Russian poet, master of landscape, psychological, philosophical and patriotic lyrics, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev comes from an ancient noble family. The future poet was born in the Oryol province, in the Ovstug family estate (today it is the territory of the Bryansk region), on November 23, 1803. By the era, Tyutchev is practically a contemporary of Pushkin, and, according to biographers, it is Pushkin who owes his unexpected glory to the poet, since by the nature of his main activity he was not closely associated with the world of art.
Life and service
He spent most of his childhood in Moscow, where the family moved when Fedor was 7 years old. The boy studied at home, under the guidance of a home teacher, a famous poet and translator, Semyon Raich. The teacher instilled in the ward a love of literature, noted his gift for poetry, but his parents predicted a more serious occupation for their son. Since Fedor had a gift for languages \u200b\u200b(from the age of 12 he knows Latin and translates ancient Roman poetry), at the age of 14 he begins to attend lectures by students of language and literature at Moscow University. At the age of 15, he enrolled in the course of the Literary Department, joined the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Linguistic education and the degree of candidate of verbal sciences allow Tyutchev to move in his career along the diplomatic line - at the beginning of 1822 Tyutchev entered the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs and almost forever became an official diplomat.
Tyutchev spends the next 23 years of his life in the service of the Russian diplomatic mission in Germany. Poems are written and translated by German authors exclusively "for the soul", with a literary career almost in no way connected. Semyon Raich continues to keep in touch with his former student, he publishes several of Tyutchev's poems in his journal, but they do not find an enthusiastic response from the reading public. Contemporaries considered Tyutchev's lyrics somewhat old-fashioned, as they felt the sentimental influence of the poets of the late 18th century. Meanwhile, today these first poems - "Summer Evening", "Insomnia", "Vision" - are considered one of the most successful in Tyutchev's lyrics, they testify to the already held poetic talent.
Poetic creativity
The first fame for Tyutchev was brought by Alexander Pushkin, in 1836. He selected 16 poems by an unknown author for publication in his collection. There is evidence that Pushkin meant a young novice poet in the author and predicted a future for him in poetry, not suspecting that he had a solid experience.
Tyutchev's poetic source of civic lyrics is his work - a diplomat is too well aware of the cost of peaceful relations between countries, as he becomes a witness to the building of these relations. In 1848-49, the poet, acutely feeling the events of political life, creates poems "Russian woman", "Reluctantly and timidly ..." and others.
The poetic source of love lyrics is in many ways a tragic personal life. For the first time Tyutchev marries at the age of 23, in 1826, to Countess Eleanor Peterson. Tyutchev did not love, but respected his wife, and she idolized him like no one and no one. Three daughters were born in a marriage that lasted 12 years. Once on a trip, the family got into a disaster at sea - the spouses were rescued from the icy water, and Eleanor caught a bad cold. Having been ill for a year, my wife died.
Tyutchev remarried a year later with Ernestine Dörnberg, in 1844 the family returned to Russia, where Tyutchev again began climbing the career ladder - the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the post of privy councilor. But he dedicated the real pearls of his work not to his wife, but to a girl the same age as his first daughter, who was brought together by a fatal passion with a 50-year-old man. The poems "Oh, how murderously we love ...", "All day she lay in oblivion ..." are dedicated to Elena Denisieva and put together in the so-called "Denisievsky cycle". The girl, convicted in connection with a married old man, was rejected both by society and by her own family, she gave birth to three children to Tyutchev. Unfortunately, both Denisyeva and two of their children died of consumption in the same year.
In 1854 Tyutchev was first published as a separate collection, in an appendix to the issue of Sovremennik. Turgenev, Fet, Nekrasov begin to comment on his work.
62-year-old Tyutchev has retired. He thinks a lot, walks in the vicinity of the estate, writes a lot of landscape and philosophical lyrics, is published by Nekrasov in the collection Russian Secondary Poets, gains fame and genuine recognition.
