What are quotation marks? What is the difference between quotation marks of different designs?
Quotation marks are paired punctuation marks. They mark the left and right boundaries of a word or a segment of text; thus, quotation marks can be opening and closing quotation marks, with opening and closing quotation marks typically differing in design.
In Russian writing, the following types of quotation marks are most common:
“Christmas trees” (used in printed texts);
“paws” (used, as a rule, in handwritten texts);
‘Marr’s quotation marks’ (used to describe the meaning of a word and when translating the meaning of a foreign word, for example: the word “skimmer” is borrowed from the Polish language, in which it goes back to the verb szumować ‘to remove foam’ from szum ‘foam’);
“computer quotes” are quotes of a special type, in which the design of the opening and closing quotes is completely indistinguishable. Such quotation marks are found in texts typed on a computer keyboard.
Offtopic
A little technical trick. In any text typed on a computer, you can arrange “Christmas trees” yourself. To do this, you need to remember the following key combinations: press Alt, type 0171, release Alt - we get “. Press Alt, type 0187, release Alt - we get ".
About quotes inside quotes
If inside words enclosed in quotation marks there are other words, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, it is recommended (provided that there are technical possibilities for this) to use quotation marks of different patterns: external ones - “herringbone”, internal ones - “paws” (or - in texts typed on a computer - “computer quotes”). If this is not possible, then closing quotes are placed only once. Quotes from the same picture are not repeated next to each other. For example:
Preferably: the work of V. I. Lenin “On the caricature of Marxism and “imperialist economism””, CJSC Publishing House “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, LLC “Company “Metallinvest””.
Acceptable (if it is not technically possible to use quotation marks of different designs): the work of V. I. Lenin “On the caricature of Marxism and “imperialist economism””, CJSC Publishing House “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, LLC “Company “Metallinvest”.
Wrong: work by V. I. Lenin “On the caricature of Marxism and on “imperialist economism””, CJSC Publishing House “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, LLC “Company “Metallinvest””.
When are quotation marks used?
In modern Russian, quotation marks perform the following functions:
1. Highlighting paragraph-free direct speech and quotes.
2. Identification of conventional (proper) names.
3. Highlighting words that are used in an unusual, ironic, special meaning.
Quotation marks for words not used in their usual meaning
Quotation marks for words used in an unusual, special, conventional, ironic meaning not only help the author of the text to draw the reader’s attention to a particular word or expression, but also make it possible to use lexical units belonging to a different style, for example, to use a colloquial word in journalistic text (often in such cases quotation marks are used by the author for “reinsurance”).
The first thing to note is that quotation marks for unusually used words are considered as an optional sign (in contrast to the mandatory use of quotation marks for proper names and direct speech).
They are highlighted with quotation marks.:
1) unusual, rarely used words that the author wants to draw attention to;
2) words used in a special, unusual meaning;
3) words that are little-known terms;
4) words are outdated or, conversely, completely new, if this feature of them is emphasized;
5) words used in an ironic meaning;
6) words used in a conditional meaning (in relation to a situation or context).
It is often very difficult to distinguish between the “usual” and “unusual” meanings of a word:
Firstly, for this you need to have a highly developed linguistic sense,
Secondly, cases often arise when what is “usual” for one native speaker is “unusual” for another.
Finally, the “unusual” meaning of a word can become “habitual” over time. This is why placing quotation marks on unusually used words raises so many questions.
What should you be guided by when answering the question about putting quotation marks? Here are two simple rules:
Focus on dictionary entries in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language: if the word (phrase) is already fixed in them, therefore, the meaning is not unusual and quotation marks are not needed;
Take into account the style of the text in which similar lexical units are found. Of course, they can most often be found in newspaper and magazine texts, but at the same time, in “serious” media that offer readers materials on socio-political and socially significant topics, placing quotation marks on unusually used words is more appropriate than, for example, in newspapers and magazines aimed at a youth audience and writing on “light” topics, since when a word is used in an “unusual” meaning, it often has a colloquial or vernacular connotation.
Words and phrases that do not require quotation marks
star ("famous person, artist")
gold ("award of the highest standard")
zest ("charm, sharpness")
zipper ("quick pull fastener")
tail ("exam debt")
the Velvet season
white salary
White gold
great dumb
blue fuel
luxury hotline
round table
bags under the eyes
gray salary
stronger sex
weaker sex
helpline
black gold
black box
The words following the phrase so-called are not enclosed in quotation marks. The exception is when these words are used in an unusual or ironic meaning.
Quotation marks for proper names
To answer the question of when names are placed in quotation marks, it is necessary to find out what types of proper names exist. The names can be divided into two large groups:
1. Compound names that are not conventional are real proper names. In such names, all words are used in their literal meaning. Such names are not highlighted with quotation marks; in them the first word and the proper names included in the name are written with a capital letter.
For example: State Russian Museum, Ostankino Museum of Serf Art, Moscow Drama Theater on Malaya Bronnaya, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, St. Petersburg State University, Moscow Printing House No. 2, Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications, Russian Football Union, State Prize, Guinness Book of Records , Great Patriotic War, Peter's era.
2. Conventional (symbolic) names enclosed in quotation marks.
Real proper names and conventional names differ primarily in syntactic compatibility (roughly speaking, one word depends on another: noun and adjective, noun and noun in the genitive case).
Compare: Bolshoi Theatre, Theater of Satire, Theater in the South-West- these are real proper names, they have syntactic compatibility, quotes are not needed.
But: Sovremennik Theater, School of Modern Play Theater– conventional names that are not syntactically combined with the generic word. They are enclosed in quotation marks. Similarly: Friendship Park, but: Sokolniki Park, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, but: Yabloko Party, etc.
Let us list the main groups of conventional names enclosed in quotation marks:
Names of companies, institutions, organizations, societies: hotel "Russia", hotel "Metropol", confectionery factory "Red October", publishing house "Nauka".
Names of political parties: parties “Yabloko”, “Civil Power”, “United Russia”, “A Just Russia”.
Names of domestic news agencies: Interfax news agency, RIA Novosti. The names of foreign news agencies are traditionally not included in quotation marks: Agence France Presse, Agency United Press International.
Names of entertainment enterprises and institutions (theaters, cinemas, exhibition centers, etc.): cinema chains “Formula Kino”, “Cinema Star”, cinema “Five Stars”, theaters “Sovremennik”, “School of Modern Play”, Central Exhibition Manege Hall, Children's Art Center "Theater on the Embankment", Theater Center "On Strastnom", Kinotavr festival.
Names of musical groups: chamber orchestra “Moscow Virtuosi”, groups “The Beatles”, “Rolling Stones”, “Factory”, “Strelki”, “City 312”.
Names of sports societies, teams, clubs: football clubs “Spartak”, “Zenith”, “Lokomotiv”, “Barcelona”, “Manchester United”, “Lazio”, “Beitar”, “Anderlecht”, hockey teams “Salavat Yulaev”, "Severstal", "Ak Bars". However, abbreviated names are written without quotation marks: CSKA, SKA.
Names of orders, medals, awards, insignia: Order “Mother Heroine”, Medal “Veteran of Labor”, “Golden Mask” Award, “Oscar” Award.
Names of periodicals (newspapers, magazines): newspapers “Arguments and Facts”, “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, magazines “Ogonyok”, “Russian Language Abroad”, including names that include generic names: “Newspaper”, “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” , "Russian Journal".
Names of documents: Federal Law of December 23, 2003 N 177-FZ “On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation”, Federal Constitutional Law “On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation”.
