Appendix 3. Family tree of the genus

February 21, 1613 at the Great Moscow Cathedral was collected, i.e acquired The founder of the new Royal Dynasty, the young boyar Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov. The spiritual difference between the strong-willed "collective" election by majority power and unanimous gaining the legitimate Heir to the Throne through a conciliar test of God's will is very significant, although in historiographic literature it is customary to speak of the “election” of the Tsar by the Council. But the conciliar documents themselves testify only to the unanimous, unanimous obraz- the acquisition of a new Emperor and Dynasty. The same documents are called Tsar Michael the chosen one of God,and not only a personal chosen one, but also according to the dignity of His Family, chosen by God.

According to genealogical legends, the Russian boyar clan of the Romanovs originates from the "from Lithuania" voivode of the princely clan Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who arrived in the 1330s from Veliky Novgorod to serve at the Court of Grand Duke John Danilovich Kalita. In some genealogical records, Andrei Kobyla is indicated as having arrived "from Prus", that is, from Prussia, or "from Nemets". All these characteristics - from Lithuania, from Prussia or from the Germans do not contradict each other - they mean the same lands on the southeastern coast of the Varangian (Baltic) Sea.

Ancient Prussia is a vast area on the South-East coast of the Baltic, in the first quarter of the 13th century it was conquered by the German Teutonic Order and forcibly Germanized. But part of the lands of East Prussia at the same time fell into the possession of the Lithuanian principality, whose statehood, in turn, was based on the Old Russian cultural tradition: until the first third of the 16th century, the written language of Lithuania was the Old Russian language, in which chronicles, legal and commercial records were kept.

These lands have been inhabited since ancient times by the Japhethic Slavic and Baltic tribes who lived in close cultural interaction. The surviving fragments of the ancient Prussian language indicate its proximity, on the one hand, to the Slavic language, on the other hand, to the Baltic dialects, to which the unwritten Lithuanian language also belonged.

Prusskaya Street has existed in Veliky Novgorod since ancient times. Located at the Zagorodsky End, it originated from the Intercession Gate of Novgorodsky Detinets (the central part of the Kremlin), and it was a place of settlement not for visiting foreigners, but for indigenous Orthodox Novgorodians. The first mention of Prusskaya Street in the history of Novgorod dates back to 1218, when, during the mutiny of the Trade Side and the Nerevsky End, Lyudin ended and the inhabitants of Prusskaya Street supported the mayor Tverdislav. The name of the street is found in the Novgorod Chronicle and under 1230. But archaeological research indicates that a street already existed on this site as an urban structure long before 1218, possibly with the same name, because the mention of 1218 does not say about the foundation or name of this Prusskaya street. It's just that this year is the oldest surviving mention of her. Another mention in the Novgorod Chronicle refers to 1230 - in connection with the temple of the Twelve Apostles on the Propastekh, near which Novgorodians who were dying of starvation in 1230 were massively buried. It is also significant that the year 1218 testifies to the compact settlement of Orthodox Prussian Slavs in Novgorod even before the start of the capture of East Prussia in 1225 by the Teutonic Order.

Many noble native Novgorod surnames traced their origin "from Prus". For example, the Prussian voivode of Slavic origin Mikhail Prushanin was famous, who arrived in Veliky Novgorod with his retinue at the beginning of the 13th century and then served the Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky. According to some legends, Mikhail Prushanin took part in the famous battle of the Neva (1240), according to others, his son was a participant in the battle.

Mikhail Prushanin was the founder of the Russian noble and boyar families of Shestov, Morozov, Saltykov. The mother of Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich Ksenia Ioannovna - the Great Nun Martha, was the daughter of Ivan Vasilyevich Shestov.

According to family legend, Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla was one of the sons of the Prussian prince Divon Aleksa (Bear), a direct descendant of the Prussian Tsar Videut, whose life span is dated to the 4th century A.D.

Prince Divon received Holy Baptism in Novgorod the Great with the name John. The famous Novgorodian, the hero of the Battle of the Neva Gavrila Aleksich (+ 1241), according to legend, was the brother of Prince Divon-John, perhaps not a brother, but a cousin or second cousin. Gavrilo Aleksich also became the ancestor of many noble Russian families - the Pushkins, Akinfovs, Chelyadins, Khromykh-Davydovs, Buturlins, Sviblovs, Kamensky, Kuritsins, Zamytsky, Chulkovs and others.

Their common ancestor, the Prussian Tsar Videvut with his brother Prince Bruten, arrived along the Vistula or the Neman on the Baltic coast and founded the ancient Kingdom under their command, which they apparently named after their ancestor Prus - Prussia.

The name "Prusius" is repeatedly found in the famous dynasty of the Thracian Kings, who reigned from the 5th to the 1st century BC. in Bithynia (Asia Minor) and the Balkans. And in the name of the Prince Brutusena, brother of the King of Videvut, also distantly sounds the name "Prus". In Latin, "Prussia" is written as "Borussia" (Borussia) or as "Prutenia" (Prutenia). In turn, "The Legend of St. Spiridon-Sava" and "The Legend of the Princes of Vladimir" indicate the origin of the Grand Duke Rurik of Novgorod from Prince Prus - the brother of Emperor Augustus. Roman history does not know such a sibling in Octavian Augustus, but the twinning, say, legal twinning of the Emperor Augustus himself or his predecessor, the first consul Julius Caesar with one of the descendants of the Bithinian Kings, who bore the name of Prusius, could well have been, which has been brought to us news from the old Russian legend. This indicates that, according to such a genealogical tradition, both the ancestors of the Grand Duke Rurik of Novgorod and the ancestors of the boyar Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla could have a common ancestor of Tsarist origin.