However, the poet is crushed by losses - in the 1860s, his mother, brother, eldest son, eldest daughter, children from Denisieva and herself died. At the end of his life, the poet philosophizes a lot, writes about the role of the Russian Empire in the world, about the possibility of building international relations on mutual respect, observance of religious laws.
The poet died after a serious stroke that struck the right half of the body, on July 15, 1873. He died in Tsarskoe Selo, before his death he managed to accidentally see his first love - Amalia Lerchenfeld and dedicated to her one of his most famous poems "I met you".
Tyutchev's poetic heritage is usually divided into stages:
1810-20 - the beginning of the creative path. In the lyrics, the influence of sentimentalists, classical poetry is obvious.
1820-30 - the formation of handwriting, the influence of romanticism is noted.
1850-73 years - brilliant, polished political poems, deep philosophical lyrics, "Denisievsky cycle" - an example of love and intimate lyrics.
Fyodor Tyutchev is a poet whose work is a precious legacy of Russian literature. His works are versatile and multifaceted, his lyrics are simultaneously romantic, landscape and philosophical, love and psychological. Tyutchev's chronological table briefly but informally describes the main years of the poet's life.
Childhood years of the poet
The chronological table of Tyutchev in the early years of his life describes the poet's childhood and youth. Tyutchev wrote his very first poem "To Dear Daddy" at the age of 15. Being homeschooled, F.I.Tyutchev was already 12 years old engaged in translations of odes to Horace. "The Message of Horace to the Patron" was published in the works of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, of which Fyodor Tyutchev became a member at the age of fifteen (his photo can be seen in the article below).
Youth
Most of the poems about will and autocracy were written during the poet's student years, when experienced writers and critics entered.
In 1828, the famous masterpiece "I Love a Thunderstorm in Early May", written by Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, was published. The poet's poems are saturated with metaphysics. He skillfully connects two sides of nature: landscape and deep, inner, psychological.
Publications
After the poems "Not what you think, nature" and "Silence in the stuffy air" published in Sovremennik, the most famous poets and writers of that time started talking about Tyutchev. His poems had a philosophical and symbolic content. Nature under the pen of Fyodor Ivanovich was spiritualized and humanized, the image and thoughts about it became one. The philosopher poet shrewdly sensed the inevitable turning point in his era. Tyutchev's work is imbued with anxiety and tragedy. Tyutchev never supported the revolution, but he took a passionate interest in the striking events of history.
Chronological table of Tyutchev
| November 23 (new style December 5) 1803 | Tyutchev was born. The biography of the great poet began in (now the Bryansk region) |
| 1810 year | The Tyutchevs moved to Moscow to live in their house on the Armenian Lane. The parents decided to appoint a tutor to their son Fyodor and opted for the poet and translator S.E. Raich. The teacher instilled in Fyodor Ivanovich a passion for literature and poetry from an early age, and already at the age of twelve Tyutchev brilliantly translated Horace |
| 1812 year | During the occupation of Moscow by Napoleon, the Tyutchev family temporarily moved to Yaroslavl, and then returned to Moscow. |
| 1819 year | |
| Autumn 1821 | Fedor Tyutchev becomes a candidate of verbal sciences. At the same time, he is invited to work in Europe as a supernumerary official. |
| 1822 year | In July Tyutchev leaves for Munich. He lives in this city for the next 22 years. In Bavaria, he is actively involved in translating the works of writers such as Heine and Schiller. In Munich, Fedor Tyutchev was greatly carried away by German philosophy and romantic poetry, it was at this time that the great Russian poet finds his own special, unique style |
| 1823 year | Tyutchev met Amalia von Lerchenfeld, the illegitimate daughter of King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia. Tyutchev falls passionately in love with her and tries to win her favor. But while Fyodor Ivanovich was away, the royal daughter married the baron, who was a colleague of the Russian poet |