Titles of literary and scientific works, works of art: the novel “War and Peace”, the painting “Apotheosis of War”, the opera “The Queen of Spades”, the film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears”, the television series “Lost”, including names that include generic titles: “A Novel Without Lies”, “A Tale of a Real Man”, “An Optimistic Tragedy”. Please note: if the name of a work of art consists of two titles connected by the union or, then a comma is placed before the union, and the first word of the second title is written with a capital letter: “The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath.”
Names of museums: Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, Krasnaya Presnya Museum. Please note: the names of foreign museums and art galleries such as the Prado Museum, Orsay Museum, Uffizi Gallery, etc. are written without quotation marks.
Names of natural disasters (hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes): Typhoon Judy, Hurricane Katrina, Storm Noel, Cyclone Cider.
Names of production brands of technical products: Volga, Toyota cars, Indesit washing machine, Ardo gas stove.
Names of aircraft and means of space exploration; military equipment: Ruslan aircraft, Boeing 747, Discovery shuttle, Atlantis shuttle, Noud-2 docking module; ballistic missile "Topol", strike complex "Iskander-M".
Names related to the field of information technology (IT), including the names of Internet resources and web services: “Izvestia.Ru”, “Slovari.Ru”, “Strana.Ru”, “Yandex”, “Rambler”, “ Yandex.Photos", "Yandex.Dictionaries", reference information systems and computer programs: "ConsultantPlus", "1C: Enterprise" systems, names of tariff plans and services provided by companies - cellular operators and Internet providers: tariff plans " Unified", "Mobile", "Profi 1300 VIP", "Call Xtreme", "Stream 6", services "Who called?", "Account Analyzer", "Megafon.Bonus", "Service Guide".
Names of drugs, medical preparations. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of medicines should be written with a capital letter in quotation marks: “Agri”, “Influvac”, “Aflubin”, “Fervex”, and in everyday use - with a lowercase letter without quotation marks, for example: drink Fervex, take Viagra. Some names of drugs that have come into wide use due to many years of use (validol, analgin, aspirin) are also written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks.
Names of food products, including alcoholic beverages. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of food products are capitalized in quotation marks: “Creamy” waffles, “Kartoshka” cake, “Chinese” salad, “Lyubitelsky” carbonade, “Mozzarella” cheese, “Tartar” sauce, liqueur Baileys, Beaujolais Nouveau wine, Cinzano Bianco vermouth, Black Card coffee. The names of products in everyday use are written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks: amateur sausage, Borodino bread, Olivier salad, potato cake. Without quotation marks, the names of varieties of wines, mineral waters and other drinks are written with a lowercase letter: merlot, chardonnay, riesling, port, borjomi.
The names of types and varieties of agricultural crops, vegetables, flowers, etc. are terms of agronomy and horticulture. Unlike the names listed above, these names are written in quotation marks with a lowercase letter: Victoria strawberry, Chardonnay grape, Black Prince tulip.
Particularly difficult is writing car names..
Directories recommend writing the names of car brands in quotation marks with a capital letter: cars “Volga”, “Volvo”, “Nissan”, “Skoda”, and the names of the cars themselves as technical products - with a lowercase letter in quotation marks (except for names that coincide with proper names – personal and geographical). For example: “Cadillac”, “Muscovite”, “Toyota”, “Nissan”, but: “Volga”, “Oka” (the same as proper names, so they are written with a capital letter).
Exceptions: “Lada”, “Mercedes” (the same as proper names, but written in lowercase). However, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish in which case the name is the name of the car brand, and in which the name of the technical product: He prefers “Toyota” / “Toyota” to all cars. In controversial cases, the decision to write with a capital or lowercase letter is made by the author of the text.
Names written in Latin are not enclosed in quotation marks: cars Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Škoda Fabia, Lada Priora.
Ambiguous names (make and model of the car), written in Cyrillic, are written with a hyphen, while all parts of the name are written with a capital letter: “Lada-Priora”, “Toyota-Corolla”, “Renault-Megan”, “Nissan-Teana”, "Hyundai Getz", "Nissan Almera Classic", "Suzuki Grand Vitara". But: “Volkswagen Beetle” (echoes a common noun).
Abbreviated names are written without quotation marks: ZIL, VAZ, KamAZ.
In everyday use, the names of vehicles are written without quotation marks, for example: I arrived in an old Muscovite (in a luxurious Cadillac). Colloquial names of cars with diminutive suffixes are also written without quotation marks, for example: Moskvich, Ford, UAZ.
Numerous questions also arise when writing names and nicknames of people, animal names, as well as geographical names. We will try to answer the most frequently asked questions.
Nicknames are written without quotation marks both in cases where the nickname comes after the name (Vsevolod the Big Nest, Richard the Lionheart), and when the nickname is located between the first and last names: Garik Bulldog Kharlamov, Pavel Snezhok Volya, Dwayne the Rock Johnson;
Animal names are not enclosed in quotation marks and are written with a capital letter: Barbos the dog, Matroskin the cat, Woof the kitten, Boniface the lion. However, if individual names are used as general names of animals, they are written with a lowercase letter: murka, zhuchka, watchdog, savraska, burenka. The names of animal breeds are also written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks: Kholmogorka cow, poodle dog.
The names of railway stations and train stations are written without quotation marks, all words except generic designations are written in capital letters: stations Fili, Uzlovaya, Podsolnechnaya, 125 km, Stroitel, Dachnaya, Rabochiy Poselok.
Reference manuals recommend writing the names of airports without quotation marks, but in recent years there has been a strong tendency to enclose these names in quotation marks. Perhaps such writing will soon be recognized as normative. However, now it is better to write without quotes: Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, Pulkovo, Boryspil airports.
The names of metro stations are enclosed in quotation marks (in texts, but not on maps and diagrams and not at the stations and stops themselves!), the first word of such names is written with a capital letter (it may be the only one), as well as all those words that are written with capital letter as part of the corresponding toponyms: metro stations “Fili”, “Pionerskaya”, “Sviblovo”; “Vyborgskaya”, “Avtovo”, “Elektrosila”; “Prospekt Mira”, “Kuznetsky Most”, “Okhotny Ryad”; “Gostiny Dvor”, “Old Village”; “Street of 1905”, “Sparrow Hills”, “Sretensky Boulevard”, “Filyovsky Park”; "Ligovsky Prospekt", "Technological Institute".
The names of districts, microdistricts (urban microtoponymic names) are written without quotation marks: districts Marfino, Kurkino, Lyublino, Moskvorechye-Saburovo, Biryulyovo Western. However, the conventional names of residential areas, areas and individual houses are placed in quotation marks, accompanied by the words residential area, HOA (homeowners' association), SZhD (social residential building), etc., for example: residential area "Parus", residential area "Pobeda", residential complex "Breeze", HOA "Novobrodovsky", SZD "Mitino", farm "Stolyarovo", substation "Dachnaya".
The names of directions, routes, and trains are subject to the following rule: when indicating spatial limits, a dash is placed between geographical names. Names are written in capital letters without quotation marks. For example: the Kyiv-Simferopol route, the Moscow-Kyiv train, the Moscow-Uglich-Moscow route, the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline. However, the conventional names of roads and routes are placed in quotation marks; oil pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.: the Kholmogory, Caspian, Don, Ural, Crimea, Ussuri highways, the Blue Stream gas pipeline, the Druzhba oil pipeline.
