Geographical names of Karelia can tell a lot. The toponymy of our republic is an alloy of strata that are chronologically different.
The zone of distribution of the most ancient layer is quite extensive, in fact, its clearly defined boundaries are difficult to establish. This Plast differs from others in that it is not yet possible to explain the meaning of its constituent toponyms, based on the data of known languages.
Such toponyms include: Vyg, Iloksa, Sandal, Guna, Kestenga, Uzhma, Ukhta, Shizhma, Shomba, Shok-sha, Shonga and a number of others ending in -ga, -ma, sha, -ksa, -ta, -da and so on. Similar and even completely identical twin toponyms are found throughout the North of the European part of Russia. Obviously, the population that left them spoke the same language or were closely related.
It is, of course, possible to transfer names from one territory to another during relocation, as well as random sound coincidences, which in this case is almost excluded due to the massiveness of repetitions. According to archaeologists and historians, the settlement of ancient people on the territory of Karelia dates back to approximately the X-IX millennium BC. e. They came from the east (from the Urals and Western Siberia).
Several millennia later (about 2500 BC) tribes began to move to Karelia from the south - from the Volga-Oka basin. This stream was more powerful, and the few first settlers gradually disappeared into it. It is difficult to say what language those from whom the names remained unclear to us spoke. It is possible that these mysterious place names will remain unsolved.
The next layer in the toponymy of Karelia is the Sami. It includes place names that are deciphered using the Sami language and have no correspondences in other languages.
The Sami are the oldest known inhabitants of Karelia.
Sami place names are also spread over a vast territory. In addition to Karelia and Finland, it partially covers the Leningrad, Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions, Komi, and extends further, however, since the toponymy of the North has not been sufficiently studied, it is difficult to judge its borders more definitely.
Living earlier much to the south of their present location (the Kola Peninsula), the Sami left their mark in toponymy throughout the territory of Karelia.
Since the distant ancestors of today's Sami were a small tribe of wandering hunters, fishermen and reindeer herders, the number of identified names of Sami origin in the total mass of place names in Karelia is relatively small. In search of prey, they constantly moved from place to place, and this prevented the emergence of stable links between geographic objects and their certain names. Most likely, the names existed, but when changing places people forgot them. The stability of geographical names is ensured by a sedentary lifestyle.
In some cases, historical monuments indicate the connection of a particular geographical name, explained using the Sami language, with the presence of the Sami in the area.
“In the 16th century, the lobe was preserved in the White Sea - near Sumy Posad, along the Shuya River (northern), along the Kereti River, along the Kovda River, not to mention the Kandalaksha,” D.V.Bubrikh came to this conclusion based on historical and toponymic data. In one of the earliest Russian historical documents of the 16th century - "A separate entry by Semyon Yurenev to the Solovetsky Monastery on the land in the Kemsky and Poduzhmsky volosts" - it says: "Yes, baptized and unbaptized Lukozersky Lapps lived on the Kemsky land along the forest lake, on Topoozero and in Kistengi and on Lake Krito, and in Lake Vedli and on Lake Voksha, and on the Kiz River, and in Sholoponya, and in Kurgievoy, and on Lake Horn, and on Lake Ulmo, and on Lake Murom, and on Lake Pilso, and on Lake Vongo, and on Keret Lake, and on Crow Lake, and on Lake Kyalgo, and Kuzezm Lake, and on other devil lakes, there are 18 palaces and 20, and there are 42 people in them, and 20 bows with a half-bow. And those Lop palaces, and towers, and bows were all desolate from the German war, and the Lapps were beaten and completely caught, while others wandered about. The meaning of some of the names in this document is deciphered using the Sami language. Ulmozero probably comes from the word uelTad, which is Saami for "whirlpool"; "Vongozero" is comparable to the word vong - a log lying at the bottom, a snag; Kyalgozero may have come from the Sami kal "kk" - lime; the name of Lake Keret is probably associated with the word k "eres" (ke-ret) - kerezhka (Sami sleigh in the form of a boat). Similar toponyms are found on the Kola Peninsula, which is superfluous times testifies in favor of the Sami origin of the given names. The fact that the Sami lived much farther south than now is also indicated by earlier historical monuments. In the XIV century testament Lazar Muromsky is the founder
Murom Monastery (1332), located on the eastern shore of Lake Onega, wrote: "And those who lived then were named near Lake Onega Loplyans and Chud."
This is confirmed by the place names of Sami origin found on the territory of the modern Pudozh region. For example, the names of the lakes Pilmasozero and Navdozero (Vod-lozera system) are comparable to the Sami basics of the region - ear (figurative meaning: side, outskirts) and navcT-beast. The name Nyalmoser-ro (Vodla river basin) goes back to the Sami n "al" m - mouth, throat (figurative meaning: river mouth).
Sami place names are found throughout the territory of Karelia, up to its southern borders. So, the names Vazhinka (river), Vazhinskaya Pristan ', Verkhnie Vazhiny (settlements), Vazhezero (lake) are based on the Sami word va-adz - a female deer.
The names Lizhma, Lizhmozero (or Lake Lizhemskoe) go back to the Sami words lisma, lisme - silt, tina. The names of the river - Niva, lakes - Nivasozero are comparable to the Finnish niva - bystrina, which in turn is borrowed from the Sami njavve with the same meaning.
Finally, ethnonymic toponyms that include the former name of the Sami (lap-pi in Karelian) serve as convincing evidence of the presence of the Sami in Karelia. For example, Lapinjarvi, the Suna river basin) in the period from the Karelian “Lop-lake”, the Lopskaya river (the Kovda river basin), the settlements Lopskoye, Lobskaya Gora, Lobskaya Matka (Medvezhyegorsky district), Lapino (Belomorsky district), etc. As a rule, such ethnonymic toponyms appeared in the border zone, when settlements of different nationalities, for example, Sami and Karelian, Russians and Sami, Russians and Karelians, appeared in the neighborhood.
The Sami inhabited northern and central Karelia, right up to Lake Onega, back in the 16th century. Until recently, this territory was called "Lopsky pogosts". There were seven of them. The southernmost one is on the middle reaches of the Suna River (Lindozersky), and the northernmost is on the Kem River (Panozersky). In addition to them, Seletsky (on the shore of Lake Selets), Padansky (on the shore of Segozero), Semchezersky, Rugozersky, Shueretsky.
Professor D. V. Bubrikh, who studied the ethnonymy of Karelia in detail, wrote: “The population of southern Karelia named the territory of the Lopsky graveyards lappi, and then attached this name to the population of this territory, regardless of changes in its ethnic composition, and the ethnic composition was renewed, because since For some time now, not a Lop population, but a Baltic-Finnish population appeared here. With the advent of the latter, the Sami nomads began to begin to the north. "
The next layer in the toponymy of Karelia is the Baltic-Finnish. He is the most powerful, and this is not surprising. Korela and all - the ancestors of today's Karelians and Vepsians - began to occupy the territory of Karelia by the end of the 1st - the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD. e. Since the 9th-11th centuries, the first written information about the then population of Karelia appears in Russian chronicles and Scandinavian sagas. Karelian, Vepsian and Finnish toponymic names in origin are distinguished quite easily and not only due to the fact that they can be found in the vocabulary fund of these living languages, but also because their construction is subject to clear rules. Baltic-Finnish toponymy is characterized by the fact that the role of toponyms is more often complex words, the first part of which is the definition of the second word, which is a usual geographical term: oja - stream; jarvi - lake; joki, jogi, d "ogi - river; koski - threshold, waterfall; lampi, Iambi - small forest lake, usually impervious; laksi, lahti - bay; salmi - strait; niemi - cape, pillowcase; selka, selgu - hill, ridge , hill, literally "ridge"; vaara - mountain, hill; maki, magi - almost the same meaning; suo - swamp; suar ", suor", saari - island, etc. 1 These local geographic terms are part of of many toponyms, and not only as a second, definable part, but often as definitions, for example: Suoyarvi, Suoyoki, Salmijärvi, Vuorilampi, Lambiselga, Lakhtensel-kya, Sarimägi, Sarigora, Sa-riporog. In the last two names, the second part translated into Russian (Karelian forms: Su-.1! "magi, Suar" koski) Karelian, Vepsian, Finnish and Sami words in toponyms are often combined with the Russian word "lake": Syamozero, Ondozero, Vedlozero, Vodlozero - names are not only lakes, but also settlements located on them or near the shores.Similar place names in Karelia are so wide are widespread, that sometimes it is difficult to decide whether they are a translation from the language of local residents or whether these are primordially Russian names cut in a similarity to the Baltic - Finnish ones.
The uppermost, newest, layer in the toponymy of Karelia is Russian. Since the Baltic-Finnish population of Karelia has coexisted with the Russian for a long time, the Russian toponymic stratum in terms of coverage is second only to the Baltic-Finnish. As the analysis of modern names of settlements in Karelia shows, place names of clearly Russian origin (not counting those formed by translating Baltic-Finnish geographical terms, such as: Voknavolok, Kiz-river, Kudamguba, Logmoru-chi, Padozero) make up a little more than half (53 %) of all considered toponyms.
In the names of natural geographical objects, the percentage of non-Russian (foreign language) toponyms is incomparably higher: firstly, in quantitative terms, there are much more of them, and secondly, they arose much earlier than the names of settlements, even before the Slavs came to the territory of Karelia.
A characteristic feature of Karelia's toponymy is the presence of double names: in Russian (official) and in the language of local residents (unofficial, local).
Moreover, the official names do not always coincide with the popular ones. So, along with the official name of the village Obzha (Olonetsky district), the local name is used - Pizi, and the settlement of Ilyinsky (ibid.), Known since the 15th century, is still called by the Karelians A1a-voine - lower, as it is located in the lower reaches of the Olonka River.
Often, nevertheless, Russian names represent a complete translation of the Baltic-Finnish place names. For example, the name of the settlement Rybreka is an exact translation of the Vepsian name Kal "eg (Kalad" o-gi); Babguba - Karelian Akonlahti, Bolshie Gory correspond to Karelian Suurimagi; Upper - Ulloine; Border kondushi - Rajakondu.
This is understandable. The Russians, settling in the neighborhood with the local residents, took from them the names of large rivers, lakes, hills and other geographical objects, including fishing and hunting grounds, partially modifying them according to the laws of Russian phonetics, partially translating them into their own language.
Examples of the transfer of Karelian names by Russians on the basis of the Scribes of the Obonezhskaya Pyatina of 1496 and 1563 are given by the toponymist A.I. Popov (the names are marked with an asterisk, which are a complete translation):
Original names Lumat-jarvi Sari-koski Suri-selgi * Saren-take * Ruiz-niemi * Kivi-jarvi Kondu-selga
Modern names Lumbozero Sari-threshold Selgi Bolshie Zaostrovye Rye pillowcase Kpmen-lake Kondu-mountain.