| 1826 year | In March, young Tyutchev married Countess Botmer. She was 4 years older than Fyodor Ivanovich, a widow, she had 4 small children from her first marriage. The poet lived with Countess Botmer for 12 years, in this marriage three daughters were born. The salary of Fedor Tyutchev at that time was very modest, the family was in debt almost all the time |
| 1828 year | One of the most famous Russian poems "I love a thunderstorm at the beginning of May" |
| 1829 year | The poems "Summer Evening", "Insomnia" and "Vision" were written, in which Tyutchev's philosophical lyrics were especially emphasized |
| 1830 year | The masterpiece of world literature Silentium !, as well as "Autumn Evening" |
| 1833 year | In February, the poet met 22-year-old Ernestine Denberg, the sister of the publicist Pfeffel. She was a real beauty, and Tyutchev could not pass by her. The biography of the poet-philosopher has experienced a turning point. His lawful wife Eleanor learned about her husband's new passion and even wanted to commit suicide, but in the end she forgave Tyutchev. This novel was very scandalous, it even came to the point that Fyodor Ivanovich was transferred from Munich to Turin |
| 1836 year | An extremely significant event for Tyutchev's career took place. Pushkin in his journal "Contemporary" published poems by Fyodor Ivanovich |
| 1838 year | On August 28, Tyutchev's wife Eleanor died. Fedor Ivanovich suffered the death of his wife very hard |
| 1839 year | Fyodor Tyutchev decides to marry his passion, Ernestina, despite the fact that their romance caused a scandal in society. In marriage, Ernestina gives birth to the poet 2 sons |
| 1841 year | The poet was stripped of the rank of chamberlain, he was removed from public service |
| 1843 year | Tyutchev writes mainly political articles: "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution", is working on the work "Russia and the West" |
| 1844 year | The great Russian poet returned to Russia and began to take an active part in the secular life of the country |
| 1848 year | The political views of Fyodor Ivanovich greatly impressed the Russian emperor Nicholas I. Tyutchev was again awarded the title of chamberlain and was hired by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg |
| 1850 year | Fedor Ivanovich falls in love with Elena Denisieva, who worked as a class lady in which the poet's daughter was trained. At the same time, continuing to love Ernestina, Tyutchev decides to live in 2 houses. Elena Denisyeva also falls passionately in love with Tyutchev. She gave birth to a son and a daughter to the poet, who later had the tragic life of the "illegitimate" |
| 1851 year | The poet writes the poem "How cheerful the roar of summer storms", "Oh, how destructively we love" |
| 1854 year | The first collection of poems by Fyodor Tyutchev is being published. In addition to Sovremennik, 92 poems of the poet were published. Among them is the poem "Last Love", dedicated to Denisieva. Highly appreciated by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy |
| May 22, 1864 | Elena Denisyeva gave birth to another son from Tyutchev. Shortly thereafter, she contracted tuberculosis and died. Tyutchev all his life blamed himself for her death. After the death of Elena Denisieva, Tyutchev reunites with his wife Ernestina. The poet devotes the subsequent years of his life to political problems and searches for the correct course of Russian foreign policy. |
| 1868 year | The second lifetime collection of Fyodor Tyutchev appears in print |
| January 1, 1873 | Tyutchev went for a walk, but soon he was brought back, half of his body was paralyzed |
| July 15, 1873 | Great Russian poet dies in Tsarskoe Selo |
First marriage
Before the birth of his daughter Anna Tyutchev was filled with the most ardent feelings for his first wife, Eleanor Bothmer. Few could resist the countess's charms.
Second half of life
Tyutchev's chronological table of the second half of the poet's life is full of events. Already in 1834, the poet began an affair with the rich and educated sister of the publicist Pfeffel. After the death of his first wife, Tyutchev enters into a legal marriage with Ernestina.
In 1848 the poet writes the poem "The Sea and the Cliff". In it, he describes the impotence of an individual person in front of the elements, in front of nature and endless universal chaos.
