Factories that Stalin did not build. Factories that Stalin did not build Metalworking and mechanical factories

Today we have a book found on the net and reassembled.
Pages were cut and aligned, black margins were cut off, text was recognized. Quality is limited by the quality of the source. There are no other volumes (and this is a multivolume).

HISTORY INDUSTRIALIZATIONUSSR

1926-1941

INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE USSR

1929-1932

DOCUMENTS AND MATERIALS

PUBLISHING HOUSE "SCIENCE"

MOSCOW 1970

FOREWORD

Published the second collection of the edition of the all-Union series documents on the history of industrialization of the USSR (1926-1941)contains materials about the first five-year plan.

The task of the first five-year plan, set by the Communist party, was to build in the shortest possible timethe foundation of the socialist economy in the form of a powerfulheavy industry and socialist agriculture,strengthen the country's defense, eliminatecapitalist elements of town and country. Based on this task,almost three quarters of capital investment in industrywas sent to the heavy industry, producing fundsproduction. It was necessary to build over 1500 enterprises,including such giants as Magnitogorsk and Kuznetskmetallurgical plants, Stalingrad and Kharkovtractor plants, Gorky Automobile, and a number of others.The threat of aggression by the imperialist countries causedthe need for extremely high rates of industrialconstruction.

The implementation of the first five-year plan took place in difficult environment and with the enormous difficulties associated withcapitalist encirclement, class struggle within the country,right-wing opposition speeches against high ratessocialist construction and the attack on the kulak. To thattime in the country, the need for foreign exchangefunds for the purchase of equipment abroad. On currencybalance sheet of the country was negatively affected by a decrease inas a result of the world economic crisis (1929-1933) prices forraw materials and agricultural products that make up the mainitem of Soviet export. Large and difficult to solvethe problem was the training of qualified personnelworkers and engineering and technical workers. Besides,there was no experience of mass industrial construction andorganization of large-scale production.

The advantages of the socialist economic system, skillfullyused by the Communist Party and the Sovietgovernment, the heroic work of the Soviet people, in the firstthe turn of the working class, were the key to successfulovercoming difficulties and early completion of tasks of the firstfive-year plan in 4 years and 3 months. In a short time werecreated a modern heavy industry, advancedmechanical engineering, mainly technical dependence has been eliminatedThe Soviet state from the capitalist countries, made largesuccesses in training skilled workers andspecialists. Widely developed construction from semi-handicraftindustry turned into a branch of industrial labor. INThe Soviet Union created a base for the reconstruction of allbranches of the national economy were basically liquidatedcapitalist elements of town and country. Immeasurableincreased creative activity of the working class, workingthe peasantry and the Soviet intelligentsia. A massivesocialist competition.

The main features of socialist industrialization in the years of the first five-year plan determine the structure of the publishedcollection, principles of selection and systematization of the material.The collection consists of two sections: 1. "Industry of the USSR inthe first five-year plan ", 2." The working class of the USSR in the struggle forsocialist industrialization ". We remind the reader that inthe first collection of our series in the section "The Course of the Communistparties for socialist industrialization "presentedfundamental documents in which the party is based onlenin's doctrine of socialism gave a detailed programsocialist industrialization, - the resolution of the XIV Congress,XV All-Russian Conference and XV Congress of the CPSU (b) K Withouta thorough study of these documents is impossible seriousresearch and analysis of materials published in thiscollection. Documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU relating to 1928-1932, in this publication are placed according to the topic and chronology, without separating them into a special section. Each sectionthe collection consists of chapters covering the following issues:industrial financing, capital constructionin industry, organization of production and work resultsindustry, the size and composition of the working class,the problem of training workers and technical specialists,socialist competition and the participation of the working class inproduction management.

Anti-Sovietists often ask, where, they say, are all these factories built under Stalin, give a list. I give a list of factories, factories, power plants and others built from 1938 to 1941.

The list of factories built under Stalin, broken down by industry:

Power plants

1. ACHES, Adjaris-Tskhalinskaya, Batumi, Georgian SSR 67

2. Gyumush, on the river Rozdan, Armenian SSR 69

3. Dnieper, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR 46

4. Dneprodzerzhinskaya, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Ukrainian SSR 48

5. Dubrovskaya, r.p. Dubrovka, Leningrad region 46

6. Zakamskaya, r.p. Zakamsk, Molotovskaya. region 46

7. Zemo-Avchal, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 46, 67

8. Zuevskaya, Khartsyzsk, Ukrainian SSR 363

9. Ivanovskaya, Ivanovo, Ivanovskaya region 70

10. Kaluga, Kaluga, Tula region. 69

11. Kanakerskaya, urban-type settlement Kanaker, Armenian SSR 46, 67, 69

12. Karaganda, Karaganda, Kazakh SSR 70

13. Krasin named after, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 48

14. "Red Star", Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 46

15. Krasnogorsk, Kamensk, Chelyabinsk region. 61

16. Krasnodar, Krasnodar, Krasnodar Territory 70

17. Krasnozavodskaya, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 46

18. Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk region 70

19. Kuvasay, r.p. Kuvasay, Uzbek SSR 66, 70

20. Kurakhovskaya, p.g. Kurakhovka, Stalin region, USSR 70, 363

21. Leningradskaya number 10, Leningrad 363

22. Nesvetaevskaya, r.p. Small Nesvetay, Rostov region 70

23. Nivskaya, Kirovsk, Murmansk region. 69

24. Orsk, Orsk, Chkalovsk region. 46, 70

25. Rybinsk, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region. 69

26.Svirskaya number 2, Leningrad 69

27. Svistukhinskaya, Ordzhonikidze region 70

28. North Donetsk, r.p. Post Lyubimovsky, Ukrainian SSR 70

29. Serebryanskaya, p. Miass, Chelyabinsk region 70

30. Stalinogorsk, Stalinogorsk, Tula region. 46, 363

31. Sumgait, urban settlement Sumgait, Azerbaijan SSR 67

32. Sukhumi, Sukhumi, Georgian SSR 69

33. Syzran, Syzran, Kuibyshev region. 70

34. Syasskaya, r.p. Syasstroy, Leningrad region 70

35. Tulomskaya, on the river. Tuloma, Murmansk region 46

36. Uglich, Uglich, Yaroslavl region. 69

37. Frunzenskaya, Moscow, 363

38. Khabarovskaya, Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Territory 70

39. Temple, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 69

40. Chirchikskaya, Chirchik, Uzbek SSR 66, 69

Coal industry

41. Friendly, Donbass 48 Ilyich named after, Krivoy Rog, Ukrainian SSR 336

42. Kalinin named after, Gorlovka, Ukrainian SSR 377

43. Junction No. 2, r.p. Uzlovaya, Tula region 361, 362

44. Central Bokovskaya, p.g.t. Tsentralno-Bokovsky, Ukrainian SSR 48

45. Mine No. 3 of the Snezhnyananthracite Trust 387

46. \u200b\u200bMine No. 6, Krasny Luch, Ukrainian SSR 387

47. Mine No. 8 Gorlovka, Ukrainian SSR 377

48. Mine No. 8, Bobriki, Moscow region. 362

49. Mine No. 11-bis, r.p. Alekseevo-Leonovo, Ukrainian SSR 377

50. Mine No. 18, settlement Alekseevo-Leonovo, Ukrainian SSR 293, 326

51. Mine No. 19, Bobriki, Moscow region 362

52. Mine No. 20, Bobriki, Moscow region. 362

53. Mine "Krasnogvardeyskaya" of the USSR People's Commissariat of Metallurgy, Krasnouralsk, Sverdlovsk region. 359, 360

Oil industry

54. Baku soot factories, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 46

55. Komsomolsk drilling No. 133 of Mirzani oil field, Georgian SSR 377

56. Leningrad Gas Plant, Leningrad 75

57. Moscow Coke and Gas Plant, Moscow 75

58. Moscow cracking plant, Moscow 46

59. Oil pipeline Gor.a-Gorskaya - Grozny 46

60. Oil pipeline Izberbash - Makhach-Kala 48

61. Ufa Oil Refinery, Ufa, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 48

62. Schmidt named after, plant, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 337

Metallurgical industry

63. Azovstal see Alapaevsky Ordzhonikidze, Alapaevsk, Sverdlovsk region. 346

64. Almaznyanekiy, p.g.t. Almaznaya, Ukrainian SSR 357

65. Amurstalstroy, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Territory

66. Andreev named after, Tatanrog, Rostov region.

67. Bakalsky, r.p. Bakal, Chelyabinsk region 71

68. Baku Pipe Rolling, Baku,

69. Azerbaijan SSR 71 Beloretsk, Beloretsk, Bashkir ASSR 346, 399

70. Voykov named after, Kerch, Crimean ASSR 152

71. Voroshilov named after, Voroshilovsk, Ukrainian SSR

72. Vyksa, Vyksa, Gorky region. 341, 358

73. Far East see Amurstalstroy

74.Dzerzhinsky named, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Ukrainian SSR 355

75.Dzerzhinsky named, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR

76.Dneprospetsstal, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR 152

77. Donetsk, Stalin, Ukrainian SSR

78. Zaporizhstal, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR

79. Zlatoustovsky, Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk region.

80. Ilyich named after, Mariupol, Ukrainian SSR 347, 374

81. Karl Liebknecht named after, Nizhnedneprovsk, Ukrainian SSR 152, 348

82. Kemerovo pipe-rolling plant, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk region. 71

83. Kerch, see Voikov named after

84. Kirov named after, Makeevka, Ukrainian SSR

85. Comintern named after, Nizhnedneprovsk, Ukrainian SSR 347

86. Kosogorskiy, Tula, Tula region. 348

87. Kramatorskiy see Kuibyshev named after

88. "Red October", Stalingrad, Stalingrad region.

