Video tutorial “Geographic latitude and geographic longitude. Geographic Coordinates ”will help you get an idea of \u200b\u200bgeographic latitude and geographic longitude. The teacher will tell you how to correctly determine the geographic coordinates.
Geographic latitude- arc length in degrees from the equator to a given point.
To determine the latitude of an object, it is necessary to find the parallel on which this object is located.
For example, the latitude of Moscow is 55 degrees and 45 minutes north, it is written as follows: Moscow 55 ° 45 "N .; latitude of New York - 40 ° 43" N .; Sydney - 33 ° 52 "S.
Geographic longitude is determined by the meridians. Longitude can be western (from 0 meridian west to 180 meridian) and east (from 0 meridian east to 180 meridian). Longitudes are measured in degrees and minutes. Geographic longitude can range from 0 to 180 degrees.
Geographic longitude- the length of the equatorial arc in degrees from the initial meridian (0 degrees) to the meridian of a given point.
The Greenwich meridian (0 degrees) is considered the prime meridian.
Figure: 2. Determination of longitudes ()
To determine the longitude, you need to find the meridian on which the given object is located.
For example, the longitude of Moscow is 37 degrees and 37 minutes east longitude, it is written as follows: 37 ° 37 "east longitude; longitude of Mexico City - 99 ° 08" west longitude.
Figure: 3. Geographic latitude and geographic longitude
To accurately determine the location of an object on the Earth's surface, you need to know its latitude and geographic longitude.
Geographical coordinates- quantities that determine the position of a point on the earth's surface using latitudes and longitudes.
For example, Moscow has the following geographical coordinates: 55 ° 45 "north latitude and 37 ° 37" east longitude. The city of Beijing has the following coordinates: 39 ° 56 ′ N. 116 ° 24 ′ E The latitude value is recorded first.
Sometimes it is required to find an object by already specified coordinates, for this you must first assume in which hemispheres this object is located.
Homework
Paragraphs 12, 13.
1. What is latitude and longitude?
List of references
Main
1. Initial course of geography: Textbook. for 6 cl. general education. institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. - 10th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2010 .-- 176 p.
2. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, DIK, 2011 .-- 32 p.
3. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, DIK, 2013 .-- 32 p.
4. Geography. 6 cl .: cont. cards. - M .: DIK, Bustard, 2012 .-- 16 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M .: Rosmen-Press, 2006 .-- 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam
1. Geography: initial course. Tests. Textbook. manual for students of 6 cl. - M .: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2011 .-- 144 p.
2. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Study guide / A.A. Letyagin. - M .: OOO "Agency" KRPA "Olymp": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
We suggest using a similar
Determination of geographic coordinates - latitude and longitude on Google Maps (Google Maps)
Hello, dear friends of the portal site!
Tool - determining geographic coordinates on Google Maps of cities, streets, houses, in real time. How to determine coordinates by address - latitude and longitude on a map, convenient search by coordinates in Google (Google Maps). A world map with coordinates (longitude and latitude) will allow you to find any address by already known parameters, calculate the distance between two cities / points online
Fill out the Google Maps search form - enter the city, street, house number. Type the name of any geographic object separated by a space. Or move the label to the desired location yourself, and search (click "Find") by the coordinates of the object on the Google map. A similar search has already been used when searching in. Use the change in the scale of the diagram (the desired scale will appear in the third field from the top) to take a closer look at the location of the house on the street.
As you can see, when you move the label on the diagram, the geographic parameters change. We get a kind of map with latitudes and longitudes. Previously, we have already dealt with the determination of coordinates on the Yandex map
Using the method from the opposite, everyone will be able to search by coordinates in Google using known parameters. Instead of the geographical name of the object, we fill in the search form with known coordinates. The service will determine and show on the map the exact geographical location of the street, district.
Interesting places in Google Maps - online secrets from the satellite
Knowing the address of any city in the world, it is easy to determine the latitude and longitude of Washington and Santiago, Beijing and Moscow. available to both city guests and local residents. We are sure that you have already been able to master this tool on the page, by default the center of the capital of Russia - the city of Moscow - is located on the map. Found your latitude and longitude on the map at.