The last muse of the poet
In 1850-1855 Tyutchev, having fallen in love with the classy lady of his daughters Elena Denisieva, created the "Denisievsky cycle". His famous poem "Oh, how murderously we love" is dedicated to her. The love that is sung in these poems is the only meaning of life, the only way to get human, earthly happiness. The author calls it both bliss and hopelessness.
Slavophil poetry
On November 28, 1866, the poet wrote the well-known poem "Russia cannot be understood with the mind." It fully reflects the Slavophil views, which Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev elegantly expounded. The poems describe the peculiarities of the irrationality of the behavior of Russian people, the breadth and generosity of the soul.
Death
On January 1, 1873 Fyodor Ivanovich went for a walk, with which he was taken home unconscious. The left half of his body was paralyzed. On July 15 of the same year, the great Russian poet died.
He was born in November 1803 in the Oryol province. Little Fyodor received his first education in his native walls, his home tutor was a famous translator and poet - Semyon Raich.
From a very early age, Tyutchev showed interest in poetry and languages. He studied the lyrics of the ancient Roman people and Latin with particular enthusiasm, and already at the age of twelve, he independently produced translations of the famous Horace. At the age of 15, Tyutchev entered the Moscow University at the Department of Words.
Upon graduation, Tyutchev goes to serve in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Soon, as a diplomatic officer, he was sent to Munich, where the young man met the nee Countess Eleanor Peterson. In 1826, young lovers entered into a marriage relationship. And a few years later, the magnificent couple, one after another, had three beautiful daughters.
The union of Fyodor Ivanovich and Eleanor was strong and happy, although Fyodor Ivanovich had a relationship on the side. Perhaps the couple would have lived together for many more years, if not for the tragic event that occurred on the ship during the trip of the Tyutchev family from St. Petersburg to the city of Turin. The floating craft crashed, the wife and children of Fyodor Ivanovich could die in the cold waters of the Baltic Sea. However, they were lucky. I must say that Eleanor behaved in a very organized, almost professional manner. Thanks to timely measures taken, she was able to save her daughters.
This disaster left a negative imprint on the countess's health. The agonizing illnesses provoked by that terrible event brought the young woman to death. In 1838, Fyodor Ivanovich's wife died.
After this marriage with a sad end, the poet found his happiness in the arms of another woman. Ernestine Dernberg became the second wife of the talented poet. Over the next years, Tyutchev continued to engage in active diplomatic activities, and was quite successful in this matter. He was awarded and given prizes several times, and his publicistic articles, published anonymously, aroused interest not only in ordinary society, but also in the great Russian ruler, Nicholas I.
The political situation in Europe aroused Tyutchev's interest until the last days of his life. In 1872, the poet's health deteriorated markedly, his eyesight began to disappear, the ability to control his hand was lost, and he was often bothered by severe headaches. In January 1873, despite the warnings of loved ones, he went for a walk, during which, a real trouble happened to him. Suddenly, the left side of the body was paralyzed. After this incident, the poet stopped making independent movements, and in July of the same year, the talented Russian poet passed away ...
Creativity of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev
The first poems were written by Tyutchev in the period from 1810 to 1820. Then the still very young poet used the stylistics of poetry of the 18th century in his creative approach.Starting from the second half of 1820, Tyutchev's poems acquire an exquisite touch, characteristic of all subsequent works. It seamlessly combines 18th century odic poetry with traditional elements of European romanticism.
More political motives and a civic treatise appear in Tyutchev's work in 1850. This direction was used by the author up to 1870.
The poetry of the famous and talented Russian author is versatile. In his poems, he wonderfully glorifies Russia, its picturesque landscapes and the courage of the Russian people. All lyric works by Tyutchev were written in Russian. True connoisseurs of genius poetry were able to grasp the important meaning in his poems and translated them into other languages, treating each line with special attention.
