Introduction

I chose a rather complicated topic, as it combines many sciences, the study of which is very important in the world: biology, ecology, chemistry, etc. My topic is significantly in the course of school chemistry and biology. A person is a very complex living organism, but his study seemed to me quite interesting. I believe that every person should know what it consists of.

goal: Read more to explore the chemical elements that are part of the person and their interaction in the body.

To achieve this goal, the following were delivered tasks:

• 1) study the elementary composition of living organisms;
• 2) allocate the main groups of chemical elements: micro and macroelements;
• 3) determine which chemical elements are responsible for growth, muscle, nervous system, etc.;
• 4) carry out laboratory experiments confirming the presence of carbon, nitrogen and iron in the human body.

Methods and techniques:analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis, synthesis, classification and generalization of selected material; Observation method, experiment (physical and chemical).

Chemical elements in the human body

All living organisms on Earth, including a person, are closely in close contact with the environment. Food and drinking water contribute to the body of almost all chemical elements. They are daily introduced into the body and are derived from it. Analyzes have shown that the number of individual chemical elements and their ratio in the healthy body of various people is about the same.

Many scientists believe that in a living organism, all chemical elements are present, but each of them performs a certain biological function. About 30 chemical elements are reliably established, without which the human body cannot normally exist. These elements are called vital. The human body consists of 60% of the water, 34% falls on organic and 6% - on inorganic substances.

The body of a person who has 70 kg, consists of:

Carbon-12.6 kg chlorine-200 grams

Oxygen-45.5 kg phosphorus-0.7 kg

Hydrogen-7 kg of sulfur-175 grams

Nitrogen-2.1 kg of iron-5 grams

Calcium-1.4 kg fluoro-100 grams

Sodium-150 grams of silicon-3 grams

Potassium-100 grams of iodine- 0.1 grams

Magnesium-200 grams of arsenic-0,0005 grams

4 whales of life

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen are four chemical elements that chemists call "chemistry whale", and which at the same time are the main elements of life. Not only live proteins were built from the molecules of these four elements, but all the nature around us and in us.

Separately, carbon is a dead stone. Nitrogen, like oxygen, free gas. Nitrogen is not connected. The hydrogen associated with oxygen forms water, and all together they create the universe.

In its simple connections, this is water on Earth, clouds in the atmosphere and air. In more complex compounds, it is carbohydrates, salts, acids, alkalis, alcohols, sugar, fats and protein substances. Completing even more, they reach the highest stage of development - create life.

Carbon -the basis of life.

All organic substances from which living organisms are built are different from inorganic in the fact that they are based on the chemical element of carbon. The composition of organic substances includes other elements: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. But all of them are grouped around carbon, which is the main central element.

Academician Fersman called him the basis of life, because without carbon life is impossible. There is no other chemical element with such peculiar properties like carbon.

However, this does not mean that carbon is the main mass of the living matter. In any carbon body, there are only 10%, water-80%, and the remaining ten percent fall on other chemical elements that are part of the body.

A characteristic feature of carbon in organic compounds is its limitless ability to communicate in a variety of combinations different elements in atomic groups.

Inorganic substances and their role in the cell

Water. From the inorganic substances that are part of the cell, the most important is water. Its amounts from 60 to 95% of the total mass of the cell. Water plays a crucial role in the life of cells and living organisms in general. In addition to the fact that it is included in their composition, for many organisms it is also habitat.

The role of water in the cell is determined by its unique chemical and physical properties associated mainly with small sizes of molecules, with the polarity of its molecules and with their ability to form hydrogen bonds with each other.

Water as a component of biological systems performs the following major functions:

Water-universal solvent for polar substances, such as salts, sugars, alcohols, acids, etc. Substances that are well soluble in water are called hydrophilic. When the substance passes into the solution, its molecules or ions are able to move more freely; Accordingly, the reactivity of the substance increases. It is for this reason that most of the chemical reactions in the cell occurs in aqueous solutions. Its molecules are involved in many chemical reactions, for example, in the formation or hydrolysis of polymers. In the process of photosynthesis, water is an electron donor, a source of hydrogen ions and free oxygen.

Non-polar substances water does not dissolve and is not mixed with them, since it cannot form hydrogen bonds with them. Insoluble in water substances are called hydrophobic. Hydrophobic molecules or parts them are repelled with water, and in its presence they attracted each other. Such interactions play an important role in ensuring the stability of membranes, as well as many protein molecules, acid nucleicins and a number of subcellular structures.

