lead, mercury. These metals are so common there that savages - and those who do not suspect their value - exchange pieces of gold and silver for non-European goods: knives, cauldrons, small mirrors and even a sip of vodka. " Skillfully manipulating and stirring up the excitement for the company's shares, each issue of shares was fueled by the growth of their rate. Old and new shares have risen 400-800% of their par.
Wed Horn describes the events of those years in the following way: “Many crowned heads of Europe sent their agents to Paris, who humbly ingratiated themselves for the favors of the regent or the Scotsman in distributing shares. In the state archives of France, many more petitions are kept, where the most glorious names in french history flaunt on the most humiliated requests for shares "1. “Luo was positively besieged in his office”; all were striving “to win the favor of a powerful financial wizard; his servants and lackeys got hold of handouts from all those whom they admitted to their master or in the bureau of the Society. Huge queues of people wishing to sign up for the acquisition of shares formed at the company's bureau, “many were stocking up on provisions, some groaning under the weight of bags of money, others fearfully clutching a tightly packed portfolio to their chest. The crush of people and carriages was such that every day there were crushings ... ".
Very soon, however, the situation changed, confidence in the issued banknotes began to fall sharply. The combination of the bank that issued the money tickets and the company (the management was general), burdening the company with operations not directly related to the credit business, for example, collecting some taxes, intrigues of ill-wishers, J. Law received the right to unlimited issue of paper money did their job ...
As IK Babst noted, the system collapsed from the excessive issuance of bank notes and shares, which flooded France with paper money. The excessive exaggeration of the possibilities of credit, its too optimistic use of it disproportionate to the incomes created with its help for repayment of loans, could not but affect. The speculation on high income from the project as a source of repayment of the undertaken obligations inevitably turned into a collapse.
Trying to maintain confidence in stocks, J. Law is taking a number of arbitrary artificial measures that further exacerbate the situation. To maintain confidence in the shares, he spread a rumor about further increase in dividends on them, and then, colluding with other bankers, organized an artificial rush for shares. According to N.K. Babst, the bankers' clerks, “rushed into the crowd, into the offices, demanded shares at any price and bought them. The crowd is always ready to follow. Seeing such a request for shares, many began to buy them as well, especially those who sold them at a very low price even before salesmen appeared ”1. However, distrust of the stock continued to grow. The public got rid of the shares. “To protect the cash register from complete destruction,” wrote I.K. Babst, - Law resorted to a childish means, to which at the end of the last century the English bank turned more than once. He ordered the payment to be made in the slowest possible manner; but no matter how it happened, gold still flowed from the bank. " In order to keep the banknotes in the hands of the population, Law issues a decree where he complains about people presenting bonds and thereby undermining confidence in them, threatens with severe measures and punishments and the threat of confiscation, prohibits the export of hard coins from Paris, allows payment for goods with hard coins of no more than 100 livres, and then completely forbids all citizens to keep a gold coin and precious metals in general. “Anyone who was found to have gold was subject to strict punishment, as well as those who, knowing about it, would not report. The informers were promised half of the confiscated amount, and their names remained known ... General despondency and distrust spread throughout France; the gentlemen were still afraid of their own; old friends stopped seeing each other, not trusting each other. One son denounced his father, but such an act, although legal, aroused, however, indignation, and the regent ordered to punish the monster ... but in vain the gold was hidden even more zealously ”1. Under these conditions, J. Law decides to take one more step - he issues a decree on May 22, 1720, which constantly lowers the rate of all paper money, which arouses even more discontent in society, which regarded this act as an encroachment on private property, as a violation of the main article banking regulations that promised the invariability and constancy of the rates of tickets and counter coins. The parliament demanded strict measures, J. Law was arrested, but then, having substantiated the previous measures he had proposed, he was released, but immediately resigned as the controller-general. Instead of J. Law, old officials came to the management of the country's finances, who made a decision to return hard coins to the previous exchange rate, allowed the import and export of gold and silver, and allowed citizens to have hard coins with them in any quantity. 400 thousand shares were burned, but the bankruptcy of the bank could no longer be prevented. The bank stopped payments (except for tickets of 10 livres, which were in the hands of people of the poor class).
