M. Tikhonravov introduction to rocketry. Memoria

July 29, 1900 - March 04, 1974

soviet engineer, designer of space and rocket technology

Biography

Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov was born on July 29, 1900 in Vladimir.

In 1919 he voluntarily joined the Red Army. In the same year he worked as an assistant chairman of the Pereslavl Committee of the RKSM.

In 1920 he entered the Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet (now the Air Force engineering academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky). He became the author of a series of record gliders. After graduating in 1925, Mikhail Tikhonravov worked at several aviation enterprises.

Tikhonravov met Sergei Pavlovich Korolev in the gliding section of the OSOAVIAKHIM USSR, their acquaintance turned into close cooperation. At the suggestion of Korolev, he led the work on the creation of liquid-fuel ballistic missiles, which ended with the first successful launches.

In 1932, he worked as a brigade chief in the Jet Propulsion Study Group, during which he developed the first Soviet two-stage rocket engine. In 1933, he led the creation of the first Soviet rocket with a hybrid fuel engine. From 1934 he worked as the Head of the Department of the Jet Institute.

Since 1938, Mikhail Tikhonravov has been researching liquid-propellant rocket engines, developing rockets for studying the upper atmosphere, but at the end of the thirties, work on creating liquid-propellant ballistic missiles was curtailed and Tikhonravov began developing shells for Katyusha. Since the mid-1940s, he worked on the problems of designing high-altitude rockets, also participated in the creation of the first artificial satellites Earth, manned spacecraft and automatic interplanetary vehicles. At the same time, he taught at the Moscow Aviation Institute. S. Ordzhonikidze (since 1962 - professor).

After being removed from office at the beginning of 1950, Tikhonravov was able to continue work on the study of multistage rockets and artificial earth satellites only in 1953, after the order of S.P. Korolev at Research Institute-4 for research on the creation of satellites. Already in 1954, Tikhonravov proposed his program for space exploration, from the launch of the first satellite, through the creation of manned spacecraft and stations, to landing on the moon.

In 1956, Mikhail Klavdievich went to work at OKB-1, as head of the design department for various artificial earth satellites, manned ships, spacecraft for exploring the moon and some planets Solar system... In 1957, Tikhonravov was awarded the Lenin Prize for the successful launches of Sputnik-1 and a satellite with a living creature on board.

Tikhonravov took an active part in the launch of the first manned spaceship, for which in 1961, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle medal. Subsequently, the department, under the leadership of Mikhail Klavdievich, participated, in particular, in the development of a heavy interplanetary spacecraft, created for a manned flight to Mars.

Awards and titles

Hammer and Sickle medal.
Two Orders of Lenin.
Two Orders of the Red Banner.
The order Patriotic War 2nd degree.
Medals.
Lenin Prize.
Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (1968).

Memory

In honor of M.K. Tikhonravov are named and bear his name:

Tikhonravova Street in the town of Yubileiny.
Tikhonravova street in the city of Vladimir.

50th Central Research Institute of Military Space Forces named after M.K. Tikhonravova in the town of Jubilee.

Essays

Rocket technology. - M., 1935.
The flight of birds and machines with flapping wings, 2nd ed. - M., 1949.

On July 29, 1900, Mikhail Tikhonravov, a designer of space and rocket technology, was born.

Private bussiness

Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (1900-1974) was born in Vladimir in the family of a lawyer. Two years after his birth, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Mikhail entered the classical gymnasium No. 3.

At the end of 1918, fleeing starvation, the Tikhonravovs returned to the Vladimir province, settling in the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky. At first, Mikhail worked as a courier in a city court, then got a job as an agitator in a military enlistment office. In 1919 he voluntarily joined the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army.

Per good work on agitation in 1920, Tikhonravov was transferred to Vladimir. In the same year he entered the Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet (now the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy), from which he graduated in 1925 with a degree in mechanical engineer.

After receiving his diploma, Tikhonravov was sent to serve in the 1st light bomber squadron named after V.I. Lenin to Lipetsk. Then he worked at several aviation enterprises, where he became interested in gliding. In 1925 he created the glider "AVF-22", which earned rave reviews at the Rhone international competitions in Germany.

In the late 1920s, in the gliding section at OSOAVIAKHIM, Tikhonravov met Sergei Korolev. This happened in the Crimea at the all-Union glider competitions in Koktebel. Then, for the first time in the world, a dead loop was performed on the Korolev's glider, and altitude and range records were set on Tikhonravov's gliders.