Many call Tyutchev a late romantic. Due to a long stay away from his native land, the poet often felt alienated and somewhat lost. In the circle of Europeans, Fyodor Ivanovich was often sad and recalled the country close to his heart, where his happy childhood and early years of youth passed.
Lyric works by Tyutchev can be roughly divided. The first poems, written at an early age, are based on an independent study of his own personality, where the author forms a worldview to find himself in this big world. The second stage of creative activity is directed to the knowledge and study of the deeper inner worlds of mankind.
Tyutchev's poems are filled with a philosophical view, harmoniously combined with landscape lyrics. However, these are not all topics covered by the author during periods of creative ideas. Tyutchev studied with interest the social and political life of his native country, as well as European states, making a kind of comparison. His thoughts and feelings, he brilliantly conveyed in new poems, written with special inspiration and love for Russia.
Love lyrics in the poet's work
Analyzing the creative lyrics of Tyutchev, a clear reflection of the artistic worldview is revealed. His poems are imbued with the sound of a sad tragedy and a special drama. These painful sayings are associated with the personal experiences of the great poet. Poems dedicated to the theme of love were written with a sense of emotion, special guilt and the characteristic sufferings of Fyodor Ivanovich, provoked by numerous trials in life.The most famous collection of lyric works by Tyutchev, dedicated to love themes - "Denisievsky cycle". This book includes the author's most frank and sensual poems, filled with special meaning.
Fyodor Ivanovich, already in his declining years, experienced a unique feeling of love for a beautiful woman, Elena Denisieva. Their love affair was long lasting, almost fourteen years, and, despite the numerous condemnations of society, Elena and Fyodor Ivanovich were inseparable.
The couple in love were separated by the sudden death of Denisieva, caused by an incurable disease. Even after her death, the poet continued to reproach himself for all the suffering of his beloved woman, based on human judgment. The couple did not have a legal relationship, so society categorically refused to accept the vulnerable feelings of these people. Evil slander and slander left bloody wounds in Elena's soul, her torment and pain were clearly reflected in the memory of Fyodor Ivanovich. Having lost his beloved woman, until the end of his days he reproached himself for powerlessness and fear, which did not allow the poet to protect Elena from condemnation and human anger.
Fyodor Ivanovich transferred his deep feelings to the lyrics. Reading Tyutchev's poems from the famous collection "The Denisievsky Cycle", one can feel the original sincerity, gained through the deep thought of the author. He vividly conveys his emotions in moments of unique, but such fleeting happiness, experienced during the period of love relationships with Elena.
Love, in Tyutchev's work, is presented as an extraordinary, exciting and uncontrollable feeling sent from heaven. A vague emotional attraction, the word a torch soaked in fuel, suddenly ignites in an outburst of passion and tenderness, in the arms of his beloved.
The death of Elena Denisieva took with it all the most daring and joyful dreams of the great poet. He lost not just a loved one, but himself. After her departure, life values \u200b\u200bceased to arouse interest in Fyodor Ivanovich. All his unbearable pain, as well as the idle feelings of joy experienced in moments of passionate meetings with his beloved woman, based on memories, he conveyed in his love lyrical work.
Philosophy and natural motives in the work of Tyutchev
Tyutchev's lyrical works are of the explicit nature of philosophy. The author shows his double perception of the world, describes the struggle of demonic and ideal judgment taking place in thoughts. This opinion is vividly expressed in the author's famous poem "Day and Night". The opposite meaning is expressed in the comparison of a day filled with joy and happiness, and a night, flickering sadness and sorrow.Tyutchev considered everything light to be the invariable beginning of the dark. The struggle between good and evil cannot end in someone's victory or defeat. This crazy battle does not have a definite result, as in a person's life, the desire to know the truth often provokes a spiritual struggle within oneself. This is the main truth of life ...