Similar legends about common and common roots in antiquity can be traced for most of the Royal European Dynasties, they are well known to specialists in the most August genealogies. It is impossible to prove the documentary historical accuracy of such legends on the basis of strict written sources. But at the same time, history is not mathematics or classical physics, although in the overwhelming majority of historical material it operates with sufficiently accurate chronological data and documented facts. Pointing to the quite understandable fragility of such genealogical legends, the written fixation of which took place only in the XIV-XVIII centuries, genuine historical science should not reject them outright. On the contrary, it must testify to them and carefully preserve what the ancestral memory of our ancestors preserved and passed from mouth to mouth for many, many centuries, otherwise the "scientific" will be rejected what is called human memory.

The very fact that Andrei Ioannovich Kobyla, who arrived from Veliky Novgorod to Moscow at the Court of the Moscow Grand Dukes Ioann Kalita and Simeon Ioannovich Proud, was boyar, indicates that this person at that time was famous for nobility and nobility of origin. Boyarsky dignity was the highest state rank in the hierarchy of that time, then at the same time under the Grand Duke the number of boyars rarely exceeded 5-6 people, some unknown dexterous upstart would simply not have been awarded such a high rank in those days. Only really noble person boyar Andrei Kobyla could have been sent in 1347 as matchmaker to the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow, Simeon Ioannovich the Proud, to the Court of Prince Vsevolod Alexandrovich of Tver for the bride Princess Maria Alexandrovna. Moreover, that marriage contract was associated with an important diplomatic mission, as a result of which Prince Vsevolod Alexandrovich of Tverskoy had to abandon the khan's label on the Tver inheritance and return to the Principality in the Hill near Tver, handing over the Tver Principality to Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Kashinsky. Such difficult questions of dynastic marriages and the change of inheritance could not be entrusted to people of no importance, not versed in the intricacies of grand ducal diplomacy.

The very concept of "know" does not mean widespread popularity, as many now believe. The Old Russian concept of "know" denotes the bearers of special, hereditary knowledge about the wisdom of the Supreme Power, knowledge that was not taught anywhere, but passed only from older generations to younger generations. Noble people were the descendants of the bearers of the Supreme Power. To know - the keepers of the most ancient power traditions, representatives of noble families themselves were a living tradition, a living tradition, which, due to the intimate nature of that knowledge, was not recorded in detail in writing, but this special knowledge was highly appreciated by those around them, put noble people in a special position in the ancient society.

The ancient Prussians, under the leadership of King Videvut and Prince Bruten, developed the cult of the sacred white horse, known among the Baltic Slavs from ancient times, and the cult of the sacred oak in the village of Romov, whose name may indicate the archaic memory of the Apennine Rome (Roma). The symbolism of these cults was displayed on the coat of arms of Prussia, which depicted both Videut and Bruten themselves, a white horse, and an oak. According to Moscow genealogies, it is known that A.I. Kobyla had five sons - Semyon Stallion, Alexander Yolka, Vasily Ivantey, Gabriel Gavsha and Fedor Koshka. In addition, the noble Novgorod families of the Sukhovo-Kobylins and Kobylins are known, the origin of which is associated with A.I. Kobyla by the Novgorod and Tver genealogies.

Semyon Stallion became the ancestor of Russian noble families - the Zherebtsovs, Lodygins, Konovnitsyns, Kokorevs, Obraztsovs. The Kolychevs, Neplyuevs and Boborykins originate from Alexander Yolki. From Fyodor Koshka - the Koshkins, Romanovs, Sheremetevs, Yakovlevs, Golyatyevs, Bezzubtsevs and others.

"Horse" theme in the nicknames Mare, Stallion, in the surnames - Kobylins, Zherebtsovs, Konovnitsyn, toponym - Mare Settlement near Lake Peipsi near the site of the Battle on the Ice (1242), which, by the way, in 1556 was given by Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible to feed one from the Sukhovo-Kobylins, but according to written sources it has been known with this name since the middle of the 15th century (the city of Kobyla) - all this may indicate the ancestral memory of the "totem" white horse of the Prussian Tsar Videut. And the sacred oak from Romov is present in almost all the coats of arms of the above noble families, originating from Andrey Kobyla.

Fyodor Andreevich Koshka (+ 1407) was also a Moscow boyar, during the campaign of Grand Duke Dimitri Ioannovich to the Kulikovo field in 1380, boyar Fyodor Andreyevich Koshka-Kobylin was entrusted with guarding Moscow. His eldest son Ivan Fedorovich Koshkin-Kobylin (+ 1427) was also very close to Grand Duke Demetrius of the Donskoy (he is mentioned in this capacity in the will of Prince Demetrius), and then became a boyar with Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich (+ 1425) and even then young Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich (1415-1462). His youngest son Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin-Kobylin (+ 1461) also held a high boyar position at the Court of Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich.

At the same time, it should be noted that the boyar rank was never literally hereditary, although it was assigned only to the most noble people of the state, the boyar rank was necessarily served by personal exploits and merits before the Emperor, although family ties along the female lines were of no small importance. The service from generation to generation of the descendants of the boyar Andrei Kobyla to the Moscow Sovereigns in such high ranks meant that representatives of this noble family had high personal merit. Unfortunately, no information has survived about the spouses of these four generations of statesmen, from Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla to Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin. But there is no doubt that some of these marriages were concluded with representatives of the highest Moscow aristocracy, most of whom at that time were either direct, albeit distant descendants of the Grand Duke Rurik, or their closest relatives. This can additionally explain the stability of the boyar status of the Kobylins-Koshkins clan, when the degree of "competition" with the direct Rurikovichs could be mitigated precisely by family ties.

