located in Southeast Asia. The official language is the Indonesian language, although more than 700 languages \u200b\u200bare spoken on the territory of the republic. In addition to Indonesian, the Papuan languages \u200b\u200band the languages \u200b\u200bof the Austronesian family are considered common. I must say that the official language, that is, Indonesian, is very close to Malay, it can even be called its version.
The Indonesian language is used in politics, office work, documentation, and when receiving officials. However, as in many Asian countries, many residents use their own dialects and dialects, which are not considered official in their country of residence.
In addition to the Indonesian language, the Javanese language became widespread on the territory of this state. European languages \u200b\u200bare also popular, in particular, English, Arabic and Dutch. In the Indonesian language, a lot of words are borrowed from just these languages.
We will take a closer look at Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese as they are spoken by a large number of Indonesians.
Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia
It was recognized as official in the middle of the 20th century and to this day is the language of international communication. Almost 200 million people speak Indonesian. The basis of the language is considered, from which a large number of words are also borrowed. Locals call their own language "Bahasa", which translates as "language".
Features of the Indonesian language
Word formation occurs through reduplication, that is, doubling words, or by adding prefixes, affixes and suffixes. The most common prefixes are per, pe, and se, and the suffixes: -i, -an, -kan. In addition, there are many complex words in this language that are formed due to these methods of inflection.
Indonesian has both simple and complex sentences. The grammatical base can consist of both the subject and predicate, and other members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances. In the construction of sentences, the position of each member of the sentence is very important so that its meaning is not distorted.
Nouns in this language do not change in cases, this function is performed by word endings. By the way, reduplication is also involved in the formation of the plural. Adjectives are independent parts of speech, formed by adding affixes and suffixes. Here the verb changes according to the categories of the species and voice. They can be either transient or not. Pledges differ from Russians in a large number: there is real, average, passive and mutually joint. There is no conjugation category.
Javanese in Indonesia
More than 75 million people speak this language. It became more widespread on the island of Java, which affected its name. Despite the fact that Indonesian is the official language in Indonesia, almost half of all residents use Javanese to communicate. It broadcasts and is taught in some schools as if it were a native.
Word formation is carried out through the use of suffixes and affixes. In addition, the stem of the word can be doubled. In Javanese, there are no categories of person, case, gender and time. Nouns form plurals, adjectives can form high and supreme degrees. The verb has voice categories.
The Javanese language is distinguished from others by its trinity. That is, there are three definable words for each concept. There is a spoken language characteristic of the street, there is a language of diplomats, and there is a neutral language.
Sundanese language in Indonesia
The Sundanese language is also widespread on the island of Java, spoken by more than 27 million of its inhabitants. This is almost 15% of the total population of the Republic of Indonesia. It belongs to the languages \u200b\u200bof the Austronesian family. The Sundanese dialects are Cirebon, Pringan and Bogor. Verbs in this language have special accompanying words denoting the beginning of an action, an order and the expression of emotions.
Personal pronouns are expressed in large numbers for each person. Their use in speech depends on the level of politeness, age and social status of the person to whom they are addressing. Newspapers and other literature are published in the Sundanese language.
The study of the Indonesian language is carried out in many large institutes in our country. You can also take online courses on the Internet to learn the basics of the language. Many private schools also offer Indonesian classes. The situation with Javanese and Sundanese is more complicated, they can only be learned with native speakers of these languages \u200b\u200bor by going directly to the islands of Indonesia to immerse yourself in the culture and traditions of this unique country.
Indonesian (indon. Bahasa Indonesia) is one of the Austronesian languages. Official language (since) and the language of interethnic communication in Indonesia. In everyday communication, it is used by about 20 million people. The total number of those who speak the language to one degree or another is about 200 million. It has no dialects.
The Indonesian language took shape in the first half of the 20th century on the basis of the Malay language, which was traditionally used in this region as the lingua franca. The name "Indonesian language" was adopted in the city at the Youth Congress and gradually replaced the name "Malay language". Writing based on the Latin alphabet.