In 1930, Tikhonravov was transferred to the Central Design Bureau. Menzhinsky, where he headed the aircraft engine group.

Korolev carried Tikhonravov away with the ideas of creating jet engines and missiles and invited him to lead a team of design engineers working on the problem of creating ballistic missiles on liquid fuel.

In 1932, together with Sergei Korolev, Friedrich Zander, and Yuri Pobedonostsev, he participated in the creation of the Moscow Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD)

Since 1932, Tikhonravov was in charge of the GIRD brigade No. 2, which was developing the first Soviet two-stage rocket engine, participated in the creation of the first Soviet rocket with a hybrid fuel engine. In August 1933, rocket 09 designed by Tikhonravov successfully flew from the Nakhabinsky test site.

By order of the Revolutionary Military Council in September 1933, on the basis of the GIRD and the Gas-Dynamic Laboratory, the Jet Research Institute (RNII) of the USSR People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry was organized.

In October 1933, Tikhonravov became a senior engineer of the RNII department. From June 1936 he was a senior researcher, from December 1936 he was the head of the department, and from December 1937 he was the head of the RNII group.

Since 1938 he was engaged in the study of liquid-propellant rocket engines, the development of rockets for the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, the issues of increasing the accuracy of fire with unguided rockets. However, in the late thirties, work on the creation of liquid-propellant ballistic missiles was curtailed.

In 1940-1943, Tikhonravov headed a design group that developed (under the general direction of A. G. Kostikov) a new prototype fighter-interceptor "302" with a combined power plant (liquid-propellant engine and air-jet engine).

In 1944, a special Research Institute was created - NII-1 of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry, which conducted all research and design work to create the main reactive aviation technology - gas turbines, air jet engines, jet liquid engines, jet aircraft and special equipment for jet technology. Tikhonravov was appointed head of the laboratory at the Research Institute-1.

In 1945, after a detailed acquaintance with the German captured equipment, in particular, with the V-2 rocket, the designer began working on the BP-190 project to create a manned vehicle, vertically launched with a single-stage rocket at an altitude of 200 kilometers. For this, he gathered a group of highly qualified specialists. In parallel, he continued the design of composite missiles of the packet scheme, developing methods for calculating the trajectories of their flights.

In 1946, work on the VR-190 project was transferred from the RNII to the newly created NII-4 of the Academy of Artillery Sciences. Tikhonravov was also transferred there, along with his group, who received the post of deputy head of the Research Institute-4 for one of the rocket specialties.

Initially, he directly supervised the work on the BP-190 project, but in 1947 the project was transferred to another division of NII-4, where part of the group was also transferred. Tikhonravov gradually moved away from them and created a new department headed by P.I. Ivanov. In the end, the BP-190 project was never implemented.

In April 1947, Tikhonravov was elected a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Artillery Sciences for the Department of Rocket Weapons and remained so until April 1953, when the Academy of Sciences was abolished as an independent scientific organization.

Well aware of the works of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Tikhonravov suggested conducting research on multistage rockets in Ivanov's department. The department began to develop methods for calculating the flight trajectories of composite missiles of a packet scheme, the optimal structural and ballistic parameters of missiles.

In February 1950, the department of P.I. Ivanov was abolished, and Tikhonravov was transferred to the position of scientific consultant of the institute.

But already in 1953, the leadership of the USSR and Armed Forces was forced to pay serious attention to the development of jet weapons due to its accelerated development in the United States. Tikhonravov was appointed acting academician-secretary of the 4th branch of the Academy of Artillery Sciences.

Already in 1954, Tikhonravov and his colleagues proposed the USSR's first comprehensive program for space exploration - from launching the first satellite, through the creation of manned spacecraft and stations, to landing on the moon

In December 1955, Tikhonravov was dismissed from the Armed Forces to the reserve with the rank of Colonel Engineer. After that, at the invitation of Sergei Korolev, he went to work in the Experimental Design Bureau No. 1, which he led, where he became the head of the department for designing artificial earth satellites, manned spacecraft, spacecraft for exploring the Moon and some planets of the solar system.

On October 4, 1957, the successful launch of "Sputnik-1" took place - this day is considered to be the beginning of the space age of mankind. For this work, the designer was awarded the Lenin Prize.