The opposite phenomenon also took place. Due to the low population density of the edge, not all of the Objects were named. With the arrival of the Russians, they were half a mile in Russian names (for example, settlements: Besovets, Sailors, Polovina), which were acquired by the Revenge residents. This explains the presence of double (and sometimes even triple) names for one object. In some cases, it is difficult to decide which one is Primary. So, for example, Kuujarvi, Loyanitsy and, finally, Mikhailovskoe are the names of the same village in the Olonets district. The names of Russian origin include numerous toponyms formed from personal names (pagan and Christian) such as Avdeevo, Akimovo, Andronova Gora, Antipinskaya.
Some Russian toponyms are associated with the activities of Peter I: Petrovsky Yam, Palaces. And such names as Rabocheostrovsk, Polar Circle, Komsomolsky arose already in Soviet times.
Most of the Russian names are concentrated in the eastern and southeastern parts of Karelia, but they are especially numerous in the Zaonezhie and Belomorye, that is, in the areas of the earliest and most densely populated by Russians. So, in the Belomorsk region, Russian names of settlements are about 50%, and in Zaonezhie - 75%. There are much less of them in the west and south-west of Karelia, as well as in the Onega region (up to 30%).
The Russian toponymic layer also has its own derivational models. The names of cities of a later origin are formed using the typical "urban" toponymic suffix -sk: Petrozavodsk, Medvezhye-gorsk, Belomorsk. Other suffixes are also used: -ets (Konevets, Povenets, Besovets), -ov, -ev (Akimovo, Bolshakovo, Andreev Navolok); -in (Afonino, Lukin Island); - (s) shchina (Anisimovshchina, Blinovshchina) and a number of others.
Some of the Russian toponyms are formed with prefixes and suffixes (which is not typical for the Baltic-Finnish names): Zaozerye, Zaostrovye, Zagor'e, Zagub'e, Zales'e, Zarech'e, Podporozhye, Pod'elniki.
The most typical model is: definition + defined word: Bolshoye Voronovo, Brick Factory, Curve Threshold. Sometimes compound-abbreviated words like: Lesobirzha, Neftebaza act as toponyms.
As already noted, Russians, borrowing foreign-language names, adapt them to the norms of their language. For example, in the name of the village Korba (kar. Korbi, veps, kor "b, Finn. Korpi - dense forest) the ending -а arose on Russian soil, by analogy with the word of the same kind“ village. ” from the foreign language basis of Uzhma.There are many such examples.
So, the toponymy of Karelia, along with archaeological, historical materials and data from other sciences, characterizes the history of the settlement of the territory of our republic from ancient times to the present day.
The section uses materials from the book by G. Kern, N. Mamontova "Mysteries of Karelian Toponymy" from. "Karelia" Petrozavodsk 1982 History of settlement of Karelia and toponymic data [Toponymy and settlement of Karelia]
How place names are born
Place names, of course, do not contain indications of the date of their appearance, but nevertheless they bear signs of the time when they arose.How, for example, are place names born in our time? An authoritative commission is assembled and after a comprehensive discussion (taking into account the euphoniousness of the name, the ease and simplicity of word formation possible from it, the emotional coloring and educational meaning) decides: to be a new city (village, street, state farm, etc.) named so.
The decision is formalized by legally relevant documents. Then new names are applied to maps and recorded in reference books. The naming motives are very different. In Soviet times, many names-memorials arose in honor of prominent state and party leaders, people of science and art, heroes of the civil and patriotic wars (V.I.Lenin Square, Karl Marx Avenue, Kirov, Dzerzhinsky, Meretskov, Rigachin streets, state farm named after V. Zaitsev, O. V. Kuusinen State University, etc.). After the Great October Socialist Revolution in Karelia, place names such as Interposelok (Olonetsky region), Rassvet (Medvezhyegorsky region), Oktyabrskaya (Pudozhsky region), Proletarskaya (Kondopozhsky region) appeared, that is, modern names reflect modern reality, and the naming process is fixed by government acts.
In more distant times, everything was different. In this regard, one cannot but recall the story of how the scribe Nikita Panin gave names to the Zaonezh villages at the beginning of the 17th century. This story was common among the people for several generations and was recorded by the famous collector of antiquities in Karelia E. Barsov in the second half of the last century.
The scribe Nikita Panin, together with the clerk Semyon Kopylov, in 1628 described the settlements of Zaonezhie, which for the most part consisted of one or two (rarely more than 10) courtyards and did not have official names. So these villages were named after the first impression they made on the scribes. For example, they saw in the village a blacksmith forging scythes, and named it Blacksmiths. Having met a peasant with his wife, who were piling up hay in heaps, they wrote down: this volost will be Sennaya Guba, etc. It is impossible, of course, to completely accept this legend by pen, but it to some extent reflected the process of the emergence of geographical names in a certain historical period when the first house-to-house population censuses were carried out. What name and in what form fell into the official lists largely depended on the personality of the scribe, the degree of his preparedness for such work, knowledge of local names and, finally, simply on his conscientiousness.
The scribes did not always identify local non-Russian names, and even when they were transferred to the Russian language, they experienced serious difficulties. Therefore, at times random names taken by them fell into the official sphere of circulation.
Although in toponymy the moment of chance is not excluded (after all, names for the most part, until recently, arose spontaneously), nevertheless, the appearance of geographical names is natural, because this is associated with a certain stage in the development of society, when the need for naming arose, that is, the need to highlight objects in the area from among their kind.
Thus, the emergence of toponyms in general is historically conditioned.
At first glance, it may seem that the names are purely random and do not reflect the properties of the named objects, just as the name of a person does not reveal his character traits. But, having understood the semantics (semantic meaning) of the toponym, in which, first of all, its historical conditionality is manifested, one becomes convinced of the opposite.
Let's imagine the most ancient inhabitants of our region. Hunting wild animals, fishing or migrating with herds of deer, they were forced to somehow navigate the terrain. They needed to name certain geographic features that served as landmarks in order to distinguish them from each other. Such objects in the territory of Karelia were, first of all, large rivers, lakes, hills. Hence it follows that the names of natural objects are older than the names of settlements. That is why they are more mysterious and incomprehensible, because over the long history of their existence they could have changed significantly.At the very first stage of naming, the role of toponyms is played by common nouns - geographical terms: river, mountain, lake, in independent use and with definitions (Big Mountain, Black River , Crooked Lake), as well as descriptive phrases (“where the water makes noise”, “where the bear was killed”), which over time became more and more stable, fixing themselves in a certain place. If an object on the ground was presented in the singular or stood out strongly among similar ones, then it was enough just to name it. This is how the names of the settlements in Karelia appeared: Gorka (Kondopozhsky district), Gorushka (Medvezhyegorsky district), Navolok (Belomorsky, Kondopozhsky, Pudozhsky districts), Rechka (Medvezhyegorsky, Pryazhinsky districts), Selga (Medvezhyegorsky, Olonetsky), Segezhsky districts (Medvezhyegorsky district), Porozhek (Pryazhinsky district), Ozerki (Pudozhsky district), Bor (Medvezhyegorsky district), Sal-mi (Pitkyarantsky district), Gulfs (Belomorsky district), Lakhta (Medvezhyegorsky district), Ostrov (Pudozhsky, Muezersky districts), etc. Some of the above oikonyms1 represent an exact translation into Russian of the local names that still exist today. Not all of them were born in a very distant era. Similar toponyms appear in our time (in a sparsely populated area or when it becomes necessary to name an object that has not been named until now), however, provided that there are no objects of the same name nearby.
When several objects of the same type fell into the field of vision, which was inevitable with going beyond a limited territory, then in order to differentiate it was necessary to indicate the features characteristic of each of them. So in Karelian toponymy (as well as in toponymy in general) a large group of toponyms was formed, the first part of which, answering the question "which one?", Served as a definition. As a distinguishing feature, an important one was chosen from the point of view of those who called it. The reasons for choosing this or that name in the vast majority of cases (except for those that are documented) will forever remain hidden for us. Why, for example, is the village called Lisya Selga (translated from Karelian Reboiselgu)? Is it because there were many foxes here, or, on the contrary, one and only one flashed and left a memory of itself in the toponym? Or maybe the name arose on the basis of the external similarity of the object with the named animal? It should be borne in mind that ancient people lived in clans, and each clan had its patron (totem) some animal, bird or fish. Therefore, in the toponymy of the North, there are many names that owe their origin to cult animals. Finally, such a name could be based on the nickname of the pioneer or owner of a geographical object.
It is quite obvious that at the initial stage of naming man was very dependent on nature, closely related to it, and this was reflected in the geographical names. From the point of view of a modern person, some of the place names may seem random, devoid of any meaning. But it must be borne in mind that the degree of importance of a particular feature for a modern person and his distant ancestor is completely different. In addition, the objects themselves could have changed a lot and lost the originally justified connection with the name.
For example, the place where the large village of Vidany is now located was once a thicket of a young spruce forest, which formed the basis of its name (Car. Viidoi, Veps, vid "a - a dense young spruce forest; compare also Fin. Viita, -dan - bush) .The indirect case viidanal (literal translation: "under the spruce forest", fixed as the name of the place among the Karelians, was perceived by the Russians as "Vidana" (Vidana). reap, but the name remained the same and, having lost its connection with the object, as well as having changed, it became incomprehensible even to the local residents - the Karelians. Geographic names can tell us about the peculiarities of the geographical environment that surrounded our ancestors. Place names of objects are reported by place names: Chupa, Shuiskaya Chupa - settlements (kar. cuppu, veps, sir - corner, dead end), hence the Russian borrowed "chupa" - a narrow, long bay; Sopokha (from suo - swamp-fpohj and - bottom, base); Ladva, Ladvo-zero , Ladva-Vetka - inhabited points, Ladvajärvi (Latva) - a lake in Loukhsky district (kar., veps, ladv, fin. latva - top, top); Churalakhta - settlement (Kar., Veps, whitefish - side, edge, side; lahti - bay); Suista-mo - settlement (Fin. Suistamo - delta); Syurga - the names of several small villages based on kar. surju, surdu, veps, surd ", Fin. syrja - edge, edge, edge, side, side. The names of a number of lakes and small settlements (usually ends of villages) include definitions: upper (but; shy-ikchshiy, mountainous) , in the local yla (truncated form from Car., Veps, ylahaine, Fin. yla); lower (low, low) - ala (truncated form from Car., Veps, alahai-pe, phni.ala), for example hydronyms: Yulayarvi, Yulalam-pi, Alalambi, Alanyarvi, etc. Compare the Russian toponyms - the names of settlements: Polovina, Ugol, Zaostrovye, Upper Lamba, Lower Salma, Us-suna (Mouth of Suna), etc.
An indication of the nature of the landscape, features of the soil, soil is contained in the following toponyms: Masel-ga, Maselgskaya, Maselgskaya Gora, Karelskaya Maselga, Morskaya Maselga- settlements (Kar.Psha, Veps, ta, Fin. ); Ravduoya, Rautakan-gas, Rautalahti - settlements (kar. Raudu, ravd, veps, raud, Finn. Rau-ta - iron); Kallio-jarvi is a lake in the Loukhsky region (Vepsian kalT, Kar., Fin. Kallio - rock, stone quarry).
But Russian toponyms with a similar meaning: Ka-mennavolok, Peski, Peschanoe.