In Russia, the Indonesian language is studied in Moscow at the Moscow State University, MGIMO, the Eastern University at the Russian Academy of Sciences and, as well as in St. Petersburg - at the Eastern Faculty of St. Petersburg State University, the Russian State Humanitarian University and at the Eastern Institute of the Far Eastern Federal University.
The Indonesian self-name of the language is Bahasa Indonesia, outside the country it is sometimes not quite correctly called simply "Bahasa", that is, "language."
Grammar
Phonetics
Word formation
In word formation, the most important role is played by affixation and reduplication. Affixes - prefixes, suffixes, infixes (placed in front, at the end and inside the word, respectively). Often a word has both a prefix and a suffix.
Most productive prefixes
per- forms transitive verbs.
pe- (peng-, pem-, pen-, penj-) forms nouns with the meaning of a tool and a doer, has different forms depending on whether it stands in front of a vowel or a consonant.
se- forms alliances and adverbs.
Examples: besar (great) - perbesar (enlarge), dua (two) - perdua (double), lukis (draw) - pelukis (artist), lalu (past) - selalu (always), lama (time) - selama (in flow).
Most productive suffixes
-an shows the result, the object of action, means, tool, similarity, collective concepts.
-i, -kan forms transitive verbs.
Examples: larang (forbid) - larangan (ban), manis (sweet) - manisan (sweets), mata (eye) - matai (look), satu (one) - satukan (to combine)
Prefix + suffix
ke ... an forms an action or state.
pe ... an forms verbal nouns denoting a process.
per… an the same, process, action, but from adjectives.
Examples: satu (one) - kesatuan (unity), pulau (island) - kepulauan (archipelago), membatas (restrict) - pembatasan (restriction), dagang (trade) - perdagangan (trade), adab (civilization) - peradaban (civilized )
Infixes
-em-, -el-, -er- form adjectives.
Examples: guruh (thunder) - gemuruh (thunderous)
Reduplication
Examples of:
nenek-moyang (ancestors), where nenek - grandfather, grandmother, moyang - great-grandfather, great-grandmother
air-mata (tears), where air is water, mata is an eye
tanah-air (homeland), where tanah is earth, air is water
hari-besar (holiday), where hari is day, besar is big, great
The composition of the proposal
Simple sentences can be common and non-common. The uncommon ones consist only of the main members - the subject and the predicate. For example: Toko tutup. - The store is closed.
In addition to the main members of the proposal, the composition of a simple common sentence also includes minor members: definition, addition and circumstances.
The subject usually precedes the predicate and can be expressed by a noun or demonstrative pronoun: Anak makan. - The child is eating. Ini pintu. - This is the door.
The predicate can be verb: Anak ini makan. - This child is eating.
The verbs makam and minum can be followed by an adjoining object. Kami minum kopi. - We drink coffee. Anak itu makan ikan. - That kid is eating fish.
The predicate can be nominal: Ini kota. - This city.
Word order
Word order in an Indonesian sentence is one of the main means of expressing the relationship between words.
The main feature of definition highlighting is position. The definition always follows immediately after the word being defined and can be expressed by a noun, verb, adjective, or pronoun. For example: paman anak - child's uncle; kaki kanan - right leg; anak ini is this child.
Demonstrative pronouns ini and itu used as definitions always follow the defined word or enclose the group of words to which they refer. For example: anak kakak itu - older brother's child.
The subject with the related words constitute the subject group. The predicate with the words related to it make up the predicate group. In a sentence, the subject group usually precedes the predicate group and is separated from it by a pause, for example:
Toko ini / tutup. - This store is closed. Kakek ini / paman anak itu. - This grandfather of that child's uncle.
The demonstrative pronouns ini and itu often delimit the subject group from the predicate group and are themselves often included in the subject group.