Tikhonravov took an active part in the launch of the first manned spacecraft, for which on June 17, 1961 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Subsequently, the department under the leadership of Tikhonravov was engaged, in particular, in the development of a heavy interplanetary spacecraft, created for a manned flight to Mars.

Mikhail Tikhonravov died in Moscow in 1974. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

What is famous for

According to the project of Mikhail Tikhonravov under the leadership of Sergei Korolev in 1933, the first domestic (on hybrid fuel) rocket "09" was created.

Tikhonravov was the first to suggest the possibility of creating multistage ballistic missiles (as they were then called, "packet missile scheme").

Tikhonravov also proposed the USSR's first comprehensive space exploration program. The first stage of the program was the launch of the simplest artificial earth satellites and the development of the launch vehicle. This was followed by the launch of a manned spacecraft-satellite, the creation of large-scale laboratory stations and, finally, reaching the Moon, including flying around and landing on its surface.

In 1957, after the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, and then the successful flight of a satellite with a living being on board, Tikhonravov became a Lenin Prize laureate.

What you need to know

Tikhonravov's idea of \u200b\u200bthe possibility of creating multistage rockets at first did not find support in the scientific community. They not only did not meet with understanding, but were also declared "fantastic ideas."

At the beginning of the summer of 1948, he spoke at a meeting of the Scientific Council of NII-4 in the presence of specialists and scientists from other institutions with a report "Ways of implementing long firing ranges."

By this time, OKB-1 Korolev, on the basis of the German V-2, had created the R-1 rocket with a flight range of about 300 km, the R-2 rocket with a range of about 600 km was developed, and the rocket was developed for a range of about 1000 km (the so-called "thousandth rocket"). At that time, almost no one in the circles of military specialists recognized the practical possibility of achieving even greater ranges. Therefore, the message of Tikhonravov that a "composite package" of "thousandth missiles" being developed at OKB-1 is capable of reaching any flight ranges, and even placing artificial earth satellites into orbit, caused a storm of incredulous and sarcastic responses and speeches.

Very few people understood the fundamental value of the results obtained by Tikhonravov and expressed support for his ideas. Among the supporters of the designer were Korolev and the president of the Academy of Sciences A. A. Blagonravov.

Tikhonravov's report was repeated on July 14, 1948 at the annual meeting of the Academy of Artillery Sciences, however, its participants were generally skeptical about the report. There were many critical and even offensive statements about Mikhail Tikhonravov. There were very few votes in support of his fundamental ideas.

As a result, Tikhonravov was removed from the post of deputy chief of the Research Institute-4, and demoted to a scientific consultant on liquid propellant rockets.

Korolev, having learned about this, issued NII-4 in 1953 with an official order to carry out research work on further research of composite rockets and on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite.

Only after that, Tikhonravov was allowed to continue working in this direction. It turned out that during the years of forced dismissal from active research activities, he continued to work "underground" on his ideas. Tikhonravov presented his developments, which formed the basis for further perspective plans of the institute.

Direct speech

Designer Vladimir Bugrov on the contribution of Mikhail Tikhonravov to the development of cosmonautics (RG.ru, 2010.07.28): "Today's cosmonautics" lives "entirely and completely by developments, the design foundations of which were laid in the department of Mikhail Klavdievich."

It's about working with Tikhonravov: “Mikhail Klavdievich was a very delicate person. We talked a lot about the Mars project. At that time I was engaged in the scheme of the expedition, the layout of the complex and the ship, weight calculations, etc. So these were not reports to the authorities, but reflections on the topic. Tikhonravov first carefully looked through the material, and then began to walk around the large round table. I asked questions. But, most likely, myself. And he answered them himself.

At the same time, Mikhail Klavdievich structured the discussion in such a way that there was a feeling: it was you who found the solution, and he supported it. "

7 facts about Mikhail Tikhonravov.