Water has a high specific heat capacity. For the breaking of hydrogen bonds holding water molecules, it is necessary to absorb a large amount of energy. This property maintains the thermal balance of the body with significant temperature differences in the environment. In addition, water is characterized by high thermal conductivity, which allows the body to maintain the same temperature in all its volume.

Water is characterized by high heat of vaporization, i.e. the ability of molecules to carry a significant amount of heat with simultaneous cooling of the body. Due to this property of water, which is manifested in the sweating in mammals, thermal shortness of crocodiles and other animals, transpirations in plants, are prevented overheating.

Water is characterized by an exceptionally high surface tension. This property is very important for adsorption processes, for the movement of solutions for tissues (blood circulation, up and downward currents in plants). Many small organisms the surface tension allows you to hold onto water or slide on its surface.

Water provides the movement of substances in the cell and the body, the absorption of substances and the elimination of metabolic products.

In plants, water determines the cells of the cells, and some animals perform reference functions, being a hydrostatic skeleton (round and ring worms, iglozzy).

Water is an integral part of the lubrication liquids (synovial - in the joints of the vertebrates, pleural - in the pleural cavity, pericardial - in the window-shaped bag) and mucus (facilitates the movement of substances by the intestines, create a wet medium on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract). It is part of saliva, bile, tears, sperm, etc.

Mineral salts. Inorganic substances in a cage, except for water, prevalpavlev with mineral salts. Molecules of salts in aqueous solution are disintegrated into cations and anions. Cations (K +, NA +, Ca2 +, Mg: +, NH4 +) and Anions (C1, H2P04 -, NP042-, NS03 -, NO32--, SO4 2-) are significant, not only content, but also the ratio of ions is significant. in a cage.

The difference between the number of cations and anions on the surface and inside the cell ensures the occurrence of the action potential, which underlies the occurrence of nervous and muscle excitation. The difference in the concentration of ions on different sides of the membrane is due to the active transfer of substances through the membrane, as well as the conversion of energy.

Phosphoric acid anions create a phosphate buffer system that supports the pH of the intracellular medium of the body at 6.9.

Coalic acid and its anions form a bicarbonate buffer system that supports the pH of the extracellular medium (blood plasma) at 7.4.

Some ions are involved in the activation of enzymes, the creation of osmotic pressure in the cell, in the processes of muscle contraction, blood coagulation, etc.

A number of cations and anions are needed by a dfasynthesis of important organic substances (for example, phospholipids, ATP, nucleoti-doves, hemoglobin, hemocyanin, chlorophyll, etc.), as well as amino acids, being sources of nitrogen and sulfur atoms.

Little chemistry

Of the 92 chemical elements, known science at present, the 81 element is detected in the human body. Among them allocate 4 main: C (carbon), H (hydrogen), o (oxygen), n (nitrogen), as well as 8 macro- and 69 microelements.

Macroelements

Macroelements - These are substances whose content exceeds 0.005% of body weight. it Ca (calcium), Cl (chlorine), F (fluorine). K (potassium), mg (magnesium), Na (sodium), P (phosphorus) and s (sulfur). They are part of the main tissues - bones, blood, muscles. In the amount of basic and macroelements constitute 99% of human body weight.

Microelements

Microelements - These are substances that the content of which does not exceed 0.005% for each individual element, and their concentration in tissues does not exceed 0.000001%. Microelements are also very important for normal life.

A special subgroup of trace elements are ultramicroelementscontained in the body in exceptionally small quantities, it is gold, uranium, mercury, etc.

At 70-80%, the human body consists of water, the remaining fraction is organic and minerals.

Organic substances

Organic substances Can be formed (or synthesized by artificially) from mineral. The main component of all organic substances is carbon (Studying the structure, chemical properties, methods for producing and practical use of various carbon compounds is a subject of organic chemistry). Carbon It is the only chemical element capable of forming a huge number of different connections (the number of these compounds exceeds 10 million!). It is present in the composition of proteins, fats and carbohydrates that determine the nutritional value of our food; It is part of all animal organisms and plants.

In addition to carbon, organic compounds often contain oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes - phosphorus, sulfur And other elements, however, many of these compounds have the properties of inorganic. There is no sharp face between organic and inorganic substances. Basic signs of organic compounds Possess hydrocarbons - various carbon compounds with hydrogen And their derivatives. Molecules of any organic substances contain hydrocarbon fragments.

The study of various types of organic compounds discovered in living organisms, special science is engaged in their structures and properties - biochemistry.