Parts of speech
i am hamba, saya (officially), aku (informally)
you are anda, saudara (officially), kamu (informally)
he is dia, ia, beliau
we are kami (not including the listener), kita (including the listener)
you are saudara-saudara, saudara sekalian
The role of possessive pronouns is played by enclitics (suffixes): My (officially) -… saya;
Mine (informally) is… ku /… aku;
Your (officially) - ... Anda / Saudara;
Your (informally) -… kamu /… mu;
His / her -… dia; nya;
Theirs are ... mereka;
my food is makanan saya, makananku your food is makanan Anda, makananmu his / her food is makanan dia their food is makanan mereka
Rumahku is my home, rumahmu is your home, rumahnya is his, her home.
Relative-interrogative: Who is siapa, What is apa, Who is yang mana
Returnable: sendiri - myself, myself (for all persons), diriku - me, myself, dirimu - you, you yourself, dirinya - him, her, he himself, she herself.
Demonstrative pronouns:
itu - this, that, ini - this, this.
The demonstrative pronoun ini - "this, this, this" is used to indicate objects that are in the speaker's sphere, that is, near the speaker. The demonstrative pronoun itu - "that, that, that" - in the sphere of the interlocutor.
Indefinite: semua - everything, segala - everything, everything, masing-masing - everyone, tiap - everyone, everyone, apa-apa - something, something, apapun - whatever.
Adverbs of time: sekarang - now, kini - now, dulu - before, first, kemudian - then, sudah - already, masih - still, belum - not yet, kemarin - yesterday, besok - tomorrow, bila (mana) - when, pernah - when -or, tidak pernah - never.
Adverbs of place: disini - here, kesini - here, disitu - there, darisini - from here, dimana-mana - everywhere, kebawah - down, dimana - where, kemana - where, kesini, kemari - here, kesitu, kesana - there, dimanapun - where whatever.
Modal adverbs: seharusnya - necessary, semoga-moga - let, jangan - not necessary, tidak - no, no (for predicate and definition), ya - yes, bukan (no for subject), dilarang - prohibited.
Adverbs of degree: sangat - very much, banyak - much, sedikit - little, kurang - less, lebih - more, paling - most.
Other: bagus - great, baik - good, baik sekali - very good, tentu - of course, mungkin - maybe biasanya - usually, tidak-baik, jelek - bad, boleh - please, bisa - you can, perlu - you need, berapa - how much , beberapa - several, cepat - fast, pelan - slow, jauh - far, dekat - close, didalam - inside, diluar - outside, diatas - above, dibawah - below, lurus - straight, kemuka, terus - forward, kebelakang - back , kekanan - to the right, kekiri - to the left, lama - long ago, tidak lama lagi - soon, pernah - once, belum pernah - never before.
Alliances: dan - and, tetapi - but, namun - however, melainkan - a, karena - because, because, karena itu - therefore, jika, ayo - come on, kalau - if, meskipun - although, atau - or, bahwa, bahasa, yang - what, supaja - to.
Basic prepositions: atas - on, over, for (+ Vin. pad.), dari, daripada - from, from, di - in, on, to, dengan - with, together with
Numerals
1 to 10: satu, dua, tiga, empat, lima, enam, tujuh, delapan, sembilan, sepuluh (puluh).
11 to 19 are formed by adding a suffix -belas, 11 - sebelas, 12 - duabelas, 13 - tigabelas, etc.
Tens are formed by adding a suffix -puluh, 20 - duapuluh, 30 - tigapuluh, 40 - empatpuluh, etc. 100 - seratus, 500 - limaratus, etc. 1000 - seribu, 5000 - limaribu.
82 - lapanpuluhdua.
Ordinal numbers are prefixed ke-: pertama (first, excl.), kedua (second), kelima (fifth), etc.
Verb
The verb has categories of kind and voice. By type, verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. Pledges: real, passive, medium, mutually shared. Conjugation is undeveloped. Time is shown with adverbs like "now", "yesterday", "tomorrow".