Tikhonravov became the first Komsomol member in Pereslavl-Zalessky. He organized and led the Komsomol cell at the former women's gymnasium.
In the late 1920s, Tikhonravov worked for a short time under the supervision of the famous aircraft designer N.N.Polikarpov, took part in the creation of the U-1, U-2, I-3, I-6, R-5 aircraft. Po-2.
In the late 1930s, when work on the creation of liquid-propellant ballistic missiles was phased out, Tikhonravov developed rockets for the Katyusha.
At the time of Tikhonravov, computers did not exist, so the calculations of the trajectories of missiles had to be carried out on manual mechanical machines - adding machines.
In 1947-1952, Tikhonravov taught at the Moscow State Technical University. N.E.Bauman and at the higher engineering courses, in 1944-1947 he headed the department at the F.E. Dzerzhinsky, and in 1950-1953 - at the Academy of the Defense Industry (due to a decrease in workload at NII-4). Since 1960 he taught at the Moscow aviation Institute.
For many years he worked closely with the magazine " Space exploration", Occupying the post of Deputy Editor-in-Chief ..
Streets in Vladimir and Korolev and a crater on Mars are named after Tikhonravov.

Materials about Mikhail Tikhonravov:

Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (July 16 (29), 1900 - March 4, 1974) - Soviet engineer, designer of space and rocket technology. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Lenin Prize Laureate, Hero of Socialist Labor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR.

Biography

In 1919 he voluntarily joined the Red Army. In the same year he worked as an assistant chairman of the Pereslavl Committee of the RKSM.

In 1920 he entered the Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet (now the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy). After graduating in 1925, Mikhail Tikhonravov worked at several aviation enterprises. Designer of a number of gliders: AVF-1 "Arap" (1923), AVF-22 "Serpent Gorynych" (1925, together with V.S.Vakhmistrov), "Zhar-Bird" (1927, together with A A. Dubrovin), "Gamayun", "Skif" (both 1928), "Komsomolskaya Pravda" ("Firebird-2", 1929), "Skif-2" (1931; all - together with V.S.Vakhmistrov and A.A. Dubrovin).

Since 1938, Mikhail Tikhonravov has been researching liquid-propellant rocket engines, developing rockets for studying the upper atmosphere, but at the end of the thirties, work on creating liquid-propellant ballistic missiles was curtailed and Tikhonravov began developing shells for Katyusha. In 1940-1943. headed the design group that developed (under the general supervision of A. G. Kostikov) an experimental fighter-interceptor "302" with a power plant consisting of a rocket engine and two ramjet engines.

Creation and activities of the Tikhonravov Group

In the mid-1940s (1945-1946), M.K. Tikhonravov created at the Jet Research Institute (RNII, later NII-1) a group of employees to develop a project for a manned vehicle, vertically launched by a single-stage rocket (type R-1 ) to an altitude of 200 km (project VR-190).

It is difficult to separate the further achievements of M.K. Tikhonravov in the scientific and engineering fields from the activities of the group headed by him, the composition of which changed from time to time, but continued to remain a single mutually complementary community of highly qualified specialists.

In 1946, work on the VR-190 project was transferred from the RNII to the newly created NII-4 of the Academy of Artillery Sciences (AAS), later to the NII-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Accordingly, M.K. Tikhonravov was also transferred there, appointed deputy head of the NII-4 for one of the rocket specialties, together with a group of employees.

At that time, it included N.G. Chernyshov, P.I.Ivanov, V.N.Galkovsky, G.M. Moskalenko and others.

In 1947, a young talented military surveyor IM Yatsunsky came to NII-4, who was also included in the group and quickly became the first assistant to Mikhail Klavdievich.

Initially, M.K. Tikhonravov directly supervised the work on the BP-190 project, but in 1947 these works, together with part of the group, were transferred to another division of the NII-4, Mikhail Klavdievich gradually left them and created a new department headed by Ivanov. The BP-190 project, as you know, was not implemented.

In the department of P.I.Ivanov, Mikhail Klavdievich, knowing well the works of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, among other works, proposed research on composite rockets. The department began to develop acceptable methods for calculating the flight trajectories of composite missiles of a packet scheme, finding the optimal structural and ballistic parameters of missiles, and conducting research calculations.

Born on July 16 (29), 1900 in the city of Vladimir, in employee's family.
Since 1902 a family Tikhonravovs' vein in St. Petersburg.

After graduation in Petrograd City classical gymnasium number 3
since September 1918Mikhail Tikhonravovworked as a courier .

In 1918, fleeing from hunger, a family Tikhonravovs moved in town
Pereslavl-Zalessky, Moscow province.
Here he worked as a secretary of the people's court.

IN Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army from June 1919.
Then M.K. Tikhonravov became a Komsomol activist, one of organizerand comrade (deputy) The first in city \u200b\u200bof the Komsomol cell,
head of the agitation and educational department of the Pereslavl-Zalessky district military commissariat.
Since May 1920 worked as an instructor of the cultural and educational department of the Vladimir provincial military registration and enlistment office.