89. Krivoy Rog, Kryvyi Rih, Ukrainian SSR

90. Kuznetskiy, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk region.

91. Kuibyshev named after, Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR 343, 347

92. Kuibyshev named after Trumpet, Mariupol, Ukrainian SSR 343, 347, 350

93. Kushvinsky, Kushva, Sverdlovsk region. 348

94. Lenin named after, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR

95. Leningrad pipe, Leningrad 330

96. Lysvensky, Lysva, Molotov region. 109

97. Magnitogorsk, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk region.

98. Makeevsky see Kirov named after

99. Mariupol see. Ilyich named after

100. Mariupol trumpet see Kuibyshev named after

101. Nadezhdinsky see Serov named after

102. Nizhne-Saldinsky, Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk region 109, 153

103. Nizhne-Serginsky, settlement Lower Sergi, Sverdlovsk region 314, 347, 356

104. Nizhne-Tagil, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region. 156, 358

105. Nikopol, see Yuzhnotrubny

106. Novo-Lipetsk, Lipetsk, Voronezh region.

107. Novo-Moskovsky, Novo-Moskovsk, Ukrainian SSR 46, 71

108. Novo-Tagil, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region.

109. Novo-Uralsky pipe-rolling, st. Khrompik, Sverdlovsk region 71, 350

110. Ordzhonikidze named after, Mariupol, Ukrainian SSR

111. Ordzhonikidze, Ordzhonikidze, Ukrainian SSR

112. Petrovsky, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Chita region

113. Petrovsky name, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR

114. Satkinsky, Satka, Chelyabinsk region 357

115. "Free Falcon", Lipetsk, Voronezh region. 348, 357

116. Serov named after, Serov, Sverdlovsk region.

117. Hammer and Sickle, Moscow

118. Sinarsky pipe foundry, Kamensk, Chelyabinsk region. 109, 331

119. Stalin's see Donetsk

120. Taganrog, see Andreev named after

121. Tirlyansky see Beloretsky

122. Ural new pipe, see Novo-Ural

123. Frunze named after, Konstantinovna, Ukrainian SSR 314, 374

124. Chelyabinsk ferroalloy, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region. 48

125. Chermozsky, r.p. Chermoz, Molotov region 358

126. Chusovoy, Chusovoy, Molotov region. 109, 348

127. Elektrostal, Elektrostal, Moscow region.

128. Yuzhnotrubny, Nikopol, Ukrainian SSR

By-product coke plants

129. Bryansk, r.p. Bryansk mine, Ukrainian SSR 109

130. Zaporozhye, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR 46

131. Kemerovo, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk region. 46

132. Mupgketovskiy, p.g.t. Mupzhetovo, Ukrainian SSR 109

Non-ferrous metallurgy plants

133. Almalyk copper-smelting plant, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR 72

134. Balkhash copper-smelting plant, Balkhash, Kazakh SSR 66, 72

135. Blyavinsky copper-sulfur plant, Blyava, Chkalovsk region. 72

136. Dzhezkazgan Copper Smelting Plant, settlement Dzhezkazgan, Kazakh SSR 66, 72

137. Kamensk Aluminum Plant, Kamensk, Chelyabinsk Region. 61, 64, 72, 136

138. Kandalaksha Aluminum Smelter, Kandalaksha, Murmansk region. 64, 72, 136

139. Kandalaksha electrolytic aluminum plant, Kandalaksha, Murmansk region. 72

140. Monchegorsk Nickel Combine, Monchegorsk, Murmansk region. 46

141. Middle Ural Copper Smelting Plant, Revda, Sverdlovsk Region. 46, 48, 72

142. Stalin Aluminum Combine, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk Region. 64, 136

143. Tikhvin Alumina Refinery, settlement Boksitogorsk, Leningrad region 72

144. Ural aluminum, see Kamensky

145. Ural Nickel Plant, Kamensk, Chelyabinsk Region. 72

146. Khalilovsky Nickel Plant, Orsk, Chkalovskaya region. 64, 71

Metalworking and mechanical plants

147. Kolchuginsky see Ordzhonikidze named after

148. "Red Etna", mechanical, Gorky, Gorky region. 402

149. Krasnopresnensky Mechanical, Moscow 235, 252, 257, 302, 310

150. Leningrad metal, Leningrad 375, 389

151. Ordzhonikidze named after the processing of non-ferrous metals, Kolchugino, Ivanovo region. 234

152. Presnensky see Krasnopresnensky

153. Serpukhov filed, Serpukhov, Moscow region. 313

154. Stalin named after Leningrad metal

155. Centrolite, iron foundry, Leningrad 124

Mechanical engineering

156. Alapaevsk automatic machines and revolving machines, Alapaevsk, Sverdlovsk region. 67

157. Alapaevsk machine-tool building, Alapaevsk, Sverdlovsk region. 376

158. "Bolshevik", machine-building Leningrad 375

159. Valcetokarny, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Ukrainian SSR 342

160. Vladimirsky modular machine tools, Vladimir, Ivanovo region. 67

161. Thieves named after garnogo mechanical engineering, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region. 375

162. Voronezh diesel engine building, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 320

163. Voronezh medium-sized mechanical engineering, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 336

164. Voronezh machine-tool building, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 124, 376

165. Voronezh grinding machines, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 67

166. Voroshilov named after Toretsky mining engineering, Druzhkovka, Ukrainian SSR 318

167. Voroshilovgrad steam locomotive see. October Revolution named after

168. Voskov named after instrumental, Leningrad 124, 313, 322

169. Second sentry, Moscow 235

170. "Volcano", agricultural engineering, Leningrad 374

171. Vyksa press-forging equipment, Vyksa, Gorky region. 124

172. Hydraulic drive, heavy machine tool, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 198, 199

173. Gomel Agricultural Engineering, Gomel, BSSR 304, 305 309

174. GOMZ. OGPU named

175. Gorky Automobile, Gorky, Gorky Region 68, 182, 183, 335

176. Gorky heavy machine tools, Gorky, Gorky region. 67

177. Gorky milling machines, Gorky, Gorky region.

178. Gorky named after machine tools, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR

179. GPP No. 1, First Bearing, Moscow

180. "Engine of the revolution", diesel, Gorky, Gorky region. 124, 321

181. Dzerzhinsky named after tractor, Stalingrad, Stalingrad region.

182. Dnepropetrovsk metallurgical equipment (DZMO), Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR

183. ZIS, see Moscow Automobile Ivanovskiy Medium Machine Building, Ivanovo, Ivanovskaya Region. 336

184. Izhora Machine Building, Kolpino, Leningrad Region. 161, 319

185. "Ilyich", abrasive, Leningrad 124

186. Ilyich named after machine-tool building, Leningrad 321

187. Kazan automotive parts, Kazan, Tatar ASSR 68

188. "Caliber", instrumentation, Moscow

189. Kalinin named instrumental ("Fraser"), Moscow

190. Kalinin named after press-forging equipment, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 124

191. Kalininsky carriage building, Kalinin, Kalinin region. 183, 308

192. Kanash car repair, Kanash, Chuvash ASSR 48

193. Kanonersky ship-repairing, Leningrad 57

194. Karl Marx named after mechanical engineering, Leningrad 47

195. Kiev machine tools, see Gorky name

196. KIM, subcompact car plant, Moscow 50, 80, 87, 89

197. Kirov named after mechanical engineering and steel, Gorlovka, Ukrainian SSR 320, 321

198. Kirov named after lifting and transport facilities, Leningrad 124

199. Kirov machine-building and metallurgical, Leningrad

200. Kolomensky. Kuibyshev named after

201. Kolyuschenko named after agricultural engineering, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region. 305, 309

202. Comintern named after machine building, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 353, 354

203. "Kommunar", agricultural engineering, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR 303, 305

204. Communist Party of Germany named after mechanical engineering, Moscow 235

205. "Compressor", machine-building, Moscow 298

206. "Komsomolets", machine-tool building, Yegoryevsk, Moscow region. 46, 124

207. "Krasnaya Zvezda", agricultural machine building, Kirovograd, Ukrainian SSR

208. Krasnodar forgings and bar products, Krasnodar, Krasnodar Territory 68

209. Krasnodar Heavy Machine Tool Building, Krasnodar, Krasnodar Territory 124

210. Krasnoyarsk Agricultural Engineering, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory 68

211. "Red Aksai" see Frunze named

212. "Red engine", tractor spare parts and parts, Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Territory 309

213. "Red Tool Maker", Leningrad 313, 322

214. "Red Metallist", lifting and transport equipment, Leningrad

215. "Red Proletarian", machine-tool building, Moscow

216. "Red Profintern", tractor spare parts and parts, Odessa, Ukrainian SSR 260

217. "Krasny Profintern", steam locomotive and car building, Ordzhonikidzegrad, Oryol region.

218. Kuibyshev named after Kolomensky steam locomotive, Golutvino, Moscow region.

219. Kursk textile machine building, Kursk, Kursk region. 68

220. Lenin named after machine tool, Odessa, Ukrainian SSR

221. Lenin named after tractor spare parts and parts, Michurinsk, Voronezh region. 309

222. Lepse named after tractor spare parts and parts, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR 181, 309

223. Lianozovsky car-repair, settlement Lianozovo, Moscow region 48

224. "Lift", utility equipment, Moscow 320

225. Lyuberetskiy see Ukhtomsky name

226. Lyudinovsky locomotive, Lyudinovo, Oryol region. 46

227. Max Gelts named after printing machine building, Leningrad 310

228. Mozherez, railway repair, Moscow 298

229. Moscow Automobile, Moscow

230. Moscow instrumental, Moscow

231. Moscow subcompact cars see KIM named after

232. Moscow brake, Moscow 252, 257

233. Moscow knitted machines, Moscow 310

234. Moscow grinding machines, Moscow

235. Mytishchi carriage building, Mytishchi, Moscow region. 183

236. Novo-Kramatorsk Machine Building, Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR

237. Novosibirsk automotive parts, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region. 68

238. Novosibirsk boring machines, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region. 67

239. Novosibirsk machine-tool building, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region. 376

240. Novosibirsk universal machine tools, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region. 67

241. OGPU named after optical-mechanical, Leningrad

242. Odessa Shipyard, Odessa, Ukrainian SSR 57

245. Omsk car assembly plant, Omsk, Omsk region. 68

246. Ordzhonikidze named after revolving machines and semiautomatic machines, Moscow

247. Ordzhonikidze named after Staro-Kramatorsky forging and pressing equipment, Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR

248. Ordzhonikidze named after Uralsky of heavy engineering, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region.

249. Ordzhonikidze named after Kharkov Tractor, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR

250. Oryol Medium Machine Building, Oryol, Oryol Region. 47, 336

251. Penza precision machine tools, Penza, Penza region. 67

252. Penza machine-tool building, Penza, Penza region. 376

253. "Lift", lifting and transport equipment, Moscow

254. Rostov car assembly plant, Rostov-on-Don, Rostov region. 48, 56, 68

255. Rostselmash, agricultural engineering, Rostov-on-Don, Rostov region.

256. "Russian Diesel", diesel-building, Leningrad

257. Rybinsk machine-building, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region. 337

258. Ryazan spare parts cold-stamped and from a bar, Ryazan, Ryazan region. 68

259. Saratov galvanized wire, Saratov, Saratov region. 48

260. Saratov ball bearing, Saratov, Saratov region. 68

261. Sverdlov Machine-Tool Building, Leningrad 124, 198, 310

262. Sverdlovsk heavy machine tools, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region. 67

263. Sverdlovsk chemical engineering, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region. 69

264. "Miner's Light", mining engineering, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 318

265. "Hammer and Sickle", agricultural engineering, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR

266. Sibselmash, agricultural engineering, Omsk, Omsk region.

267. Stalingrad tractor see Dzerzhinsky name

268. Machine-tool construction, machine tool-tool, Moscow 124, 161, 227

269. Stankolith, machine tool, Moscow 124, 269

270. Old Kramatorsky see Ordzhonikidze named after

271. Tashselmash, agricultural engineering, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR 304

272. Troitsk forging and pressing equipment, Troitsk, Chelyabinsk region. 67

273. Ulyanovsk large lathes, Ulyanovsk, Kuibyshev region. 67

274. Uralmashplant see Ordzhonikidze named after

275. Ural Carriage Building, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Region. 52, 182, 183

276. Ufa paper-making machines, Ufa, Bashkir ASSR 69

277. Ukhtomsky named after agricultural engineering, Lyubertsy, Moscow region.

278. "Fraser" see Kalinin's name

279. Frunze named after mechanical engineering ("Krasny Aksai"), Rostov-on-Don, Rostov region. 183, 303, 304

280. Frunze named after metal stamping, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 318

281. Kharkov machine-tool building, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR

282. Kharkov tractor see Ordzhonikidze named after

283. Centrolite, machine tool, Leningrad 124

284. Machine-tool Central Committee named after machine-tool building, Kuibyshev, Kuibyshev region. 124

285. Chelyabinsk abrasive, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region. 124

286. Chelyabinsk Tractor, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Region.

287. Chita automotive parts, Chita, Chita region. 68

288. Chusovoy spring, Chusovoy, Molotov region. 68

289. Shevchenko named after textile engineering, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 47

290. Engels named after light engineering, Leningrad 47, 310, 311

292. Yaroslavl Automobile, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Region

Electrical industry

293. Belgorod normal pressure boilers, Belgorod, Kursk region. 68

294. Voronezh electric lighting fittings, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 68

295. Voroshilovsky electric lighting fittings, Voroshilov, Ussuriysk region. 68

296. "Dynamo", electrical machine building, Moscow 272, 298, 308

297. ZEM, electric machines, Moscow 181

298. Kaluga steam turbines, Kaluga, Tula region. 67

299. Lysva turbine generators, Lysva, Molotov region. 68

300. Moscow radio plant, Moscow 234

301. Moscow transformer, Moscow 272

302. Podolsk battery, Podolsk, Moscow region. 309

303. Ryazan electric lamp, Ryazan, Ryazan region. 68

304. Saransk electrical measuring instruments, Saransk, Mordovian ASSR 68

305. Sverdlovsk high-voltage equipment, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region. 68

306. Sverdlovsk steam turbines, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region. 67

307. Sverdlovsk transformer, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region. 68

308. Stalin's high pressure boilers, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk region. 68

309. Tomsk electromotor, Tomsk, Novosibirsk region. 68

310. UEM, Ural Electric Machine Building, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk Region. 181

311. Kharkov Electromechanical, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 389

312. Kharkov electric turbine, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 308

313. Khotkovsky electrical insulating materials, settlement Khotkovo, Moscow region 68

314. "Electric", electrical machine building, Leningrad 272

315. "Electroapparatus", electrical apparatus, Leningrad 308

316. "Electrosignal", radio equipment, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 107

317. "Electrosila", electrical machine building, Leningrad

Chemical industry

318. Aktobe chemical plant, Aktobe city, Aktobe region. 244

319. Baku Synthetic Rubber Plant, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 72

320. Berezniki chemical plant, Berezniki, Molotov region. 103

321. Boksitogorsk plant for artificial dehydration of peat, settlement Boksitogorsk, Leningrad region 71

322. Bondyuzhsky plant, see L.Ya. Karpova. name

323. Vinnitsa sulfuric acid plant, Vinnitsa, Ukrainian SSR 106

324. Resurrection chemical plant, Voskresensk, Moscow region. 86, 104.244

325. Dankovsky natural rubber plant, Dankov village, Ryazan region. 73

326. Dorogomilovskiy chemical plant, Moscow 244

327. Yerevan artificial rubber plant, Yerevan, Armenian SSR 67, 72

328. Karpova L. Ya. named after chemical plant, r.p. Bondyuzhsky, Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 104

329. "Kauchuk", chemical plant, Moscow, 103, 105

330. Komsomolskaya Pravda, chemical plastics plant, Leningrad 48

331. Konstantinovskiy chemical plant, Konstantinovka, Ukrainian SSR 244

332. "Krasny Bogatyr", rubber plant, Moscow

333. "Red Triangle", factory of rubber shoes and galoshes, Leningrad, 103, 106

334. "Red Chemist", Leningrad 325

335. Kutaisi lithopone plant, Kutaisi, Georgian SSR 67

336. Leningrad plant of rubber technical fabrics, Leningrad 244

337. Livny natural rubber plant, Livny, Oryol region. 73

338. Lipetsk carbide plant, Lipetsk, Voronezh region. 48

339. Lisichansk nitrogen fertilizer plant, Lisichansk, Ukrainian SSR 73

340. Lopasnevsky regeneration plant, Lopasnya village, Moscow region. 73

341. Moscow paint and varnish plant, Moscow

342. Moscow tire plant, Moscow.

343. Novo-Slavyansky soda plant, Slavyansk, Ukrainian SSR 72

344. Omsk Tire Plant, Omsk, Omsk Region. 73

345. "Victory of workers", paint and varnish plant, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl region. 244

346. Rubezhansk aniline paint plant, Rubezhnoe, Ukrainian SSR 107

347. SK-1, synthetic rubber plant, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl region. 107, 337

348. SK-5, synthetic rubber plant, Tambov, Tambov region. 72

349. SK-6, synthetic rubber plant, Kursk, Kursk region. 72

350. SK-7, synthetic rubber plant, Vologda, Vologda region. 72

351. "Slavsoda", Slavyansky soda plant, Slavyansk, Ukrainian SSR 72, 104

352. Council of Ministers No. 1, synthetic rubber plant, Yerevan, Armenian SSR 72

353. Council of Ministers No. 2, synthetic rubber plant, Samarkand, Uzbek SSR 72

354. Stalinogorsk Chemical Plant, Stalinogorsk, Tula region. 103, 244

355. Sterlitamak soda plant, Sterlitamak, Bashkir ASSR 72

356. Tambov Tire Plant, Tambov, Tambov Region. 73

357. Tashkent tire plant, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR 73

358. Chrome Peak Plant, Art. Khrompik, Sverdlovsk region 104

359. Chirchik nitrogen fertilizer plant, Chirchik, Uzbek SSR 66, 77

360. Shchelkovo chemical plant, Shchelkovo, Moscow region. 104, 325

361. Yaroslavl rubber and asbestos plant, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl region.

362. Yaroslavl Tire Plant, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Region.

Building materials industry

363. Ashgabat cement plant, Ashgabat,

364. Turkmen SSR 67 Bezmeinsky cement, town of Bezmein,

365. Turkmen SSR 73 Borovichsky see "Red ceramics"

366. Voikova named after heating devices, Moscow 235

367. Volkhovsky cement, Volkhov, Leningrad region. 48

368. Voskresensk plaster and partition plates, Voskresensk, Moscow region. 86

369. "Giant", cement, Moscow 73

370. Dzerzhinsky named after Dinasov, p. Krasnoarmeyskoe, Ukrainian SSR 109

371. Dzerzhinsky name refractory, p.g.t. Krasnoarmeyskoe, Ukrainian SSR 331

372. Krasnoyarsk cement, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk region 73

373. "Red Ceramics", Borovichi, Leningrad region. 331

374. Kuznetsk cement, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk region. 73

375. Kushva grinding plant, Kushva, Sverdlovsk region. 73

376. Lyubertsy reinforced foam concrete, Lyubertsy, Moscow region. 86

377. Lyubertsy silical reinforced concrete building parts, Lyubertsy, Moscow region. 86

378. Lyubertsy silicate brick, Lyubertsy, Moscow region 89

379. Magnitogorsk grinding plant, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk region. 73

380. Moscow reinforced concrete products, Moscow 86

381. Moscow mosaic number 2, Moscow 86

382. Novo-Bryansk cement, settlement Cement, Oryol region 48

383. Novo-Salda grinding plant, Verkhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk region. 73

384. Novo-Spassky cement, Spassk, Ussuriysk region. 56, 73

385. Noginsk concrete, Noginsk, Moscow region. 86

386. Ordzhonikidze cement, Ordzhonikidze, Ukrainian SSR 73

387. Pashnysky cement, settlement Pashia, Molotov region 48, 73

388. Sverdlovsk cement, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region. 73

389. Spass-Tubinsky cement, Kazakh SSR 73

390. Stalinabad cement, Stalinabad, Tajik SSR 67, 73

391. Timlyui cement, art. Timlkzh, Molotov region 73

392. Tula concrete, Tula, Tula region. 86

393. Ufa cement, Ufa, Bashkir ASSR 73

394. Khilkovsky cement, st. Khilkovo, Uzbek SSR 73

395. Chelyabinsk cement, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region. 73

Glass industry

396. "Red giant", glass, r.p. Nikolskaya Pestravka, Penza region 334

397. "Proletarian", glass, Lisichansk, Ukrainian SSR 334

398. Profintern named after glass, Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR 334

399. Woodworking industry

400. "Power of Labor", match factory, Nizhny Lomov, Penza region. 74.