To describe the multifaceted landscapes of Russian nature, the poet uses the most beautiful epithets. He gently sings about her harmonious beauty and the smell of fresh foliage, showing a charming unity with her mood and changeable character.
Reading the poetic works of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, each reader will be able to find in the seasons similar features and manners characteristic of him. And in the many-sided weather, one can guess the changeable mood, which is inherent in all people, without exception.
The poet brilliantly conveys the feelings of nature, deeply feeling its quivering excitement and pain. He does not try to describe her external beauty, but looks deeply into the depths, as if examining her touching soul, conveying to readers all the most vivid and incredibly reasonable feelings of the surrounding nature.
Tyutchev is one of the outstanding poets of the nineteenth century. His poetry is the embodiment of patriotism and great sincere love for the Motherland. The life and work of Tyutchev is the national heritage of Russia, the pride of the Slavic land and an integral part of the history of the state.
The beginning of the poet's life
The life of Fyodor Tyutchev began on December 5, 1803. The future poet was born in a family estate called Ovstug. Fyodor Ivanovich began to receive education at home, studied Latin and ancient Roman poetry. At the age of twelve, the boy was already translating Horace's odes. In 1817 Tyutchev attended lectures at Moscow University (at the Department of Literature).
The young man received his graduation certificate in 1821. Then he entered the service and was sent to Munich. He returned only in 1844.
Periodization of creative periods
The first period of creativity Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev lasts from the 1810s to the 1820s. At this time, the young poet wrote his first poems, which in style resemble the poetry of the eighteenth century.
The second period begins in the second half of the 1820s and lasts until the 1840s. The poem entitled "A Glimpse" is already an original Tyutchev character, which combines Russian odic poetry of the eighteenth century and traditional European romanticism.
The third period covers the 1850s - 1870s. He is characterized by the creation of a number of political poems and civic treatises.
Russia in Tyutchev's work
Upon his return to his homeland, the poet takes the position of senior censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Almost simultaneously with this, he enters Belinsky's circle and acts as an active participant. Poems are still being put in the box, but a number of articles are being published in French. Among the many treatises are "On Censorship in Russia", "The Papacy and the Roman Question". These articles are chapters to a book titled Russia and the West, which Tyutchev wrote inspired by the 1848-1849 revolution. This treatise contains the image of the millennial power of Russia. Tyutchev describes his homeland with great love, expressing the idea that it is exclusively Orthodox in nature. This work also presents the idea that the whole world is made up of revolutionary Europe and conservative Russia.
Poetry also takes on a slogan connotation: "To the Slavs", "Vatican Anniversary", "Contemporary" and other poems.
In many works, it is reflected which is inseparable from love for the Motherland. Tyutchev possessed such faith in Russia and its strong inhabitants that he even wrote to his daughter in letters that she could be proud of her people and that she would certainly be happy, if only because she was born Russian.
Turning to nature, Fyodor Ivanovich glorifies his Motherland, describes every dewdrop on the grass, so that the reader is imbued with the same tender feelings for his land.
The poet always managed to preserve free thoughts and feelings, he did not submit to secular morality and ignored secular decency. Tyutchev's work is shrouded in love for all of Russia, for every peasant. In his poems, he calls her the European "ark of salvation", but blames the king for all the troubles and losses of his great people.
Life and work of Tyutchev
The creative path of Fyodor Ivanovich covers more than half a century. During this time he wrote many treatises, articles, including those in foreign languages. Three hundred poems created by Tyutchev are placed in one book.
Researchers call the poet a late romantic. Tyutchev's work is also special because for a long time he lived abroad, because of this, the author felt lost and alienated for many years.
Some historians and literary critics conditionally divide the life of Fyodor Ivanovich into two stages: 1820-1840. and 1850-1860
The first stage is devoted to the study of one's own "I", the formation of a worldview and the search for oneself in the Universe. The second stage, on the contrary, is an in-depth study of the inner world of one person. The main achievement of this period is called the Denisievsky cycle by critics.