By the end of 1720, France's economy and finances were in dire straits. Industry and trade stopped. J. Law no longer took any part in the affairs, but hatred of him increased as the situation worsened. J. Law gave his estates to the company and the regent. He himself left France with almost no money. “In Brussels, he stayed in the very last hotel, from where the rich banker Mioss took him to his house, and from him Law learned how terrible his bank notes had been forged. One cannot fail to mention here another strange encounter with Law. In Brussels, the Russian envoy caught up with him, who had not found him already in Paris, and handed him a letter from Peter the Great, who offered him the management of our finances. Peter saw Law and talked with him when he was in Paris in 1717 ”.
J. Law spent the rest of his days in Venice in deep poverty. He “had to turn more than once to his former craft, to the game, in order to save himself and his family from complete poverty. Montesquieu visited him at this time. It was the same person as before, he wrote; he was still running around with different plans and projects, his head was still occupied with calculations and values. He presented several projects to the Venetian Republic, but they were rejected. Law died in 1729 and inherited several paintings and a diamond valued at 40,000 livres to his family. His wife died in Brussels in deep poverty ”1.
The state, considering the company a debtor, which did not fulfill its obligations regarding it, confiscated all papers, books, bank and company tickets.
The consequences of J. Law's project were assessed in different ways. In France itself, the idea of \u200b\u200bunlimited borrowing for a long time slowed down the attempt to carry out financial reforms, reduced the possibility of developing credit, and thus its economic development.
The activities of J. Law were often declared fraudulent and delusional. N.Kh. Bunge wrote the following about this: “There are both truths and delusions that are not destined to die. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating wealth with the help of a limited release of worthless scraps of paper is very tempting and will always find supporters not only among people interested in the possibility of easy money at someone else's expense (and paper money presents so many cases for this), but also between those who are tempted the prospect or power that allows you to have unrestrictedly existing property of the inhabitants of the whole country, without visible damage to anyone, or the implementation of great state-economic enterprises and unprecedented prosperity. "
From a theoretical standpoint, however, one cannot but recognize as positive his justification of the need to expand credit as a factor in the development of industry and trade.
His remarks about banks should also be considered positive. In his "Considerations on Money and Trade" he attributed banks to the best ways of multiplying cash, "the more they lend, the more they contribute to an increase in cash in circulation, and this is a good for the country, since more people are attracted to work and trade is expanding. They increase the amount of money to borrow and this makes borrowing easier and less expensive. Finally, the bank itself earns its own profit. " He is sure that “a bank, as a very useful lending institution, as a public depository of money, is a depository where merchants give metal money and receive loans for commercial transactions. In addition to facilitating and speeding up payments, banks relieve depositors from the costs of keeping money in their own cash desks, from bags for money and their transportation, from the risk of receiving counterfeit coins. Money is safer in banks 1. “A properly established and well-functioning bank,” says J. Law in his Second Note on Banks, “is the basis of the power of the state and the support of royal power.” At the same time, he added, not without reason, that “banks are like railways: they need to be used, but with caution. " "A well-working bank will never lose its creditworthiness, unless the sovereign himself wishes to ruin it, for all other events can be foreseen and prepared for."
According to him, even if the king needs a loan to cover some extraordinary expenses, "the bank will absolutely not be obliged to give him an amount in excess of the money-back guarantee."
Of course, one cannot but see J. Law's fetishization of credit opportunities. Undoubtedly, however, he found his supporters in subsequent theories and in practice.
Professor Z.S. Katzenellenbaum wrote during the Soviet period that "there were far fewer erroneous thoughts in John Law's views regarding credit than his opponents say."
- Law. Considerations sur Le numeraire, ed. E. Daire. Collection. T. 1.P. 506.
The technology of dosage forms is a fairly young science, which was formed in the 20s of the last century and has ceased to be an area of \u200b\u200bempirical knowledge.
Suppositories are among the oldest dosage forms. The first mentions of them were in Ancient egypt and other countries of the Ancient East BC. An indication of their use for medicinal purposes is found in the Ebers papyrus. They were widely used by Hippocrates, Avicenna, Galen. Lanolin was used as a base, which was obtained from sheep wool, while performing a number of sequential operations - boiling, washing the mixture sea \u200b\u200bwater, filtering the product, whitening it in the sun.