Depending on its structure, organic compounds are divided into simple - amino acids, sugars and fatty acids, more complex - pigments, as well as vitamins and coenzymes (non-chicken components of enzymes), and the most complex - Proteinsand nucleic acids.

The properties of organic substances are determined not only by the structure of their molecules, but also the number and nature of their interactions with adjacent molecules, as well as a mutual spatial location. These factors are most pronounced in the difference in the properties of substances in different aggregate states.

The process of conversion of substances accompanied by a change in their composition and (or) structure is called chemical reaction. The essence of this process is to break the chemical bonds in the initial substances and the formation of new links in reaction products. The reaction is considered complete if the real composition of the reaction mixture no longer changes.

Reactions of organic compounds (organic reactions) obey the general laws of the flow of chemical reactions. However, their move is often more complicated than in the case of interaction of inorganic compounds. Therefore, in organic chemistry, much attention is paid to the study of reaction mechanisms.

Minerals

Mineralsin the human body less than organic, but they are also vital. These substances include iron, iodine, copper, zinc, cobalt, chrome, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, selenium, silicon, lithium et al. Despite the low need for quantitative terms, they have an impact on the activity and speed of all biochemical processes. Without them, normal absorption of food and synthesis of hormones are impossible. With the deficiency of these substances in the human body, specific disorders arise, leading to characteristic diseases. The trace elements of children in the period of intensive growth of bones, muscles and internal organs are especially important. With age, the need for a person in minerals is somewhat reduced.

Recall the substances necessary for organisms for their livelihoods. What role is aqueous solutions in nature and in a person's life? What type of chemical bond exists in the water molecule? What are ions and how are they formed?

Chemical elements of living organisms

The composition of vegetable and animal cells includes more than 70 chemical elements. But in the cage there are no special elements characteristic only for wildlife. The same elements are found in inanimate nature.

All chemical elements in a living cell are divided into three groups: macroelements, trace elements and ultramic-elements.

The elements O, C, H, N are sometimes considered as a separate group of organogenic elements due to the fact that they are part of all organic substances and make up to 98% of the mass of the living cell.

Inorganic substances of living organisms

Studying chemistry, you learned about such groups of substances, such as acids, salts, oxides, etc. All of them are common in inanimate nature, outside living organisms. Therefore, they are called inorganic substances. But this does not mean that there are no living organisms at all. They are and playing a very important role in the processes of vital activity.

Inorganic substances usually fall into living organisms from the external environment with food (in animals) or with a solution of water through the body surface (in plants, fungi and bacteria). But in some cases, living organisms can synthesize them on their own. For example, vertebrate cells are synthesized chloride acid. This allows you to more effectively digest food, as many digestive enzymes work in an acidic environment. Also independently produce sulfate acid many predatory clams in their salivary glands. This acid can destroy the shells and the external covers of their victims.

Functions of inorganic substances in the cell

Inorganic substances	Functions in a cell
Hydrogen cations (H +)	Provide acid-alkaline balance (maintenance of the intracellular medium)
Cations and anions of soluble salts (Na +, K +, Cl)	Create the difference in the potentials between the contents of the cell and the extracellular medium, providing a nervous impulse
Calcine and phosphorus salts	Form support structures (for example, in vertebrate bones)
Metal elements ions	Are the components of many hormones, enzymes and vitamins or participate in their activation
Complex inorganic nitrogen compounds, calcium and phosphorus	Participate in the synthesis of organic molecules

Inorganic compounds can be in living organisms both in a dissolved (in the form of ions) and in the undisguised form. Many salts are presented with dissolved forms.

Insoluble inorganic compounds are also important for living organisms. For example, calcium and phosphorus salts are part of the animal skeleton and ensure its strength (Fig. 2.1, p. 10). Without such substances, the formation of healthy teeth in humans is impossible.

From inorganic substances, various structures of animal organisms can also be formed (Fig. 2.2).

Properties of water

The properties of water are due to the characteristics of the structure of its molecule, as well as the links of molecules with each other.

As you already know, in the water molecule (chemical formula - H 2 O) between hydrogen and oxygen atoms there is a covalent polar bond (Fig. 2.3). This means that a partial negative charge (S -) is formed on an oxygen atom, and the hydrogen atoms are positive (S +). A positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule is attracted to a negatively charged atom of an oxygen of a different water molecule. Such a connection is called hydrogen.

Hydrogen bond is approximately 15-20 times weaker than covalent. Therefore, the hydrogen bond relative to easily breaks, which is, for example, when evaporation of water. In a liquid state, hydrogen bonds between water molecules are broken all the time, it is re-applied.