The names speak of the size and shape of the object. Often in toponyms the words are used as definitions: big (kar. Suur ", veps, sur", fin. Suuri), small (kar. Pien ", veps, rap", fin. Pieni), long (car., Veps, pit "k, fin. pit-ka). For example: Suuriyoki - large river, Pieniyoki - small river, Surguba - large bay (large bay), Pitkäranta - long bank, Pitkäkoskn - long rapids. Numerous names characterizing the color. definitions of "white" (car. val-ged, Veps, vauged ", Fin. val-kea) and" black "(car., Veps, must, must, Fin. musta). Compare: Mushtayarvi, Musta-lamba, Valkeayarvi and the corresponding Russian names - Chernozero, Chernaya Rechka, Belaya Lambina, Lake Beloe, Belaya Gora. The flora and fauna of the region are richly represented in place names. The basics are often repeated: leppa (Kar. Kerry, Veps. Ger, Fin. Leppa) - alder; haapa (kar. huabu, veps, hab, fin. haa-ra) - aspen; Kuz (Kar. kuu-zi, Veps. kuz ", Fin. kuusi) - spruce; koivu (Kar., Veps, koiv, Fin. koivu) - birch; myan-du, peda (y) (Kar., Veps, mand, Finnish manty, Kar., Veps, pedai, Fin. petaja) - pine Compare toponyms: Myandu-selga, Pedaselga, Koivu-selga, Kuzaranda (Kar. gap-du, Veps, rand, Fin. ranta - shore ), Haapalampi, Leppä-selkä, Leppäniemi, Lep-päsyurja, etc.
The toponyms say that hares, foxes, bears and other animals were and are still in Karelia: Yanisyarvi, Yanishpole, the Yanis River (kar. D "aniz, Veps, g" anis, Finn. Janis - hare); Rebols, Repoyarvi (Kar., Veps, reboi, Fin. Hero - fox), Kontiolahti (Kar., Veps, kondii, Fin. Kontio - bear).
There are many “bird” and “fish” names: Kotkozero means “eagle lake”, Varishpelda means “crow's field”, Lindozero means “bird lake”, Kurkiyoki means “crane river”. Often repeated are "perch" lakes, bays, lam-by - Akhvenlambi (from Car., Veps, Fin. Ahven - perch); “Dense” - Syargilakhta, Syargozero (from Car., Veps, sar "g, Fin. Sarki - roach);“ Bream ”- Lakhnuoya (from Car., Veps, lahn, Fin. Lah-pa - bream).
Thus, the toponyms reflect those features that were essential for human life and activities in the past.
A new stage in the development of the naming process refers to the time of the emergence of permanent settlements, which was associated with the transition to agriculture and livestock raising.
In difficult terrain, which from the hoary antiquity to the recent past was Karelia, rivers and lakes were of great importance not only as a source of livelihood, but also as a means of transportation. Therefore, our ancestors preferred to settle along the coasts of rivers and lakes, especially at the ends of water systems. This is evidenced, along with archeological data, by the analysis of the names of settlements in Karelia. Of the thousand with sticky names (according to 1966), 363 used terms related to the concepts of the water system: Perguba, Arziyar-vi, Khomyakoski, Haudaporog, Khetolambina, Khotinlahti, Sovdozero, Karatsalmi, Kukkasaari, etc. Settlements were partially located and on elevated land areas. 157 toponyms include the terms “mountain”, “selga”, “maki (myagi)”, “vaara (va-rakka)”: Varpaselka, Ku-koivuara, Haapavaara, Kov-koiselga, Paustamyaki, Honkanmyaki, Sarmagi. In addition to natural features, place names reflect the nature of human economic activity, ways and means of transportation. They include concepts related to hunting and fishing and the construction of a dwelling. They contain indications of the socio-economic relations and beliefs of the people.
From the system of slash farming, when the forest was felled, burned and sown in this place, there remained such names as Palalakhta, Paloyarvi, Palatushka (the basis “fell” from Kar., Veps, Fin. Palo - fire, burned undercut); Kaskes-brook, Kaskesnavolok, Kas-kosselga, Kaskesselga, (from Kar., Veps. Kas "k, Fin. Kas-ki - undercut).
The term "womb" in the meaning of "path, direction" underlies the toponyms Matka-chi, Matkaselka, Matkozero. From the field of fishing and hunting, words were taken from which the toponyms Wyrm (from the Sami, virma - grid), Pulo-zero (from the Sami, pull - float) were formed.
Tradesmen, hunters and fishermen have long put small huts in the forest, on islands, along the shores of remote lakes and rivers, where they could have a rest after a difficult crossing in search of prey. Hence, there are numerous toponyms with the stem "Perth" (kar. Perti, Veps. RegT, Fin. Pirtti - hut, hut, house): Pertna-volok, Pertozero, Pirtti-pohya, Pirttiguba. And yet, over time, the names of settlements began to be dominated by those based on their own names, surnames, nicknames of the founders or owners of settlements. With the advent of private ownership of land, the most important feature became belonging, that is, answering the question "whose?" (and not "what?", as it was at the beginning), for example: Afanasyeva Gora, Danilovo, Eroshkina Selga, Nasonovshchina, Nikonova Guba. The process of fixing personal proper names as the names of settlements is recorded in the Scriptures of the 16th century. A. I. Popov gives examples of the use of Russian names and nicknames, often in a Karelian form, as well as names and nicknames of purely Karelian origin in the role of toponyms: "The village by the lake Stekhnov - Yakushko da Demidko Stepankov" (Stekhno - Stepan); “The village at the bottom of Olonets says Antuev: Yakushko Fedotov, Fedotko Antonov” (Antuy-Anton); “The village of Peldezh on the Guk-lake will say in Yakhnov the end: Trofimko Yakovlev, De-bagka Yakovlev ...” (Yakhno-Yakov), etc.
And then A. I. Popov writes: “Not knowing for sure that the Karelian names Topoy-nie-mi, Pirido-niemi, Tarala mean, respectively, Stepanov pillowcase, Spiridonov) pillowcase, Tarasova (village), to determine the meaning of these names would be very difficult with Finnish-Karelian and Russian dictionaries. Only thanks to the second (translated) name available on the spot, in the mouths of the local population, the exact meaning of these geographical names is available to us. " The names of not only settlements, but also small rivers, lakes, and natural boundaries are derived from personal names. All this requires that researchers of Karelia toponymy know old Russian and local personal names.
N. Mamontova
(Researcher of the sector of literature and history of the Karelian
branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, candidate of philological sciences)
The most ancient geographical names in Karelia are Sami toponyms. Common names are Finnish, in the west of Karelia, Vepsian, in the southeast, and Karelian.
Three dialects are distinguished in the Karelian language: the northern Karelians speak an dialect close to the Finnish language; southern Karelians speak Livvik and Ludik dialects, which are in many ways similar to the Vepsian language.
Toponyms of Russian origin often refer to medium-sized objects - tributaries of rivers, small lakes, islands, capes, rapids, or - to settlements. They often include the dialectal terms “swamp” moss, “bay” bay, “cape” pillowcase, “smooth rocky shore” crevices.
Some of the Russian names arose as a result of the rethinking of the unclear meaning of the word by sound similarity. So, the Saami Kuoss-Yaure "Spruce Lake" can turn into the Kosoe lake, the Karelian or Vepsian Soarikoski, the Sarkosk "Island threshold" - into the Tsar-threshold, and Maselkäjärvi (see below for the meaning) - into Lake Maselgekoe, Maselozero and, finally , Maslozero.
Most of the Sami, Karelian and Vepsian names are compound (and the main stress in them falls on the first syllable, and the secondary ones - on other odd syllables). The first, descriptive, part of them gives a description of the object, the second, terminological, indicates its essence: Musta-yoki - "Black River", Hauta-vaara - "Grave Mountain". There are often semi-translations, where the first part is non-Russian, the second is Russian translation: Myagostrov, Yukkoguba.
As for the name of Karelia itself (Fin., Kar. Karjala, Karjala), it is of Baltic origin - from scorching "mountain". In this version, the Karelians, that is, the eastern, "upper" Finns are opposed to the western, "lower" Finns - khame - from the Baltic zhemee "land, lowland".
Accepted abbreviations: Sami. - Sami, Veps. - Vepsian, Russian. - Russian, car. - Karelian, terms given without specifying the language are also Karelian.
ayta "Fence" aytta "Barn": Aytozero, Aytoyoki, r. Aytta
acc (Sami.) “baba; the highest female deity ", akka "woman", akan "Woman": lake. Akan, Akonjärvi, Akkajärvi, Akankoski, Aka-threshold.
ala "Lower": Alozero, Alayarvi, Ala-Taraisjarvi.
ahwen Perch: Agvenlampi, Ahvenlambi, Ahvenjärvi.
vaaj (Sami.) "female deer" (hence Russian. vazhenka): p. Vazhinka, Vazhezero, Vachozero, pos. Upper Vazhiny.
valkea, valgey“White”: Valgilampi, Valkealampi, Valgova Guba.
vaara, voara (car.), varr (Sami.) "mountain", whence Russian. Varaka: Kobiwara, Shalgovaara, Logovarakka.
vene, venech, wenche "Boat": Venejarvi, Venozero, Vengigora, Venihozero.
milestone, milestone "Watch" (aquatic plant with an edible root): Vehkozero, Vehkusuo, Vehlampi, Vehruchey, Kodi-Vehkayarvi.
view (veps.), viita, viida "Thicket, young spruce forest": Vidalampi, Vidany, Vidostrov, Vidporog, Viidrechka, Viitajoki
viexe (Sami.) "branch", viixie, vnikshi (car.) "mustache", in toponyms - "branch; runoff from a side lake; isolated bay ": p. Viksha, Viksilakshi, Viksozero, Vikshezero, r. Vixenda, Vikshalampi, Vieksjärvi, Viiksinselkä.
wyrm (Sami.) "network": Virma, Virmozero, Verman, Virmajärvi.
witsa, Vicca, Sami. vitska"Twig (birch, talnikovy)": Vitchevara, Vitcheshuari, Vicesari, K Vichany, Viccha, Vichangivaraka, Vitsakangas, Vychayoki, r. Vichka, Vitskozero.
viyare, viyaru “Winding, oblique; false ": Vyaraporog, Viarakoshki, Varalaksha. Many other consonant names (river Vara, Cape Varnavolok) originated from other words: Sami. varr "forest", varra "path, road".
girvas "Male deer" (russification of kar. Hirvas, hirvash): Girvas, Hirvasjarvi, Hirvatsari.
garbalo (car.), garball, garbow (Veps.) "cranberry": p. Garbala, Gorbokoshki, Garbalova Selga, Garbova Gora, about. Garbischi.
joutsen, jouchen, d "joutchen "Swan": Eutsoyarvi, Evchenoya, Evchenvara, Evchelampi, Euzhiyarvi, Evzhozero, Devchenshuo, Devchenoya.
yoki, yogi, d'ogi (car.), yogk, mocha (Sami.) "river": Pistajoki, Kiviyoki, Penega, Kozledegi, Pannokka, Kontokka.