More than 90% of medicines supplied to a pharmacy are produced by the pharmaceutical industry. Most pharmaceutical factories are classified as high volume production. They are characterized by the use of the flow method, maximum mechanical production processes and, in some cases, complete automation of production.
AT last years industrial production and the range of suppositories have increased in the world, which tends to be used more widely in medical practice. Suppositories with ichthyol, belladonna extract, nystatin, methyluracil, piroxicam, diphenhydramine are produced. In suppositories, steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, various vitamins, antibiotics, alkaloids, phenothiazine derivatives, pyrazolone, etc. are prescribed.
The importance of rectal suppositories as a means of rapid delivery of drugs in life-threatening cases has increased. Suppositories are produced for the relief of hypertensive crises, spasm of blood vessels and bronchi, rapid restoration of heart rate and respiratory distress. In some cases, medicinal substances introduced in the form of suppositories enter the bloodstream faster than with subcutaneous administration, and have a therapeutic effect in lower doses (estrogenic hormones). The prospect of this dosage form becomes more obvious when you consider that some medicinal substances taken orally are inactivated by digestive juices and injure the gastrointestinal tract. Suppositories are especially widely used in children's practice, replacing injectable forms, while practically not reducing their bioavailability and the rate of entry into the bloodstream.
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Yes? N? On? I intend to get it and it is possible? I am going to do it? for? dach:
- 1. And? Sound? N? Iel? It? Ratu? R? S on the? Meku? Rso? S work? S;
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- 4. And? On? L? And? S and general? N? N? And?????????????
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rectal medicinal suppository
LITERATURE REVIEW
Listen to 3 similar-sounding action words and repeat them in the same order, clearly pronouncing the sounds L and Y.
Saw out - saw off - saw off; unstick - glue - glue; peep - peep - peep; pour - pour - pour; drove - drove - drove; left - drove in - drove off.
Differentiation of the sounds L - Y in independently formed word combinations
Imagine the figures shown are made of different materials. Name what they will be if they are made of ice (ice lion, ice spruce, etc.) or clay (clay dolphin, clay lily, clay seal, etc.). Speak clearly the combinations of words, follow the pronunciation of the sounds Л and Л.
STAGE TWO
SOUND DISTINCTION L - YIN OFFERS AND CONNECTED SPEECH
Differentiation of sounds L - Y in different words offers
Lena has a skirt. Lyuba has berries. Leni has iodine. Lyova has a T-shirt. Lyuda has a yacht. Yana has lemonade. Yana has a lemon. Yana has a lion. Yana has a lake. Yana has buttercups.
Differentiation of the sounds L - Y in one word of the sentence
Speak sentences clearly. Watch the pronunciation of the sounds Л and Л.
Julia and Ilya are walking in the meadow. Ilya has a ruler, Julia has glue. Ilya and Julia are walking along the alley. Julia pours water from a watering can. Ilya pours glue into a jar. Lilya and Yulia are carrying linen outside the gate. Lily pours water from a watering can. On Yulia's alley there are spruces, lindens and maples. Swans fly to the south in autumn. Julia and Ilya are gluing the wallpaper with wallpaper glue. Aunt Leah flies to Antalya.
Differentiation of sounds ЛЛ - Л in rhymes
Speak the poem clearly. Watch the pronunciation of the sounds L and Y.
Frost lay on the branches of ate, My Ilya is such a lazy person,
The spruce branches turned white. Just give me a rest.
They gave a watering can:
We drove, drove - I will not pour!
We drove up to the pit. - Well, then wash the dishes
They drove around the pit Or books with glue,
And went home. Pour some water for the cat!
But the lazy one answered:
No! No! No! I have a watering can
Oh, what a watering can, moths fly high
Have you seen my new watering can? The mole flies low
Ice water, melted water Moths fly far away,
I will fill it and water the flowers. The mole flies close!
Differentiation of sounds L - Y in tongue twisters
Speak tongue twisters first at a slow pace, and then at a fast pace, keeping the pronunciation clear and loud. Watch the pronunciation of the sounds L and Y.
Shadow, shadow-sweat, there is a fence along the street.
I walk along the street, I blow a long pipe.
Kolya pricks the stakes, Ilya washes the watering can.
Antipa's gate has a thin, thin linden tree.
We ate, ate the line at the ate, we barely ate them.
We saw a line, one longer than one.