September 1920became a listener
Faculty of Engineering, Air Force Engineering Academy named after
Professor N.E. Zhukovsky , which graduated from in 1925 by specialties
"mechanical engineer".

Since April 1925 he trainedin senior mechanic positions
non-separate detachment of the 1st light bomber squadron named
IN AND. Leninin Lipetsk city.

In 1925 M.K. Tikhonravovcreated a glider "AVF-22", which has earned rave reviewson Rhone International Competitions in Germany.

Since April 1926 wasin reserve of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army:
He was the Head of the section of engine installations of the aircraft plant No. 25.

June 1930 became the head of the engine group of the design bureau of the Moscow Aviation Plant No. 39 named after
V.R. Menzhinsky (Design departmentNikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov) .
Then worked in Design Bureau under leadership
Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich .

Parallel from work over new aircraft models Tikhonravovin these years worked and on the creation of sports gliders of our own design, having developed about ten models.
Partof its gliders participatedin sporting events and in the All-Union meetings of glider pilotsin Koktebele (Crimea ), they got prizes and they even set altitude records and range.

IN these years M.K. Tikhonravovbeing member of the gliding sectionat OSOAVIAKHIM
USSR meetsfrom, who captivated him with the ideas of jet engines and missiles.
A huge impactonTikhonravovarendered the work of an outstanding theoretician
rocketry Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky with whom in 1934 Mikhail Klavdievich lucky to meet and chat.

In 1932 jointly from Sergey Pavlovich Korolev , Friedrich Arturovich Zander, Yuri Alexandrovich Pobedonostsev participatedin creation of the Moscow group for the study of jet propulsion (GIRD).
became Head of brigade number 2in GIRDE.
The team was engaged in product designon engine-based.

By order by Revolutionary Military Council № 0113 dated September 21, 1933, and also according Stopyu No. 104 of the Council of Labor and Defensedated October 31, 1933
on based on GIRDand Gas dynamic laboratory was organized by Jet Researchinstitute ( RNII ) .
Colossal support in formation of GIRDand then RNII provided
Marshal Soviet Union , First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky and People's Commissar of the Heavy
industry of the USSR Sergo Ordzhonikidze.

In October 1933 M.K. Tikhonravov becomesWith the senior engineer of the department of the Jet Research Institute of the USSR People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry.

In 1934 year he became Head of the department, RNII.
Since June 1936 - Senior Researcher, since December 1936 -
again Head of department, since December 1937 - Head of the RNII group.
Was engaged in the research of liquid-propellant engines - liquid jet engines , missile development for studying the upper atmosphere, increasing the accuracy of firing unguided rockets.

In 1938 Reactive The Research Institute was transformed
in NII-3 - State Institute jet technologyat Council of People's Commissars of the USSR .

At the same time Mikhail Klavdievich by part-time teaching.
Since 1931 was readingin Moscow Aviation Institute course "Motor installations".
Thenfrom intermittently taught in MAI ( in 1930-1931 and in 1960-1974) ,
on Higher engineering coursesin Moscow Higher Technical School
named after N.E. Bauman ( in 1948-1950 ), headed the department in Defense Industry Academies ( in 1950-1953 , in connection with reduced workload
in NII-4 ), Artillery Academy named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky ( in 1944-1947 ) .

M.K. Tikhonravovtook part in creation of U-1 aircraft, U-2, I-3, I-6, P-5.
In 1933 supervised the creation of the first Soviet rocketfrom engineon
hybrid fuel.

Under leadership S.P. Queen and on the project M.K. Tikhonravova the first national (hybrid fuel) rocket "09", launched 17 August 1933 from polygon in Nakhabino, Moscow region.

August 15, 1937 the Aviavnito rocket created by him rose on the height
3000 meters .

November 25, 1933 from The first liquid-propellant rocket "GIRD-X" was launched at the Nakhabinsk test site, created also under leadership S.P. Queen and M.K. Tikhonravova.
When launched, the rocket took off vertically by height 75-80 meters , then, due to the destruction of the engine mount and fuel tubes, steeply deviated from verticaland fellon distance of about 150 metersfrom starting points.
The design of the GIRD-X missile was developed in more advanced Soviet missiles, establishedin the years 1935-1937.