Quotation marks in abbreviated names of institutions, organizations, companies
Complex abbreviated names
The use of quotation marks for complex abbreviated words depends primarily on the semantics of the name. The names of government agencies are not enclosed in quotation marks, including:
Unofficial names of legislative and executive authorities (ministries, federal agencies, federal services, committees, etc.), for example: State Duma, Moscow City Duma, Rosobrnadzor, Central Election Commission, Ministry of Economic Development, Moscow Heritage Committee;
Names of government agencies without a generic word, for example: Mosgortrans, Mosvodokanal. However, when used with a generic word, quotation marks are placed: State Unitary Enterprise “Mosgortrans”, Moscow State Unitary Enterprise “Mosvodokanal”.
Unlike the names of government institutions, the complex abbreviated names of commercial organizations are written in quotation marks (both in the presence of a generic word and in its absence): “Rosgosstrakh” and the company “Rosgosstrakh”, “Technopromexport” and OJSC “Technopromexport”, “Stroymontazh” and CJSC “ Stroymontazh", "Metrogiprotrans" and OJSC "Metrogiprotrans", "Gazprom Neft" and OJSC "Gazprom Neft", "Surgutneftegaz" and OJSC "Surgutneftegaz", "LUKoil" and OJSC "LUKoil" (also OJSC "Oil Company LUKoil" .
It should be noted that some names of the largest companies, for example Gazprom, AvtoVAZ, etc., experience fluctuations in spelling when used without a generic word; in the presence of a generic word, placing quotation marks is beyond doubt: Gazprom OJSC, AvtoVAZ OJSC.
A note about money. The name Sberbank of Russia is written without quotation marks. This example can be considered unique: the absence of quotation marks with this name is explained both by the history of its use and by extralinguistic reasons. Despite the fact that Sberbank of Russia is currently a commercial organization, many native speakers still associate it with a government institution (at Sberbank you can receive a pension, pay utility bills, etc.).
Names – initial abbreviations
Names that are abbreviations of the initial type are also formatted differently. Abbreviations derived from real proper names are not enclosed in quotation marks. Among them:
Initial abbreviations are the names of government agencies, including ministries, law enforcement agencies (modern and historical), etc., for example: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministry of Internal Affairs), State Traffic Safety Inspectorate (State Inspectorate for Road Safety), OMON ( Special Police Detachment), FSB (Federal Security Service), SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service), PFR (Russian Pension Fund);
Names of political parties: Communist Party of the Russian Federation (Communist Party of the Russian Federation), LDPR (Liberal Democratic Party of Russia), SPS (Union of Right Forces), BYuT (Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc);
Names of educational, scientific, entertainment institutions: IRYa RAS (Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences), MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations), RUDN University (Russian Peoples' Friendship University), MARKHI (Moscow Architectural Institute), MHT (Moscow Art Theater), State Tretyakov Gallery (State Tretyakov Gallery);
Names of international organizations: WTO (World Trade Organization), WHO (World Health Organization), IOC (International Olympic Committee), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency).
At the same time, abbreviations of the initial type are written in quotation marks, which are an abbreviation of the conventional name. Among them:
Names of periodicals: "RG" ("Rossiyskaya Gazeta"), "AiF" ("Arguments and Facts"), "MK" ("Moskovsky Komsomolets"), "NG" ("Nezavisimaya Gazeta"), "SE" (" Sport Express"), etc.;
Names of political parties: “PR” (“Patriots of Russia”), “SR” (“A Just Russia”); The abbreviation “ER” (“United Russia”) is placed in quotation marks inconsistently.
Names of commercial organizations appearing in combination with the generic word: MTT OJSC (Interregional TransitTelecom OJSC), Russian Railways OJSC (Russian Railways OJSC), MTS OJSC (Mobile TeleSystems OJSC).
As for the abbreviated names of commercial organizations used without a generic word (MTT, MTS, Russian Railways), in modern written speech they behave extremely inconsistently: in some cases they are enclosed in quotation marks, in some cases they are written without quotation marks. However, it should be recognized that it is preferable to enclose such names in quotation marks, since this makes the text easier for the reader to understand.
Note. Abbreviated names of sports teams are not enclosed in quotation marks (both in the presence and absence of a generic word): SKA, CSKA, PFC CSKA. The tradition of not putting abbreviated names of sports teams in quotation marks dates back to the first third of the 20th century, when the number of such names was much larger.
For clarity, all the recommendations formulated above are shown in the following table.
Quotation marks in names written in Latin letters
Introductory Notes. None of the modern spelling reference books contain recommendations for the use of quotation marks in names written in Latin characters. The recommendations below are formulated based on observations of modern written language.
In modern Russian texts, names are very often written in letters of the Latin alphabet or using two alphabets (Cyrillic and Latin). This mainly concerns the names of foreign brands of equipment and electronics products, which often combine Latin writing with official serial designations, which are complex complexes of numbers, uppercase and lowercase letters ( Voxtel RX11 phones, Sony Ericsson K610i red, Nokia 6131, Samsung D520, Canon A410 camera, BBK DV311SL DVD player, Honda Civic, Mazda 323, Mitsubishi Colt cars). In addition, the names of some media outlets are written in Latin letters in modern texts ( magazines Automobil Review, Total DVD, Russian Mobile, newspapers Moscow Times, PC Week), commercial firms and banks ( British Airways, Bank of America), as well as various city objects - shops, restaurants, cafes, clubs, hairdressers, etc. At the same time, writing the name in Latin does not always indicate that we are talking about a foreign brand (such as, McDonald's or Ikea), often the names of domestic organizations, enterprises, and trademarks are written in letters of the Latin alphabet ( N-Joy cafe, XL shopping center, Bolero store, Click-Net computer club, Glamor beauty salon), whose owners strive in this way - by writing in Latin - to attract the attention of potential customers.
Examples from modern journalistic texts (published in both print and electronic media) indicate that in Russian writing there has been a strong tradition of not putting proper names written in Latin in quotation marks. In this case, the absence of quotation marks is determined precisely by the Latin alphabet; as a rule, it does not depend either on the number of words in the name, or on the presence or absence of a generic word in the name.
The absence of quotation marks in names written in Latin can be recommended in relation to all groups of names used in Russian texts. Among them:
Names of organizations, institutions, banks, firms, for example: Intel, Fashion LLC, Air France, British Airways, California Cleaners, Carven beauty salon, American Express Bank, Netland Internet center, La Fontana restaurant, Tabula Rasa club, design bureau Phoenix Design, an LG Electronics company.
Names of sports societies, musical groups, for example: groups Lordi, Rammstein, Bee Gees, Rolling Stones, football club PSV Eindhoven.
Names of electronic resources, for example: KM-News news agency, Delfi portal, Yahoo search engine.
Trademark names, conventional names of grocery, perfume and other products, medicines, alcoholic beverages, for example: Christian Lacroix Rouge eau de parfum, Palmolive shower gel, Triple Blade shaving system, Armani jeans, Dolce & Gabbana jacket, Global Village juice, Tuborg Green beer, Oro Verde olives.
Names of manufacturing brands of technical products and the products themselves, for example: Kraftway Idea personal computers, Apple iMac, Mitsubishi Colt, Chevrolet Lacetti, Daewoo Matiz, Mazda 323, Peugeot 207, Volvo S80, Canon A410 camera, Multiquick System mixer system, Campaver heated towel rail Bains.
However, when there is a combination of two (or more) names written in Latin in the text, it is preferable to use quotation marks to prevent the reader from misunderstanding the text. For example: a new series of microwave ovens from Samsung “Aqua”.
The question of the advisability of using quotation marks in the names of literary and scientific works, works of art, documents, periodicals, etc. is controversial: newspapers Financial Times, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Moscow News, magazines Bravo, Classic Rock, People, song Believe me, movie Tomorrow Never Dies. Due to the semantics of these names, enclosing them in quotation marks may be preferable. The final decision on placing quotation marks in such cases is made by the author of the text.