i will find a kite"Narrow": Kaidozero, Kaidodegi, Kaidulampi, Kaitayarvi, Kaidunittu (niityu "lug")
kayeg, kayi, kaya "Seagull": Kaivara, about. Kaigas, r. Bolshoi Kyai, Kaygozero.
kaislya, kazkla "Reeds, reeds": Kashalilamba, Kashaliya, Kozhala, Kozledegi.
feces (car., Veps.), kull (Sami.) "fish": lake. Kalo, Kalajarvi, Kuloma, Kulezhma.
kalyvo, kallio "Rock": Kalivo, Kalivokangas, Kalliojärvi, Kalvi.
kalma "death; cemetery ", Kalma - the deity of death: Kalmozero, Kalmosari, r. Kalma, Kalmoniemi.
kealg, kealgan (Sami.) “reindeer moss; a place suitable for herding deer ": p. Kalga, Kalgozero, Kalkoy, Kelgjärvi, Kälkänjoki, Kalgioja, Kalguvara, about. Kalgos, Kalgantsy Islands.
kangas "Boron; dry elevated place ": lake. Kangas, Kangassari, Kangasyarvi, Kangashnavolok.
hazel (car.) "roll, shallow threshold", whence Rus. karezhka: Akankari, Orinkari, Copper Karezhka, Tulemskaya karezhka.
karnas, karnas (Sami.), koarne (car.) "raven": lake. Cornice, p. Karnizh, Karnizozero, Karnisvara, now Roots.
helmets "Undercutting in a deciduous forest", kaskez (Veps.) "Young mixed forest": Kaskesnavolok, Kaskesselga, Kaskesruchey, Kashkany, Kaskozero.
kiwi"Stone": p. Kiva, lake Kiwi, Kiviyoki, Kiviyarvi, Kivikoski. The ancient form of this word ki (y) is present in the names of many islands in the White Sea and some lakes: Peljaki, Rombaki, Kiy, Lotoki, Robyak.
quint (Sami.) "kintische, parking place": p. Kindas, der. Kindasovo, since. Kintezma, lake. Kindozhskoe.
kovda, guovde (Sami.) "wide": p. Kovda, Koitayoki, Khovdayarvi.
condu, contou(car.) “peasant household; fixes ". The term is found both in the descriptive and in the terminological part of the names: der. Kondoberezhskaya, Konda, st. Border Kondushi (Kar. Rayakondu), Mount Raydakonda, Kondopoga.
scythes, cats (car.), beds (veps.), kuushk (Sami.) "threshold": Korbikoski, Cat, Pitkakoski, Vice.
carpet "Curve, curved": lake. Carpet, der. Carpet, Coverolampi, Coverporog, then. Koversky, Koveryarvi.
koivu "Birch": Koivusilta (silta "bridge"), Koivuyoki, r. Koivu.
coccain the Karelian language it means a number of concepts from "hook" to "penis", in toponyms it is more often - "pointed hill, mountain".
These names are sometimes reinterpreted through Kar. kokko "pie", kokko "eagle; festive bonfire ": Kokkolampi, Kokkozero, Kokkoostrov, Kokkosalma, Kokonniemi.
contio, condia, kondy, veps. condi "Bear": Kondiruchei, Kondylampi, Kontiyoki, Kondoya, Kontiolahti.
corby "Thicket, difficult damp forest", from where Rus. korba: p. Korba, der. Korba, numerous Korbozera, Korbikoschki rapids.
corppe Raven: Korpiyoki, numerous lakes in Korpijärvi. Koste, Costa, Sami. kiest "backwater, shelter", in place names usually - "leeward shore": Kostomuksha, Kostomuksa, about. Kostyan, b., Pos. Kestenga, Kestoya.
code, cat, cat“Home, housing; hut ": Kodalampi, Kodanlampi, Kodarvi, Kodaselka, Kotayarvi,; Kotijärvi, Kotioya.
kuotska(Sami.), cuotkuo (car.) "inter-lake isthmus": then. K-otska, Kotkalampi, Kotkozero Kotkajarvi. In form, these names are closer to kotka "eagle", but geographic realities indicate, however, the meaning of "isthmus". Perhaps the same is the origin of the names of the three rivers of Kochkom, although again, here we can also assume the Sami. Kuotsk "eagle". Kuiva “dry”: Kuivasalma, Kuivashoya, Kuivayarvi.
kuikka"Loon": Kuikkavara, Kuikkalaxi, lake. Kuikka-selkia, r. Kuiko. kugk, kugkes, kukkam (Sami.) "long": lake. Kukas, about. Kukat, Kukkomozero, Kukozero. burial mounds, hammers "crane": der. Kurgenets, lake Kurgievo, Kurkiyoki, Kurkijärvi.
kuusi, Kuuzhi (car.), kuz (veps.), kuse, cuossa (Sami.) "spruce": p. Kuzha, Kuzharvi, Kuzhatoya, Kuzhenga Kuzaranda, Kuzikoski, Kuznavolok, Kuujjarvi, Kuusiniemi.
cule (car.) "village": der. Kurkunkula, lake. Kyulyjärvi, Fr. Kylyaniemisuari ("Island with a village on a promontory").
kyulma"Cold": p. Kulmes, Kulmapuro (puro "stream"), Kulmäjärvi.
käadkai(Sami.) "rocky": p. Kyatka, Kyatkajarvi, Kyatkovara.
barking, lavea, levea"Wide", often in the sense of "transverse": der. Laaya, lake. Layani, Lavalampi Laviyarvi.
-la / -la... In the Baltic-Finnish languages, this element is usually included in the names of settlements formed from personal names: Ignoilo, Kukkoila, Essoila, Läskelä.
lackeys, lakshi, lahti (car.) "bay", whence rus. lakhta: Lakhta, Kinelakhta, Rautalahti, Ovlunlaksi, Korelaksha.
lambi, lampi (car.) "forest lake", from where Rus. lamba “Lake” and lambina “lake-like expansion of the river”: Surilambi, Yuvilampi, Dolgaya Lamba, Kuchelambina, Volina-lambina.
luodo, Luoto (car.) “shallow; rock, reef; small rocky island ", from where Rus. luda:
Kuikaluoto, Heinyaluoto, Ivanovy Luda, Krasnaya Luda.
lappie"Sami", whence Russian. lop: Lapinyoki, Lapino, Lapinjärvi, lake. Lopskoe.
ladva, latva, veps. fret "Top, top", Sami. fret "pass": pos. Ladva, Ladvajärvi I Latvasurya, lake. Latvo, Latvayoki.
lakhna"Bream": p. Lagna, lake. Lagno, r. Lakhna, Lagnojärvi, Lagnoya.
leppa,veps. lep, Sami. lekhp "Alder": p. Lepista, now. Leppä, Lepenjärvi, Lepozero, Leppäniemi Leppäsyurja.
linda"bird", linnun "Bird": Lindozero, Lindolampi, Linnunvara.
louhi"Lump, rock": then. Loukhi, lake. Loukhskoe. In the Karelian epic Louhi is the mistress of Pohjola, the country of the north.
fuckers "Salmon": Logiguba, Logikoski, Lokhguba, Lohiyarvi.
may and (Sami.), mayay (car.) "beaver": Mayguba, Mayozero, about. Mayan.
marya "Berry", but Sami. moarr "Swamp": r. Marina, Marnavolok, Maryarvi, lake. Maryjo-Selca
moaselgya, maaselka, muashelgya"Watershed" (maa, mua "earth", selga "ridge"): lake Maselga der. Mashelga, lake. Oil, Maslozero. All objects with similar names lie on large silt] local watersheds.
uterus(car.), uterus (Veps.) "way, road", wash, muotk (Sami.) "drag, isthmus" I village. Matkaselka, Matkozero, then Matkozhnya, r. Motko, r. Reel.
megru, soft"Badger": p. Meghri, Megrozero, Megrega, Myagreka, lake. Magrino, Myagrozero.
tossing, dreaming "Forest" (but metso, with the sword "wood grouse"): Metchajarvi, Metchishari, r. Metchepuda1 Mechchalambina, Metchozero.
muurama, muuro (car.), murm, goosebumps(Veps.) "cloudberry": Muramozero, Murmozero, r. Muromlya r. Murom, Murashkoski.
musta, mushta"Black": Mustlampi, Mushtavara, Mushtalampi, Lake Musta.
soft, soft (kar.) "mountain, hill": Sarimyagi, Hietamyaki, Myagostrov.
mint, mandu, mand "Pine (young)": Myandova, Myanduvara, Myanduselga, Myandujärvi, Myantutunturi ( tunturi - high mountain), Mäntäjärvi.
niemi (car.), dumb (Veps.) "Cape": Särkiniemi. Kuokkaniemi.
niche, niche, niche(car.) has two meanings. The first is “the source of the river from the lake”: about. Niska, lake. Niskayarvi, lake. Low (obvious rethinking). The second is “the beginning of the rapids”: Kossaniski, Yumanishki, Oyanishko, Niskakoski, Vidan nishka, Nishkakoski.
naali (car.), noall (Sami.) "Arctic fox": p. Nalya, lake. Zero, Noliozero.
cornfield "Bystrina" - from the Sami. nyavv "section of the river between rapids": p. Nava, Nivakoski are numerous short rivers of Niva.
nielm, njalm (Sami.) “throat, pharynx; mouth of the river ": Nelmozero, Nilmozero, r. Nyalma, Nyalmozero.
nilosh, nilo"Rock, on which water flows": rapids of the Nile, Nilosh, Nilaskoshki.
noarve (Sami.) "ledge": p. Narva, Narviyoki, r. Norva, Norvijärvi.
nuotta "Seine": numerous Notozera.
nurmi"Meadow": lake. Nurmat, r. Nurmis, der. Nurmoila, der. Nurmolitsy, Nurmezhguba, Nurmijärvi.
neworra (Sami) "cliff, rock"
nyura (car.) "stony shallow": Nuorunen, Noruslampi, time. Nurus, Nyuronavolok.
oya (kar, veps.), wye, wye(Sami.) "stream, river": Korvenoya, Kalkoya, Kestui. In Russian usage, this element often turns into -va: Kerzheva, Olova, Petkuevo.
mob (car.), hooray (veps.), oarrev (Sami.) "squirrel": Oravruchei, Orovguba, Orovjärvi, Uravara.
payy (Sami) "top, top" , pia, pia(car.) "head, top": M. Piyakko, Paezero, r. Pai, Payozero, Peyjärvi, Pyajärvi, Päozero, Päävara, Piaoya, Pääoja. Note that the Sámi Payyaure "Upper Lake" often turns into a lake. Boyarskoe.