We suggest you find out the secrets of the Maps Google service online. The satellite will not pass by interesting historical sites, each of which is popular in a certain part of the world.
Below you can see for yourself that these interesting places of the earth deserve special attention. And the service Google Maps Sputnik is pleased to offer you to find and see the most famous geographical secrets of the world. We believe that the residents of the Samara region will also find it interesting. They already know what it looks like.
You do not need to determine their geographic coordinates and search for the required Google maps of the service. It is enough to copy any parameters from the list below - latitude and longitude (CTRL + C).
For example, let's look at the largest stadium in the world and Brazil - Maracana (Rio de Janeiro, Maracana) from the satellite (switch to the Sputnik scheme type). Copy the latitude and longitude from the list below:
22.91219,-43.23021
insert into the search form of the Google Maps service (CTRL + V). It remains to start the search for the object itself. A label appears on the diagram with the exact location of the coordinates. We remind you that you need to activate the "Satellite" scheme type. Everyone will choose a convenient +/- scale to get a better view of the stadium in Brazil
Thank you for the data provided by Google Maps
Map data of cities in Russia, Ukraine and the world
And to find the exact location of objects on the earth's surface allows degree network - system of parallels and meridians. It serves to determine the geographic coordinates of points on the earth's surface - their longitude and latitude.
Parallels (from the Greek. parallelos - walking side by side) - these are lines conventionally drawn on the earth's surface parallel to the equator; equator - a line of section of the earth's surface depicted by a plane passing through the center of the earth perpendicular to the axis of its rotation. The longest parallel is the equator; the length of the parallels from the equator to the poles decreases.
Meridians (from lat. meridianus- midday) - lines conventionally drawn on the earth's surface from one pole to another along the shortest path. All meridians are equal in length; all points of a given meridian have the same longitude, and all points of a given parallel have the same latitude.
Figure: 1. Elements of the degree network
Geographic latitude and longitude
Geographic latitude of the point Is the magnitude of the meridian arc in degrees from the equator to a given point. It varies from 0 ° (equator) to 90 ° (pole). Distinguish between northern and southern latitudes, abbreviated s.sh. and y.sh. (fig. 2).
South of the equator, any point will be latitude south, and north of the equator latitude north. Determining the geographical latitude of any point means determining the latitude of the parallel at which it is located. On maps, the latitude of the parallels is signed on the right and left frames.
Figure: 2. Geographic latitude
Geographic longitude of the point - This is the value of the arc of the parallel in degrees from the prime meridian to the given point. The initial (zero, or Greenwich) meridian passes through the Greenwich Observatory, located near London. To the east of this meridian, the longitude of all points is eastern, to the west - western (Fig. 3). Longitude ranges from 0 to 180 °.
Figure: 3. Geographic longitude
Determining the geographic longitude of any point means determining the longitude of the meridian at which it is located.
On maps, the longitude of the meridians is signed on the upper and lower frames, and on the map of the hemispheres - at the equator.
The latitude and longitude of any point on the Earth make it geographical coordinates. Thus, the geographical coordinates of the city of Moscow are 56 ° N. and 38 ° E.