Literature and folklore
Main article: Indonesian literature
The traditional genres of Malay poetry developed in the Middle Ages and are still popular today. These include pantuns, shairs, gurindams and their various variations. The canons of Islam adopted by the Malays in the 13th-15th centuries have an increasing influence on modern Indonesian literature, while Western influences are also noticeable.
see also
- Indonesian-Malay-Russian practical transcription
Literature
- Arakin V.D. Indonesian language, M. - 1965
- Alieva N.F., Arakin V.D., Ogloblin A.K., Sirk Yu.Kh. A Grammar of the Indonesian Language, ed. Arakin V.D., M. - 1972
- Pocket Indonesian-Russian Dictionary, ed. Suhadiono, 8000 words, M. - 1959
- Comprehensive Indonesian-Russian Dictionary. In 2 volumes. Edited by R. N. Korigodsky. 56 thousand words and 48 thousand phrases. M: Russian language, 1990.
- Pogadaev, Victor. Zakharov, Light. Indonesian-Russian Phrasebook. M .: Tree of Life, 1997. ISBN 5-88713-022-9.
- Pogadaev, Victor. Zakharov, Light. Indonesian-Russian, Russian-Indonesian Phrasebook. M .: Publishing House "Ant-Guide", 2000. ISBN 5-8463-0032-4.
- Demidyuk, L.N .; Pogadaev, Victor. Russian-Indonesian dictionary. About 25 thousand words and phrases. M .: East-West, 2004. ISBN 5-478-00026-4
- Pogadaev, Victor. Indonesian-Russian and Russian-Indonesian dictionary. 60 thousand words and phrases. M .: Russian language, ID Bustard, 2008 ISBN 978-5-9576-0376-4.
- Victor Pogadaev. Kamus Rusia-Indonesia, Indonesia-Rusia. Jakarta: P. T. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2010. ISBN 978-979-22-4881-4
Links
- The Malay language is a short textbook of the Malay and Indonesian languages.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what "Indonesian" is in other dictionaries:
The language of the Indonesians, the state language of the Republic of Indonesia. It is part of the Sumatran group of the Indonesian branch of the Malay-Polynesian (or Austronesian) family of languages. The name "I. I." fixed instead of the previously existing ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The official language of Indonesia. Belongs to the Indonesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Developed on the basis of the Malay language. Writing based on the Latin alphabet INDONESIANS peoples of Indonesia, speaking the Indonesian languages \u200b\u200b(St. 95% ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
The official language of Indonesia. Belongs to the Indonesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Developed on the basis of the Malay language. Writing based on the Latin alphabet. * * * INDONESIAN LANGUAGE INDONESIAN LANGUAGE, the official language of Indonesia. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Indonesian - (Bahasa Indonesia) one of the Austronesian languages \u200b\u200b(Malay-Polynesian branch, western sub-branch). According to the traditional classification, I. i. attributed to the Indonesian languages. The official language (since 1945) and the language of interethnic communication of the Republic ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
Language Self name: Bahasa Indonesia Countries: Indonesia, East Timor Official status: Indonesia Regulatory organization: Pusat Bahasa Total number ... Wikipedia
Michael Bordt and Lisvati Seram
Translation from English:
Roman Laryushkin (e-mail: [email protected])
First edition: Jakarta, September 1991
Second Edition: Jakarta, February 1995
Adobe Acrobat version: Ottawa, October 1995
HTML version, April 1996
Multilingual project by Ilya Frankwww. franklang. ru
Russian version: Simferopol, July 2003.
Day 1. Courtesy. 3
Day 2. Taxi.. 4
Day 3. More about courtesy.. 5
Day 4. Numbers. 6
Day 5. Simple sentences. 7
Day 6. Questions... 8
Day 7. Phrases... 9
Appendix 1. Pronunciation. 10
REGULATIONS.. 10
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE.... 10
Vowels. 10
Diphthongs.. 11
Consonants (easy part). 11
Appendix 2. How to find words in the dictionary. 12
Table A-1. Definition of a root in words with "me" and "pe". 12
Appendix 3. Dictionary. 14
Grammar notes.. 14
Introduction
Face it - whether you are visiting Indonesia for a week or for 10 years, it is not only polite and helpful to know at least a little of the language, but in many cases it is absolutely necessary. If you don't want to be caught at the Borobudur Hotel (one of the oldest luxury hotels in Jakarta) or limited to traveling with an interpreter, you need to be able to communicate with these fun, friendly and strange people. This booklet gives you an effortless approach to learning the basics of the Indonesian language, Bahasa Indonesia.