1. They are highlighted in quotation marks:
1) unusual words, rarely used, to which the author wants to draw attention: Petushkov “stirred up” ", and the soldier stretched out and wished him " good health "and handed him a large package sealed with the government seal(T.);
2) words used in an unusual, special meaning: They told me that I had to live here for three more days, because “ opportunity » from Ekaterinodar has not yet passed(L.); We went to the forest, or, as we say, to " order" (T.); « Beat “Fyodor taught me how to play a pipe to attract quails(Ax.); These were third class passengers and the so-called " deck ", located on the lower bow deck near the hold. They had no right to be on the upper decks, intended exclusively for " clean » public (Cat.);
Note. In the case of the so-called phrase, subsequent words are not enclosed in quotation marks. The exception is when these words are used in an unusual or ironic meaning.
3) words representing little-known terms: Early in the spring, as soon as the snow melts and begins to dry out " rags ", i.e. last year's grass, begin " burned ", or forest fires(Ax.); In the evening, the hunter Ermolai and I went to " cravings "...But maybe not all my readers know what " craving" (T.);
4) words are outdated or, conversely, completely new, if this feature of them is emphasized:He came to the owner of the estate... and began to ask about “ layout" (Cost.); All the activists of the district gathered for the opening of the commune “ Komsy" (N.O.);
5) words spoken ironically: ...We in literature honor the “table of ranks” and are afraid to speak out loud about “dignitaries"(White); And the new "relative" “turned out to be just a rogue; From " booms "and recessions - to a constant crisis;
6) words from someone else’s text, quotes: True, the once correct and now still pleasant features of his face have changed a little, his cheeks drooped, frequent wrinkles appeared radiantly around his eyes, “there are no other teeth", as Saadi said, according to Pushkin(T.); ...Brought up in the beautiful language of my grandparents, at first I did not understand such combinations of incompatible words as “ terribly funny ", " I'm dying to eat“,” “terribly fun” ... (M. G.); He demanded that the work be reconsidered - “since I made the necessary corrections"—and re-evaluate it; One request would be enough - "help me get out of this situation", - and everything would have gone differently; He said to himself " Big deal! " and went on; It was these actions that they called “ mutual assistance"; He didn't say "stupid" but "short-sighted"; [Cm. § 50, paragraph 3. ]
7) words explaining terms, expressions(in the sense..., in the sense... and so on.): In the combination “radical fracture” the word radical is used in the meaning “fundamental, essential, decisive"; Good in the sense of " Kind "; Expand the concept “ dualism";
8) words used in a conditional meaning (in relation to the situation or context): During maneuvers “red " opposed " green » [Gas]; The “enemy” used “atomic weapons”; Meeting of the G7 (seven largest countries); Solid harvest » our athletes collected Olympic awards; Conquer " gold", divide "silver ", limit ourselves to " bronze" (in the sports press); Political commentators for " round table."
Wed. also: “barrel” (in aviation); “cauldron” (in military affairs); "green Street"(among railway workers and figuratively); “white gold” (cotton); "White Book" (collection of documents); “bat” (portable kerosene lantern); “lightning” (urgent release at the printing house); "great mute"(subsonic cinema); class "A"; vitamin A"(but: ABC vitamins - Latin letters); be on "you".
As such expressions become commonplace, they are placed in quotation marks less and less often. For example, they began to write without quotes: rush hours; vote for and against; work perfectly; Big Eight and etc.
Note. However, excessive use of quotation marks is still quite common. Thus, in an article under the symptomatic title “Insult with quotation marks” (Lit. newspaper, 1980. June 18) it was rightly noted that there is no reason to use quotation marks in such sentences: ...The pathogenic microorganisms themselves change and “get used” to the drugs; Manages to deliver books by hook or by crook; Because a sharp change in climate is a rather strong “shock” for the human body; ...Any norms, especially those established without proper justification, will always “infringe” on the interests of representatives of a particular genre; French athletes arrived on a “return visit” and so on.
At the same time, one cannot help but mention the positive role of quotation marks in their evaluative and stylistic function.
2. For the use of quotation marks in direct speech, see § 47, in quotations - § 55, in dialogue - § 51, paragraph 2.
§ 60. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.
1. They are highlighted in quotation marks:
1) names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, musical works, paintings, etc.: novel "War and Peace"; story "Steppe"; story "Kashtanka"; poem "Borodino"; "Ode to Sport" by Pierre de Coubertin; newspapers “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, “Humanite”, “Noyes Deutschland”; magazines “New World”, “Ko s Monolithen”; opera "Khovanshchina"; Swan Lake ballet"; painting “Morning in a pine forest”; "Kamarinskaya"(dance);
2) names of factories, factories, mines, mines, ships, hotels, organizations, etc.: Factory "Women's Fashion"; Bogatyr plant; printing house "Original"; mine "Northern 2-bis"; Teatralnaya metro station; motor ship "Alexander Pushkin"; battleship Potemkin; cruiser Aurora"; Hotel "Metropol"; publishing house "Prosveshchenie"; sports society "Dynamo"; Trust "Neftegazstroy"; management "Proektstroymekhanizatsiya"; concern "General Motors Corporation"; Zarya company; JSC "Conversion"; Mosfilm film studio; cinema "Cosmos" La Scala theater; musical troupe “Teatro Musicale della Città di Roma”; television company Columbia Broadcasting Systems.
2. Not highlighted in quotation marks:
1) proper names, if they are not conventional: Moscow State University named after. M. V. Lomonosova; Vladimir Pedagogical Institute; Moscow Puppet Theater; Izmailovsky Park of Culture and Leisure; Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences;
2) names of enterprises, institutions, departments, etc., which are a compound abbreviated word formed from the full official name: Dneproges, Mosstroy, Giproniizdrav, Stalproekt, NIIpoligrafmash, AvtoVAZ;
3) names of enterprises, indicated by a number or consisting of an abbreviation and number: mine No. 2-bis; ATE-1 plant;
4) names, which include words of name, memory, etc.: Theater named after I.V. Gogol; Hospital named after S.P. Botkin; Moscow Canal;
5) names of telegraph agencies: Interfax agency; Agence France Presse;
6) foreign language names of organizations and institutions, represented by abbreviations: BBC (British radio station); CNN (American television and radio company);
7) names of books, newspapers and magazines in bibliographic lists, footnotes:
Chukovsky K. Alive as life. M., 1962;
Scientific notes of the Voronezh Pedagogical Institute. 1962. Issue. 10.
§ 61. Names of orders and medals
1. The names of orders and medals are highlighted in quotation marks if the names themselves do not syntactically depend on the words order and medal: Order “For Merit to the Fatherland”, Order “For Military Merit”, Medal “For Distinction in the Protection of the State Border”, Medal “For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”. Wed. Also: badge "Excellence in Public Education".
2. If the name of the award is syntactically dependent on the preceding word order, badge, etc., then it is not highlighted in quotation marks: Order of Courage, Order of Zhukov, Order of the Patriotic War1st class, Order of the Renaissance of Poland, Order of the Legion of Honor(France), Ushakov medal, St. George's cross insignia and so on.
The names are not highlighted in quotation marks: Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, GTO badge, etc.
§ 62. Names of brands of machines, industrial products, etc.