401. "Red Anchor", plywood factory, Slobodskoy, Kirov region. 47

402. Sovgavanskiy sawmill, settlement Sovetskaya Gavan, Primorsky Krai 74

403. Tavda plywood factory, Tavda, Sverdlovsk region. 74

404. Tyumen plywood factory, Tyumen, Omsk region. 74

405. Ussuriysk woodworking plant, Ussuriysk region. 74

Paper industry

407. Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill, Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Region. 73

408. Balakhna sulfate-cellulose plant, Balakhna, Gorky region. 137, 332

409. Volodarsky name paper mill, Leningrad 48

410. Kamensk paper mill, Kuvshinovo, Kalinin region. 48

411. Kama Pulp and Paper Mill, Krasnokamsk, Molotov Region. 296

412. Konakovskiy Pulp and Paper Mill, Konakovo, Kalinin Region. 73

413. Kondrovsky pulp and paper mill, Kondrovo, Smolensk region. 296

414. Kotlas Pulp Mill, Kotlas, Arkhangelsk Region. 73

415. "Krasnaya Zvezda", paper mill, p.g.t. Chashniki, BSSR 48

416. Krasnogorodskaya paper mill, Krasnoe Selo, Leningrad region. 48

417. Krasnoyarsk Pulp and Paper Mill, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory 73

418. Kuibyshev named after paper mill, Vologda region. 47

419. Lgov pulp and paper mill, Lgov, Kursk region. 73

420. Mari Pulp and Paper Mill, settlement Lopatino, Mari ASSR 73, 137

421. Okulovsky Pulp and Paper Mill, settlement Okulovka, Leningrad region 296

422. Okulovsky cellulose plant, settlement Okulovka, Leningrad region 295

423. Sverdlov Pulp Mill, Vologda Region. 47

424. Siberian paper mill, Kurya village, Altai Territory 47

425. Solikamsk sulphate plant, Solikamsk, Molotov region. 47

426. Solikamsk Pulp and Paper Mill, Solikamsk, Molotov Region. 73

427. Solombala Pulp and Paper Mill, Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Region. 73, 137

428. Syassky pulp and paper mill, settlement Syasstroy, Leningrad region 137

429. Cherepetsk paper mill, settlement Skheret, Tula region 74

Textile and clothing industry

430. Azov hosiery factory, Azov, Rostov region. 334

431. P. Alekseeva named after wool-spinning and weaving-finishing factory, Moscow 234, 302, 303

432. Alma-Ata cloth factory, Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR 48, 75

433. Arzamas spinning and weaving factory, Arzamas, Gorky region. 302

434. Balashikha spinning, weaving and finishing factory, Balashikha, Moscow region. 303

435. S.I. Balashova. named after spinning and weaving factory, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region 234

436. Barnaul Cotton Factory, Barnaul, Altai Territory 74

437. Barnaul Cotton Mill, Barnaul, Altai Territory 66

438. Belovsky Textile Plant, settlement Belovo, West Siberian region 74

439. Bialystok cloth factories, Bialystok, Bialystok region. 74

440. Berdichev knitwear and glove factory, Berdichev, Ukrainian SSR 334

441. "Bolshevichka of Ukraine", garment factory, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 334

442. Glukhovsky combine paper-spinning mill, Bogorodsk, Moscow region. 379

443. Dimitrov named after garment factory, Kaluga, Tula region. 334

444. Kazan Fur Plant, Kazan, Tatar ASSR 333

445. Kalinin named after wool spinning factory, Moscow 234

446. Karl Liebknecht named after linen factory, Yartsevo, Smolensk region. 48

447. Kemerovo Textile Mill, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk region. 74

448. Kiev Cloth Factory, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR 74

449. Kirzhach textile mill, Kirzhach, Ivanovo region. 47

450. Kirovabad Cotton Mill, Kirovabad, Azerbaijan SSR 67

451. Kirovakan knitted fabric factory, Kirovakan, Armenian SSR 75

452. Clara Zetkin named knitwear factory, Vitebsk, BSSR 334

453. Klintsovskaya fine cloth factory, Klintsy, Oryol region.

454. Kokand garment factory, Kokand, Uzbek SSR 333

455. "Krasnaya Polyana", spinning mill, r.p. Krasnaya Polyana, Moscow region 334

456. "Red worker", paper-making factory, Moscow 252, 257

457. "Krasnaya Roza", silk-weaving and dyeing and finishing plant, Moscow 379

458. "Krasnaya Talka", spinning and finishing cotton factory, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region. 379