Differentiation of sounds L - Y in stories
Clearly, highlighting all the sounds L and Y, repeat first each sentence, and then the whole story as a whole.
LILIES
Julia and Olya were walking in the garden. Olya has a hoe, Julia has a watering can. Behind the house is a linden alley. There are lilies in the alley. Olya pours water into a watering can and gives Yulia: "Yulia, fields of lilies!" Julia waters all the lilies to one! Julia and Olya love their garden.
BABA LYUBA
Olya has Baba Lyuba. Baba Lyuba has been ill for a long time. Olenka is still little, she does not go to the pharmacy. Olya's mom goes to the pharmacy. Olenka loves Baba Lyuba. Olya gives the sick Baba Lyuba drops, pills, water in a glass. Once, seeing a lot of pills on the table, Olenka burst into tears and said: “Granny! I can drink all the pills for you, just don't get sick! "
ON THE RINK
Tolya and Vitalik always walked together. In winter, they rode on ice, made a snowman, knocked down long icicles. Tolya and Vitalik filled the skating rink by their own. Children from neighboring houses skated together on the rink. Little Lenya also started skating. Tolya and Vitalik helped Lena. All the children had fun. Lenin's mother baked a delicious lemon cake for Tolya and Vitalik.
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MOBILE PHONE
One summer Galya and Lida went to the forest. They walked through the forest, weaved wreaths, looked for strawberries. Birds sang in the forest, wildflowers bloomed. Galya and Lida walked for a long time in the forest and got lost. Then the children remembered about the mobile phone. They called home, Lida's dad. Dad came to the forest by car.
3. FORMATION OF BASE SOUND WITH
The sound C is distorted by children most often, is pronounced complex and is formed, as a rule, for a long time. It serves as basic in relation to other sibilant sounds (Cb, 3, Zb, Ts), the so-called derivatives.
The nature and number of exercises in the section correspond to the specified features.
STEP ONE
SOUND WARM-UP
Perception of the C sound at the beginning of words
Look at the pictures and listen carefully to how an adult pronounces their names correctly and incorrectly. If the picture is named correctly, put your hand up, say yes.If the picture is misnamed, shake your head negatively and say no.
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funky hyanki fafna syasna
tanks sled hachna pine
shanky chanky pine sashna
hanki sled fasna sahna
syanki shanki shashna taena
If at the end of the exercise the child continues to confuse the correct and incorrect names of the pictures, the adult analyzes the pronunciation of other words with the first sound C in the same way (see Lotto, Appendix 5).
1. "Listen, don't yawn" / Hearing the sound Y, put your hands down, the sound of L - raise your hands up "
Y - L - 1
e, al, li, oh, me, le, pli, ol, ah, ul, may, gel, summer, iodine, mine, mole, stranded, give, pit, Lena.
2. "Remember, repeat" / say 3 - 5 times /
3. Pronounce / 5 - 7 times /, distinguishing between the sounds of Y and L:
1. "Listen, don't yawn"
Y - L - 2
berries, linden, palm, south, mine, salt, hodgepodge, go, clay, blue, swans, sneak, pour out, drinks, Lena.
2. "Remember, repeat" / 5 - 7 times /
3. Speak / 5-7 times /
4. Game "I - They" - Change the words according to the pattern, highlighting the sounds Y and L with a voice: What did you do yesterday? Conversely: What am I doing ?.
1. "Listen, don't yawn and show the letters"
Y - L - 3
cranberry, sings, salute, baby, funny, saws, washes, magic, knee, fairy, gives, deer, cabin boy, ribbon, Gennady.
2. Speak / 5 7 times /
3. Come up with sentences with the words:
- hive - Bees live in u. The bee flew into the forest.
Dad made a li dya bee.
- Aboit - ...
- beat - ...
- ui - ...
4. "From 1 to 5/7 / and back" - eka / zeyona / y / watering /
5. "Remember, repeat"
glue - ruler - lily
beehive - lei - linen
waist - sick - Ilya
1. Speak / 5 - 7 times /
sounds of Y - L - 4
2. Ball game "I ..., you ..., he ..."
- to extract water from / zeeno / eki
3. "Remember, repeat"
spruce - leaves - cut out
alley - July - fun
let's go - pale - sable
4. Come up with sentences with the words:
- saw off - ...
- watering - ...
- pours out ...