Since 1938 researched liquid propellant rocket engines, development of a method for increasing the accuracy of firing unguided rockets.
Research results by pC ground installations were subsequently usedat designing new rockets (M-8, M-13,
M-20and dr. ) and launchers BM-13 (legendary "Katyusha") , BM-8 and other products for D wardey mortar units.

Since 1940 and in time of the Great Patriotic War led the groupby development of structural diagrams of a new rocket aircraft
from combined power plant (Liquid-propellant rocket engine and air-jet engine) .

Mid 1940s he continued to work over problems of designing high-altitude geophysical rockets for studying the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, started yetin the 1930s.

In October 1942 of the year became Head of Laboratory, Research Institute-3 .

In 1944 the Special Research Institute - NII-1 was created, who led all researchand design workby creation of the main jet aircraft technology - gas turbines, air jet engines, jet engines, jet aircraft and special equipmentfor jet technology.
M.K. Tikhonravov was appointed to the position of Nhead of the laboratory
Research Institute-1 of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry USSR.

In August-September 1944 performed a special task of the governmentin 60th Army
1st Ukrainian Frontin commission headed by the Head of Research Institute-1
major general Peter Ivanovich Fedorov.

Since September 1944M.K. Tikhonravov - Head of the research sector of the branch number 2 NII-1 of the People's Commissariat of the aviation industry USSR.

In 1944-1946 - Head of laboratoryin NII-1 of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry.

In 1945 M.K. Tikhonravov was assigned military rank "engineer-colonel".

Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1017-419ss from May 13, 1946
"Questions of rocket weapons" was formed by the Research Institute No. 4 (NII-4)- Institute of jet weapons .

December 1946 became Deputy Head of Research Institute-4 of the Academy of Artillery Sciencesby.

On April 14, 1947, he was elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Artillery Sciences for Department No. 4 (rocket launcher) ,
and remained himuntil April 23, 1953 - the day of the release of the Order of the Minister of Defense
USSR No. 0064 "On the organizational structure and staffing of the Office
Artillery Commander " , put the "point"in activities
Academies , as an independent scientific organization .

Along withfrom main activity in institute in first post-war years , deeply analyzing the development of the Soviet and German rocketry, M.K. Tikhonravovcame to conclusionabout the ability to create multistage ballistic missiles ( as they were called then, "packet rocket scheme" ) and deeply developed it. However, his performancesby this issue on scientific conferences in institute
and in Academy named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky ( in 1948 and 1950, respectively)
not onlynot met understanding, but also were declared "fantastic ideas". Supported Tikhonravova then only the President of the Academy of Artillery Sciences
Anatoly Arkadievich Blagonravov and corresponding member Academy of Artillery Sciences and Chief Designer of OKB-1 Sergey Pavlovich Korolev .

Eventually, in February 1950 M.K. Tikhonravov was filmed from the position of Deputy Head of Research Institute-4and ponywives in positionsbefore scientific advisor of the institute
by liquid rockets.

But already in 1953 state leadership and The armed forces was forced pay the most serious attentione on development of jet weapons in view of
its accelerated development in USA.
It turned out, what Mikhail Klavdievich continued to work "underground"over their ideas in years forced suspension from active research work.
He provided his designs, who lay down in the basis for further long-term plans of the Institute.
Then he Tikhonravov Was assigned acting Academician-Secretary of the 4th Branch of the Academy of Artillery Sciences and proposed the first in USSR comprehensive space exploration program, approved after a number of improvements in 1954.

December 1955 colonel engineer M.K. Tikhonravov wasfired
of The armed forces in stock.

February 1955 to December 1973Mikhail Klavdievichconsistently
was the Head of the Department , deputy Chief Designer ( since 1961 ) , Scientific advisor ( since 1970 ) Central Design Bureau of Experimental Mechanical Engineering in the city of Kaliningrad (now - the city of Korolev) Moscow region .

Doctor of Technical Sciences (since 1958 ) since 1959 worked continuously (at the same time) in MAIin positions Teacher
Design departments and aircraft structures, lectured
by astronautics, and in 1962 he was approvedin the title of Professor.

Since February 1955 by the proposal Sergei Pavlovich Korolev M.K. Tikhonravov directed in guidedthem Experimental Design Bureau No. 1, where is he became the Head of the Department of Design of Artificial Earth Satellites,
manned spaceships and automatic interplanetary vehicles.