459. "Red seamstress", garment factory number 16, Moscow 333

460. Krasnogvardeisky cotton plant, p. Krasnogvardeyskoe, Uzbek SSR 48

461. "Krasny Luch", a spinning mill, Murom, Gorky region. 74

462. Kuibyshev hosiery factory, Kuibyshev, Kuibyshev region. 75

463. Kuntsevo weaving and finishing factory, Kuntsevo, Moscow region. 379

464. Kupavinokaya fine-cloth factory, art. Kupavna, Moscow region 302

465. Leninakan Spinning Factory, Leninakan, Armenian SSR 74

466. Likinskaya spinning and weaving factory, art. Likino, Vladimir region 379

467. Lyubertsy spinning mill, Lyubertsy, Moscow region. 74

468. Melnikovsky cotton ginning plant, settlement Melnikovo, Tajik SSR 67

469. New Ivanovo manufactory, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region. 379

470. Novosibirsk cotton mill, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region. 74

471. Nogin named after Vichugskaya cotton factory, Vichuga, Ivanovo region. 388

472. Noginsk ribbon-weaving factory No. 9, Noginsk, Moscow region. 335

474. Oryol hosiery factory, Oryol, Oryol region. 75

475. Osh silk winding factory, Osh city, Kyrgyz SSR 66

476. Prokopyevsk Textile Mill, Prokopyevsk, Novosibirsk Region. 74

477. Regarskiy cotton ginnery, settlement Regar, Tajik SSR 67

478. "Free Proletarian", textile factory, Vyazniki, Ivanovo region. 48

479. Semipalatinsk Cloth Mill, Semipalatinsk, Kazakh USSR 74

480. Stalinabad Cotton Mill, Stalinabad, Tajik SSR 67

481. Stalin's Cotton Mill, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk Region. 74

482. Stepanovakan knitwear factory, Stepanovakan, Armenian SSR 75

483. Tashkent spinning and weaving factory, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR 74

484. Tashkent cotton mill, Tashkent city, Uzbek SSR 66, 67, 74

485. Tbilisi Knitwear Factory, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 67

486. "Tekhfilz", 1st factory of technical felt, Moscow 334

487. Trekhgornaya spinning-weaving and cotton-printing mill, Moscow 303

488. Ukrainian fur factory, Kharkiv region, Ukrainian SSR 333

489. Feodosia hosiery factory, Feodosia, Crimean ASSR 75

490. Lanyard Factory No. 5, Moscow 334

491. Shcherbakov named after weaving and dye-finishing factory, Moscow 303

492. Yakovlevsky Linen Mill, p. B. Yakovlevskoe. Ivanovo region 48

Leather and footwear industry

493. Azerbaijan saddlery factory, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 333

494. Baku tannery, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 75

495. Bebel named after leather haberdashery factory NKLP RSFSR 333

496. Vasilkovskiy tannery, Vasilkov, Ukrainian SSR 75

497. Gribanovskiy plant of tanning extract, Gribanovka village, Voronezh region. 332

498. Yerevan Tannery, Yerevan, Armenian SSR 75

499. Ivanovo plant of artificial soles, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region. 47

500. "Istekhkozh", Leningrad region. 332

501. Kazan artificial leather plant, Kazan, Tatar ASSR 47, 74

502. Kalinin plant of artificial soles, Kalinin, Kalinin region. 74

503. Kamypglovskaya boot-felting factory, Kamyshlov, Sverdlovsk region. 334

504. Kirov artificial leather plant, Kirov, Kirov region. 47

505. Krupskaya named after brush factory, Minsk, BSSR 332

506. Lenin named after Rostov tannery, Rostov-on-Don, Rostov region. 331

507. Lenin named after tannery, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 332

508. Leningrad Tannery and Raw Materials Plant, Leningrad 332

509. "Marxist", tannery, Leningrad 333

510. Mikoyan named after shoe factory, Rostov-on-Don, Rostov region. 333

511. Minsk brush, see Krupskaya named after Moscow tannery, Moscow 332

512. "Mosplastkozh", plant number 2, Moscow 332

513. Nerekhta heel factory, Nerekhta, Yaroslavl region. 333

514. Novosibirsk tannery, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region. 75

515. Odessa tannery, Odessa, Ukrainian SSR 75

516. "Paris Commune", shoe factory, Moscow 48

517. Prilukskaya saddlery factory № 2, Priluki, Ukrainian SSR 333

518. "Proletarian victory" No. 1, shoe factory, Leningrad 332

519. Samarkand tannery, Samarkand, Uzbek SSR 75

520. Semipalatinsk tannery, Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR 75

521. Stanislavskaya shoe factory, Stanislav, Ukrainian SSR 75

522. Tbilisi Shoe Factory, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 333

523. Kharkov tannery, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 75

Food industry

524. Balkhash refrigerator, Balkhash city, Kazakh SSR 75

525. Gryazinsky distillery, Gryazi, Voronezh region. 75

526. Elan-Kolenovsky sugar plant, settlement Elan-Kolenovsky, Voronezh region 75, 400

527. Zherdevsky sugar plant, Zherdevka village, Tambov region. 75

528. Ivanovo meat processing plant, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region 47

529. Kolomna Fish Factory, Kolomna, Moscow Region. 47

530. Leningrad Bakery # 16, Leningrad 47

531. Mariinsky distillery, Mariinsk, Novosibirsk region. 47, 75

532. Moscow meat processing plant, Moscow 234

533. Moscow Fish Factory, Moscow 75

534. Muynak meat-packing plant, settlement Muynak, Kara-Kalpak ASSR 67, 75

535. Muynak refrigerator, settlement Muynak, Kara-Kalpak ASSR 75

536. Orsk bakery, Orsk, Chkalovsk region. 48

537. Slobodskoy distillery, Slobodskoy, Kirov region. 47

538. Stalinabad meat-packing plant, Stalinabad, Tajik SSR 75

539. Ulan-Ude meat-packing plant, Ulan-Ude, Buryat-Mongolian ASSR 75

540. Khabarovsk Meat Processing Plant, Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Territory 47

541. Khachmas Cannery, Khachmas, Azerbaijan SSR 67

542. Chita refrigerator, Chita, Chita region. 47

543. Shpolsky sugar factory, Shpola, Ukrainian SSR 75

"The history of industrialization of the USSR 1938-1941."

In total, during the pre-war years, about 9 thousand only large industrial facilities were built, which allowed the USSR to defeat almost all of Europe in 1941-45.

Hundreds of factories were built in the USSR according to the designs of Albert Kahn

Industrialization is a stage in the history of the USSR: the restoration of the pre-revolutionary and the creation of its own heavy industry, the accelerated construction of new plants, factories, power plants, communications, mines, cities

The course towards industrialization was adopted in 1925 at the XIV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. The plan of the first five-year plan - the initial stage of industrialization, was developed in 1927 at the XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), approved at the XVI Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in April 1929, approved by the V Congress of Soviets of the USSR in May 1929

Reasons for industrialization

Technical lag behind Western countries
The danger of military intervention from the West
Lower labor productivity compared to capitalist countries
Dependence on foreign technical assistance

History of industrialization policy

1920 - adopted, named by Lenin "the second party program"
1922-1923 - in the articles "On cooperation", "Better less is better", "On our revolution" Lenin developed a concrete plan for building socialism in Russia
1923 - the State Planning Commission (Gosplan) was established
1925 - XIV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party took a course towards industrialization
1927, October 23 - the plenum of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, convened on the eve of the opening of the 15th Party Congress, adopted a report on the preparation of the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR. The plan included
*** Reducing the cost of industrial production, introducing new technology, reducing the duration of the working day
*** The growth of deposits from the population as a means of obtaining additional funds for industrialization
*** Export of goods from village to city in the amount that meets the needs of industrialization
*** Construction of residential buildings, schools, technical schools, catering systems, clubs, nurseries
*** Improving worker education
*** Development of transport lines in areas of intensive development of the commodity and national economy
1927 - the plan for the first stage of industrialization, which should be completed within 5 years, was developed by the XV Congress of the CPSU (b)
1928, April 27 - order of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR on the timing and procedure for the implementation of the first five-year plan

The years of industrialization of the USSR 1928 - 1941

Industrialization goals

Overcoming the consequences of the devastation of the national economy in the Civil War
Transformation of the country into a strong industrial power
Ensuring the technical and economic independence of the country
Creation of modern types of weapons
Demonstration of the superiority of socialism

“In accordance with the policy of industrialization of the country, first of all, the production of means of production should be strengthened so that the growth of heavy and light industry, transport and agriculture, that is, the production demand presented by them, is mainly provided by the domestic production of the USSR industry. ... The fastest pace of development should be given to those branches of heavy industry that raise the economic might and defense capability of the USSR in the shortest possible time, serve as a guarantee of the possibility of development in the event of an economic blockade, weaken dependence on the capitalist world and contribute to the transformation of agriculture on the basis of higher technology and collectivization of the economy. ...