Geographic coordinates of cities in Russia and CIS countries
| City | Latitude | Longitude |
| Abakan | 53.720976 | 91.44242300000001 |
| Arkhangelsk | 64.539304 | 40.518735 |
| Astana (Kazakhstan) | 71.430564 | 51.128422 |
| Astrakhan | 46.347869 | 48.033574 |
| Barnaul | 53.356132 | 83.74961999999999 |
| Belgorod | 50.597467 | 36.588849 |
| Biysk | 52.541444 | 85.219686 |
| Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) | 42.871027 | 74.59452 |
| Blagoveshchensk | 50.290658 | 127.527173 |
| Bratsk | 56.151382 | 101.634152 |
| Bryansk | 53.2434 | 34.364198 |
| Velikiy Novgorod | 58.521475 | 31.275475 |
| Vladivostok | 43.134019 | 131.928379 |
| Vladikavkaz | 43.024122 | 44.690476 |
| Vladimir | 56.129042 | 40.40703 |
| Volgograd | 48.707103 | 44.516939 |
| Vologda | 59.220492 | 39.891568 |
| Voronezh | 51.661535 | 39.200287 |
| Grozny | 43.317992 | 45.698197 |
| Donetsk, Ukraine) | 48.015877 | 37.80285 |
| Ekaterinburg | 56.838002 | 60.597295 |
| Ivanovo | 57.000348 | 40.973921 |
| Izhevsk | 56.852775 | 53.211463 |
| Irkutsk | 52.286387 | 104.28066 |
| Kazan | 55.795793 | 49.106585 |
| Kaliningrad | 55.916229 | 37.854467 |
| Kaluga | 54.507014 | 36.252277 |
| Kamensk-Uralsky | 56.414897 | 61.918905 |
| Kemerovo | 55.359594 | 86.08778100000001 |
| Kiev (Ukraine) | 50.402395 | 30.532690 |
| Kirov | 54.079033 | 34.323163 |
| Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 50.54986 | 137.007867 |
| Korolev | 55.916229 | 37.854467 |
| Kostroma | 57.767683 | 40.926418 |
| Krasnodar | 45.023877 | 38.970157 |
| Krasnoyarsk | 56.008691 | 92.870529 |
| Kursk | 51.730361 | 36.192647 |
| Lipetsk | 52.61022 | 39.594719 |
| Magnitogorsk | 53.411677 | 58.984415 |
| Makhachkala | 42.984913 | 47.504646 |
| Minsk, Belarus) | 53.906077 | 27.554914 |
| Moscow | 55.755773 | 37.617761 |
| Murmansk | 68.96956299999999 | 33.07454 |
| Naberezhnye Chelny | 55.743553 | 52.39582 |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 56.323902 | 44.002267 |
| Nizhny Tagil | 57.910144 | 59.98132 |
| Novokuznetsk | 53.786502 | 87.155205 |
| Novorossiysk | 44.723489 | 37.76866 |
| Novosibirsk | 55.028739 | 82.90692799999999 |
| Norilsk | 69.349039 | 88.201014 |
| Omsk | 54.989342 | 73.368212 |
| Eagle | 52.970306 | 36.063514 |
| Orenburg | 51.76806 | 55.097449 |
| Penza | 53.194546 | 45.019529 |
| Pervouralsk | 56.908099 | 59.942935 |
| Permian | 58.004785 | 56.237654 |
| Prokopyevsk | 53.895355 | 86.744657 |
| Pskov | 57.819365 | 28.331786 |
| Rostov-on-Don | 47.227151 | 39.744972 |
| Rybinsk | 58.13853 | 38.573586 |
| Ryazan | 54.619886 | 39.744954 |
| Samara | 53.195533 | 50.101801 |
| St. Petersburg | 59.938806 | 30.314278 |
| Saratov | 51.531528 | 46.03582 |
| Sevastopol | 44.616649 | 33.52536 |
| Severodvinsk | 64.55818600000001 | 39.82962 |
| Severodvinsk | 64.558186 | 39.82962 |
| Simferopol | 44.952116 | 34.102411 |
| Sochi | 43.581509 | 39.722882 |
| Stavropol | 45.044502 | 41.969065 |
| Sukhum | 43.015679 | 41.025071 |
| Tambov | 52.721246 | 41.452238 |
| Tashkent (Uzbekistan) | 41.314321 | 69.267295 |
| Tver | 56.859611 | 35.911896 |
| Tolyatti | 53.511311 | 49.418084 |
| Tomsk | 56.495116 | 84.972128 |
| Tula | 54.193033 | 37.617752 |
| Tyumen | 57.153033 | 65.534328 |
| Ulan-Ude | 51.833507 | 107.584125 |
| Ulyanovsk | 54.317002 | 48.402243 |
| Ufa | 54.734768 | 55.957838 |
| Khabarovsk | 48.472584 | 135.057732 |
| Kharkov, Ukraine) | 49.993499 | 36.230376 |
| Cheboksary | 56.1439 | 47.248887 |
| Chelyabinsk | 55.159774 | 61.402455 |
| Mines | 47.708485 | 40.215958 |
| Engels | 51.498891 | 46.125121 |
| Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk | 46.959118 | 142.738068 |
| Yakutsk | 62.027833 | 129.704151 |
| Yaroslavl | 57.626569 | 39.893822 |
Geographic coordinates and their determination on the map
Geographical coordinates- angular values \u200b\u200b(latitude and longitude) that determine the position of objects on the earth's surface and on the map. They are divided into astronomical, obtained from astronomical observations, and geodetic, obtained from geodetic measurements on the earth's surface.