1. The names are highlighted in quotation marks:
1) cars: “Volga”, “Chaika”, “ZIL-130”, “Zhiguli”, “Cadillac”, “Mercedes”;
2) aircraft: “Ilya Muromets”, “Polikarpov-2”, “Concord”, “Messerschmitt-109”, “Focke-Wulf-189”; everyday, colloquial names of aircraft (without digital designations) are written in quotation marks with a lowercase letter: “corner” (U-2), “migar” (MiG-15), “hawk” (Yak-9), "Messerschmitt" ("Messer"), "Fokker";
3) ships: cruiser "Peter the Great", icebreaker "Ermak", frigate "Twelve Apostles";
4) tanks (colloquial): “Panther”, “Ferdinand”, “Thirty-Four”;
5) machine guns, mortars, etc. (colloquial): “Maxim”, “Katyusha”, “Kalashnikov”;
6) means of space exploration: spacecraft "Vostok-!", interplanetary station "Luna-3", communications satellite "Molniya-1", ground-to-air rocket, matador-type rocket and so on.;
7) combines, household machines, etc.: combine "Sibiryak", washing machine "Vyatka", camera "Zenit".
2. The names of various products (confectionery, household, perfume, technical, etc.) are highlighted in quotation marks: candies “Cornflower”, “Teddy Bear”(But: Napoleon cakes, eclair- common names); perfume “Flowers of Russia”, cologne “Red Poppy”, cream “Metamorphosis”, toothpaste “Arbat”, washing powder “Myth”, filter “Spring”, computer “Mac”.
3. Not highlighted in quotation marks:
1) names of production products that have become commonly used names: browning, revolver, riding breeches, macintosh, french;
2) abbreviated names of cars, aircraft, etc.: GAZ-51 car, TU-154 plane, DT-54 tractor;
3) names of brands of machines and mechanisms, which are abbreviations formed from the first letters of a compound name (often in combination with a numeral): KD (lid making machine), BKSM-2 (tower crane), 20R (single roller rotation).
§ 63. Names of plant varieties and animal breeds
1. The names of agricultural crops, flowers, etc. are highlighted in quotation marks: rye “Kharkovskaya-194”, wheat “Krymka”, strawberry “Victoria”, dahlia “Svetlana”, gladiolus “Elegy”.
2. Not highlighted in quotation marks:
1) names of plant varieties in specialized literature (in these names the first word is written with a capital letter): Slava Nikolska gooseberry, Winner strawberry, Exhibition red currant, early Chinese golden apple tree, Nikolskaya white plum, Epicurus potato, Dneprovskaya-521 wheat, Parma violet, Black Prince tulip;
2) generally accepted names of flowers and fruits: pansy flowers, Ivan da Marya; apples white filling, papier; renclod plum
3. The names of animal breeds are not highlighted in quotation marks: Kholmogory cow; Saint Bernard dogs, Doberman pinscher; horses Bityug, Oryol trotter; Cochin chickens.
Note. Animal names are not highlighted in quotation marks, but are written in capital letters: horse Emerald, cow Belyanka, dog Trezor, cat Vaska, bear cub Toptyzhka, elephant Manka.
Names and titles
How to correctly use quotation marks in proper names
To answer the question of when names are placed in quotation marks, it is necessary to find out what types of proper names exist. The names can be divided into two large groups:
1. Compound names that are not conventional – real proper names(in the terminology of A.V. Superanskaya). In such names, all words are used in their literal meaning. Such names are not highlighted with quotation marks; in them the first word and the proper names included in the name are written with a capital letter. For example: State Russian Museum, Moscow Drama Theater on Malaya Bronnaya, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, St. Petersburg State University, Moscow Printing House No. 2, Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications, Russian Football Union, State Prize, Guinness Book of Records, Great Patriotic War, Peter's era.
2. Conventional (symbolic) names enclosed in quotation marks.
Real proper names and conventional names differ in syntactic compatibility. Wed: Bolshoi Theater, Theater of Satire, Theater in the South-West – These are real proper names, they have syntactic compatibility, quotes are not needed. But: theater "Sovremennik", theater "School of Modern Play" - conventional names that are not syntactically combined with the generic word. They are enclosed in quotation marks. Likewise: Friendship Park, But: Sokolniki Park", Communist Party of the Russian Federation, But: Yabloko party etc.
Note: real proper names can also be used in combination with a generic name (most often a designation of the organizational and legal form) and at the same time put in quotation marks, but when used without a generic name they, unlike conventional names, are written without quotes, cf.:
Moscow printing house No. 2 And OJSC "Moscow Printing House No. 2";
Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation And Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation";
Presidential Library named after B. N. Yeltsin And Federal State Budgetary Institution "Presidential Library named after B. N. Yeltsin";
City of Military Glory And honorary title "City of Military Glory".
In contrast to them, conventional names enclosed in quotation marks both in the presence of a generic word and in its absence, cf.: "Apple" And Yabloko party, "Locomotive" And football club "Lokomotiv", "Contemporary" And Sovremennik Theater, "Forest distances" And boarding house "Lesnye Dali", "Romashka" And LLC "Romashka" etc.
Let us list the main semantic groups of conventional names enclosed in quotation marks (the list is far from exhaustive):
titles organizations, institutions, enterprises, joint-stock companies, firms, etc.: publishing house "Children's Literature"(But: OJSC "Publishing House "Children's Literature""), Radonezh gymnasium, Rossiya hotel, Sweet Island confectionery factory, Ural Airlines. The names of firms, companies, banks, etc., written in Latin letters, are not enclosed in quotation marks: Intel, Fashion LLC, Air France and British Airways, Carven beauty salon, La Fontana restaurant, Tabula Rasa club. Writing abbreviated names of institutions, organizations (complex abbreviated words and initial abbreviations, for example: Promsvyazbank, Rosoboronexport, MTS etc.) is dedicated separately.
titles political parties: parties “Yabloko”, “Civil Power”, “United Russia”, “A Just Russia”.
titles domestic news agencies: Interfax news agency, Rossiya Segodnya news agency (FSUE MIA Rossiya Segodnya). The names of foreign news agencies are traditionally not placed in quotation marks: Agence France-Presse, United Press International.
titles entertainment enterprises and institutions(theaters, cinemas, exhibition centers, etc.): cinema chains “Formula Kino”, “Cinema Star”, cinema “Five Stars”, theaters “Sovremennik”, “School of Modern Play”, Central Exhibition Hall “Manege”,Center for Children's Creativity "Theater on the Embankment", Theater Center "On Strastnom", festival "Kinotavr".
titles museums: museum-estate of L. N. Tolstoy “Yasnaya Polyana”(But: State Memorial and Nature Reserve "Museum-Estate of L. N. Tolstoy "Yasnaya Polyana""), Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, Battle of Borodino Panorama Museum, Presnya Historical and Memorial Museum. note: the names of foreign museums and art galleries are written without quotation marks, such as: Prado Museum, Orsay Museum, Uffizi Gallery and etc.
titles musical groups:chamber orchestra “Moscow Virtuosi”, groups “The Beatles”, “Rolling Stones”, “Factory”, “Strelki”, “City 312”.
titles sports societies, teams, clubs: football clubs “Spartak”, “Zenit”, “Lokomotiv”, “Barcelona”, “Manchester United”, “Lazio”, “Beitar”, “Anderlecht”, hockey teams “Salavat Yulaev”, “Severstal”, “Ak Bars” . However, abbreviated names are written without quotation marks: CSKA, SKA(for more information about abbreviated names, see).
titles orders, medals, awards, insignia, honorary titles: Orders “For Merit to the Fatherland”, “For Military Merit”, “Parental Glory”; insignia “For Impeccable Service”; Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"; medals “For Courage”, “Defender of Free Russia”, “For Distinction in Protecting the State Border”; honorary title "People's Artist of the Russian Federation"(but without the generic word: award the People's Artist of the Russian Federation), Golden Mask Award, Oscar Award.