Under the Grand Duke John III Vasilievich, Yuri Zakharievich Zakharyin-Koshkin (+ 1504) became a voivode, participated in the stand on Ugra in 1480, in the campaign against Veliky Novgorod (1480) and Kazan in 1485, from 1488 he became the Grand Duke Viceroy in Veliky Novgorod , where he eradicated the heresy of the Judaizers, and received the boyar rank in 1493. The wife of Yuri Zakharievich Koshkin was the daughter of the grand-ducal boyar Ivan Borisovich Tuchkov. I.B. Tuchkov was not a representative of the Moscow aristocracy, but came from a Novgorod boyar family and entered the service of the Grand Duke of Moscow, John III Vasilievich. In 1477, as a grand-ducal boyar, he performed an important military-diplomatic mission to annex Veliky Novgorod to Moscow. Apparently, these "Novgorod" family ties can explain why the Moscow voivode Yuri Zakharievich Zakharyin-Koshkin in 1488 became the governor of Novgorod. Boyar Yuri Zakharievich had six sons, the names of five of them are Ivan, Grigory, Vasily, Mikhail, Roman and daughter Anna. Mikhail Yuryevich († 1538) served as a boyar title in 1521, Grigory Yuryevich († 1558) became a boyar in 1543.

Apparently, the youngest of the brothers, Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Yuryev (+ 1543), rose to the rank of "only" the okolnichego and the governor. But the rank of the roundabout - the second after the boyar, was extremely high in the old Russian hierarchy, the number of roundabouts in the government of the Grand Duke usually did not exceed three or four. The very fact that his siblings were boyars testifies to the preservation of the high status of the clan in this generation. Roman Yurievich is mentioned in the ranks of 1533 and 1538, he was married twice, the second of the wives was named Ulyana († 1579), presumably nee Karpova, children: Dolmat († 1545), Daniel († 1571), Nikita, Anna, Anastasia. Daniil Romanovich Zakharin-Yuriev became a boyar in 1548.

Anna Romanovna married Prince Vasily Andreevich Sitsky (+ 1578) from the Yaroslavl branch of the Rurikovichs. And the beauty's youngest daughter Anastasia Romanovna (+ 1560) became in 1547 the first Russian Tsarina - the wife of the young Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. She gave birth to the Sovereign six children, three Tsarevichs - Demetrius, John and Theodore, and three daughters - Anna, Maria and Evdokia, Tsarevich Dimitri was inadvertently drowned in infancy, and three Daughters of the Russian Tsarina did not survive infancy.

Perhaps the most famous boyar of the direct descendants of Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla was his great-great-great-great-grandson Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev (+ 1586; before his death he took monastic vows with the name Nifont). He was one of the closest associates, advisers to Tsar John and educator of Tsarevich John and Theodore. He became a roundabout in 1558, a boyar in 1562. The fame of the nobility of character and valor of Nikita Romanovich was so wide that the people composed songs about him, which were sung centuries later.

Nikita Romanovich was married twice. His first wife was Varvara Ivanovna, nee Khovrina (+ 1552). The Khovrins came from the ancient Crimean Gothic princely family of the Gavrases (in Tatar: Khovra). From his first marriage, Nikita Romanovich had two daughters - Anna Nikitichna (+ 1585), who married Prince Ivan Fedorovich Troekurov (from Rurikovich) and Euphemia (+ 1602), married to a close relative of Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Sitsky.

After the death of Varvara Ivanovna in 1552, Nikita Romanovich married a second time to Evdokia Alexandrovna, nee Princess Gorbataya-Shuiskaya from the Rurikovich clan, from the Monomakhovichs along the line of the Suzdal Princes. From this marriage, eleven more children of Nikita Romanovich are known - the elder Fyodor (in monasticism Filaret; † 1633), Martha († 1610) - the wife of the Kabardian prince Boris Keibulatovich Chekrassky, Lev († 1595), Mikhail († 1602), Alexander († 1602 ), Nikifor († 1601), Ivan nicknamed Kasha († 1640), Ulyana († 1565), Irina († 1639) - the wife of the devious Ivan Ivanovich Godunov († 1610), Anastasia († 1655) - the wife of the groom Boris Mikhailovich Lykov -Obolensky († 1646) and, finally, Vasily († 1602).

The eldest son of Nikita Romanovich Fyodor, born around 1554, became a boyar in the government of his cousin - Tsar Theodore Ioannovich - immediately after his father's death in 1586. Shortly before that, around 1585, Fyodor Nikitich married Ksenia Ivanovna, nee Shestova from the Kostroma noblemen, whose father Ivan Vasilyevich Shestov was called in 1550 among the Tsar's Thousand to serve in Moscow. Let me remind you that the Shestovs were descended from the Novgorod boyar and governor of the early 13th century Mikhail Prushanin. Fedor Nikitich and Ksenia Ivanovna had six children, four of whom died in infancy: Tatyana († 1612) - the wife of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Katyrev-Rostovsky († about 1640), Boris († 1592), Nikita († 1593), Mikhail ( † 1645), Leo († 1597), Ivan († 1599).

Boyar Fyodor Nikitich was successful in the tsarist service, but far from being in the first positions: from 1586 he served as governor in Nizhny Novgorod, in 1590 he participated in a victorious campaign against Sweden, then in 1593-1594. he was the governor in Pskov, negotiated with the ambassador of the Emperor Rudolf - Varkoch, in 1596 he was the voivode of the Tsar's regiment of the right hand, from the 1590s several local affairs concerning the boyar Theodor Nikitich Romanov have come down to us, indicating his rather influential position among Moscow boyars, some of his younger brothers were part of the expanded composition of the Sovereign Duma.