IN as part of the now legendary department (known as tikhonravov group , existed since 1949 ) talentedand experienced
design engineers: Igor Marianovich Yatsunsky, Gleb Yurievich Maksimov, Anatoly Viktorovich Brykov, Igor Konstantinovich Bazhinov , Yan Ivanovich Koltunov ,Boris Sergeevich Razumikhin , Vladimir Nikolaevich Galkovsky, Lydia Nikolaevna Soldatova, Grigory Makarovich Moskalenkoand Oleg Viktorovich Gurko.

This group fell the honor of creating the first artificial Earth satellite,
successfully launched in space October 4, 1957and discovered space
era in human development.
When direct leadership M.K. Tikhonravova was designed spaceship "Vostok-1", in space
April 12, 1961 with the world's first cosmonaut
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
Team led by M.K. Tikhonravova created Soviet manned ships, manned long-term and automatic interplanetary stations, took the most active creation in development of artificial earth satellites for various purposes.

In 1968 he was elected Corresponding Member of the International
Academy of Astronautics.

- author of the first report in USSR Academy of Sciences
about research results by substantiation of the possibility of launching artificial earth satellites.
He became the founder of a scientific school in Ministry of Defenseby space weapons.
M.K. Tikhonravov was also the scientific supervisor of the student design bureau "Iskra"in Moscow Aviation Institute named after
Sergo Ordzhonikidze and works on the creation of small non-pressurized artificial earth satellites of the "Radio" type and "Spark".

Major specialistin rocketryand oneof pioneers of practical astronautics was the author of two secret inventions, and - next printed works in areas of creation and rocket technology and aircraftfor stratospheric research, by space flight theory, rocket science history in Of Russia, aircraft construction
and aviation:
"Air tanks"
( Moscow - Leningrad: Gosmashmetizdat, 1934, 64 pages ) ;

"Rocket technology"
( Moscow, 1935, 78 pages ) ;

"Aircraft engine power supply and lubrication system"
( Moscow - Leningrad: ONTI, 1936, 82 pages ) ;

"The flight of birds and machines with flapping wings"
( Moscow - Leningrad: ONTI, 1937, 126 pages ) ;

"On the accuracy of the battle of rocket shells"
( Moscow, 1946, 30 pages ) ;

"Missile terminology"
( NII-4, 1947) ;

"The flight of birds and machines with flapping wings"
( Edition 2, Moscow: Oborongiz, 1949, 208 pages ) ;

"Introduction to rocketry"
( Moscow, 1952, 81 pages ) ;

"Fundamentals of the theory of flight and design elements of artificial earth satellites". ( Edition 1, Moscow: publishing house "Mechanical Engineering", 1967,
295 pages. Coauthors -THEM. Yatsunsky , G.Yu. Maximov and etc.) ;

"Fundamentals of the theory of spacecraft flight"
( Moscow: publishing house "Mechanical Engineering", 1972. 607 pages.
Co-authors -G.S. Narimanov , V.S. Avduevsky, B.M. Antonov, ON. Anfimov and etc.) ;

"Fundamentals of the theory of flight and design elements of artificial earth satellites". ( Edition 2, Moscow: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1974. 331 pages.
Co-authorsI.K. Bazhinov , O.V. Gurko and etc.) ;

"Selected Works"(1934-1938)
( in the collection "Pioneers of rocketry. Vetchinkin, Glushko, Korolev, Tikhonravov" . Moscow, 1972. pages 567-706 ) ;

"Ways to implement long-range missile firing"
(Collection of reports of the Academy of Artillery Sciences , 1949.
Issue VI, pages 87-104 ) ;

"Ways to implement a long range of fire"
( collection "From the history of aviation and astronautics".
Issue 67, Moscow: Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology RAS,
1995, pages 3-26 ) .

Hagrades: For the great successes achieved in the development of the rocket industry, science
and technology, the successful implementation of the world's first flight of a Soviet man
into outer space aboard the Vostok satellite ,
By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR June 17, 1961
Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov awarded the titleHero of Socialist Labor
with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and Gold Medal"Hammer and sickle " .

By the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "For the successful implementation
launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite and an artificial satellite with a living being (by a dog - approx. E.R. ) on board "in 1957 Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov was awarded the Lenin Prize (as part of a team of satellite creators) .