titles periodicals(newspapers, magazines): newspapers “Arguments and Facts”, “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, magazines “Ogonyok”, “Russian Language Abroad”, "Nezavisimaya Gazeta", "Russian Journal". About abbreviated names ( AiF or "AiF") cm. ). If the name is written in Latin (including if it is an initial abbreviation of Latin letters), quotation marks are not needed: newspapers Financial Times, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung; magazines GQ, FHM.
titles TV channels, radio stations: TV channels "Russia", "Russia - Culture", "Match TV", radio stations "Echo of Moscow", "Vesti FM", radio channel "Radio Russia". However, channel names that are initial-type abbreviations are usually written without quotation marks, for example: NTV, STS, TNT. Name First channel is also not enclosed in quotation marks (the title contains agreement with the word channel). But: Open Joint Stock Company "Channel One".
titles documents: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 31, 2015 N 683 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation”, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 15, 2016 N 12 “Issues of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation” and dated February 2, 2016 N 41 “ On some issues of state control and supervision in the financial and budgetary sphere”, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 8, 2016 N 39-rp “On holding the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum”, Federal Constitutional Law dated February 7, 2011 N 1-FKZ “On courts of general jurisdiction in the Russian Federation.”
titles literary and scientific works, works of art: the novel “War and Peace”, the film “Apotheosis of War”, the film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, the television series “Lost”, including names including generic names: “A Novel Without Lies”, “A Tale of a Real Man”, “An Optimistic Tragedy”. note: if the title of a work of art consists of two titles connected by a conjunction or, then a comma is placed before the conjunction, and the first word of the second name is written with a capital letter: "Irony of Fate or Enjoy Your Bath".Don't put them in quotes and write with lowercase letters such names as collected works, selected works, if they are used to mean the type of publication: in all collected works of A. S. Pushkin. If we are talking about a specific publication that bears such a typical name, then it is written in capital letters without quotation marks: in the Complete Works of A. S. Pushkin.
titles musical works. Please note: if the gender or type of musical work is not included in the title, it is enclosed in quotation marks, the first word and the proper names included in the title are capitalized: opera “The Queen of Spades”, ballet “La Bayadère”, sonata “Appassionata”. If the title of a musical work is a combination of a generic word ( symphony, sonata etc. with a number or musical term, then it is written with a capital letter, but is not enclosed in quotation marks: Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony, Chopin's Second Ballade, String Quartet No. 3.
titles natural Disasters(hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes): Typhoon Judy, Hurricane Katrina, Storm Noel, Cyclone Sidr.
titles production brands of technical products (cars, aircraft, devices, etc.): Volga and Toyota cars, Ruslan and Boeing 747 planes, Indesit washing machine, Ardo gas stove. The spelling of such names is regulated by reference manuals, but nowadays polynomial names of technical products are becoming increasingly common (cf.: Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft). The spelling of names of this type is almost not reflected in spelling reference books and experiences significant fluctuations in the modern Russian language. Names written in Latin are not enclosed in quotation marks, for example: Kraftway Idea personal computers, Apple iMac, Blackview BV8000 Pro smartphone, Canon A410 camera, Campaver Bains heated towel rail, Mitsubishi Colt, Chevrolet Lacetti, Daewoo Matiz, Mazda 323, Peugeot 207 cars. See below for more information on spelling car names.
titles means of space exploration, military equipment: shuttle Discovery, shuttle Atlantis, hub module Prichal, ballistic missile Topol, anti-aircraft missile system Buk, strike complex Iskander-M.
titles medicines, medical supplies. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of medicines should be written with a capital letter in quotation marks: "Arbidol", "Influvac", "Aflubin", "Fervex", and in everyday use - with a lowercase letter without quotation marks, for example: drink Fervex, take Viagra. Some names of drugs that have come into wide use due to many years of use are also written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks ( validol, analgin, aspirin).
titles trademarks, conventional names of food, perfume and other goods, including alcoholic beverages. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of food products are written with a capital letter in quotation marks: “Creamy” waffles, “Potato” cake, salad “Chinese”, “Lyubitelsky” carbonade, “Mozzarella” cheese, “Tartar” sauce, “Bailey’s” liqueur, “Beaujolais Nouveau” wine, “Cinzano Bianco” vermouth, “Black Card” coffee. The names of products in household use are written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks: amateur sausage, Borodino bread, Olivier salad, potato cake. Without quotation marks, the names of varieties of wines, mineral waters and other drinks are written with a lowercase letter: Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Port, Borjomi. Names written in Latin letters are not enclosed in quotation marks: Global Village juice, Staropramen beer, Oro Verde olives, Christian Lacroix Rouge eau de parfum, Palmolive shower gel, Armani jeans, Dolce Gabbana jacket.
titles types and varieties of crops, vegetables, flowers etc. – terms of agronomy and gardening. Unlike the names listed above, these names are written in quotation marks with a lowercase letter: Victoria strawberries, Chardonnay grapes, Black Prince tulip. In specialized literature, such names are written without quotation marks and with a capital letter: apricot Dionysus, zucchini Uncle Fedor, Brilliant raspberries, Chardonnay grapes.
As evidenced by the requests of users of our Help Desk, writing car names. Let's tell you more about them.
In the complete academic reference book “Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation”, ed. V.V. Lopatin recommended writing the names of car brands in quotation marks with a capital letter: cars "Volga", "Volvo", "Toyota", and the names of the cars themselves as technical products - with a lowercase letter in quotation marks (except for names that coincide with proper names - personal and geographical). For example: "Moskvich", "Toyota", "Volvo" But: "Volga", "Oka", "Tavria"(the same as proper names, so they are written with a capital letter). Exceptions: "Lada", "Mercedes"(the same as proper names, but written with lowercase). However, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish in which case the name is the name of the car brand, and in which the name of the technical product: He prefers Toyota to all cars. In controversial cases, the decision to write with a capital or lowercase letter is made by the author of the text.
In everyday use, the names of vehicles are written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks, for example: I arrived in an old Muscovite (a luxury Cadillac). Colloquial names of cars with diminutive suffixes are also written without quotation marks, for example: Muscovite, Ford, UAZ.
Abbreviated names (combined with and without numbers) are written without quotation marks: ZIL, VAZ-2114, UAZ, KamAZ.
Ambiguous names (car make and model), written in Cyrillic, are enclosed in quotation marks and written with a hyphen, while all parts of the name are written with a capital letter: "Lada Priora", “Toyota Corolla”, “Renault Megane”, “Nissan Teana”, “Hyundai Getz”, “Nissan Almera Classic”, “Suzuki Grand Vitara”. But: "Volkswagen Beetle"(roll call with a common noun).
Names written in Latin are not enclosed in quotation marks: cars Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Lada Priora.