Before his death, the boyar Nikita Romanovich bequeathed to Boris Fedorovich Godunov the care of his children, and according to well-known documents, the guardianship of the tsar's brother-in-law and the first boyar - actually the ruler of Russia B.F. Godunov about Nikitichi was quite sincere, and the Romanovs themselves considered themselves to be loyal allies of B.F. Godunov, family ties also contributed to this - Irina Nikitichna was the wife of II Godunov. The sudden death of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich on January 7, 1598 did not change this situation in the relationship between B.F. Godunov and the Romanovs. Although the eldest son of the brother-in-law of Tsar John, cousin Tsar Theodore, boyar Fyodor Nikitich had a certain advantage, if not closer, then more significant kinship over the brother-in-law of Tsar Theodore and sibling Tsarina Irina Feodorovna († 1603) by the first boyar Boris Godunov, at the Great Moscow Cathedral in January-March 1598, the question of other applicants for the Tsar's Throne, except for the first boyar and ruler B.F. Godunov, was not even raised. There is no about the nomination of other applicants and clear unofficial evidence of the same period.

There are no such indications even in diplomatic reports from Russia for January-March 1598, in which foreign ambassadors tried to reflect any rumors about palace political intrigues. However, for the Western European legal consciousness of that time, the advantage of Fyodor Nikitich Romanov's rights to the Imperial Throne over the similar rights of BF Godunov was not clear. They were more likely to see contenders among the direct Rurikovichs, primarily the Shuisky princes, or they wanted to look for military reasons for interfering in the internal politics of Russia to impose applicants from the Dynasties of Europe, than to compare the rights to the Throne of B.F. Godunov and F.N. Romanov.

One of the reports from the Polish ambassador in January or early February 1598 even contained a "forecast" that B.F. Godunov, in order to maintain his position in power, would suddenly announce that Tsarevich Dimitri Ioannovich Uglitsky was not actually killed on May 15 1591, and put his man on the Throne under the guise of the son of King John. This mysterious intrigue, precisely by the Poles in a completely different vein by 1604, indicates that at the end of February 1598, foreigners could not even foresee the real decision of the Great Moscow Council.

The decisive factor in the issue of the perception of the Throne was obviously the position of St. Job, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, who believed that the brother of the Queen, in whose hands all the main reins of government were in his hands, who proved to be an experienced and courageous politician, a large-scale organizer Russian Land in urban planning, military, tax and economic matters, like no one else was able to bear the heavy Tsar's Cross. Of course, His Holiness the Patriarch was well aware that the twelfth most honorable boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov also had some hereditary advantages, but his services in state building since 1584 were immeasurably less than his contribution to the prosperity of Russia and the Russian Orthodox Church B.F. Godunov. who did a lot to establish the Patriarchate in Russia. Perhaps such a firm position of the Patriarch, which led to the fact that the Council did not even discuss other candidates for the Throne in advance, in the next two years will turn the spiritual and political compromise into a most difficult state problem.

At the Council of 1598, for the first time in the history of Russia, a terrible oath of allegiance to Tsar Boris and His Heirs was taken. His Holiness the Patriarch, who was directly involved in drafting the text of the Cathedral Oath and the formidable spiritual restraints that were imposed on possible violators of this oath, was sure that Russian believers would not agree to violate such a Cathedral oath. However, secret opponents of the new Tsar, and possibly opponents of peace itself in our Fatherland, who did not dare at the Council to raise their voices against the position of the Patriarch and the candidacy of B.F. Godunov, already in 1600 began to plot or weave an even more subtle palace intrigue imitating conspiracy. As a sign for such an obvious conspiracy or insidious hoax thereof, the villains chose the Nikitich Romanovs, and first of all the eldest of them, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich, as the heir to the Throne, according to Russian customs, of the Ladder Law, than Tsar Boris. Who was the main organizer of this conspiracy or its imitation, historians can only speculate, direct documents related to its investigation have not survived. Only one thing is clear that the Romanovs themselves in no way belonged to either the initiators or the organizers of the conspiracy, but they were nevertheless cunningly informed of this secret action, which involved them in the circle of those involved, in the circle of the guilty.

Instead of his closest associates and relatives, Tsar Boris saw in the Romanovs the main danger to himself and, more importantly, the main danger to peace in the Russian State. He was fully aware of what now, after the terrible Cathedral oath of 1598, its violation threatens Russia and the Russian People. In order to exclude the very idea of \u200b\u200bpretending to the Throne of Boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, he ordered to forcibly tonsure his relative and his wife into monasticism and exiled Monk Filaret to the Anthony-Siysk monastery in the Russian North. And the rest of the Nikitichi Romanovs - Mikhail, Alexander, Nikifor, Ivan, Vasily were taken into custody and sent into exile, where they were kept in the most severe conditions, from which they died in 1601-1602. Only Ivan Nikitich survived. He was kept on a chain in the same pit with Vasily Nikitich. The death of the brothers caused a softening of the conditions of Ivan Nikitich's exile.