You should also encounter a structured, functional approach to learning Indonesian. In phrasebooks, you can find many phrases for special occasions ("Is this play a comedy or a tragedy?"). Usually they are poorly organized for social situations (going to the market, at customs), when you most likely will have neither the time nor the inclination to fiddle with a stupid phrasebook, even if you took it with you, which is extremely unlikely. With these books, you can either memorize a couple of hundred phrases that may or may not have use. Or you can keep this book in your pocket and hope your fingers are quick enough to find the translation of the phrase “turn left here” before the taxi takes you completely out of town in a straight line.
Grammars and dictionaries, while good for long-term language learning, will get in the way even more in taxis and at the supermarket checkout. Learning cassettes also have a place in the study of oral communication, but this approach takes time and effort to achieve practical results.
What is required for a short-term visitor, and even for a long-term visitor who has just arrived, is a list of common, useful and essential words and phrases, grouped so that the most useful ones can be learned and used first.
The most useful phrasebook I have found is Indonesian Words and Phrases by the American Women "s Association... It provides some of the most important basic concepts and I highly recommend it, but no one wants to memorize an entire book on their first day in a new country. The following list of words, grouped by day, will help you get through the first week as you make plans for a deeper study of the language.
Variants of words in the following dictionary are given in square brackets, separated by vertical bars (eg \u003d [morning | afternoon | day | evening]; pagi - morning, etc.). Words to be inserted (...) can be replaced from any phrasebook or dictionary in Appendix 3.
The apps include a pronunciation guide, help finding words in the dictionary, and a short list of required words.
She started learning Indonesian. And mostly under the impression of how easily Irka communicates with the locals. And I started to learn Indonesian literally from the first days. Every day I listen to audio courses while riding my bike to the spot.
Indonesian, by the way, is very simple. And the funny thing is, I've already met a couple of words borrowed from Arabic. Moreover, the first word - "mumkin" - I heard right on the first day and was very surprised to learn that it means the same thing as in Arabic. Later I read somewhere that in Indonesian about 3000 words are borrowed from Arabic.
Indonesian uses Latin letters and this is a huge plus (compared to Arabic script or even the one used in Vietnam!).
The grammar is incredibly simplified - there are no declensions and conjugations, and verbs also have no special tenses. That is, if you want to say “I write,” “you write,” “we wrote,” “they will write,” the verb to write will sound the same all the time. With pronouns, everything is also quite simple - possessive, personal, and in general all pronouns coincide, there are no cases either. That is, “I”, “me,” “mine,” “me,” and so forth - all the time the same word.
Multiple tense is formed funny: the word is simply repeated two times in a row. By the way, I really want to say something about something with a reinforcing effect (for example, "very slowly", or "exactly the same"), just repeats the keyword twice. There are very funny options. For example, the word "eye" is "mata" and "spy" is matamata.
I also like the simplicity of the formation of some words. For example, a restaurant literally sounds like "house of food", and "tears" - like "eye water", or an Englishman is just a "man of England", English is "the language of England" and many other things like that.
And the language itself, do you know why it is called bahasa indonesia? in Indonesian bahasa is a language. So this is the “language of Indonesia”, everything is simple :)
True, there are some tricky jokes. For example, you need to learn two options for the word "we", one option includes the person you are talking to, and the second does not. There is also a formal and informal form for each pronoun. So I had to learn two options for each.
Therefore, in essence, you just need to learn the words and that's it. Pronunciation is also not very difficult for Russians. Not what was in Arabic :)
In addition, I found a very cool audio course (more precisely, Ira suggested it to me), thanks to which it is very convenient to cram words directly on topics. (Pimsler this time somehow completely disappointed). Therefore, you can often see me on a bike, driving and muttering something to itself, do not be surprised, this is me teaching Indonesian.