The main part of Fyodor Tyutchev's lyrics are poems that are philosophical, landscape-philosophical in nature and, of course, a love theme. The latter also includes the poet's letters to his beloved. Tyutchev's work also includes civil and political lyrics.
Tyutchev's love lyrics
The 1850s are characterized by the appearance of a new specific character. It becomes a woman. Love in Tyutchev's work took on concrete outlines, most of all this is noticeable in such works as "I knew my eyes", "Oh, how destructively we love" and "Last love". The poet begins to study female nature, seeks to understand her essence and comprehends her fate. Tyutchev's beloved girlfriend is a person who has lofty feelings along with anger and contradictions. The lyrics are permeated with pain and anguish of the author, there is longing and despair. Tyutchev is convinced that happiness is the most fragile thing on earth.
"Denisievsky cycle"
This cycle has another name - "love-tragic". All poems here are dedicated to one woman - Elena Aleksandrovna Denisieva. The poetry of this cycle is characterized by the understanding of love as a real human tragedy. Feelings here act as a fatal force that leads to devastation and subsequent death.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev did not take any part in the formation of this cycle, and therefore there are disputes between literary critics about who the poems are dedicated to - Elena Denisyeva or the poet's wife - Ernestina.
The similarity between the love lyrics of the Denisievsky Cycle, which is of a confessional nature, and the painful feelings in the novels of Fyodor Dostoevsky were repeatedly emphasized. Almost one and a half thousand letters, written by Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev to his beloved, have survived today.
Nature theme
Nature in Tyutchev's work is changeable. She never knows peace, is constantly changing and all the time is in the struggle of opposing forces. Being in a continuous change of day and night, summer and winter, it is so versatile. Tyutchev spares no epithets to describe all her colors, sounds, smells. The poet literally humanizes her, making nature so close and kindred to every person. At any time of the year, everyone will find the features that are characteristic of him, in the weather he will recognize his mood.
Man and nature are inseparable in creativity, and therefore a two-part composition is inherent in his lyrics: the life of nature is parallel to the life of a person.
The peculiarities of Tyutchev's work lie in the fact that the poet does not try to see the world around him through photographs or paints of artists, he endows it with a soul and tries to discern a living and intelligent being in him.
Philosophical motives
Tyutchev's work is philosophical. From an early age, the poet was convinced that the world contains some incomprehensible truth. In his opinion, words cannot express the secrets of the universe, text cannot describe the mystery of the universe.
He seeks answers to his questions, drawing parallels between human life and the life of nature. Combining them into a single whole, Tyutchev hopes to learn the secret of the soul.
Other themes of Tyutchev's work
Tyutchev's worldview has another characteristic feature: the poet perceives the world as a dual substance. Fyodor Ivanovich sees two principles, constantly fighting among themselves - demonic and ideal. Tyutchev is convinced that the existence of life is impossible in the absence of at least one of these principles. So, in the poem "Day and Night" the struggle of opposites is clearly expressed. Here the day is filled with something joyful, vital and infinitely happy, while the night is the other way around.
Life is based on the struggle between good and evil, in the case of Tyutchev's lyrics - a light beginning and a dark one. According to the author, there is no winner and no loser in this battle. And this is the main truth of life. A similar struggle takes place within the person himself, all his life he strives to know the truth, which can be hidden both in his bright beginning and in the dark.
Hence, we can conclude that Tyutchev's philosophy is directly related to global problems, the author does not see the existence of the ordinary without the great. In each microparticle, he examines the mystery of the universe. Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev reveals all the charm of the world around us as a divine cosmos.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on December 5, 1803 in the family estate Ovstug of the Oryol province. As was customary in noble families, he received an excellent education at home with a humanitarian and literary bias. His teacher was S.E. Raich (brother of the Moscow Metropolitan Filaret). At the age of 14, Tyutchev became an employee of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. From 1819 to 1821 Tyutchev studied at the verbal department of Moscow University. After completing the course, F.I. Tyutchev joins the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. In 1822 Tyutchev was transferred to serve at the Russian embassy in Munich (Germany). Where he served from 1822 to 1837.