After the villainous ritual sacrifice of the young Tsar Theodore Borisovich Godunov and his own wedding to the Kingdom, False Dmitry I in 1605 returned from exile all the surviving Romanovs and their relatives, and the remains of the dead were also brought to Moscow and buried in the tomb of the Romanov boyars in the Novospassky monastery. Monk Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) was ordained a priest and soon consecrated as Metropolitan of Rostov. And Ivan Nikitich Romanov was given the boyar rank. Young Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was returned to the care of Mother - the Great Nun Martha. The Romanovs, who suffered so much from the previous reign, accepted the blessings of the impostor, but did not show him any servility during the entire period of their reign that lasted less than a year. Tsar Vasily Ioannovich Shuisky, put on the throne by the local Moscow Council of 1606, assisted in the election of a new Patriarch - Metropolitan Ermogen of Kazan, who treated Metropolitan Philaret of Rostov with great respect, but to the Moscow Council of Penance at the beginning of 1607, with the participation of the deposed Patriarch St. ...

In 1608, treacherous Cossack and Polish-Lithuanian bands besieged Rostov the Great, and although Metropolitan Philaret tried to organize a defense, the traitors to Russia opened the gates of the Metropolitan's Court, St. Philaret was captured and taken in a humiliating manner near Moscow to the Tushino camp of False Dmitry II. However, this impostor decided to honor his "relative" and even "elevated" Saint Philaret to the "patriarchs". Metropolitan Filaret did not recognize false dignity, but he did Divine Services in Tushino. In 1610, Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov) was recaptured from the Tushins and after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky during the Seven Boyars was the closest associate of His Holiness Patriarch Hermogenes. By the Moscow government, Metropolitan Filaret in 1611 was sent to head a large embassy to Smolensk for negotiations with the Polish king Sigismund III. The entire embassy was captured by the Lyakhs, in which Metropolitan Filaret stayed until 1619 - until the Deulinsky truce.

In the short time of the "seven-boyars", the son of Metropolitan Filaret, young Mikhail Feodorovich, was elevated to the boyar rank. The Poles, who seized Moscow and the Kremlin in 1611, kept Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov and his Mother under house arrest, from which he was released only on October 22, 1612, and after that he and his Mother departed for his Kostroma estate Domnino.

Thus, none of the Romanovs influenced the decision of the Great Moscow Council on February 21, 1613. More precisely, a member of the council, the brother of the Metropolitan and the uncle of Mikhail Feodorovich - Ivan Nikitich Romanov was initially even against the nomination of his nephew as one of the candidates, speaking out: “... Mikhailo Fedorovich is still young ..."According to researchers, at the very beginning of the Council, Ivan Nikitich supported the candidacy of the Swedish prince Karl Philip. But when the Cossacks and representatives of the Militia began to reject any representatives of foreign dynasties, and the Don Cossacks and Russian provincial nobles nominated the young boyar Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov as the main candidate, naturally, and my uncle agreed with this unanimous point of view.

The Great Council of 1613 took a terrible oath of allegiance collected Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich and the offspring supposed from him. The new oath almost word for word, letter by letter, repeated the text of the Cathedral Oath of 1598, but this time the strength of this council's decision was enough for three centuries and four years.

This excursion into the field of ancient legends and genealogies is necessary in order to better understand the way of thinking of our ancestors, who, in the conciliar debates in February 1613, found out which of the possible contenders for the All-Russian Throne should take over the Tsar's Cross and their descendants. The exceptional nobility of the origin of the Romanov Family was of paramount importance in this decision.

Illustrations:

1. The wedding to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov

2. Legendary coat of arms of the Prussians (from the chronicle of Johannes Melmann, 1548) Arma Prutenorums - Shield (coat of arms) of Prussia

Reasons for the election of the Romanovs

- Mikhail Fedorovich was the grandson of Nikita Romanovich - the brother of Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva - the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, the most beloved and revered by the people, since the period of her reign was the most liberal during Ivan's time, and the son
- Father Michael was a monk with the rank of patriarch, which suited the church
- The Romanov family, although not very noble, is still worthy in comparison with the rest of the Russian pretenders to the throne
- The relative equidistance of the Romanovs from the political squabbles of the Time of Troubles, in contrast to the Shuisky, Mstislavsky, Kurakin and Godunovs, who are significantly involved in them
- The boyars hope for Mikhail Fedorovich's inexperience in management and, as a result, his controllability
- The Romanovs were desired by the Cossacks and the common people

The first tsar of the Romanov dynasty Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645) ruled Russia from 1613 to 1645

The royal dynasty of the Romanovs. Years of government

• 1613-1645
• 1645-1676
• 1676-1682
• 1682-1689
• 1682-1696
• 1682-1725
• 1725-1727
• 1727-1730
• 1730-1740
• 1740-1741
• 1740-1741
• 1741-1761
• 1761-1762
• 1762-1796
• 1796-1801
• 1801-1825
• 1825-1855
• 1855-1881
• 1881-1894
• 1894-1917

The Russian line of the Romanov dynasty was interrupted with Peter the Great. Elizaveta Petrovna was the daughter of Peter I and Marta Skavronskaya (the future Catherine I), in turn Marta was either Estonian or Latvian. Peter III Fedorovich is actually Karl Peter Ulrich, was the Duke of Holstein, a historical region of Germany located in the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein. His wife, the future Catherine II, in fact Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, was actually the daughter of the ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Zerbst (the territory of the modern German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt). The son of Catherine the Second and Peter the Third, Paul the First, had in wives first Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, then Sophia Dorothea of \u200b\u200bWürttemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. The son of Paul and Sophia Dorothea, Alexander I, was married to the daughter of the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, Louise Maria Augusta. Paul's second son, Emperor Nicholas I, was married to Frederick Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia. Their son, Emperor Alexander II - on the princess of the House of Hesse Maximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria ...