Biological role of water

In living organisms, water performs many functions: a solvent medium, transport, metabolic, thermostat, structural.

Water is a universal solvent. Substances involved in most biological reactions are in an organism in an aqueous solution.

The vehicle's transport role is very important for cells and organisms as a whole. Molted substances together with water can be transferred from some parts of the cell to others. And between different parts of multicellular organisms, they are transferred as part of special liquids (for example, in the blood composition). Evaporation of water with leaves of plants causes her movement from roots up. This moves and substances dissolved in water.

Water molecules perform a metabolic function when they are involved in metabolic reactions (they are called biochemical reactions). The thermostat water regulatory function is extremely important for maintaining the body temperature of organisms. When, for example, a person sweats, the water evaporates, reducing the temperature of his body.

The structural function of water is clearly visible on the example of plants and some invertebrate animals. Plants maintain the shape of leaves and herbaceous stems due to increased pressure in the cells filled with water. And in many worms, the body shape is maintained by increased water pressure in body cavities.

Alive organisms are contained both organic and inorganic substances. Inorganic substances are water, salts, acids and other connections. They play an important role in the vital activity of living organisms. Water creates a medium in which the metabolic reactions occur. Other inorganic substances are involved in the formation of a skeleton, the work of the nervous, digestive and other body systems.

Check your knowledge

1. What inorganic substances are found in living organisms? 2. Prove on the examples that water properties are of great importance for living cells. 3. What functions can accommodate acids in living organisms? four*. What consequences for the human body can cause the loss of Na salts?

This is the material of the textbook

Each science is saturated with concepts, if not the assimilation of which based on these concepts or indirect topics can be given very difficult. One of the concepts that should be well learned by each person who considers itself more or less educated, there is a division of materials on organic and inorganic. It does not matter how many years old have these concepts in the list of those with which they define the overall level of development at any stage of human life. In order to understand what the differences between these two terms, you first need to find out what is each of them.

Organic connections - what is it

Organic substances - a group of chemical compounds with a non-uniform structure, which includes carbon elements, covalently interconnected. The exception is carbides, coal, carboxylic acids. Also alone of the components, except carbon, there are elements of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, halogen.

Such compounds are formed due to the ability of carbon atoms to be divided into single, double and triple bonds.

The habitat of organic compounds are living beings. They can be both as part of living beings and will appear as a result of their life activity (milk, sugar).

Products of organic substance synthesis are food, drugs, clothing elements, materials for structure, various equipment, explosives, various types of mineral fertilizers, polymers, food additives, cosmetics and more.

Inorganic substances - what is it

Inorganic substances are a group of chemical compounds, which in their composition do not have elements of carbon, hydrogen or chemical compounds that make up the element of which is carbon. Both organic and inorganic are cell components. The first in the form of the life of the elements, others in the composition of water, minerals and acids, as well as gases.

What is common between organic and inorganic substances

What could be common between two, it would seem like the concepts of antonyms? It turns out, the general and they have, namely:

1. Substances as organic, so inorganic origin consist of molecules.
2. Organic and inorganic substances can be obtained as a result of a certain chemical reaction.

Organic and inorganic substances - what is the difference

1. Organic are more famous and investigated in science.
2. Organic substances in the world are much more. The number of famous organic science is about a million, inorganic - hundreds of thousands.
3. Most organic compounds are related to each other with a covalent compound nature, the relationship of inorganic among themselves is possible with an ion connection.
4. There is a difference in the composition of incoming elements. Organic substances are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, less often nitrogen, phosphoric, sulfur and halogen elements. Inorganic - consist of all elements of the Mendeleev table, except carbon and hydrogen.
5. Organic substances are much more significant than hot temperatures, can be destroyed even with minor temperatures. Most of the inorganic are less predisposed to the effects of strong heating due to the features of the type of molecular compound.
6. Organic substances are constitutive elements of the living part of the world (biosphere), inorganic - inanimate (hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere).
7. The composition of organic substances is more complicated in its structure than the composition of inorganic.
8. Organic substances are distinguished by a large variety of possibilities of chemical transformations and reactions.
9. Due to the covalent type of communication between organic compounds, the chemical reactions in time are continuing somewhat longer than chemical reactions in inorganic compounds.
10. Inorganic substances cannot be a food product of living beings, even more so - some of this type of combinations can be deadly for a living organism. Organic substances are a product produced by wildlife, as well as an element of the structure of living organisms.