1. Neptune was opened in 1846. He became the first planet, which was opened due to mathematical calculations, and not by observation.
2. With a radius of 24,622 kilometers, Neptune is almost four times wider.
3. The average distance between neptune and is 4.55 billion kilometers. It is about 30 astronomical units (one astronomical unit is equal to the average distance from the ground to the Sun).
4. Among all the planets on Neptune, the strongest winds are raging. According to some estimates, their speeds can reach 2100 km / h.
5. One Neptune Year (full turn around the sun) lasts almost 165 terrestrial years.
6. Neptune does not have a solid surface. Its atmosphere, consisting mainly of hydrogen, helium and methane, stretches for a large distance in the planet, gradually moving into a mantle, which consists of water, ammonia and methane ice. Under the mantle hidden a stone-ice core.
7. The blue color of the planet is a consequence of the content of a small amount of methane in the outer layers of the atmosphere. However, Neptune neighbor is - in the presence of the same amount of methane has a blue-green color. Therefore, scientists suggest that in the atmosphere of Neptune there is also an unknown science component, which gives the planet a better shade.
Triton - Neptune satellite
8. Neptune has 14 satellites. Neptune Triton's largest satellite was discovered only 17 days after the opening of the planet.
9. Neptune's axial tilt is similar to the tilt of the land axis, so the planet is experiencing similar seasonal changes. However, since the year on Neptune on earthly standards is very long, each of the seasons lasts more than 40 terrestrial years.
10. Triton, Neptune's largest satellite, has an atmosphere. Scientists do not exclude that the liquid ocean may hide under his ice bore.
11. Neptune has a rings, but its annular system is much less significant compared to our usual rings of Saturn.
12. The only spacecraft that Neptune reached is Voyager-2. It was launched in 1977 to study the distant planets of the solar system. In 1989, the device flew in 48 thousand kilometers from Neptune, having transferred unique shots of its surface to Earth.
13. Because of its elliptical orbit, Pluto (formerly - the ninth planet of the solar system, now the dwarf planet) is sometimes closer to the Sun than Neptune.
14. Neptune has a great influence on a very distant belt belt, which consists of materials remaining after the formation of the solar system. Thanks to the gravitational strength of the attraction of the planet during the existence of the solar system in the structure of the belt, gaps were formed.
15. Neptune has a powerful inner source of heat, the nature of which is not yet clear. The planet radiates a 2.6 times more heat into space than getting from the sun.
16. Some researchers suggest that at a depth of 7,000 kilometers, the conditions on Neptune are such that methane disintegrates to hydrogen and carbon, and the latter crystallizes in the form of diamond. Therefore, it is possible that in the Neptune Ocean there may be such a unique natural phenomenon as a diamond degrees.
17. The tops of the planet reaches temperatures -221.3 ° C. But deep inside the gas layers on the neptune temperature is constantly growing.
18. Images of Neptune, transmitted by Voyager-2, may be the only close pictures of the planets that we will have over the next decades. In 2016, NASA planned to send to the planet Neptune Orbirator, but so far no dates of launching the spacecraft are voiced.
19. Neptune's core is believed to have a lot of 1.2 times more mass of the whole land. The total mass of Neptune exceeds the earthly 17 times.
20. The duration of the day at Neptune is equal to 16 terrestrial clock.
The planet is a sufficiently massive object rotating around the sun capable of providing a spherical form of orbit. Is not a satellite of another body; Clears the space of its orbit from other celestial bodies.
In addition to the land, the solar system has more eight celestial bodies, including:
In contact with
- objects of the Earth Group (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars);
- planet giants;
- Pluto.
Until recently, the Ninth Pluto was far from the sun as the planet. But in 2006, after careful observation, astronomers decided to remove it from the list of planets. He also deprived of this definition from 1979 to 1999, when she passed in Neptune orbit. There is an assumption that it does not apply to the solar system at all. Therefore, Neptune is considered the most distant planet from the Sun.
This is interesting: and the history of the names.
Description Neptune
Neptune enters the group of giants planets, it is 17 times more land. This group also belongs to Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter.
Neptune's illumination is less than the earth 900 times, so there is constant dusk. Distance from the ground is almost 5,000,000,000 km.
The most distant planet from the sun is also called ice, as it is about 20% of helium and hydrogen.