Names of South Karelia such as lake. Payu, r. The Payudegs are probably descended from Veps. I drink "willow".
fell "Fire, fire, burnt undercut": p. Pala, Palalahta, Paloyarvi, Palakoski, Palaoya. pada, pato "fishing fence on the river": Padaoya, Padozero, r. Padas.
pauna, pawnee "Puddle", Poann (Sami) "shallow lake": Pannoka, Poinoloja, numerous Panozera, vi, Panayarvi.
pete, peter"Pine": Pedaselga, Pedayashari, Petailampi, Petayavara, Petya-jarvi. pedz, petch, sets, pez (Sami.) "pine": Pezhozero, r. Pezega, Peshozero.
perth (t) u, pirtti "Hut": lake. Perty, Pertozero, Lake Pertti, Pertyarvi, Pirttivinta, Pirttilampi, Pirttipohja.
feather"Backside, backside, far side": Peralampi, Perguba, Periajoki, Perianavolok,
- lake Kayanperya.
drink, drink"Long", pizin "longest": Pitkakoski, Pitkyaranta, Pitkoya, lake. Pisanets, Pisansuo, Pisinnemi.
fuck (car.) "corner, edge, end of the bay": Kondopoga, Sopokha, Lakhdenpohja.
poro, peura, pedru "Deer": Por-threshold, Peurujoki, Peurakoshki, Pedrolambina, Pedrajärvi.
pudas, pudash"Branch of the river": the channels of Pudas, Pudashiegi, Kervapudos, r. Pudos, Pudozh.
pool (Sami.) "scorched": Pulozero, r. Pulonga, r. Puloma.
pousto"Tree stand", but Russian. empty, wasteland "abandoned fields, fallow, mowing from arable land." Therefore, it is not always easy to determine the origin of the names of the river. Empty, Pustinlahti, lake. Empty, Pustozero, Puustinlahti, then Pustoshkin, r. Pustos (in the last two cases, it is necessary to take into account the car. Pyustes "dam").
rauda, \u200b\u200brauta "Iron", rauvan, rabvan "iron": Ravan, m. Rauvankoro, Rauvanlampi, and then. Rauduverya, lake Raut, Rautalahti.
welt, randa, randu (car.) "shore": Pitkyaranta, Kuzaranda, Randu.
repo, reboy "Fox": about. Rebay, Repoyarvi, ruch. Reboy, pos. Reboli (obviously through a personal name).
rristi "Cross": Ristiniemi, Ristilakshi, Ristisari, Ristioya, Ristijärvi. But the names of Ristanvar lake. Rysto comes from the Sami. rysta "prey", Kar. riista "game".
ruoho, ruokhka, rogo "Reed, reed, cattail": p. Big Horn, Rogansari, Rogozero, Ruagjärvi, Ruogojärvi, then Ruach, Ruokoguba.
hand, swear "Resin, sap": Rugozero, Rukayarvi.
fish (Sami.) "partridge": Rybreka, Ryboya, Rybozero.
ryame, rieme "Moss swamp": vil. Ramoe, der. Rampole, Ramozero, Ram-moh, Rämenjärvi, r. Remaka, r. Rema, Remazh.
saari, soari, suari, shoari, shuari, plural suarette, choarette (car.), sar (Veps.) "island";
Rantasari, Mantyushari, Neresshuret, Purutsharet, Sar.
salmi (car.) "strait", whence rus. salma and others-rus. straw: Kuivasalma, Suopassalmi, Oporovaya Salma, pos. Thatched.
selkya (car.) "reach, lake": lake. Kavnizselga. More often selkia, selga means "ridge, ridge", whence Rus. selga: pos. Selgi, st. Käppäselga. In South Karelia Rus. Selga also meant "forest arable or grassland" and was included in the names of many villages: Eroshkina Selga, Matveeva Selga.
suo, shuo(car.), with (Veps.) "swamp": Deukhishuo, Syapsesuo.
sava, sawvan (Sami.) "reach on the river, lake bay": Saavayjöki, Savozero, Savoy, lake. Shawan
savi, shavi"Clay": Savivara, der. Savilatchu (lachcha "puddle"), Saviyarvi, Shaviranta der. Shavilosho.
salu, shalu "Boron; wilderness ": about. Salo, Saloostrov, Salnavolok, Salonjarvi, r. Shalitsa, Shalsari.
sammal, shammal, veps. samau "moss": Sammalvara, lake. Samulus, Samogora, Samozero, Samnavolok, r. Samina, lake. Samaevskoe, Shamallaxi, Shamalvara.
xuanng, shuongn (Sami.) "grassy swamp", soen, shuon (car.) "swampy": p. Sona, Sonozero, Sonostrov, Shunozero, Shuonjärvi.
suuri, shuuri, suvri, Sami. yo "big": Suvri-Saviyarvi, Suuriyarvi, Shurivara, then. Shuripaya, Shuriyarvi, lake. Shura-Redui. Seemingly similar names can be formed from surya "side, side, edge" (suryayoki "tributary"): p. Suri, Surioya, Surilampi, Suryapiya, Suryoya. But there is also the "straight" suore and the Sami. surr, suorr “fork, fork”, compare: Shurozero, Shuorishuo. In most cases, a map will help us, suggesting whether we mean the size, position or shape of the object. It is more difficult when the object is both large and straight and lateral, like a lake. Surgubskoe is a separate Ukshesera bay in the Shuya basin.
syuvya, syuvya“Deep”: Syvä-Salmijärvi, Syuväjärvi, Syuväjärvi. Similar names, especially of the type Syuvyad "arvi, Syuvyad" ogi, were often used by Russians in the names of the type Svyatozero, the Svyatlitsa / Svetlitsa channel, Svyatukha (Syuvya, Svyat-). So not all “holy” names of Karelia are truly holy.
sjarki (car.), syarg (veps.), sergge (Sami.) "roach": Sergozero, r. Särgezha, Särgozero, Särkiniemi, Särkiyärvi.
drooling "Ide": Syavnozero, Syavnyalampi, Syanozero, Syayunashari, Syayunayarvi, r. Syavnega, Shavnegozero.
talvi (car.), talve (Sami.) "winter": Talviesdegi, Talvishari, Talvesuo, Talvilampi, Talvuslampi, pos. Talking.
tedriBlack grouse: Tedrioya, Tetrivara, Tetrozero, Tedriniemi (Teternavolok). terva “tar, tar”: Tervalampi, Tervajärvi, Tervukoshki, der. Terv.
toarast, tueres(Sami.) "across, transverse": lake. Tarazma, Taraisjärvi, Tarasjoki, about. Tarasikha, Teresinalambi, lake. Toros, Torosozero.
uros(car.), oares (Sami.) "male": Lake Uras, Lake. Uros, Urosyarvi, Urosozero, Arziyarvi, der. Orzeg.
haapa, hoaba, veps. aspen hub: Gabozero, Gabselga, Haapalampi, Khabozero, Hapavara, Hapayoki.
hangas(from where Russian. Gangas, Sami. Hankkas) "trap, hunting enclosure": Khangasyarvi, Hankusjarvi, lake. Khankash, Gangaslampi, Gankashvara, Gangos, lake. Gangas.
khanka, hanga"crotch", hanko "Pitchforks": Khangayarvi, Khangozero, Khangayoki, Khankovara, Khankasari, Khankozero, Gangozero.
hankhi "Goose": about. Hanhipasi (paasi "stone slab"), Hanhiyarvi, Gangivara. haugi, hauki "pike": lake. Haugi, Haugiyarvi, Haukioya, Haukiyoki, Hauguya.
hauda, \u200b\u200bhauta "Grave": now. Hauda, \u200b\u200bHaudekangas, Hautovaara.
heina "Grass, hay": Geynozero, Geynolampi, Heinalampi, Heinjaoki, about. Heinäsenmaa, Hennoy Navolok.
hiet "Sand": Hietayoki, Hietayarvi, Hetolambina, Khedostrov.
khiishi, khiishi, give birth, case khiiden "Devil, evil spirit: a distant bad place": Heyzyarvi, Khizhozero, Gizhezero, Khizh city, Khizyarvi, Hiiz-yarvi (Khiziyarvi), Hiisiyarvi, Khidenselisya.
hirey "Elk": Hirvisalmi, now. Hirvi, Hirvilampi.
honka, honga"Dry tall pine": Honkasari, Honkasalonselisya ave., Honkasuo, Gomselga, Gonginavolok, der. Gonginskaya.
chappad, chappes (Sami.) "black": r. Chapa, r. Chapari, lake. Chopchem and R. Chapay, Chapozero, Chapanshari, Cape Chapin (and near the Black Islands).
choalme (Sami) "strait": pos. Chalna, Chelmozero, Chelozero, pos. Chelmuzhi, M. Cholma
chuppu"Corner": lip and village. Chupa on the White Sea, der. Chupa on Konchezer and Sunozer, Chupa lip
chuuru"Pebble, small stone": p. Chura, Churalampi, Churuzh, Churlakhta.
shivera comes from the Sami chivray , which means "pebble, cobblestone".
julia "Upper": numerous Yuliajärvi, Yuleozero.
yurkkya, yurkkyu "Steep": the rapids of Yyrka, Yurkka, Yurkonkoski, der. Yurgilitsa, Yurkinnavolok, Yurkostrov.
yanis, yanish, yanizh, yanuo "Hare": Yanetsozero, r. Yani, lake Janis, lake. Yanish, Art. Yanishpole, about. Yants, Yanchozero, Yanikumu.
jarvi, d "arvi (car.), d "yarv (veps.), yaure, yavr (Sami) "lake": Suojärvi, Kodarvi, Värajärv.
yank (k) i, d "angya "Moss swamp": r. Yanga, Yangayoki, Yangayarvi, Yankäjärvi, r. Money, Dangozero.
So, the final story - to your attention, dear guests of our blog!
In addition to complex place names Baltic - Finnish origin formed from two words combined into one, there are also simple names of places. They consist of a single word with or without a suffix. For instance: Vuorio (vuorio - "mountain"), Taipale (taipale - "path, isthmus, distance"), Rantuz (ranta - "coast"), Suistamo (suistamo - "delta"), Kaalamo - "ford" ... Maybe these place names were initially complex, but over time, one of the constituent components could lose its need.
But in other way , if there was a single object in a small limited area, it could be called by its own common noun - a term, for example, a coast, a mountain. Yet other objects of this kind were characterized by definitions (big mountain - Suurimäki, long coast - Pitkyaranta) .
Many simple names places were formed from anthroponyms. Yakkima (formerly called Yakimavaara) came from a personal name Yakima (Russian Akim, Iakim, Yakim, Joachim) ... The names of the settlements are also obviously of anthroponamic origin. Partala, Russkeala, Otrakkala, Vyartsilya, Tuykkola , and others whose names end in the local so-called "Locative" suffix - la , usually attached to personal names and nicknames indicating the place of residence of this person. Modern surnames formed from very interesting and unusual for us ancient names. For example, according to Nissil , the basis of the toponym Vyartsilya personal name lies Vyartsi - "bag, sack" ... So they could call a clumsy, lethargic person. Ruskela associated with the surname Ruskeala, Ruskeainen which means - "brown" , skin color, hair. This surname is noted in the documents of the 18th century in the Ladoga area. But there are place names with a stem "Ruskea" , which were given to objects for their color (earth, rocks, stones of a reddish-brown color). Ruskeala - Red land .