History of the Romanov dynasty in dates

• 1613, February 21 - Election of the Zemsky Sobor of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
• 1624 - Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Streshneva, who became the mother of the second king of the dynasty - Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet)
• 1645, July 2 - Death of Mikhail Fedorovich
• 1648, January 16 - Alexey Mikhailovich married Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, mother of the future Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
• 1671, January 22 - Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina became the second wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
• 1676, January 20 - Death of Alexei Mikhailovich
• 1682, April 17 - the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, who left no heir. Boyars proclaimed Tsar Peter, the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife Natalia Naryshkina
• 1682, May 23 - under the influence of Sophia, the sister of Tsar Fyodor, who died childless, the Boyar Duma declared the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich the Quiet and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya Ivan V Alekseevich the first tsar, and his half-brother Peter I Alekseevich - the second
• 1684, January 9 - Ivan V married Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova, mother of the future Empress Anna Ioannovna
• 1689 - Peter married Evdokia Lopukhina
• 1689, September 2 - a decree on the removal of Sophia from power and her exile to a monastery.
• 1690, February 18 - Birth of the son of Peter the First, Tsarevich Alexei
• 1696, January 26 - death of Ivan V, Peter the Great became autocrat
• 1698, September 23 - Evdokia Lopukhina, wife of Peter the Great, was exiled to a monastery, although she soon began to live as a laywoman
• 1712, February 19 - the marriage of Peter the Great to Martha Skavronskaya, the future Empress Catherine the First, mother of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
• 1715, October 12 - birth of the son of Tsarevich Alexei Peter, the future Emperor Peter II
• 1716, September 20 - Tsarevich Alexei, who disagreed with his father's policy, fled to Europe in search of political asylum, which he received in Austria
• 1717 - Under the threat of war, Austria extradited Tsarevich Alexei to Peter the Great. On September 14 he returned to his homeland
• 1718, February - the trial of Tsarevich Alexei
• 1718, March - Tsarina Evdokia Lopukhina was accused of adultery and again exiled to a monastery
• 1719, June 15 - Tsarevich Alexei died in prison
• 1725, January 28 - death of Peter the Great. With the support of the Guards, his wife Marta Skavronskaya was proclaimed Empress Catherine the First
• 1726, May 17 - Catherine the First died. The throne was occupied by the twelve-year-old Peter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei
• 1729, November - betrothal of Peter II to Ekaterina Dolgoruka
• 1730, January 30 - Peter II died. The Supreme Privy Council proclaimed him heiress, daughter of Ivan V, son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
• 1731 - Anna Ioannovna appointed Anna Leopoldovna, the daughter of her elder sister Catherine Ioannovna, who in turn was the daughter of the same Ivan V, the heir to the throne
• 1740, August 12 - Anna Leopoldovna's son, Ivan Antonovich, the future Tsar Ivan VI, was born to Anna Leopoldovna from her marriage with the Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, Anton Ulrich
• 1740, October 5 - Anna Ioannovna appointed the young Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, heir to the throne
• 1740, October 17 - Death of Anna Ioannovna, Duke Biron was appointed regent under two-month-old Ivan Antonovich
• 1740, November 8 - Biron was arrested, Anna Leopoldovna was appointed regent under Ivan Antonovich
• 1741, November 25 - as a result of a palace coup, the Russian throne was taken by the daughter of Peter the Great from her marriage to Catherine the First, Elizaveta Petrovna
• 1742, January - Anna Leopoldovna and her son were arrested
• 1742, November - Elizaveta Petrovna appointed her nephew, the son of her sister, the second daughter of Peter the Great from her marriage to Catherine the First (Marta Skavronsa) Anna Petrovna, Peter Fedorovich as heir to the throne
• 1746, March - Anna Leopoldovna died in Kholmogory
• 1745, August 21 - Peter the Third married Sophia-Frederica-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, who took the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna
• 1746, March 19 - Anna Leopoldovna died in exile in Kholmogory
• 1754, September 20 - the son of Peter Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna Pavel, the future Emperor Paul the First, was born
• 1761, December 25 - Elizaveta Petrovna died. Peter the Third took office
• 1762, June 28 - as a result of the coup d'état, Russia was headed by Ekaterina Alekseevna, the wife of Peter III
• 1762, June 29 - Peter the Third abdicated the throne, was arrested and imprisoned in the Ropshensky castle near St. Petersburg
• 1762, July 17 - death of Peter III (died or was killed - unknown)
• 1762, September 2 - coronation of Catherine II in Moscow
• 1764, July 16 - after 23 years of being in the Shlisselburg fortress, Ivan Antonovich, Tsar Ivan VI, was killed while trying to liberate.
• 1773, October 10 - (September 29 O.S.) married Princess Augusta-Wilhelmine-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name of Natalia Alekseevna
• 1776, April 15 - Pavel's wife Natalya Alekseevna died in childbirth
• 1776, October 7 - The heir to the throne Paul remarried. This time on Maria Feodorovna, Princess Sophia Dorothea of \u200b\u200bWürttemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg
• 1777, December 23 - the birth of the son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander the First
• 1779, May 8 - the birth of another son of Paul the First and Maria Fedorovna Constantine
• 1796, July 6 - birth of the third son of Paul the First and Maria Fedorovna Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas the First
• 1796, November 6 - Catherine II died, Paul the First on the throne
• 1797, February 5 - coronation of Paul I in Moscow
• 1801, March 12 - Coup. Paul the First is killed by conspirators. His son Alexander is on the throne
• 1801, September - coronation of Alexander I in Moscow
• 1817, July 13 - marriage of Nikolai Pavlovich and Frederica Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia (Alexandra Feodorovna), mother of the future Emperor Alexander II
• 1818, April 29 - Nikolai Pavlovich and Alexandra Feodorovna had a son, Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander II
• 1823, August 28 - secret abdication of the throne of his heir, the second son of Alexander the First, Constantine
• 1825, December 1 - death of Emperor Alexander I
• 1825, December 9 - the army and civil servants took an oath of allegiance to the new emperor Constantine
• 1825 December - Constantine confirms his desire to abdicate
• 1825, December 14 - the uprising of the Decembrists while trying to bring the guard to the oath of the new emperor Nikolai Pavlovich. Rebellion suppressed
• 1826, September 3 - the coronation of Nicholas in Moscow
• 1841, April 28 - marriage of the heir to the throne Alexander (II) with Princess Maximiliana Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (in Orthodoxy Maria Alexandrovna)
• 1845, March 10 - Alexander and Mary had a son, Alexander, the future emperor Alexander the Third
• 1855, March 2 - Nikolai the First died. His son Alexander II is on the throne
• 1866, April 4 - the first, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1866, October 28 - the son of Alexander II, Alexander (the third), married the Danish princess Maria Sophia Frederick Dagmar (Maria Feodorovna), mother of the future emperor Nicholas II.
• 1867, May 25 - the second, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1868, May 18 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna had a son, Nikolai, the future Emperor Nikolai II
• 1878, November 22 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna had a son Mikhail, the future Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
• 1879, April 14 - the third, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1879, November 19 - the fourth, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1880, February 17 - the fifth, unsuccessful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1881, April 1 - the sixth, successful, attempt on the life of Alexander II
• 1883, May 27 - coronation of Alexander III in Moscow
• 1894, October 20 - death of Alexander III
• 1894, October 21 - Nicholas II on the throne
• 1894, November 14 - marriage of Nicholas II with the German princess Alisa of Hesse, in Orthodoxy Alexandra Fedorovna
• 1896, May 26 - coronation of Nicholas II in Moscow
• 1904, August 12 - a son was born to Nikolai and Alexandra, heir to the throne Alexey
• 1917, March 15 (new style) - in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
• 1917, March 16 - Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich abdicated in favor of the Provisional Government. The history of the monarchy in Russia is over
• 1918, July 17 - Nicholas II, his family and associates