The day here continues a little more than 16 hours. Full turnover of Neptune commits in 164 years. In 2011, the first turnover ended.
In Neptune, strong winds are walking. Temperature on the surface - minus 214 degrees. It has its source of heat, as it gives more energy than absorbs. Neptune has five rings consisting of ice particles and carbon. On the planet duration of one time of the year - 40 years.
The most distant planet of the solar system is rich in satellites. They have fourteen.
They are divided into groups:
- domestic (Talas, Nayad, Proteus, Galatia, Larisa, Despina);
- individual (Neret and Triton);
- external (do not have the name).
Internal characterize itself as stone boulders of the wrong shape. Reach 200 km in diameter. Flying Neptune for the watch, as they rotate at a huge speed.
Triton is a large satellite, reaches almost 3000 km in diameter. Covered with ice, full turns in 6 days. He slowly approaches Neptune, moving along the spiral. Scientists believe that Triton will soon encounter neptune and turn into a ring.
Neret has the wrong form, makes a full turn for the earthly year.
Outdoor satellites are removed from Neptune for tens of millions of kilometers. The farthest attacks the planet for 25 years.
Pluto - the most remote planet from the ground
From the initial school classes, each child knows that the Earth is the third planet of the solar system, and Pluto is considered the most remote from the ground.
Since the opening of Pluto Disputes about whether it is planet, do not subside. Many arguments that do not allow it to be planet:
- small dimensions (the mass of the pluto is 0.22% of the earth);
- far away from the ground (because of this it is impossible to explore it well);
- the constantly changing orbit (because of this, Pluto turned out to be in front of the neptune, then behind him).
Due to the remote and small sizes, Pluto remained the most unexplored object. But with the appearance of powerful telescopes and expeditions, it was possible to study it more thoroughly.
Pluto is located in the Belt of Kuiper At a distance of 6,000,000,000 km from the ground, its diameter is 2300 km. Full turnover commits in 248 years. The day is 6.5 terrestrial days. Surface temperature is minus 223 degrees. This celestial body is interesting in that his side is covered with ice, and the other - stones. The sun heats the surface to a thousand times less than the surface of the Earth, so it is always dark on the planet, but still it was possible to consider a heart-shaped area on the planet - the area covered with ice mountains up to 4 m.
Pluto has an atmosphere consisting of nitrogen. Studies have shown that the atmosphere evaporates into space. It resembles a process that occurs on Earth billions of years ago: Nitrogen evaporation led to the formation of carbon and carbon dioxide and the birth of life ...
On the surface of the pluto - a variety of craters filled with frozen gases (nitrogen and methane). Their education can be explained by collision with asteroids.
Pluto satellites
Pluto possesses five satellites: This is Charon, Hydra, Styx, Nikta, Kerber. Charon is the largest satellite. His movement is synchronously with Pluto (some astronomers consider them a double planet), the axis of rotation of the rest of the satellites lean to Pluto and Charon. The satellites of the wrong shape, bright, possibly, they are covered with water ice.
Despite the decrease in Pluto to the title to the dwarf planet, he did not cease to be interesting. Astronomers continue to open new objects in the cigarette belt, large in size than Pluto. For example, Erida, Cerer. It is possible that one of these objects will soon become the most distant planet in the solar system.
More recently, with confidence it was possible to state that the most distant planet from the sun - Pluto. When scientists suddenly decided that the Pluto was not at all the planet, it turned out that at the far distance from the shining is Planet Neptune.
The sun and Neptune shares 4.5 billion kilometers. This eighth planet of the solar system is 17 times heavier than the Earth, and the diameter is almost 4 times wider than our. But the density of Neptune should not boast - this is a gas giant. In other words, the surface of the planet is a viscous mass.
Neptune's full circle around the Sun commits for 164,8 Earth years. Orbit movement speed - 5.43 km / s. The day on the planet lasts 16 hours and 6 Earth minutes.
Opening of the planet Neptune
The official opening date of the planet is September 23, 1846. And before that, scientists were puzzled why the Uranian opened by Hershleh was constantly knocked down from the course and is not at all where it is supposed to be calculated. John Adams, a 22-year-old student of the Cambridge College, the first suggested that the uranium is still alone, no one is unknown planet.