Astronomical coordinatesdetermine the position of points on the earth's surface on the surface of the geoid, where they are projected by plumb lines; geodetic coordinates define the position of points on the surface of the earth's ellipsoid, where they are projected by the normals to this surface.
Discrepancies between astronomical and geodetic coordinates are due to the deviation of the plumb line from the normal to the surface of the earth's ellipsoid. For most of the territory of the globe, they do not exceed 3-4 "" or in a linear measure 100 m. The maximum deviation of the plumb line reaches 40 "".
Topographic maps use geodetic coordinates... In practice, when working with maps, they are usually called geographic.
The geographical coordinates of any point M are its latitude B and longitude L.
Point latitude - the angle made up by the equatorial plane and the normal to the surface of the earth's ellipsoid passing through this point. Latitudes are counted along the meridian arc from the equator to the poles from 0 to 90o; in the northern hemisphere, latitudes are called northern (positive), in the southern - southern (negative).
Point longitude - the dihedral angle between the plane of the initial (Greenwich) meridian and the plane of the meridian of this point. Longitude is counted along the arc of the equator or parallel in both directions from the initial meridian, from 0 to 180o. The longitude of points located east of Greenwich to 180o is called east (positive), west - west (negative).
Geographic (cartographic, degree) grid - the image on the map of the lines of parallels and meridians; is used to determine the geographic (geodetic) coordinates of points (objects) and target designation. On topographic maps, the lines of parallels and meridians are the inner frames of the sheets; their latitude and longitude are inscribed at the corners of each sheet.
The geographic grid is fully shown only on topographic maps at a scale of 1: 500,000 (parallels are drawn through 30 ", and meridians through 20") and 1: 1,000,000 (parallels are drawn through 1o, and meridians through 40 "). Inside each sheet maps on the lines of parallels and meridians are labeled with their latitude and longitude, which make it possible to determine geographic coordinates on a large gluing of maps.
On maps of scales 1: 25,000, 1: 50,000, 1: 100,000 and 1: 200,000, the sides of the frames are divided into segments equal to the degree of 1 ". Minute segments are shaded through one and separated by dots (except for a map of scale 1: 200,000) into parts of 10 "". In addition, inside each sheet of maps of scales 1: 50,000 and 1: 100,000, the intersection of the mean parallels and the meridian is shown and is digitized in degrees and minutes, and the outputs of minute divisions are given along the inner frame strokes 2-3 mm long, along which you can draw parallels and meridians on a map glued from several sheets.
If the territory for which the map was created is located in the western hemisphere, then in the north-western corner of the sheet frame to the right of the meridian longitude signature the inscription "West of Greenwich" is placed.
Determination of the geographic coordinates of a point on the map is made by the closest parallel to it and the meridian, the latitude and longitude of which are known. To do this, on maps of scales 1: 25,000 - 1: 200,000, you should first draw a parallel south of the point and west of the 0 meridian, connecting the corresponding strokes on the sides of the sheet frame with lines (Fig. 2). Then, from the drawn lines, segments are taken to the determined point (Aa1, Aa2) Yu, they are applied to the degree scales on the sides of the frame and reports are produced. In the example in Fig. 2 point A has coordinates B \u003d 54o35 "40" "north latitude, L \u003d 37o41" 30 "" east longitude.