Therefore, special attention should be paid to the earliest possible implementation of the electrification plan, the development of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, especially in terms of high-quality metals, the development of chemical industries, especially in. parts of the production of artificial fertilizers, the further development of coal, oil and peat mining, general and agricultural engineering, shipbuilding, electrical industry, gold-platinum industry "(From the resolution of the XV Congress of the CPSU (b)" On directives for drawing up a five-year plan of the national economy "December 19, 1927 of the year)

Sources of financing for industrialization

redistribution: saving on everything
inflation: during the first five-year plan, 4 billion unsecured rubles were issued.
forced placement of bonds among the population
repeal of the "dry law" adopted in 1914. In 1927, 500 million rubles were earned from alcohol, in 1930 - 2.6 billion rubles, in 1934 - 6.8 billion rubles.
collectivization, which allowed the establishment of a state monopoly on grain, which was sent for export
sale of resources: oil, timber, furs
sale of a huge number of art treasures from the collections of the Hermitage, Gokhran ...
sale of gold from the country's gold reserves in the amount of 50 million rubles.
tax increases
use of free and cheap labor

Industrialization participants

The Soviet people, convinced that they are building a bright future and therefore have worked with great enthusiasm

Clouds run across the sky
the darkness is compressed by the rains,
under the old cart
workers are lying.
And hears a whisper proud
water and under and above:
“In four years
there will be a garden city! "
………….
Here the explosions cackle
in dispersal of bear gangs,
and will explode the bowels of the mine
columnar "Giant".
Here construction sites will be walls.
Beeps, steam, sipi.
We are in a hundred suns as open-hearth
let's ignite Siberia.
……………
(Mayakovsky "Khrenov's story about Kuznetskstroy and the people of Kuznetsk")

which grew from five to five years; for example, the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur were built by prisoners
Foreign specialists and workers serving complex foreign equipment: more than 800 foreign specialists from the USA, Germany, England, Italy and Austria worked on the construction of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works alone

List of existing agreements on foreign technical assistance for the USSR People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry

The American industrial architecture company Albert Kahn, Inc. (Albert Kahn Corporation) has designed dozens of factories. About ten factories were designed in Detroit, the rest by a special office in Moscow, which employed 1,500 draftsmen. Subsequently, this Moscow design bureau became Gosproektstroy, and the number of its employees increased to 3,000 people.

Most of them were Soviet citizens, but key positions in it were occupied by several dozen foreigners, and the head of this organization and, concurrently, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy Commission on construction was a US citizen D.K. Scrimgeour (Wikipedia)

At the end of March 1932, Kahn's group in Moscow ceased its work. By this time, several hundred factories and plants in more than 20 cities of the country had already been erected or were under construction, and more than 4,000 Soviet architects, engineers and technicians had completed the Kahn school. The Kahn School was attended not only by individual specialists, but also by the entire industry of industrial design. On the model of Gosproektstroy, a single design organization was created in each industry.

Kahn's ideas formed the Soviet school of typification and the use of prefabricated prefabricated structures in industrial construction, and the "flow-conveyor" design method became universal in all design organizations. The construction of factories designed with the help of Kahn's firm continued until the end of the 1930s, and the drawings, calculations and specifications, which passed into the possession of the successor to the Supreme Council for National Economy of the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry (including 170 projects, including the projects of Ford plants sent by the firm), allowed Soviet architects to carry out the bindings of standard enterprises throughout the country with only minor changes.

According to the company, its specialists in Detroit and the USSR carried out the design and equipment of 570 factories

The Stalingrad Tractor Plant was completely built in the USA, then it was dismantled and delivered in parts to the USSR

F. Gladkov "Cement", "Energy"
V. Kataev "Time Forward"
V. Ketlinskaya "Courage"
M. Shahinyan "Hydrocentral"
K. Paustovsky "Kara-Bugaz"
Ya. Ilyin "Big conveyor"
Yu. Krymov "Tanker" Derbent ""
B. Yasensky "Man Changes Skin"
I. Ehrenburg "Second Day"

Industrialization results

Cancellation
The standard of living of people in the USSR in 1933 fell by 2 times in comparison with the indicators of 1928
The famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, the southern regions of the RSFSR, which claimed the lives of millions of peasants
1928-1932 - the volume of industrial production more than doubled. Construction of the Dnieper hydroelectric power station (DniproHES) has begun
Metallurgical plants were built in Magnitogorsk, Lipetsk, Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk, Norilsk, Sverdlovsk (Uralmash), tractor plants in Stalingrad, Chelyabinsk, Kharkov, Nizhniy Tagil (Uralvagonzavod), automobile plants in Gorky, Moscow
1931, January - by decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the People's Commissariat of Supply introduced a rationing system for the distribution of food and non-food products
1933-1938 - the White Sea-Baltic (227 km) and Moscow-Volga (128 km) canals were built, about 4500 large industrial facilities
1934 and beyond - huge meat processing plants, bread, beer, dairy factories, confectionery factories were built. The industrial production of canned food and semi-finished products, green peas, condensed milk, sausages has been mastered. Instead of giants of heavy industry, the "front of struggle" has been declared the release of consumer goods. "The fashion for money will go, which we have not had for a long time" (Stalin)
1935, January 1 - Cards canceled. "Life has become better, life has become happier!" said I. V. Stalin on November 17, 1935 in a speech at the First All-Union Conference of Workers and Workers - Stakhanovites

With the beginning of the free sale of products, a restriction on the release of goods to one person was introduced. Moreover, over time, it decreased. If in 1936 a buyer could buy 2 kg of meat, then from April 1940 - 1 kg, and instead of 2 kg sausages were allowed to be given only 0.5 kg to one person.

The amount of fish sold has been reduced from 3 kg to 1 kg. And oil instead of 500 g for 200 g. But on the ground, based on the actual availability of products, they often set delivery rates that were different from the all-Union ones. So, in the Ryazan region, the distribution of bread to one person fluctuated in different districts and collective farms from the all-Union 2 kg to 700 g (Wikipedia)

1938-1941 - completed construction of the Uglich and Komsomolskaya hydroelectric power plants, Novotagilsky and Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky melallurgical plants, Sredneuralsky and Balkhash copper smelters, Ufa oil refinery, About 3000 new large enterprises were commissioned

By industrialization we mean the process of displacing manual labor by machine labor based on the use of machine technologies in production. Industrialization marks the onset of a new era in the life of society - the industrial stage and industrial capital, the period of the creation of an artificial habitat and the era of economic growth are beginning.

The first part of the textbook on the history of economics discussed the institutional prerequisites of the industrial revolution, the second - the content and features of industrialization in the first European countries and CIIIA, which represents some basic, normative model of industrialization, albeit with its own characteristics for each country.

In the second chapter of this manual, we talked about another model of industrialization - catching up. This model has its own options. This chapter is devoted to the study of one of the variants of the catch-up model of industrialization. Despite the fact that it was formed under certain political conditions, the model has its own features and characteristics, institutional features, which are manifested in some detail in the history of the development of other countries in the twentieth century.

The brevity of the historical period, the tasks of industrialization, doctrinal attitudes determined the means of achieving the goal, institutional innovations. The results of industrialization are both impressive and discouraging. All this will be discussed in the next paragraph.

10.1. Industrialization in the USSR (1928-1941)

It is known that capitalism in Russia has not completed its historical mission: the agrarian transformations, industrialization of production, and therefore the urbanization of the population remained incomplete, the level of its literacy remained low.

All these historically capitalist tasks had to be solved by the new political leadership of the USSR in different conditions and naturally by different methods.

The GOERLO plan should be considered the first attempt to approach the organized solution of industrialization problems. State Commission for the Electrification of Russia (GOELO), created in February 1919, headed by G.M. Krzhizhanovsky, developed a seven-year plan for the electrification of Russia.

This was an important feature of the Soviet model of industrialization - reliance on administrative rather than market organization. The previous historical models were market ones with one or another influence of the state, organizing principle.

The GOERLO plan provided for the construction of a network of power plants and included the most general estimates of the output of the most important product names. The plan was inaccurate, approximate, but it was a scientific plan, which was based on the scientific provisions of the theory of spatial reproduction known by that time.

The plan covered the period of the NEP and was not implemented. The reason for this was not only the lack of experience in implementing large projects, new nuances generated by the NEP, but also the weakness of internal accumulation for the simultaneous restoration of industry and its development on the basis of electrification.