Numerous questions about the appropriateness of using quotation marks also arise when writing some proper names in the narrow sense of the term - names and nicknames of people, animal names, as well as geographical names. We will try to answer the most frequently asked questions.
nicknames written without quotation marks and in cases where the nickname comes after the name (Vsevolod the Big Nest, Richard the Lionheart), and then when the nickname is located between the first and last names: Garik Bulldog Kharlamov.
animal names are not enclosed in quotation marks and are written with a capital letter: the dog Barbos, the cat Matroskin, the kitten Woof, the lion Boniface. However, if individual names are used as general names of animals, they are written with a lowercase letter: murka, bug, watchdog, savraska, burenka. The names of animal breeds are also written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks: Kholmogorka cow, poodle dog.
names of railway stations, train stations are written without quotation marks, all words are written in them with a capital letter, except for generic designations: stations Fili, Uzlovaya, Podsolnechnaya, 125 km, Stroitel, Dachnaya, Rabochy Poselok; Ladozhsky railway station.
airport names reference manuals recommend writing without quotation marks, but in recent years there has been a strong tendency to enclose these names in quotation marks. Perhaps such writing will soon be recognized as normative. However, now it is better to write without quotes: airports Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, Pulkovo, Boryspil.
names of metro stations and ground transport stops are enclosed in quotation marks (in texts, but not on maps and diagrams and not at the stations and stops themselves!), the first word of such names is written with a capital letter (it may be the only one), as well as all those words that are written with a capital letter in composition of the corresponding toponyms: metro stations “Fili”, “Pionerskaya”, “Sviblovo”; “Vyborgskaya”, “Avtovo”, “Elektrosila”; “Prospekt Mira”, “Kuznetsky Most”, “Okhotny Ryad”; “Gostiny Dvor”, “Old Village”; “Street of 1905”, “Sparrow Hills”, “Sretensky Boulevard”, “Filyovsky Park”; "Ligovsky Prospekt", "Technological Institute"; stops "School", "Children's Clinic", "Novopetrovskaya Street", "Prospekt Stroiteley".
names of districts, microdistricts(urban microtoponymic names) are written without quotation marks: districts of Marfino, Kurkino, Lyublino, Moskvorechye-Saburovo, Biryulyovo Western. However, they are enclosed in quotation marks conventional names of residential areas, areas and individual houses followed by words residential area, residential complex (residential complex), HOA (homeowners' association), SZD (social residential building) etc., for example: residential area "Parus", residential area "Pobeda", residential complex "Breeze", residential complex "Dom on Mosfilmovskaya", HOA "Novobrodovsky", SZD "Maryino", farm "Stolyarovo", substation "Dachnaya".
names of directions, routes, trains are subject to the following rule: when indicating spatial limits, a dash is placed between geographical names. Names are written in capital letters without quotation marks. For example: highway Moscow - St. Petersburg, train Samara - Penza, route Moscow - Uglich - Moscow, oil pipeline Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean. However, they are enclosed in quotation marks train names; highways, highways; oil pipelines, gas pipelines and so on.: branded trains “Zhiguli”, “Vologda Dawns”, “Nevsky Express”; highways “Kholmogory”, “Caspian”, “Don”, “Ural”, “Crimea”, “Ussuri”; Blue Stream gas pipeline, Druzhba oil pipeline.
Reference books used:
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Ed. V.V. Lopatina. M., 2006 (and later editions).
Lopatin V.V., Nechaeva I.V., Cheltsova L.K. Uppercase or lowercase? Orthographic dictionary. M., 2011.
Milchin A. E., Cheltsova L. K. Directory of the publisher and author: Editorial-ed. publication design. – 4th ed. – M., 2014.
Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of the Russian language. Uppercase or lowercase? – 7th ed. – M., 2005.
Handbook on the preparation of normative legal acts in the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation (as of April 5, 2016).
Writing the names of some companies and organizations is often confusing. From Russian school lessons, everyone remembers that everything is simple - with a capital letter and in quotation marks. But in practice it turns out that difficulties lurk at every step. In order not to get confused in the rules and get rid of doubts and mistakes once and for all, remember and save just a few simple points as a useful cheat sheet.
Large and small letters
The conventional names of firms and companies are always written with a capital letter. For example: Hermes company, Beryozka cafe. Questions begin when additional words appear in these titles. In this case, the same first word should be written with a capital letter, and the rest – with a lowercase letter.
For example: cafe "White Birch". The exceptions are those names in which proper names are in the second and other positions. For example: "Swift-winged Hermes."
Difficulty with quotation marks when writing company names
The basic principle to follow is:
- if the name is written in Cyrillic, quotes are placed;
- if in Latin - no.
Example: Sony and Sony. Interestingly, today this approach is not an official rule, but is used behind the scenes in all print and online publications.
It is a little more difficult to deal with those cases where the names are abbreviations. If we have complex abbreviated words (that is, consisting of parts of words included in them), we need to look at their meaning and the absence/presence of generic words:
- the names of government bodies do not need quotation marks: Central Election Commission, State Duma;
- various government enterprises and institutions are written without quotation marks in the absence of generic words and in quotation marks when they are present. For example: Mosgortrans and State Unitary Enterprise "Mosgortrans";
- commercial organizations are deprived of such liberties and are strictly formalized in quotation marks: “Stroyavto” and OJSC “Stroyavto”.
Abbreviations of the initial type (i.e., consisting exclusively of the first letters of the words included in the name) are usually placed in quotation marks if there is a generic word (newspaper "AiF") and dispensed with if this word is not present (read in AIF).
But it should be noted that in both cases, you can use quotation marks freely, it will not be a mistake (AiF newspaper, read in AiF).
Here we can advise you to make a choice depending on the context and the proximity of other names that must or should not be used in quotation marks. For example, if you list several publications (newspapers Kommersant, Komsomolskaya Pravda, AiF), then using one of them without quotes will simply hurt the eye.
When are quotes not needed?
We always write names without quotes:
- government agencies and political parties: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Liberal Democratic Party;
- international organizations: UN, WHO;
- educational and scientific institutions: MGIMO;
- entertainment venues: Moscow Art Theater;
- sports teams: CSKA.
As you can see, there is no need to invest in tons of reference books to spell company names correctly. It is enough to learn the basic rules, and your texts will already comply with absolutely all the canons of the Russian language. And the rules of the official style, of course.
§ 58.1
In quotation marks stand out:
1) words that are unusual and rarely used, to which the author wants to draw attention: Petushkov "stirred up" and the soldier stretched out and wished him "health" and handed him a large package sealed with the government seal(T.);
2) words used in an unusual, special meaning: They told me that I had to live here for three more days, because "opportunity" haven’t passed from Ekaterinodar yet(L.); We went to the forest, or, as we say, to "order"(T.); "Beat" Fyodor taught me how to play a pipe to attract quails(Ax.); These were third class passengers and the so-called "deck" located on the lower bow deck near the hold. They had no right to be on the upper decks, intended exclusively for "clean" public(Cat.);
3) words representing little-known terms: Early in the spring, as soon as the snow melts and begins to dry out "rags" i.e. last year's grass, begin "fired" or forest fires(Ax.); In the evening, the hunter Ermolai and I went on a “traction”... But maybe not all my readers know what it is "thrust"(T.);
4) words are outdated or, conversely, completely new, if this feature of them is emphasized: The entire district activists gathered for the opening of the commune. "koms"(BUT.);
5) words spoken ironically: ...We honor in literature "table of ranks" and we are afraid to speak out loud about "dignitaries"(White); And the new one "relative" turned out to be just a rogue; From "booms" and recessions - to a constant crisis;
6) words from someone else’s text, quotes: True, the once correct and now still pleasant features of his face have changed a little, his cheeks have drooped, frequent wrinkles are located radially around his eyes, “there are no other teeth” as Saadi said, according to Pushkin(T.); ...Brought up in the beautiful language of my grandparents, at first I did not understand such combinations of incompatible words as “terribly funny”, “I’m dying to eat”, “terribly funny”...(M.G.); He demanded that the work be reconsidered - “since I made the necessary corrections” - and re-evaluate it; One request would be enough - "help me get out of this situation" - and everything would have gone differently; He said to himself "Just think!" and moved on; These are the actions they called "mutual assistance"; He said no "stupid" and "short-sighted"(see § 50, paragraph 3);
7) words that explain terms, expressions (meaning..., In terms of… and so on.): In the combination “radical fracture” the word radical is used in the meaning “concerning the very basics, essential, decisive”; Good in the sense "Kind"; Expand the concept "dualism";
8) words used in a conditional meaning (in relation to a situation or context): On maneuvers "red" opposed "green"; "Enemy" applied "atomic weapons"; Meeting "Big Seven"(seven largest countries); Solid "harvest" our athletes collected Olympic medals; Conquer "gold", divide "silver", limit yourself "bronze"(in sports press); Political commentators for "round table".