Drawing a point on the map using geographic coordinates. On the western and eastern sides of the frame of the map sheet, the readings corresponding to the latitude of the point are marked with dashes. The latitude count starts from digitizing the southern side of the frame and continues in minute and second intervals. Then a line is drawn through these lines - the parallel of the point.
The meridian of the point passing through the point is also built in the same way, only its longitude is measured along the southern and northern sides of the frame. The intersection of the parallel and the meridian will indicate the position of this point on the map.
In fig. 2 gives an example of plotting point M on the map at coordinates B \u003d 54o38.4 "N, L \u003d 37o34.4" E.
Geographic longitude and latitude are used to accurately determine the physical location of any object on the globe. The easiest way to find geographic coordinates is to use a geographic map. This method requires some theoretical knowledge to implement it. How to determine longitude and latitude is described in the article.
Geographical coordinates
Coordinates in geography are a system in which each point on the surface of our planet is assigned a set of numbers and symbols that allows you to accurately determine the position of that point. Geographic coordinates are expressed in three numbers - latitude, longitude and altitude. The first two coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude, are most often used in various geographic tasks. The origin of the report in the geographic coordinate system is at the center of the earth. Spherical coordinates are used to represent latitude and longitude, which are expressed in degrees.
Before considering the question of how to determine longitude and latitude by geography, you should understand these concepts in more detail.
The concept of latitude
The latitude of a specific point on the surface of the Earth is understood as the angle between the equatorial plane and the line connecting this point with the center of the Earth. Through all points at the same latitude, you can draw a plane that will be parallel to the plane of the equator.
The equatorial plane is the zero parallel, that is, its latitude is 0 °, and it divides the entire globe into the southern and northern hemispheres. Accordingly, the north pole lies at the parallel of 90 ° north latitude, and the south pole lies at the parallel of 90 ° south latitude. The distance that corresponds to 1 ° when moving along a particular parallel depends on which parallel it is. This distance decreases with increasing latitude when moving north or south. So is 0 °. Knowing that the circumference of the Earth at the latitude of the equator has a length of 40075.017 km, we obtain a length of 1 ° along this parallel equal to 111.319 km.
Latitude indicates how far north or south of the equator a given point lies on the Earth's surface.
Longitude concept
The longitude of a specific point on the surface of the Earth is understood as the angle between the plane passing through this point and the axis of rotation of the Earth, and the plane of the prime meridian. Under the settlement agreement, the meridian is considered to be zero, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, located in the southeast of England. Greenwich meridian divides the globe into eastern and
Thus, each line of longitude passes through the north and south poles. The lengths of all meridians are equal and amount to 40007.161 km. If we compare this figure with the length of the zero parallel, then we can say that the geometric shape of the planet Earth is a ball flattened from the poles.
Longitude indicates how far to the west or east of the prime (Greenwich) meridian a particular point on Earth lies. If latitude has a maximum value of 90 ° (latitude of the poles), then the maximum value of longitude is 180 ° west or east of the prime meridian. The 180 ° meridian is known as the International Date Line.
An interesting question can be asked, the longitude of which points cannot be determined. Based on the definition of the meridian, we find that all 360 meridians pass through two points on the surface of our planet, these points are the south and north poles.
Geographic degree
From the above figures, it can be seen that 1 ° on the Earth's surface corresponds to a distance of more than 100 km, which is along the parallel, which is along the meridian. For more accurate coordinates of the object, the degree is divided into tenths and hundredths, for example, they say about 35.79 north latitude. In this form, information is provided by satellite navigation systems such as GPS.
Conventional geographic and topographic maps represent fractions of a degree in minutes and seconds. So, each degree is divided by 60 minutes (denoted by 60 "), and each minute is divided by 60 seconds (denoted by 60" "). Here you can draw an analogy with the representation of the measurement of time.