Karelians and Finns surname was very common Partala, Partanen (desk-beard) by analogy with the Russian surname Borodin. The toponym probably originated from here Partala ... From the last name, and possibly from the nickname Puikko, Puikkonen (puiko - translated as "sliver, splinter, spoke") , the name happened Puikkala ... In Russian, the analogs are the names Zanozin, Shchepkin, Spitsyn. Surely from anthroponyms, other toponyms ending in letters were also formed, but they have not yet been deciphered. These include: Reuskula, Hümpel etc.
The science that tries to explain and decipher place names with the help of living Baltic - Finnish and Sami languages \u200b\u200bis very young and developing. For the development of this science, further research of the toponymy of Karelia and related areas is necessary. Also, achievements in other branches of knowledge can help in this area.
| Kuikaluoto, Red Luda | ||
|
way, road |
Matkaselka | |
|
Muurama, goosebumps |
Muramozero, maybe Murmansk? | |
|
Musta, Mushto |
Mustalampi | |
| Mulle | mill | Myllukyla |
|
Pulp, pulp |
mountain, hill |
the village of Huhoyamaki |
|
rapids |
niva river | |
| Kuokkaniemi | ||
| Nurmoila | ||
| Oya | creek | Korinoya, Hurrin-oya |
|
Petya, pedia |
Petejärvi | |
| Pirtti | hut | Pirttipohja |
| Pitkyaranta | ||
|
corner, edge, end of the bay |
Lahdenpohja | |
| Pitkaryanta, Rantasalmi | ||
| Kukkassari | ||
WHERE THE NAMES COME FROM. ... The names of Karelian cities and villages, lakes, rivers and hills can tell us a lot. Some of them, such as Petrozavodsk, Zaonezhie, Lososinka, Svyatozero, Belaya Gora, Sosnovy Bor, etc., are clear to everyone. To decipher the Baltic-Finnish toponyms found in many places, knowledge of the Karelian, Finnish or Vepsian languages \u200b\u200bis required. In Karelia, more ancient names have been preserved, some of which come from the Sami language. There are also quite a few place names, the origin and meaning of which will hardly ever be established.
RESIDENTS OF KARELIA We do not know what language the first inhabitants of Karelia spoke, who came here in the post-glacial period (in the 10th - 9th millennia BC) from the Urals and Western Siberia, as well as the tribes that came later, about 2500 BC. e. , from the Volga-Oka basin. From them untranslatable names remained, such as Vyg, Ileksa, Sandal, Suna, Kestenga, Uzhma, Shizhma, Shomba, Shoksha, Shonga, as well as some others with the endings -ga, ma, -sha, -ksa, -ta , -Yes. Such place names are found not only in Karelia, but throughout the North-West of Russia.
BALTIC - FINNISH TRIBES The most significant layer of Karelian toponymy is Baltic-Finnish. Karelians and Vepsians (Korela and all) are the indigenous peoples of Karelia. By the end of the 1st - the beginning of the 2nd millennium A.D. e. they have already occupied the entire territory of our region. Russian chronicles and Scandinavian sagas of the 9th-11th centuries represent the first written evidence of the population of Karelia at that time. The word "Karelia" itself comes from the name of the Karyala tribe (in Russian - Korela - Karelians). According to the famous Finno-Ugric scholar, Professor D.V.Bubrikh, this word has a Baltic origin. In the 1st millennium BC. e. the Finnish-speaking population living near the Baltic Sea was in close contact with the ancient Balts (Lithuanian-Latvians). The Karjala tribe, or "riding (eastern)" Finns (from the Baltic garja - "mountain", "forest"), was then contrasted with another Baltic-Finnish tribe - khama (in ancient sources - "yam", "em"), or " grassroots (western) "Finns (from the Baltic žemee -" land; lowland "). The suffix -la at the end of a word is generally accepted to denote a place.
CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES The construction of Karelian, Vepsian and Finnish names is subject to clear rules. A characteristic feature of the Baltic-Finnish place names is that complex words are often used as place names, the first part of which is a definition for the second. The second part of the toponym is the usual geographical term: järvi (jarvi) - "lake"; joki, jogi, d΄ogi (yoki) - "river"; koski, koški (koski) - "threshold", "waterfall"; lampi, lambi (lampi, lambi) - "a small forest lake, usually impervious"; lakši, laksi, lahti (lakshi, lahti) - “bay”; salmi (salmi) - "strait"; niemi (niemi) - "peninsula, cape, pillowcase"; šelkä, selg (selga) - “mountain, ridge, hill, ridge”; vaara, vuara, voara (vaara, voara) - "mountain, hill covered with forest"; mäki, magi (meaki, megi) - "mountain)"; suo (suo "swamp"; suar΄i, suor΄i, saari (suri, saari) - "island", etc.
These geographical terms can be part of a toponym not only as a second, definable part, but also as a definition. For example, Suojärvi means "swamp-lake" or "swampy lake". The names of some lakes and settlements (usually the ends of villages) include definitions: upper (high) - ylä, lower (low) - ala. Examples: Yuliyarvi, Yulalampi, Alalambi, Alanyarvi. Toponyms may contain an indication of the nature of the landscape, the features of the soil, for example, Maselga (maa - land), Rautalahti (rauta - iron), Kallio-jarvi (kallio - "rock, stone quarry").
Often the name indicates the size and shape of an object. The definitions are usually the words: big (suuri), small (pieni), long, long (pitkä). Examples: Suuriyoki - "big river", Pianiyoki - "small river", Surguba - "big lip (big bay)", Pitkyaranta - "long bank", Pitkyakoski - "long rapids". There are many names that characterize the color of an object. The most common definitions are “white” (car. Valgei, valgie, valged, Veps. Vauged, Fin. Valkea) and black (musta). Examples: Valkejärvi - "white lake", Mushtayarvi - "black lake", Mustalamba - "black lamba".
The flora and fauna of our region is richly represented in the Karelian toponyms. The names of trees are often repeated: leppä - alder; haapa (haapa) - aspen; Kuzi (kuuzi, kuusi) - spruce; koivu - birch; mänd, pedäi - pine. Examples: Myanduselga, Pedaselga, Koivuselga, Kuzaranda, Haapalampi, Leppäniemi.
THE ROLE OF ANIMALS IN THE ORIGIN OF NAMES Animals played an important role in the life of our ancestors - they were objects of fishing, and in addition, objects of worship of pagan tribes (just like trees). It is not surprising that in Karelian toponyms the names of animals, birds and fish are heard every now and then: hare - jänis, bear - konti, kondie, fox - repo, rebo (rebo, reboi, repo), elk - girvi (hirvi), crane - chickens (kurki), perch - aven, aven (aven), roach - syargi (särgi), bream - lahn (lahn), pike - haugi (haugi). For example: Yanisjarvi - "hare lake", Repojarvi - "fox lake", Kontiolahti - "bear bay", Kurkiyoki - "crane river", Akhvenlambi - "perch lamba", Sargilakhta - "dense bay".
I CAN WRITE THE SAME NAMES DIFFERENTLY Another characteristic feature of the Karelian place names is that the same names can be spelled differently. For example, Kostomuksha (Kalevala district) and Kostomuksa (Suoyarvsky district), Koivuselga (Pryazhinsky district) and Koyvuselka (Pitkyaranta district). The terms that make up the toponyms sound and write differently: "myagi" and "maki", "lakhti" and "lakshi", "lampi" and "lamba", "selga" and "selka", etc. This is explained by the fact that Karelians, Finns and Vepsians live on the territory of Karelia, whose languages \u200b\u200bare related and similar, but not identical. In addition, in the Karelian language itself, there are three dialects - Livvik, Ludik and proper Karelian, which also differ in pronunciation. Differences in spelling also occur when the same-sounding name denotes different objects. For example "Konchezero" is a settlement, but "Konchozero" is a reservoir.
The most ancient geographical names in Karelia are Sami toponyms. Common names are Finnish, in the west of Karelia, Vepsian, in the southeast, and Karelian. Three dialects are distinguished in the Karelian language: the northern Karelians speak an dialect close to the Finnish language; southern Karelians speak Livik and Ludik dialects, which are in many ways similar to the Vepsian language.
Toponyms of Russian origin often refer to medium-sized objects - tributaries of rivers, small lakes, islands, capes, rapids, or - to settlements. They often include the dialectal terms moss "swamp", bay "bay", pillowcase "cape", crevices "smooth rocky shore".
Some of the Russian names arose as a result of the rethinking of the unclear meaning of the word by sound similarity. So, the Saami Kuoss-Yaure "Spruce Lake" can turn into the Kosoe lake, the Karelian or Vepsian Soarikoski, the Sarkosk "Island threshold" - into the Tsar-threshold, and Maselkäjärvi (see below for the meaning) - into Lake Maselgekoe, Maselozero and, finally , Maslozero.
Most of the Sami, Karelian and Vepsian names are compound (and the main stress in them falls on the first syllable, and the secondary ones - on other odd syllables). The first, descriptive, part of them describes the object, the second, terminological, indicates its essence: Musta-yoki - "Black River", Hauta-vaara - "Grave Mountain". Often there are half translations, where the first part is non-Russian, the second is Russian translation: Myagostrov, Yukkoguba.
As for the name of Karelia itself (Fin., Kar. Karjala, Karjala), it has a Baltic origin - from garya "mountain". In this version, the Karelians, that is, the eastern, "upper" Finns are opposed to the western, "lower" Finns - khame - from the Baltic zhemee "land, lowland".
Ayta - hedge: Aytozero, Aytoyoki.
Aytta - barn: p. Aytta.
Akki (Sami.) - woman; the highest female deity, akka - woman, akan - woman: lake. Akan, Akonjarvi, Akkajarvi, Akankoski, Aka-threshold
Ala - lower: Alozero, Alayarvi, Ala-Taraisjarvi.
Ahven (Karelian ahven) - perch: Agvenlampi, Akhvenlambi, Akhvenjärvi.
Vaage (Sami) - female deer: Vazhinka river, Vazhezero, Verkhnie Vazhiny.
Vaara, voaru, voori- hill, mountain: Vottovaara, Shalgovaara, Kukoinvaara.
Valkea, valgey - white: Valgilampi, Valkealampi, Valgova Guba ..
Vienna, venech, wenche - boat: Venehjärvi, Venozero, Vengigora, Venihozero.
Milestone, milestone - watch (aquatic plant with an edible root): Vehkozero, Vehkusuo, Vehlampi, Vehruchey, Kodi-Vehkayarvi.
View (veps.), viita, viida - thicket, young spruce forest: Vidalampi, Vidany, Vidostrov, Vidporog, Viidrechka, Viitajoki
Wyrm (Sami.) - network: Virma, Virmozero, Verman, Virmajärvi.
Vitsa, viccia, vitska (Sami.) - birch twig: Vitchevara, Vitcheshuari, Vicca, Vichangivaraka, Vitsakangas, Vychajoki, Vicca.
Viexe (Sami.), Viiksi, Viikshi (Karelian) - an offshoot, runoff from a side lake, a separate bay: Viksha, Viksilakshi, Viksozero, Vikshezero, Vikshalampi.
Viare, viyaru - winding, oblique; false: Vyaraporog, Viarakoshki, Varalaksha. Many other consonant names (river Vara, Cape Varnavolok) originated from other words: varr - forest, varra - path, road.