For successful f launches of the first Soviet missiles "09" and "GIRD-X"
in 1933 the Central Council of Osoaviakhim awardedS.P. Queen
and M.K. Tikhonravov a Badges of honor "For active defense work" .

In 1970 he was awarded Honorary title "Honored Worker
science and technology of the RSFSR ".
He was awarded another Order of Lenin (in 1945 ), two Orders of the Red Banner (1944 , 1949 ), order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree(1944 ), medal "For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (1946 ), other medals.

In 2011 Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (posthumously) awarded the title
"Honorary Citizen of the City Pereslavl-Zalessky ".

Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, engineer, designer of space and rocket technology. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor. Lenin Prize Laureate, Hero of Socialist Labor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR.

Biography

06/29/1900. MK Tikhonravov was born into a teacher's family in Vladimir, was the organizer of the first Komsomol cells in Pereslavl-Zalessky.

1919. He joined the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) as a volunteer. He worked as an assistant chairman of the Pereslavl Committee of the RKSM.

1920. Joined the Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet (now the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy). He became the author of a series of record gliders.

1925. Graduated from his studies. He worked at several aviation enterprises.

Tikhonravov met S.P. Korolev in the gliding section at OSOAVIAKHIM of the USSR, their acquaintance turned into close cooperation. At the suggestion of Korolev, he led the work on the creation of liquid-fuel ballistic missiles, which ended with the first successful launches.

1932. Chief of a brigade in the Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD), during which he developed the 1st Soviet two-stage rocket engine.

1933. Supervised the creation of the 1st Soviet rocket with a hybrid fuel engine.

1934. Head of the Department of the Jet Institute (RNII).

Since 1938. Engaged in the study of liquid-propellant rocket engines, the development of rockets for studying the upper layers of the atmosphere, increasing the accuracy of firing unguided rockets, but in the late 30s work on the creation of liquid-propellant ballistic missiles was curtailed and Tikhonravov began developing shells for the "Katyusha"

Since the mid-1940s. He worked on the problems of designing high-altitude rockets, also participated in the creation of the first artificial earth satellites, manned spacecraft and automatic interplanetary vehicles. At the same time, he taught at the Moscow Aviation Institute. S. Ordzhonikidze.

1945-1946. He organized a group of employees at the Jet Research Institute (later NII-1), which began to develop a project for a manned vehicle, vertically launched by a single-stage rocket (R-1 type) to an altitude of up to 200 km (VR-190 project).

1946. Work on the VR-190 project was transferred from the RNII to the newly created NII-4 of the Academy of Artillery Sciences (later NII-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense). Accordingly, M.K. Tikhonravov, appointed deputy head of NII-4, together with a group of employees.

Early 1950. Suspended from office.

1951. Spoke at a scientific conference with a theoretical substantiation of the possibility of launching an artificial satellite with the help of several missiles combined in a "package".

1953. He was able to continue work on the study of multistage rockets and artificial earth satellites, after the order of S.P. Korolev at Research Institute-4 for research on the creation of satellites.

1954. Proposed his program for the exploration of outer space, from the launch of the 1st satellite, through the creation of manned spacecraft and stations, to the landing on the moon.

1955. The chief designer sent a letter to the management, which said “Comrade Tikhonravov is one of the oldest rocket scientists in the Soviet Union, continuing to develop the ideas of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, and his participation in the work of our OKB on the creation of satellites will decisively help this matter "

1956. Joined OKB-1, head of the design department for various artificial earth satellites, manned spacecraft, spacecraft for exploring the Moon and some planets of the solar system.

1957. For the successful launches of "Sputnik-1" and a satellite with a living creature on board, he was awarded the Lenin Prize.

1961. For active participation in the launch of the first manned spacecraft, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle medal. Subsequently, the department, under the leadership of Mikhail Klavdievich, participated, in particular, in the development of a heavy interplanetary spacecraft, created for a manned flight to Mars.

1962. Professor.

1968. Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Astronautics

1970. Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR

03/04/1974. Died in Moscow at 73

In the town of Yubileiny, one of them is named in honor of M.K.

The 50th Central Research Institute of the Military Space Forces in Yubileiny was named after M.K. Tikhonravova.

Awards

Hammer and Sickle medal.
Two Orders of Lenin.
Two Orders of the Red Banner.
Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree.
Medals.
Lenin Prize.
Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Astronautics

See also:
Based on materials from ru.wikipedia.org