Acquaintance with the geographical map
To understand how to determine the geographical latitude and longitude on a map, you must first familiarize yourself with it. In particular, you need to figure out how the coordinates of longitude and latitude are represented on it. First, the top of the map shows the northern hemisphere, the bottom shows the southern. The numbers on the left and right sides of the map indicate latitude, while the numbers at the top and bottom of the map are longitude coordinates.
Before determining the coordinates of latitude and longitude, you need to remember that they are presented on the map in degrees, minutes and seconds. This system of units should not be confused with decimal degrees. For example, 15 "\u003d 0.25 °, 30" \u003d 0.5 °, 45 "" \u003d 0.75 ".
Using a Geographic Map to Determine Longitude and Latitude
Let us explain in detail how to determine the longitude and latitude from geography using a map. To do this, you first need to purchase a standard geographic map. This map can be a map of a small area, region, country, continent, or the entire world. To understand which card you have to deal with, you should read its name. Below, under the name, the latitude and longitude limits can be given, which are presented on the map.
After that, you need to select a point on the map, some object that needs to be marked in some way, for example, with a pencil. How to determine the longitude of an object located at a selected point, and how to determine its latitude? The first step is to find the vertical and horizontal lines that are closest to the selected point. These lines are latitude and longitude, the numerical values \u200b\u200bof which can be viewed at the edges of the map. Suppose the selected point is between 10 ° and 11 ° N and 67 ° and 68 ° W.
Thus, we know how to determine the geographical latitude and longitude of the object selected on the map with the accuracy that the map provides. In this case, the accuracy is 0.5 °, both in latitude and longitude.
Determining the exact value of geographic coordinates
How can you determine the longitude and latitude of a point more accurately than 0.5 °? First, you need to find out what scale the map is on. Usually, a scale bar is indicated in one of the corners of the map, showing the correspondence of distances on the map to distances in geographic coordinates and in kilometers on the ground.
After the scale ruler is found, you need to take a simple ruler with millimeter divisions and measure the distance on the scale ruler. Let in the considered example 50 mm corresponds to 1 ° latitude and 40 mm - 1 ° longitude.
Now we place the ruler so that it is parallel to the lines of longitude drawn on the map, and we measure the distance from the point in question to one of the nearest parallels, for example, the distance to the 11 ° parallel is 35 mm. We make a simple proportion and we get that this distance corresponds to 0.3 ° from the parallel of 10 °. Thus, the latitude of the point in question is + 10.3 ° (plus sign means north latitude).
Similar steps should be taken for longitude. To do this, place the ruler parallel to the lines of latitude and measure the distance to the nearest meridian from the selected point on the map, for example, this distance is 10 mm to the meridian of 67 ° West longitude. According to the rules of proportion, we find that the longitude of the object under consideration is -67.25 ° (the minus sign means western longitude).
Converting the obtained degrees into minutes and seconds
As mentioned above, 1 ° \u003d 60 "\u003d 3600" ". Using this information and the rule of proportion, we find that 10.3 ° corresponds to 10 ° 18" 0 "". For the value of longitude, we get: 67.25 ° \u003d 67 ° 15 "0" ". In this case, for the translation, the proportion was used once for longitude and latitude. However, in the general case, when after using the proportion once fractional values \u200b\u200bof minutes are obtained, it follows use the proportion a second time to get the leap seconds. Note that the positioning accuracy up to 1 "corresponds to an accuracy on the surface of the globe equal to 30 meters.
Recording the obtained coordinates
After the question of how to determine the longitude of the object and its latitude has been sorted out, and the coordinates of the selected point have been determined, they should be recorded correctly. The standard notation is longitude followed by latitude. Both values \u200b\u200bmust be specified with as many decimal places as possible, since the accuracy of the object location depends on this.
Certain coordinates can be represented in two different formats:
- Using only the degree icon, for example + 10.3 °, -67.25 °.
- Using minutes and seconds, for example 10 ° 18 "0" "north latitude, 67 ° 15" 0 "" west longitude.
It should be noted that when geographic coordinates are represented by degrees only, the words "north (south) latitude" and "east (west) longitude" are replaced with the appropriate plus or minus sign.