- went - ...
- went ...
1. Speak / 5 - 7 times /
sounds of Y - L - 5
yogki / y / poen / ya /, kenova aeya, yubima nick, dinna ineka, bought, stolen py
* If it is difficult for a child to pronounce words, then they are slapped syllables.
2. "From 1 to 7/10 / and back" - long ruler, bought / d / / d /
3. "Complete the sentence"
- Cars from the garage ... / left /.
- Around the puddle cars ... / drove around /.
- Cars on the bridge ... / drove /.
- Cars from the bridge ... / moved off /.
- Cars ... / drove up to the house /.
- Cars… / drove into the garage /.
4. Learn
La Mila ate strawberries while grinding.
- Warm bathrobe is too small.
1. Speak / 5 - 7 times /
sounds of Y - L - 6
2. Form the words “What? Which one? Which one? "
3. Speak sentences
- I milk water out of the tree. - Ilya pours glue into the jar.
- Lilya and Yulia are carrying linen outside the gate. - Lily pours a lily from a watering can.
- Julia and Ilya are walking along the alley.
4. Learn
I have eka,
Oh, kaka / y / eka,
See you eku new mo?
food water, thaw water
I will fill flowers too
- What kind of water? - What kind of water is called "melt"?
1. Listen to the story and answer the questions in full sentences.
Speak and retell the story / 3-5 times /
iny name day
it’s also a name day. Gaya and Yena were at dinner too. They are kupii dya and tyupany, evkoi and iii. For lunch, me, Gaya and Yena and a saddle, kittens and bins. Pii children imonad and kyukvenny compote. Then mom and dad and kata kids in a new car. / Tkachenko T.A. /
- Who had a name day? - When were the name days?
- Who came to visit Yulia? - What did her friends buy Yulia?
- What did the girls eat and drink for lunch? - What did the girls do after dinner?
2. “Whose? Whose? Whose?"
U and tyupans. - Whose tulips are these? - These are tyupans.
At Gai b. - Whose spruce is this? - ...
Yeny eka. - Whose watering can is this? - ...
Do hta. - ...
Lena has berries. - ...
Have Gai od. - ...
Differentiation Y-L
Differentiation Y-Li in syllables
La-i
le-e
li-yi
leo
lyu
La la me
le-le-e
li-li-yi
le-le-e
lu-lu-u
La-la-la
le-e-le
li-yi-li
le-e-le
liu-liu
La-i-i
le-e-e
whether-and-and
le-yo-yo
lyu-yu
Ay-ay-al
hey hey ale
iy-iy-il
oh-oh-oh
oh-oh-oh
Ay-al-ay
hey el hey
iy-il-iy
oh-oh-oh
uh-ul-uy
I-I-la
e-e-le
and-and-whether
yo-yo-le
yu-yu-li
I-la-I
e-le-e
yi-li-yi
yo-le-yo
yu-lu-yu
I-la-la
e-le-le
yi-li-li
Differentiation Y-L in words
Ate, glue, watering can, ruler, linen, waist, bites, lily, track, alley, Julia, Ilya, Ulyana, Emelya, logs, beehives, July, stakes, fun, walks, wedges.
In action:
(I sing - they sang).
singing and singing
dancing-dancing
ride-ride
clapping-clapping
drink-drink
Sawing, sawing off, sawing, peeling off, gluing, gluing, gluing, gluing, peeping, peeking, peeping, pouring, pouring, pouring, pouring, pouring, topping up, watching, drove, drove off, drove around, drove out, drove away, drove, drove up, fly away, surprise.
Differentiation Y-L in phrases
Light logs. Maple Alley. Favorite spruce forest. Long ruler. Purchased spruce. Coal dust. Sticky wick. New hive. Linens. Linen linen. Raspberry watering can. A car. Watered lily. Little Julia. Slippery track. Car track. Lemon cocktail. Sticky glue. Distant Antalya. Sticky leaves. Healing broth. Swan wedges. Wasp waist. Poplar leaves. Deer glade.
Differentiation of Y-L in sentences
Lena has a skirt. Lyuba has berries. Leni has iodine. Lyova has a T-shirt. Lyuda has a yacht. Yana has lemonade. Yana has a lemon. Yana has a lion. Yana has a lake. Yana has buttercups.