Despite the lack of computing machines and the lack of mathematical tables, the person did not save before difficulties. Having enjoyed his own perseverance, astronomer began to calculate the orbit of an unknown planet. From his girlfriend, he had the law of Newton and the foundations of higher mathematics.
1 year and 4 months left that on October 1, 1845, point to the constellation Aquarius, a point where the mysterious the most distant planet from the Sun should appear according to preliminary calculations. Unfortunately, the work of young dating was put in a long box. Scientists of the mind have any doubts in the calculations of Adams, although he was mistaken for only two degrees.
A month later, it was officially announced the search for an unknown planet. But about John Adams in this message there was not a word. It was about Urben Leverier, Mathematics living in Paris. By coincidence, it turned out that both young people simultaneously began to engage in the search for the planet.
Leverier wrote a letter addressed to Johann Gelle, to the Berlin Observatory, in which he asked to start as soon as possible the search for a mysterious planet. In that distant night, after half an hour after the start of the observation, Galle saw a weak brilliance of the star, which, judging by the maps, should not be on the sector of the sky. The next night showed that a small disk was noticeably shifted relative to other stars.
For a greenish-blue color, so reminiscent sea surface, the planet received the name Neptune.
Neptune - our days
Years passed, and now the spacecraft Voyager-2 comes to the planet Neptune. Thanks to the device, visiting the most distant planet from the Sun, we got the surface snapshots such a celestial body from us.
In the photos made by Voyager, five rings are clearly visible. They resemble uranium rings, but inferior to them in size about a hundred times. It was possible to establish that Neptune has a complex satellite system, all of them 14, it is possible that some of them were formed on the expanses of the solar system and subsequently fell into the orbit of the giant planet.
In the images, we see that the surface of the planet resembles the world ocean of our land. With its colors, the giant is obliged to methane, hydrogen and helium. White spots on the surface are clouds. The wind on the planet reaches 2,200 km / h, there are no such hurricanes on the planets of the solar system anywhere.
Neptune's study is not completed, it will continue - we still find out a lot of interesting things about its winds, the atmosphere and behavior of satellites.
The newly discovered object can establish a new record as the most remote dwarf planet in the solar system. This object, named V774104, runs fifteen billion kilometers from the sun, two to three times farther than Pluto. V774104 A little less than half of the pluto and like this planet can approach or remove from the Sun as you move in orbit, but these parts are still to be clarified.
"In fact, it's all that we know about it. We don't even know her orbits, because they found it two weeks ago, "said Scott Sheppard from the Carnegie Scientific Institute, one of the openers of the new object. The discovery is part of a larger hunting of objects in this cold, dark region behind the Pluto orbita, where scientists hope to find information about the early solar system.
Sheppard announced the opening at the annual meeting of the American Astronomical Society on November 10. In an interview with Space.com, he said that V774104 is definitely one of the most remote objects ever observed, although more accurate data is needed to inherent the title planet the most distant dwarf planet.
In his search, Sheppard worked with Chadvik Trujillo from Gemini in Hawaii and Dave Tolen from Hawaiian University.
"We spend the widest and deep study of the objects of the external solar system in history," said Sheppard. - We use the 8-meter Subaru telescope in Hawaii. We are just looking for things outside the bed belt, behind the Pluto orbita. "
Objects of the external solar system dull and rare, says Sheppard. To find them, the researchers turned to the Subaru telescope, which collects a large amount of light in a short time and can scan large areas of the sky rather quickly, which, according to Sheppard, is a key combination in finding these hidden jewels.
Is there any life for neptune
Behind Neptune orbits there is a group of cold, icy bodies (including Pluto) called the belief belt. Pluto is in 8 billion kilometers from the sun, but speaking of the solar system usually use "astronomical units" (1 or. E. \u003d Distance from Earth to Sun, about 150 million kilometers). Neptune on average is 30.1 a. e. from the sun; Pluto rotates between 29 and 49 a. e.
If the measurements of V774104 are correct, currently the object is 103 a. e. From the sun, which places it in the region of the Oort cloud. The Oorta cloud is an estimated sphere of ice solid objects that turns around the solar system.
Dwarf Planet Eris rotates around the Sun in the inland sand cloud at a distance from 37 to 97 a. e. Dwarf Planet Sedna, opened in 2003, has an incredibly eccentric orbit, and therefore can be anywhere between 76 and 940 a. e. From the sun. Last year, Sheppard and Trujillo, similar to Sedna, 2012 VP113, the orbit of which runs between 80 and 452 a. e. From the sun.