The death of the royal family

Descending the inner staircase, the procession stepped into the courtyard and turned left to enter the lower floor. They were taken to the opposite end of the house, to the room where the guards had been housed before. From this room, five meters wide and six meters long, all the furniture was removed. High in the outer wall was a single semicircular window covered with bars. Only one door was open, the other, opposite it, leading to the closet, was locked. It was a dead end.

Alexandra Fyodorovna asked why there were no chairs in the room. Yurovsky ordered to bring two chairs, on one of them Nicholas sat Alexei, on the other sat the empress. The rest were ordered to line up along the wall. A few minutes later, Yurovsky entered the room, accompanied by ten armed men. He himself described the scene that followed with the following words: “When the command entered, the commandant (Yurovsky writes about himself in the third person) told the Romanovs that, in view of the fact that their relatives in Europe continued to attack Soviet Russia, the Ural Executive Committee decided to shoot them ...

Nikolai turned his back to the team, facing the family, then, as if coming to his senses, turned to the commandant with the question: “What? What?" The commandant hastily repeated and ordered the team to prepare. The team was told in advance who to shoot at whom, and ordered to aim directly at the heart, in order to avoid a large amount of blood and finish soon. Nikolai said nothing more, turning back to the family, others uttered several incoherent exclamations, all this lasted for several seconds. Then the shooting began, which lasted two to three minutes. Nikolay was killed by the commandant himself on the spot (Richard Pipes "Russian Revolution") "

Romanovs - an old Russian noble family (which bore such a surname from the middle of the 16th century), and then a dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors.

Why did the historical choice fall on the Romanov family? Where did they come from and what were they like at the time of coming to power?

Genealogical roots of the Romanov family (XII - XIV centuries)

The boyar is considered the ancestor of the Romanovs and a number of other noble families Andrey Ivanovich Mare († 1347),who was in the service of the Great Vladimir and Moscow Prince Semyon Ivanovich Proud (the eldest son of the Grand Duke Ivan Kalita).

The Mare's dark origins gave freedom to pedigree fantasies. According to the ancestral tradition, the ancestors of the Romanovs "left for Russia from Lithuania" or "from Prussia" at the beginning of the XIV century. However, many historians believe that the Romanovs came from Novgorod.

They wrote that his father Kambila Divonovich Glandwas a Zhmud prince and fled from Prussia under the onslaught of the German crusaders. It is quite possible that Kambila, who was converted into a Russian way into the Mare, having suffered defeat at home, went to serve the Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich, the son of Alexander Nevsky. According to legend, he was baptized in 1287 under the name Ivan - after all, the Prussians were pagans - and his son received the name Andrew at baptism.

Glanda, through the efforts of genealogists, descended from Ratshi (Radsha, Christian name Stefan) - a native of "Prussians", according to other Novgorodians, a servant of Vsevolod Olgovich, and perhaps Mstislav the Great; according to another version of Serbian origin.

Also known from the genealogical chain is the nameAlexa (Christian name Gorislav), in the monasticism Barlaam St. Khutynsky, died in 1215 or 1243.

No matter how amusing the legend is, the real kinship of the Romanovs is observed only with Andrei Kobyla.