Julia and Ilya are walking in the meadow. Ilya has a ruler, Julia has glue. Ilya and Julia are walking along the alley. Julia pours water from a watering can. Ilya pours glue into a jar.
Lilya and Yulia are carrying linen outside the gate. Lily pours water from a watering can. On Yulia's alley there are spruces, lindens and maples. Swans fly to the south in autumn.
Julia and Ilya are gluing the wallpaper with wallpaper glue. Aunt Lina flies to Italy.
Differentiation of Y-Li in verse
*****
Frost lay down on the branches of the spruce,
The spruce branches turned white.
*****
My Ilya is so lazy
Just give me a rest.
They gave a watering can:
- I will not pour!
- Well, then wash the dishes.
Or glue books with glue,
Pour some water for the cat!
But the lazy one answered:
- No! No! No!
*****
We drove, drove
We drove up to the pit.
The pit went round
And went home.
*****
I have a watering can
Oh what a watering can
Have you seen my new watering can?
Icy water, melted water
I will fill it and water the flowers.
*****
Moths fly high
The mole flies low
Moths fly far away
The mole flies close!
Differentiation of Y-L in texts
Wild Swans
Wild swans flew south. They flew over villages, fields and valleys. Swans flew all week and got tired. The swans saw a clearing. They went down to the clearing, drank, ate, and rested. And then they flew south again, into the distant distances.
Cartoons
Oleg and Tolya bought two cinema tickets. They will go to new cartoons. There Oleg and Tolya will see Leopold the cat and Bambi the fawn. There will be a cartoon about two lazy seals, about how the seals did not share a small ice floe. Then Oleg and Tolya will see their favorite cartoon “Well, wait!”.
Lilies
Julia and Olya were walking in the garden. Olya has a hoe, Julia has a watering can. Behind the house is a linden alley. There are lilies in the alley. Olya pours water into a watering can and gives to Yulia: "Yulia, fields li-li!" Julia waters all the lilies to one! Julia and Olya love their garden
Baba Lyuba
Olya has Baba Lyuba. Baba Lyuba has been ill for a long time. Olenka is still little, she does not go to the pharmacy. Olya's mom goes to the pharmacy. Olenka loves Baba Lyuba. Olya gives sick woman Lyuba drops, tablets, water in a glass. Once, seeing a lot of pills on the table, Olenka burst into tears and said: “Granny! I can drink all the pills for you, but you don't hurt! "
On the rink
Tolya and Vitalik always walked together. In winter, they rode on ice, made a snowman, knocked down long icicles. Tolya and Vitalik filled a skating rink by their own. Children from neighboring houses skated together on the rink. Little Lenya also started skating. Tolya and Vitalik helped Lena. All the children had fun. Lenin's mom baked a delicious lemon cake for Tolya and Vitalik.
Mobile phone
One summer Galya and Lida went to the forest. They walked through the forest, weaved wreaths, looked for strawberries. Birds sang in the forest, wildflowers bloomed. Galya and Lida walked for a long time in the forest and got lost. Then the children remembered about the mobile phone. They called home, Lida's dad. Dad came to the forest by car.
Bunny
Mike went to the lawn behind the old shed and heard that in the pit by the shed someone was crying a little. Mike came up to the pit, and there was a little bunny. She took Mike a bunny out of the hole, put it on the lawn. And how the bunny will run as fast as possible across the lawn into the spruce forest!
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Yulenka
Yulenka is small. She is in a wheelchair. Lilya walks with Yulenka, rolls her in a carriage, sings a lullaby to her:
Lyuli - lyuli-lyuli,
The ghouls arrived
They rocked the cradle
The song was hummed.
Dinner
Aunt Valya called Lena and Lilya to dinner. The girls washed their hands and sat in chairs at a large oval table. First, Lena and Lilya ate broth with bread. After the broth, Aunt Valya served them cutlets with gravy. For dessert, Lena and Lilya ate raspberry jelly and drank cranberry jelly.
Differentiation Y-Li in tongue twisters
Shadow, shadow-sweat, there is a fence along the street.
I walk along the street, I blow a long pipe.
Kolya pricks the stakes, Ilya washes the watering can.
Antipa's gate has a thin, thin linden tree.
We ate, ate the line at the ate, we barely ate them at the ate.
We saw a line, one longer than one.