Garbalo (car.), garball, garbow (veps.) - cranberry: p. Garbala, Gorbokoshki, Garbalova Selga, Garbova Gora, about. Garbischi.
Girvas, hirvas (Karelian) - male deer: Girvas, Hirvasjarvi, Hirvatsari.
Joutsen, Jouchen, d "Joutchen - swan: Eutsoyarvi, Evchenoya, Evchenvara, Evchelampi, Euzhiyarvi, Evzhozero, Devchenshuo, Devchenoya.
Yoki, yoki, d "ogi (Karelian joki, d "ogi), yogk (Sami.) - river: Pistayoki, Kiviyoki, Penega, Kozledegi, Pannokka, Kontyokka.
Kite, I will find- narrow: Kaidozero, Kaidodegi, Kaidulampi, Kaitayarvi, Kaidunittu.
Kaysha, Kaislya - reeds, reeds: Kashalilamba, Kashaliya, Kozhala, Kozledegi.
Kaya, kayi, kayeg - seagull: Kaivara, about. Kaigas, r. Bolshoi Kyai, Kaygozero.
Kala (Karelian, Veps.), kull (Sami.) - fish: lake. Kalo, Kalajarvi, Kuloma, Kulezhma.
Kalivo, kallio - rock: Kalivo, Kalivokangas, Kalliojärvi, Kalvi.
Kalma - death; cemetery, Kalma - deity of death: Kalmozero, Kalmosari, r. Kalma, Kalmoniemi.
Kangas - boron; dry elevated place: lake. Kangas, Kangassari, Kangasyarvi, Kangashnavolok.
Kari (car.) - roll, shallow threshold, from where Russian. karezhka: Akankari, Orinkari, Copper Karezhka, Tulemskaya karezhka.
Karnas, Karnes (Sami.), coarne (car.) - raven: lake. Cornice, p. Karnizh, Karnizozero, Karnisvara, now Roots.
Casquez (Veps.) - young mixed forest: Kaskeznavolok, Kaskesselga.
Helmets - undercutting in deciduous forest: Kaskesselga, Kashkany, Kaskozero.
Kealg, kealgan (Sami.) - reindeer moss; place suitable for herding deer: p. Kalga, Kalgozero, Kalkoy, Kelgjärvi, Kälkänjoki, Kalgioja, Kalguvara, about. Kalgos, Kalgantsy Islands.
Keski (keski) - middle, middle: Keskozero.
Kiwi - stone, stone: p. Kiva, lake Kiwi, Kiviyoki, Kiviyarvi, Kivikoski, Kiy.
Quint (Sami.) - parking place: r. Kindas, der. Kindasovo, since. Kintezma, lake. Kindozhskoe.
Kovda, guovde (Sami.) - wide: p. Kovda, Koitayoki, Khovdayarvi.
Carpet - curve, curved: lake. Carpet, der. Carpet, Coverolampi, Coverporog, then. Koversky, Koveryarvi.
Koda, cat, cat - house, housing; hut: Kodalampi, Kodanlampi, Kodarvi, Kodaselka, Kotayarvi,; Kotijärvi, Kotioya.
Koivu - birch: Koivusilta (silta - bridge), Koivuyoki, r. Koivu.
Cocca - in the Karelian language means a number of concepts from "hook" to "penis", in toponyms more often - a pointed hill, a mountain. These names are sometimes reinterpreted through Kar. kokko - pie, kokko - eagle; festive bonfire: Kokkolampi, Kokkozero, Kokkoostrov, Kokkosalma, Kokonniemi.
Condu, contou (car.) - peasant yard; fixes. The term is found both in the descriptive and in the terminological part of the names: der. Kondoberezhskaya, Konda, st. Border Kondushi (Kar. Rayakondu), Mount Raydakonda, Kondopoga.
Kontio, kondii, kondy, kondi (Veps.) - bear: Kondyruchei, Kondylampi, Kontiyoki, Kondoyya, Kontiolahti.
Corby - thicket, rough damp forest, from where Rus. korba: R. Korba, der. Korba, numerous Korbozera, Korbikoschki rapids.
Korppi - Raven: Korpiyoki, numerous lakes of Korpijärvi.
Coste, Costa - backwater, shelter, in place names usually - leeward shore: Kostomuksha, Kostomuksa, about. Kostyan, b., Pos. Kestenga, Kestoya.
Koski, cats (Karelian koski), beds (veps.), kuushk (Sami.) - waterfall, rapids: Korbikoski, Koshka, Pitkakoski, Vice.
Kuikka - loons: Kuikkavara, Kuikkalaxi, lake. Kuikka-selkia, r. Kuiko.
Kugk, kugkes, kukkam (Sami.) - long: lake. Kukas, about. Kukat, Kukkomozero, Kukozero.
Kurgi, kurki - crane: der. Kurgenets, lake Kurgievo, Kurkiyoki, Kurkijärvi.
Kuotska (Sami.), cuotkuo (car.) - inter-lake isthmus: long. Kotska, Kotkalampi, Kotkozero Kotkajärvi. In form, these names are closer to kotka - eagle, but geographic realities indicate, nevertheless, the meaning - isthmus. Perhaps the same is the origin of the names of the three rivers of Kochkom, although again, here we can also assume the Sami. Kuotskem - eagle. kuiva - dry: Kuivasalma, Kuivashoya, Kuivayarvi.
Kuusi, Kuuzhi (car.), kuz (veps.), kuse, cuossa (Sami.) - spruce: p. Kuzha, Kuzharvi, Kuzhatoya, Kuzhenga Kuzaranda, Kuzikoski, Kuznavolok, Kuujjarvi, Kuusiniemi.
Kyulma - cold: p. Kulmes, Kulmapuro (puro - stream), Kulmäjärvi.
Kuhl (car.) - village: der. Kurkunkula, lake. Kyulyjärvi, Fr. Kylyaniemisuari (Island with a village on a promontory).
Kyadkai (Sami.) - rocky: p. Kyatka, Kyatkajarvi, Kyatkovara.
-la / -la... In the Baltic-Finnish languages, this element is usually included in the names of settlements formed from personal names: Ignoilo, Kukkoila, Essoila, Läskelä.
Laaya, lavea, levea - wide, often in the meaning - transverse: der. Laaya, lake. Layani, Lavalampi Laviyarvi.
Ladva, latva, veps. fret - top, top, Sami. fret - pass: pos. Ladva, Ladvajärvi, Latvasurya, lake. Latvo, Latvayoki.
Ladva, latva, lade(Veps.) - upper, peak, pass: pos. Ladva, Ladvajärvi, Latvasurja, Latvo, Latvayoki.
Lambi, lampi (car.) - forest closed small lake, from where Rus. lamba - a lake and lambina - lake-like expansion of the river: Surilambi, Yuvilampi, Dolgaya Lamba, Kuchelambina, Volina-lambina.
Lappi (Karelian, Finnish) - the Karelian name of the Sami (lop): Lapinjärvi, Lopskaya river.
Lakhna - bream: p. Lagna, lake. Lagno, r. Lakhna, Lagnojärvi, Lagnoya.
Lahti, lakshi (Karelian, Finnish lahti, laksi) - bay: Lakhta, Kinelakhta, Rautalahti, Ovlunlaksi, Korelaksha.
Leppa (Karelian, Finnish leppa) - alder: p. Lepista, now. Leppä, Lepenjärvi, Lepozero, Leppäniemi Leppäsyurja.
Linda - bird, linnun - avian: Lindozero, Lindolampi, Linnunvara.
Lisma (Karelian, Finnish), lizhma (Sami.) - silt, mud: Lizhmozero, Lizhma, Lizhma.
Louhi - lump, rock: pore. Loukhi, lake. Loukhskoe. In the Karelian epic Louhi is the mistress of Pohjola (the countries of the north).
Fuckers - salmon: Logiguba, Logikoski, Lohguba, Lohiyarvi.
Luodo, Luodot, Luoto (car.) - sandbank; rock, reef; small rocky island, from where Rus. luda: Kuikaluoto, Heinyaluoto, Leukaluoto, Raiyamunoluoto, Torlahdenluodot, Ivanovy Luda, Krasnaya Luda.
Maa, mua (Karelian, Finnish mua) - land: lake. Maselga der. Mashelga, Maselga, Marine Maselga.
May and (Sami.), mayay (car.) - beaver: Mayguba, Mayozero, about. Mayan.
Marya - berry, but Sami. moarr - swamp: r. Marina, Marnavolok, Maryarvi, lake. Maryjo-Selca
Uterus (car.), uterus (Veps.) - way, road, wash, muotk(Sami.) - portage, isthmus: der. Matkaselka, Matkozero, then Matkozhnya, r. Motko, r. Reel.
Megru, soft - badger: p. Meghri, Megrozero, Megrega, Myagreka, lake. Magrino, Myagrozero.
Metsya, dreaming - forest (but metso, sword - wood grouse): Metchajarvi, Metchishari, r. Metchepuda, Mechchalambina, Metchozero.
Moaselgya, maaselka, muashelgya - watershed (maa, mua - land, selga - ridge): lake. Maselga der. Mashelga, lake. Oil, Maslozero. All objects with similar names lie on large or local watersheds.
Musta, musta - black: Mustlampi, Mushtavara, Mushtalampi, lake. Musta.
Muurama, muuro (car.), murm, goosebumps (Veps.) - cloudberry: Muramozero, Murmozero, r. Muromlya r. Murom, Murashkoski.
Pulp, pulp(Karelian, Finnish maki, magi) - mountain, hill: Shotmyagi, Sarimägi, Hietamäki, Myagostrov ..
Myandu (Karelian, Finnish mand), peday (Veps.) - pine: Myanduselga, Pedaselga.
Myantu, myandu, myand - pine (young): Myandova, Myanduvara, Myanduselga, Myandujärvi, Mäntyutunturi (tunturi - high mountain), Mäntäjärvi.
Naali (car.), noall (Sami.) - Arctic fox: p. Nalya, lake. Zero, Noliozero.
Niva - bystrina - from the Sami. nyavv - section of the river between the rapids: r. Nava, Nivakoski are numerous short rivers of Niva.
Nielm (Karelian, Finnish), njalm (Sami.) - throat, pharynx, river mouth: Nelmozero, Nilmozero, r. Nyalma, Nyalmozero.
Niemi (Karelian, Finnish niemi), dumb (Veps.) - cape, pillowcase: Särkiniemi, Kuokkaniemi.
Nilo, nilos, nilosh - a rock on which water flows: the rapids of the Nile, Nilosh, Nilaskoshki.
Niska, niche, niche (car.) has two meanings. The first is the source of the river from the lake: about. Niska, lake. Niskayarvi, lake. Low (obvious rethinking). The second is the beginning of the rapids: Kossaniski, Yumanishki, Oyanishko, Niskakoski, Vidan nishka, Nishkakoski.
Noarve, norve (Sami.) - ledge, ledge: p. Narva, Narviyoki, r. Norva, Norvijärvi.
Nuotta - seine: numerous Notozera.
Nurmi - meadow: lake. Nurmat, r. Nurmis, der. Nurmoila, der. Nurmolitsy, Nurmezhguba, Nurmijärvi.