Having settled in Munich, Tyutchev fell madly in love with the young Amalia von Lerchenfeld (illegitimate daughter of the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III and Princess Thurn y Taxis). Nature endowed Amalia with a beautiful appearance and the king's daughter was not against taking any advantageous position in the world. But Tyutchev failed - as soon as he went on vacation, Amalia married her husband for his colleague, Baron Kründer. They say there was even a duel between them on this basis. Tyutchev marries Eleanor Peterson, née Countess Botmer. Tyutchev was only 22, and the Countess had recently become a widow and had four sons, aged from one to seven years, moreover, Tyutchev's chosen one was four years older than him, so they decided to hold the wedding in secret. Tyutchev lived with Eleanor for 12 years. From this union, he had three daughters: Anna, Daria, Ekaterina. Tyutchev's career growth was difficult, the family was large and there was not enough money. The Tyutchevs lived paycheck to paycheck, often going into debt. In February 1833, Tyutchev went to the ball and met the sister of the Bavarian publicist Pfeffel, 22-year-old Ernestine. Ernestina was married to an elderly man and, by the will of fate, he died a few days after the ball. Tyutchev falls in love with Ernestina. The poet's soul is torn between two women. He wanted to be with his wife and Ernestina, but this was not destined to happen. Ernestine left Munich. Eleanor, having learned about the adventures of her husband, tried to commit suicide, but fortunately remained alive, later she would forgive Tyutchev's betrayal.
From 1837 to 1839 Tyutchev served in Turin (Italy). The poet lived abroad for 22 years, only occasionally coming to Russia. He was engaged in translations (including from G. Heine), his poems and translations were published in Moscow almanacs and magazines. In 1837, Tyutchev's first wife, Eleanor, dies. Two years later, the poet marries Ernestine Dernberg, who adopted his daughters. Subsequently, Ernestina will give birth to Tyutchev two more sons: Dmitry and Ivan. The second marriage cost Tyutchev his career - for the wedding, the poet was forced to arbitrarily leave for Switzerland, which was strictly prohibited. Tyutchev resigned and moved again to Munich, where he lived for another five years, persistently trying to return to serve in the Ministry. Tyutchev was an educated and witty person, therefore he enjoyed great success (as later in Russia) among the Munich intelligentsia and aristocracy, he was friends with Schelling, Heine (Tyutchev became the first Heine translator into Russian). In 1844 Tyutchev returned to Russia, was reinstated in rights and titles. In 1848 he returned to the diplomatic service as senior censor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In 1850 Tyutchev falls in love again. His chosen one becomes E.A. Denisieva is a cool lady at the institute where his daughters studied. As before, Tyutchev is torn between two loved ones. Elena Alexandrovna selflessly loved Tyutchev. The children born by Elena Alexandrovna (daughter Elena and son Fedor) were recorded as Tyutchevs, but they were doomed to the sad fate of the "illegitimate" at that time.
Since 1858, Tyutchev headed the Committee for Foreign Censorship. On May 22, 1864, Denisyeva gave birth to Tyutchev's son Nikolai, after giving birth, she begins to develop an exacerbation of tuberculosis and on August 4, she dies in the poet's arms. For a long time, relations with Ernestina were reduced only to correspondence, but then they met and the family was reunited. The last years of the poet's life are overshadowed by heavy losses: his eldest son, brother, daughter Maria die.
On January 1, 1873, Tyutchev, not listening to any warnings, left the house for a walk, to visit his friends. Soon he was brought back paralyzed to the left side. Ernestina did not leave Tyutchev's bed, caring for him. Tyutchev lived for another half a year and died on July 15.