Andrey Ivanovich Marehad five sons: Semyon Stallion, Alexander Yolku, Vasily Ivantai, Gabriel Gavsha and Fedor Koshku, who were the founders of 17 Russian noble houses. The Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Yakovlevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins and other families known in Russian history are traditionally considered to be of the same origin with the Romanovs (from the legendary Kambila).

The eldest son of Andrey Kobyla Semyon,nicknamed Stallion, became the ancestor of the Blues, Lodygins, Konovnitsins, Oblazevs, Obraztsovs and Kokorevs.

Second son, Alexander Yolka, gave birth to the Kolychevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins, Sterbeevs, Khludnevs and Neplyuevs.

Third son, Vasily Ivantey, died childless, and the fourth - Gabriel Gavsha - laid the foundation for only one family - Bobarykin.

Younger son, Fedor Koshka († 1393), was a boyar under Dmitry Donskoy and Vasily I; left six children (including one daughter). From him came the families of the Koshkins, Zakharyins, Yakovlevs, Lyatsky (or Lyatsky), Yuryev-Romanovs, Bezzubtsevs and Sheremetevs.

The eldest son of Fyodor Koshka Ivan Fedorovich Koshkin († 1427) served as a voivode under Vasily I and Vasily II, and his grandson,Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin († 1461), was a boyar under Vasily II.

The children of Zakhari Ivanovich Koshkin became the Koshkin-Zakharyins, and the grandchildren were simply Zakharyins. From Yuri Zakharievich went the Zakharyins-Yurievs, and from his brother Yakov - the Zakharyins-Yakovlevs.

It should be noted that numerous descendants of Andrey Kobyla married princely and boyar daughters. Their daughters were also in great demand among the noble families. As a result, in a couple of centuries they became related almost with the entire aristocracy.

The rise of the Romanov family

Tsarina Anastasia - the first wife of Ivan the Terrible

The rise of the Romanov family occurred after the marriage in 1547 of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible to Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva, which bore him a son - the future heir to the throne and the last of the Rurik family, Fyodor Ioannovich. Under Fedor Ioannovich, the Romanovs occupied a prominent position at the court.

Brother of Queen Anastasia Nikita Romanovich (+ 1586)

Brother of Queen Anastasia Nikita Romanovich Romanov († 1586)considered the ancestor of the dynasty - his descendants were already called the Romanovs.

Nikita Romanovich himself was an influential Moscow boyar, an active participant in the Livonian War and diplomatic negotiations. Of course, survival at the court of Ivan the Terrible was a rather terrible thing. And Nikita not only survived, but steadily rose and after the sudden death of the sovereign (1584) entered the nearest Duma of his nephew - Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich - along with Mstislavsky, Shuisky, Belsky and Godunov. But soon Nikita Romanovich shared his power with Boris Godunov and was tonsured under the name of Nifont. He died peacefully in 1586. He was buried in the patrimonial tomb in the Moscow Novospassky monastery.

Nikita Romanovich had 6 sons, but only two went down in history: the eldest - Fedor Nikitich(later - Patriarch Filaret and father of the first king of the Romanov dynasty) and Ivan Nikitich, which was part of the Seven Boyars.

Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (Patriarch Filaret)

Boyarin Fedor Nikitich (1554-1633) the first of his kind began to bear the surname "Romanov". As a cousin of Tsar Feodor Ioannovich (son of Ivan IV the Terrible), he was considered Boris Godunov's rival in the struggle for power after the death of Fedor Ioannovich in 1598. For love, he married a poor girl from an ancient Kostroma family, Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova, and lived with her in perfect harmony, giving birth to five sons and a daughter.

The years of the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich (1584-1598) were the happiest in the life of the future patriarch. Not burdened with the duties of government and secret intrigues, not consumed by ambition, like Boris Godunov or the gloomy envious person Vasily Shuisky, he lived for his own pleasure, while laying the foundation for an even greater rise of the Romanov family. Over the years, the rapid rise of Romanov became more and more concerned about Godunov. Fyodor Nikitich continued to play the role of a carefree young man who takes his position for granted, but he was too close to the throne, which sooner or later had to empty.

With the coming to power of Boris Godunov, together with the other Romanovs, he was disgraced and exiled in 1600 to the Anthony-Siysky monastery, located 160 km from Arkhangelsk. His brothers, Alexander, Mikhail, Ivan and Vasily, were tonsured as monks and exiled to Siberia, where most of them died. In 1601 he and his wife Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova were forcibly tonsured into monks under the names "Filaret" and "Martha", which should have deprived them of their rights to the throne. But, who appeared on the Russian throne, False Dmitry I (who before accession was Grishka Otrepiev's serf with the Romanovs), wishing to prove in practice his kinship with the Romanovs' house, in 1605 returned Filaret from exile and elevated him to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov. And False Dmitry II, in whose Tushino headquarters Filaret was, made him patriarch. True, Filaret presented himself as a "prisoner" of the impostor and did not insist on his patriarchal dignity ...

In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Filaret's son to reign Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov... His mother, nun Martha, blessed him to reign with the Feodorovskaya icon of the Mother of God, and from that moment the icon became one of the shrines of the Romanov dynasty. And in 1619, former boyar Fyodor Nikitich, with the light hand of his son, Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, became the "official" Patriarch Filaret. But by his nature he was a secular man and little versed in church-theological affairs proper. As a parent of the sovereign, until the end of his life he was officially his co-ruler. He used the title “Great Sovereign” and a completely unusual combination of the monastic name “Filaret” with the patronymic “Nikitich”; in fact, he was in charge of Moscow politics.

The further fate of the Romanovs is the history of Russia.