Wed. Also: "barrel"(in aviation); "boiler"(in military affairs); "green Street"(among railway workers and figuratively); "White gold"(cotton); "White paper"(collection of documents); "bat"(portable kerosene lantern); "lightning"(urgent release at the printing house); "great mute"(subsonic cinema); class "A"; vitamin A"(But: vitamins ABC - letters); be on "you".
Recently, as such expressions become commonplace, they are placed in quotation marks less and less often. For example, they began to write without quotes: rush hours; vote for and against; work perfectly; living newspaper and etc.
However, excessive use of quotation marks still occurs in a number of cases. Thus, in an article under the symptomatic title “Insult with quotation marks” (Lit. newspaper. 1980. June 18) it was rightly noted that there is no reason to use quotation marks in such sentences: ...The pathogenic microorganisms themselves change and “get used” to the drugs; Manages to deliver books by hook or by crook; For a sharp change in climate is a rather strong “shock” for the human body; ...Any norms, especially those established without proper justification, will always “infringe” on the interests of representatives of a particular genre; French athletes arrived on a “return visit” and so on.
At the same time, one cannot help but mention the positive role of quotation marks in their evaluative and stylistic function.
§ 58.2
For the use of quotation marks in direct speech, see § 47, in quotations - § 54, in dialogue - § 51, paragraph 2.
§ 59. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.
In quotation marks stand out:
1) names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, musical works, paintings, etc.: the novel “War and Peace”, the story “Steppe”, the story “Kashtanka”, the poem “Borodino”, “Ode to Sports” by Pierre de Coubertin, the newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, the magazine “New World”, the opera “Khovanshchina”, the ballet “Swan” lake", painting "Morning in a pine forest", "Kamarinskaya"(dance); The same in foreign language names: newspapers L'Humanité, Noyes Doinland, Morning Star, Time, Cosmopolitan magazine;
2) names of factories, factories, mines, mines, ships, hotels, organizations, etc.: "Women's Fashion" factory, "Bogatyr" plant, "Original" printing house, "Severnaya 2-bis" mine, "Teatralnaya" metro station, "Alexander Pushkin" motor ship, "Potemkin" battleship, "Aurora" cruiser, "Metropol" hotel , Prosveshcheniye publishing house, Dynamo sports society, Neftegazstroy trust, Proektstroymekhanizatsiya management, Zarya company, Conversion JSC, Mosfilm film studio, Rossiya cinema; the same in foreign names: the General Motors Corporation concern, the La Scala and Covent Garden theaters, the musical troupe Teatra Musicale della Citta di Roma, and the Columbia Broadcasting Systems television company.
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Note. Not in quotation marks: 1) proper names, if they are not conventional: Moscow State University named after. M. V. Lomonosov, Vladimir Pedagogical Institute, Moscow Puppet Theater, Izmailovo Park of Culture and Leisure, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2) names of enterprises, institutions, departments, etc., which are a compound abbreviated word formed from the full official name: Dneproges, Mosstroy, Giproniizdrav, Stalproekt, NIIpoligrafmash, AvtoVAZ; 3) names of enterprises, indicated by a number or consisting of abbreviations and numbers: mine No. 2-bis, ATE-1 plant; 4) names that contain words name, memory: theater named after N.V. Gogol, hospital named after S.P. Botkin; 5) names of telegraph agencies: Interfax, Agence France Presse; 6) foreign language names of organizations and institutions, consisting of abbreviations: BBC(English radio station), CNN(American television and radio company); 7) names of books, newspapers and magazines in bibliographic lists, footnotes: Chukovsky K. Alive as life. M., 1962; News. 1996. 20 Dec. |
§ 60. Names of orders and medals
§ 60.1
The names of orders and medals are highlighted in quotation marks, if the names themselves are syntactically independent of the words order and medal: Order “For Merit to the Fatherland”, Order “For Military Merit”, Medal “For Distinction in the Protection of the State Border”, Medal “For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”. Wed. Also: badge "Excellence in Public Education".
§ 60.2
If the name syntactically depends on the preceding word order, then it is not highlighted in quotation marks: Order of Courage, Order of Zhukov, Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, Ushakov Medal, St. George Cross insignia; Also: Order of the Renaissance of Poland, Order of the Legion of Honor(France), etc.
Names in combinations are not highlighted in quotation marks Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, GTO badge and etc.
§ 61. Names of brands of machines, industrial products, etc.
§ 61.1
In quotation marks names stand out:
1) cars: “Volga”, “Chaika”, “ZIL-130”, “Zhiguli”, “Cadillac”, “Mercedes”;
2) aircraft: "Ilya Muromets", "Polikarpov-2" ("PO-2"), "Il-76" ("IL-76"), "Tu-154" ("TU-154") etc. (in specialized literature, abbreviated names are written without quotation marks: Il-76, Tu-154, An-24, MiG-15, U-2, Yak-9); everyday, colloquial nicknames of aircraft are written in quotation marks with lowercase letters: "corn grower"(U-2), "blinking"(MiG-15), "hawk"(Yak-9); official names of aircraft of foreign companies (the name is accompanied by a digital designation) are written with capital letters: "Messerschmitt-109", "Focke-Wulf-189"; their colloquial names (without digital designations) are written with lowercase letters: "Messerschmitt" ("Messer"), "Fokker";
3) ships: cruiser "Peter the Great", icebreaker "Ermak";
4) tanks: "Panther", "Ferdinand", "Thirty-Four"(colloquial);
5) machine guns, mortars, etc.: "Maxim", "Katyusha", "Kalashnikov"(colloquial);
6) means of space exploration: spacecraft "Vostok-1", interplanetary station "Luna-3", communications satellite "Molniya-1", surface-to-air rocket, matador-type rocket and so on.;
7) combines, tractors, household machines, etc.: combine "Sibiryak", tractor "KhTZ", razor "Kharkov", washing machine "Vyatka", camera "Zorkiy".
§ 61.2
In quotation marks The names of various products (confectionery, household, perfume, technical, etc.) are highlighted: candies “Cornflower”, “Southern Nut”, “Bear Clubfoot”(But: Napoleon cakes, eclair - common names); perfume “Flowers of Russia”, cologne “Red Poppy”, cream “Metamorphosis”, toothpaste “Arbat”, washing powder “Myth”, filter “Spring”, computer “Agate”.
§ 62. Names of plant varieties
In quotation marks The names of crops, flowers, etc. are highlighted: rye “Kharkovskaya-194”, wheat “Krymka”, strawberry “Victoria”, dahlia “Svetlana”, gladiolus “Elegy”.
§ 63. Names of animal breeds
The names of animal breeds are not highlighted in quotation marks: Kholmogory cow; Saint Bernard dogs, Doberman pinscher; horses Bityug, Oryol trotter; Cochin chickens.
They are not marked with quotation marks, but are written with capital letters of animal names: horse Emerald, cow Belyanka, dog Trezor, cat Vaska, bear cub Borka, elephant Manka.