Nyura (car.), neworra (Sami.) - cliff, rock, rocky shallow: Nuorunen, Noruslampi, then. Nurus, Nyuronavolok.
Oya, oya (Karelian, Finnish oja Vepsk.), whoa, whoa (Sami.) - river, stream: Korvenoya, Kalkoya, Kestui. Korvenoya, Kalkoya, Kestui. In Russian usage, this element often turns into -va: Kerzheva, Olova, Petkuevo.
Orava (car.), hooray (veps.), oarrev (Sami.) - squirrel: Oravruchei, Orovguba, Orovjärvi, Uravara.
Payy, paya (Sami.) - top, top, pia, pia (car.) - head, summit: m. Piyakko, Paezero, r. Pai, Paiozero, Peyjärvi, Pyajärvi, Päozero, Päävara, Piaoya, Pääoja. Note that the Saami Payyaure - Lake Upper often turns into a lake. Boyarskoe. Names of South Karelia such as lake. Payu, r. The Payudegs are probably descended from Veps. i solder - willow.
Pada, pato - fishing fence on the river: Padaoya, Padozero, r. Padas.
Fell, fell - fire, fire, burnt undercut: p. Pala, Palalahta, Paloyarvi, Palakoski, Palaoya.
Pana, pauna, pawnee, poann (Saami) - shallow lake, puddle: Pannoka, Poinoloja, Panozero, Panayarvi.
Stinging, stinging - pine: Pedaselga, Pedayashari, Petailampi, Petayavara, Petya-jarvi.
Perth, perth (t) and, pierty - hut, hunting and fishing hut: lake. Perti, Pertozero, Lake Pertti, Pertyarvi, Pirttivinta, Pirttilampi, Pirttipohja.
Perya - back, back side, far side: Peralampi, Perguba, Periajoki, Perianavolok,
Pieni (Karelian, Finnish pieni) - small, small: Pienyoki.
Peel, sang (Sami.) - side, outskirts, ear: Pilmasozero.
Pitka, drink - a long, pisin - the longest: Pitkakoski, Pitkäranta, Pitkoya, lake. Pisanets, Pisansuo, Pisinnemi.
Poro, peura, pedru - deer: Por-threshold, Peurujoki, Peurakoshki, Pedrolambina, Pedrajärvi.
Pohya (car.) - corner, edge, end of the bay: Kondopoga, Sopokha, Lakhdenpohja.
Pudas, pudash - a branch of the river: channels Pudas, Pudashiegi, Kervapudos, r. Pudos, Pudozh.
Pula (Sami.) - scorched: Pulozero, r. Pulonga, r. Puloma.
Puusto - tree stand, but Russian. empty, wasteland - abandoned fields, fallow, mowing from arable land. Therefore, it is not always easy to determine the origin of the names of the river. Empty, Pustinlahti, lake. Empty, Pustozero, Puustinlahti, then Pustoshkin, r. Pashtos (in the last two cases, it is necessary to take into account the car. pyustes - dam).
Ranta, randa, randu (Karelian, Finnish) - shore: Pitkäranta, Kuzaranda, Randu, Rantasari.
Rauta, rauda, \u200b\u200braudu (Karelian raudu) - iron, iron: Ravduoya, Rautakangas, Rautalahti.
Reboy, repo (Karelian reboi) - fox: about. Rebay, Repoyarvi, ruch. Reboy, pos. Reboli (obviously through a personal name).
Risti - cross: Ristiniemi, Ristilakshi, Ristisari, Ristioya, Ristijärvi. But the names of Ristanvar lake. Rysto comes from the Sami. rysta - prey, kar. riista - game.
Hand, swear - resin, sap: Rugozero, Rukayarvi.
Ruoho, ruokhka, rogo - reed, reed, cattail: p. Big Horn, Rogansari, Rogozero, Ruagjärvi, Ruogojärvi, then Ruach, Ruokoguba.
Pisces (Sami.) - partridge: Rybreka, Ryboya, Rybozero.
Rame, Rieme - moss swamp: der. Ramoe, der. Rampole, Ramozero, Ram-moh, Rämenjärvi, r. Remaka, r. Rema, Remazh.
Saari, suari (Karelian, Finnish saari) - island: Salonsaari, Rantasari, Mäntyushari, Mustasaaret.
Sava, sawvan (Sami.) - reach on the river, lake bay: Saavayöki, Savozero, Savoy, lake. Shawan
Savi, Shavi - clay: Savivara, der. Savilatchu (lachchu - puddle), Saviyarvi, Shaviranta der. Shavilosho.
Salmi (car.) - strait, from where Russian. salma and others-rus. straw: Kuivasalma, Suopassalmi, Oporovaya Salma, pos. Thatched.
Salu, shalu - boron; backwoods: about. Salo, Saloostrov, Salnavolok, Salonjarvi, r. Shalitsa, Shalsari.
Sammal, shammal, veps. samau - moss: Sammalvara, lake. Samulus, Samogora, Samozero, Samnavolok, r. Samina, lake. Samaevskoe, Shamallaxi, Shamalvara.
Selga, selka - ridge, ridge: lake. Kavnizselga, pos. Selgi, st. Käppyaselga, Eroshkina Selga, Matveeva Selga.
Selka (Karelian, Finnish selka, selgu) - reach, lake: lake. Kavnizselga. More often sel'kya, selgya means ridge, ridge, whence Russian. selga: pos. Selgi, st. Käppäselga. In South Karelia Rus. selga also meant forest arable or hay land and was included in the names of many villages: Eroshkina Selga, Matveeva Selga.
Drooling - ide: Syavnozero, Syavnyalampi, Syanozero, Syayunashari, Syayunayarvi, r. Syavnega, Shavnegozero.
Xuanng, Shuongn (Sami.) - grassy swamp, soen, Shuwn (car.) - marshy: p. Sona, Sonozero, Sonostrov, Shunozero, Shuonjärvi.
Suo (Karelian, Finnish suo) - swamp: Suojoki, Suojärvi, Deuhishuo, Säpsesuo.
Suuri, shuuri, suvri (Karelian, Finnish suuri), Sami. yo - large: Suvri-Saviyarvi, Suuriyarvi, Shurivara, then. Shuripaya, Shuriyarvi, lake. Shura-Redui. Seemingly similar names can be formed from surya - side, side, edge (suryayoki - tributary): r. Suri, Surioya, Surilampi, Suryapiya, Suryoya. But there is also Suore - straight and Sami. surr, suorr - a fork, a fork, compare: Shurozero, Shuorishuo. In most cases, a map will help us, suggesting whether we mean the size, position or shape of the object. It is more difficult when the object is both large and straight and lateral, like a lake. Surgubskoe is a separate Ukshesera bay in the Shuya basin.
Syuvya, syuvya - deep: Syvä-Salmijärvi, Syuväjärvi, Syuväjärvi. Similar names, especially of the type Syuvyad "arvi. Syuvyad" ogi, were often used by Russians in names such as Svyatozero, Svyatlitsa / Svetlitsa channel, Svyatukha (Syuvya, Svyat-). So not all - the holy names of Karelia are truly holy.
Syarki (Kar.), sarg (Veps.), sergge (Sami.) - roach: Sergozero, r. Särgezha, Särgozero, Särkiniemi, Särkiyärvi.
Talvi (car.), talve (Sami.) - winter: Talviesdegi, Talvishari, Talvesuo, Talvilampi, Talvuslampi, pos. Talking.
Tedri - black grouse: Tedrioya, Tetrivara, Tetrozero, Tedriniemi (Teternavolok).
Terva - resin, tar: Tervalampi, Tervayarvi, Tervukoshki, der. Terv.
Toarast, tueres (Sami.) - across, cross: lake. Tarazma, Taraisjärvi, Tarasjoki, about. Tarasikha, Teresinalambi, lake. Toros, Torosozero.
Uros (car.), oares (Sami.) - male: Lake Uras, Lake. Uros, Urosyarvi, Urosozero, Arziyarvi, der. Orzeg.
Haapa, hoaba, veps. hub - aspen: Gabozero, Gabselga, Haapalampi, Khabozero, Hapavara, Hapayoki.
Hawd (Sami.) - beast: Khavdozero.
Hangas (from where Russian. gangas, Sami. hankkas) - trap, hunting enclosure: Khangasyarvi, Hankusjarvi, lake. Khankash, Gangaslampi, Gankashvara, Gangos, lake. Gangas.
Hanka, hanga - fork, hanko - pitchforks: Khangayarvi, Khangozero, Khangayoki, Khankovara, Khankasari, Khankozero, Gangozero.
Hanhi - goose: o. Hanhipasi (paasi - stone slab), Hanhiyarvi, Gangivara.
Haug, hauki - pike: lake. Haugi, Haugiyarvi, Haukioya, Haukiyoki, Hauguya.
Houda, hauta - grave: now. Hauda, \u200b\u200bHaudekangas, Hautovaara.
Heina - grass, hay: Geynozero, Geynolampi, Heinalampi, Heinjajoki, about. Heinäsenmaa, Hennoy Navolok.
Hieta - sand: Hietayoki, Hietayarvi, Hetolambina, Khedostrov.
Hiishi, Hiishi, will give birth, case hiiden - a devil, an evil spirit, a distant bad place: Heyzyarvi, Khizhozero, Gizhezero, Khizh, Khizyarvi, Hiiz-yarvi (Khiziyarvi), Hiisiyarvi, Khidenselysya.
Hirey - elk: Hirvisalmi, now. Hirvi, Hirvilampi.
Honka, honga - dry tall pine: Honkasari, Honkasalonselisya ave., Honkasuo, Gomselga, Gonginavolok, der. Gonginskaya.
Chappad, chappes (Sami.) - black: Chapa r., r. Chapari, lake. Chopchem and R. Chapay, Chapozero, Chapanshari, Cape Chapin (and near the Black Islands).
Choalme (Sami) - strait: pos. Chalna, Chelmozero, Chelozero, pos. Chelmuzhi, M. Cholma
Chuppu - angle: lip and village. Chupa on the White Sea, der. Chupa on Konchezer and Sunozer, Chupa lip
Chuuru - pebbles, small stone: p. Chura, Churalampi, Churuzh river, Churlakhta. Shivera comes from the Sami chivray, which means - pebble, cobblestone.
Julia, Julia (Karelian, Finnish yla) - upper: Yuljärvi, Yuleozero.
Yurkkya, Yurkkyu - steep: the rapids of Yyrka, Yurkka, Yurkonkoski, der. Yurgilitsa, Yurkinnavolok, Yurkostrov.
Janis, yanish, yanizh, yanuo - hare: Yanetsozero, r. Yani, lake Janis, lake. Yanish, Art. Yanishpole, about. Yants, Yanchozero, Yanikumu.
Yank (k) i, dangya - moss swamp: r. Yanga, Yangayoki, Yangayarvi, Yankäjärvi, r. Money, Dangozero.
Jarvi, arvi (Karelian, Finnish jarvi), jarv (veps.), yavr (Saami) - lake: Suojärvi, Kodarvi, Värajärvi, Rodinjärvi.