(Astronomers also know about long-periodic comets that come from the external spent cloud, that is, they reach the distance from 5,000 to 100,000 a. E. From the sun, says Sheppard. These long-period comets are considered "the most distant objects with the solar system", although they do not conduct All your life in the external regions. None of these long-range comets and closely does not fit the role of a dwarf planet or a small planet).
Calm orbit
Sedna and VP113 are far enough from the inner solar system (the nearest neighborhood of the Earth), so as not to depend on the gravity of the eight planets of the system, according to Sheppard.
"Sedna and VP113 are the only objects that are completely separated from the Giant Planets region, says Sheppard. - And yet they have very elongated orbits, so we find them very interesting. As for their orbits, as far as we know the solar system, they should not disturb them at all. They should not have been formed at these orbits at all. Something disturbed them. "
Therefore, Sheppard and Trujillo are engaged in the far solar system. They are looking for objects that were intact from the first days of the Solar System, and therefore behave the same way as they led after the formation of 4.6 billion years ago. Sheppard says that the leading theory about the formation of the solar system implies that the sun was born "in a very dense star, when a handful of stars appeared next to him." The gravitational thrust of these stars could lead to indignation of such objects like Sedna.
Again, perhaps outside the orbit of Pluto, there is a massive and still unknown object, which is responsible for the gravitational perturbation of the objects of the internal cloud of the deort.
"Some of the objects of the inner cloud of the deer can be sized in size with Mars or even with the Earth, said Sheppard. "This is because many of the objects of the inner cloud of deer are so far that even the largest will be so dull that they cannot be found with modern technology."
The answer can be found in the process of studying objects of this external region.
"We want to find an axampy of such objects as the VP113, which we found last year, says Sheppard. - There are several different theories about how these remote objects could come to their eccentric orbits. All these various theories predict a variety of orbital distribution and population. If we find 10 such objects or so, we can begin to determine which theories of the formation of such objects are correct. "
Moscow, 11 Jul - RIA Novosti. European and Canadian planetistologists have found another small planet behind the orbit, 2015 RR245, which is removed from the sun about 120 times further than the Earth, which makes it one of the most distant small planets from the sun, reports the center of the small planets of the International Astronomical Union.
Scientists: "Planet X" Solar System may be an exoplanetAnalysis of the orbit and potential sizes and other parameters of the mysterious ninth planet indicates that it could not arise not together with the Earth and other classical planets, but outside the solar system."The icy worlds behind the orbit of Neptune paint us the picture of how the planets are the giants and how they migrated towards the Sun and back. These dwarf planets will help us to reveal the history of the solar system, but they are all extremely small and dulls, because of which they are almost You can not see. We are glad that we managed to find a fairly large and bright object, which we can study in detail, "Michele Bannister said from the University of Victoria in Vancouver (Canada).
In recent years, scientists have discovered several large dwarf planets and objects on distant approaches of the solar system, which clearly showed that the "life" in it does not end behind the orbits of Neptune and Pluto, and that major celestial bodies continue to meet on more distant distances.
So, in 2014, Planetologists Chad Trujillo and Scott Shepard announced the opening of "Bayden" - Plotoid 2012 VP113, removed from the Sun for 12 billion kilometers, in 2015, the dwarf planet V774104 was opened, extending from shining even further. At the beginning of this year, we found hints of the existence of the Giant "Planet of X" and found a dwarf planet 2015 KH162, the year on which lasts 500 years.
Bannister and her colleagues beat Trujillo and Shepard's record, opening a small 2015 RR245 planet - Plotoid diameter in presumably 700 kilometers using the CFHT telescope installed on the Hawaiian Islands.
This planet rotates around the sun on a very elongated orbit - in the nearest point it is suitable for the luminaries on 34 astronomical units (average distances between the Sun and Earth), and in the longer - removed from it by 18 billion kilometers (120 astronomical units).
The nearest rapprochement of 2015 RR245 and the Sun will occur in 2096, when this Plotoid is suitable for the Sun almost at the same distance as Pluto itself (29 AE). The year on it lasts 730 of the world, which is more than on 2015 KH162, but probably less than on the "planet X".