Indonesian mini phrasebook:
1 - satu
2 - dua
3 - tiga
4 - empath
5 - lima
6 - enam
7 - tujukh
8 - paw
9 - sembilan
10 - sepulukh
11 - sebelas
12 - duabelas
20 - duapuluh
100 - town hall
1000 - ribu
1,000,000 - jute
Good morning - salamat pagi
Good afternoon - salamat siam
Good evening - salamat sore
Good night - salamat malam
Bye! (to the one who remains) - Salamat tingal
Bye! (to the one who leaves) - Salamat jalan
Thank you (big) - Trima kasi (banyak)
Yes - Ya
No - Tidak
I am Saya
You are Anda
He / she is Dia
Sorry - maaf
Allow me - permisi
I don't understand - Tidak Mengerty
I don't know - Tidak tahu
What country are you from? - Anda apa negara?
I am from Russia - Saya dari Rusia
What's your name? - Anda apa nama?
My name is ... - Nama saya ...
My age ... - Saya is umur ...
I speak a little Indonesian - Saya Bisa Bahasa Indonesia Sadikit-Sadikit.
I don't speak Indonesian - Saya Tidak Bisa Bahasa Indonesia
I study Indonesian - Saya beljar bahasa Indonesia
Where? - Dimana?
Where? - Keman?
Where from? - Dariman?
Far away - Jauch
Close - Decat
Straight - Terus
Left - Kiri
Right - kanan
Food - Makan
Drink - Minum
Rice - Nasi
Noodles - Mi
Fried - goreng
Chicken - Ayam
Fish - Icahn
Pork - Babi
Beef - Sapi
Spinach - Cancun
(Young) coconut - kelapa (muda)
Eggs - Telur
Water (drinking) - Air (minimum)
Banana - Pisan
Bread - Roti
Tea - Te
Coffee (with milk) - Kopi (susu)
Sweet - Manis
Sharp - Pedas
How much is? - Brapa hargan
Expensive - Mahal!
Toilet - Kamar Kecil
Bathroom - Kamar mandi
House - rooms
Indonesian (in indon. Bahasa Indonesia) Is an Austronesian language that is a standardized form of Malay and is spoken in Indonesia. About 30 million people use Indonesian as their first language, and 140 million people use it as their second language. Linguistically, Indonesia is a multinational region in which Indonesian is used as the lingua franca, despite the fact that there are even more Javanese speakers - about 75 million.
During the period when Indonesia was a Dutch colony, Indonesian was written using the Latin alphabet, and this letter was characterized by a number of spelling features of the Dutch language. In Indonesian, this alphabet was called ejaan lama (ancient script).
In the 1930s, as part of the independence movement, the Indonesian language was standardized and the term Bahasa Indonesia was adopted as the name of this language.
In 1947 the letter combination oe was changed to u. Then, in 1972, President Suharto introduced a series of formal changes to the spelling system. Major changes included converting ch to kh, dj to j, j to y, nj to ny, sj to sy, and tj to c.
Indonesian alphabet
| A a | B b | C c | D d | E e | F f | G g | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m |
| a | be | ce | de | e | ef | ge | ha | i | je | ka | el | em |
| N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s | T t | U u | V v | W w | X x | Y y | Z z |
| ru | o | pe | ki | er | es | te | u | fe | we | eks | ye | zet |
Phonetic transcription of the Indonesian language (Cara Pengucapan)
Vowels and diphthongs
Consonants
Notes:
- There are four digraphs: ng (eng), ny (nye), kh (kha), and sy (sya). The last two are found exclusively in words of Arabic origin.
- The vowels e and o are pronounced as [ɛ] and [ɔ] in closed last syllables.
- ai and au are are pronounced as in the final position and as separate vowels, or elsewhere.
- The letters q, v, x and z are used in words borrowed from Europe and India.