The completion of industrialization was constantly meant by the new government of Russia and for one reason or another turned out to be impossible.

The consolidation of political power as a result of economic recovery made it possible in the late 1920s to come close to solving the problem of industrialization in the USSR.

The goal of industrialization is the creation of a machine (industrial) basis for production and the elimination of the country's economic backwardness, and an increase in the living standard of the population.

To achieve this, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. To outstrip developed countries in per capita production. This meant outstripping them economically.

2. Overcome technological dependence on advanced countries. This meant being ahead of them technologically.

3. It is necessary to accelerate the growth of production of means of production (group "A" in industry) in relation to consumer goods (group "B" in industry).

4. To improve the well-being of the population, the task of special development of light industry and agriculture became.

5. To involve resources in production, a more even distribution of productive forces across the country was required. This would contribute to an increase in the standard of living of the population in other regions, and not only in the central one.

The tasks were, of course, daunting, but unrealistic in the foreseeable future, if we bear in mind the short deadlines and the degree of the country's backwardness. The tasks identified an important characteristic of the industrial development model: the focus on the formation closed economy.

Industrialization in the USSR was divided into time periods - five-year periods. The first of the periods - 1928/29 - 1932/33 - proceeded from the need to deploy large-scale construction, primarily of heavy industry enterprises, to provide them with the necessary building materials and equipment, but while maintaining a certain balance between industry and agriculture. The first five-year plan did not cover the entire volume of products produced in the country - only 60%.

Industrialization required a lot of money. The limited financial resources were overcome by the issue of money, government bonds, which were distributed among the population, and the wine monopoly. The stake was also placed on the export of resources of the primary sector of the economy: agricultural raw materials, grain, oil, timber. But the 1929-1932 crisis, which caused a drop in world prices, disrupted plans to mobilize accumulation through exports. Consequently, external sources of accumulation of funds were undermined. Obviously, they should have been found within the country, which meant an increase in the tax burden of the population.

Nevertheless, the country, turned into a huge construction site, tried with all its strength to maintain high rates of investment, but there were not so many efforts, despite the significant tightening of the belts by the population. An obvious investment overheating set in, which was reflected in a drop in annual growth rates from 24% in 1928 to 5.5% in 1933.

The growth of employed in industry and construction was accompanied by an increase in demand for food and manufactured goods, but both were lacking and a transition to their rationing began (transition to a rationing system).

One of the important reasons for the failure of the plan was the impatience of the country's top leadership to quickly finish industrialization. With the lack of financial resources, the withdrawal of grain from peasants increased. This upset the delicate balance in food and industrial markets. In addition, the demand to speed up construction was accompanied by a redistribution of resources within industry. As a result of the planned chaos, neither the plan nor the demands of the top political leadership were fulfilled.

Nevertheless, in the years of the first five-year plan, the foundations were laid for a sharp change in the structure of production: the aviation and automotive industries, agricultural engineering, petrochemicals, modern electrical engineering and other new industries appeared. In the USSR, artificial rubber was synthesized for the first time and its production began.

Second Five Year Plan (1933-37)already covered the entire industry and took into account the lessons of the first five-year plan. The task of the five-year plan is to complete the technical reconstruction. To solve it, investment resources - building materials, building structures, equipment - were concentrated on projects under construction, and the number of newly started objects was limited.

The pace of construction in the plan was reduced and the advance of the rate of production of consumer goods (group "B" in industry) over the production of means of production (group "A" in industry) was laid. This was done to ensure that the wages of workers in Group A were more fully provided with consumer goods that were produced in another division of the industrial sector.

The second five-year plan turned out to be better fulfilled than the first, but in kind it was still not fulfilled. It was not possible to realize the predominant growth of consumer goods in comparison with the growth rates of production of means of production, although the growth rates of the two groups in industry approached. The need to complete the construction of a huge number of construction projects, the beginning of new ones, as well as the famine of 1932-33 prevented the restoration of the necessary proportionality of production.

And yet, by the end of the second five-year plan, the rationing system for supplying the population was canceled. This was facilitated by the start-up of new consumer goods factories and an increase in withdrawals from agriculture.

The second five-year plan also differs from the previous one by the fact that military spending began to grow, representing exclusively government spending.

In the third five-year plan (1938-41)the latter tendency received its further development, which is associated with the international situation of those years. The plan again focused on the development of the basic sectors of the industrial economy: mechanical engineering, energy, production of structural materials. The production of quality steels and chemical products was of particular importance. At the same time, a significant increase in the consumption of the population was envisaged - by 1.5 times, with an increase in industrial production by almost 2 times, and in the above priority sectors - by more than 2 times. The outbreak of war interrupted the implementation of the plan.

This is a brief chronology of measures and results of the first three Soviet five-year plans. Now let's dwell on the analysis of the main results of industrialization and the economic phenomena observed in its course.

First of all, it should be noted that in a historically short time, the foundations of an industrial economy were created in the USSR.This means that the basic industries were formed, including the investment complex - mechanical engineering, construction, structural materials - in terms of industrial production, the USSR ranked first in Europe and second in the world, by 1941 the country caught up with European countries in electricity production and lagged only behind the United States. ...

The technological gap was quickly bridged. As a result of industrialization, the USSR had the youngest equipment park: 71% of equipment was under 10 years old, and in the USA - 28%, Germany - 34%. On the eve of the war, 90% of the fixed assets were reconstructed or created anew during the five-year plans. In 1940, there were 2 times more tractors in the USSR than in all of Europe, but this is only 1/3 of the US level. The Soviet Union was one of the first to start the dieselization program for railway transport and stopped it in the mid-1930s, switching resources in favor of developing the military-industrial sector.

Industrialization was carried out, as in tsarist times, by borrowing foreign technologies and technical experience with some adaptation and improvement. The Gorky Automobile Plant was built on the basis of Ford technologies, the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant, the Semipalatinsk Meat Processing Plant are also the best American technologies of those pet. Large-scale production is their undoubted advantage, which made it possible to realize a positive effect of scale and facilitated the management of large enterprises from a single center.

Nevertheless, the significance of technological changes for the economy should not be exaggerated, because the economy developed mainly extensively and on the basis of manual labor, since, due to the low level of wages, replacing it with machines was not very profitable. At the same time, one should not forget that there was not enough money to radically replace manual labor with machine labor, and the preparation of the labor force to work with machines was insufficient. According to estimates of Western researchers 1, the contribution of technical innovations to the growth of output during the period of industrialization amounted to 2-12% for the entire economy, in industry - 5-20%, in the entire agricultural sector 5-10%. Famous feature films and works. painting panoramas of grandiose construction projects using shovels, wheelbarrows, saws, axes, etc. are indirect evidence of these numbers.

Now let's turn to some of the statistical illustrations of that period, published in the studies of foreign experts. Figure 3 shows a graphical interpretation of the dynamics of the main groups of industrial products. The defense industry had the highest annual production growth, much lower - group "A", and even lower - group "B". The graph illustrates the obvious imbalances in the development of the country's economy.

Figure: 3.Industrial production growth 1926-1940 (official data).

Three periods are distinguished on the graph: until 1933, when the construction of enterprises was developing at the fastest pace; disastrous 1933 - the consequences of a catastrophe in agriculture; The years 1933-1936 are the most favorable ones, since the return on the commissioned enterprises, the construction of which was started in the previous period, began. Further, the annual production growth decreases. There are several reasons for this. At first, the burden on the budget and the economy has increased due to the growth of military spending. Over the three years of the third five-year plan, the share of defense spending in the budget increased from 18.6% to 31.6%. The share of military production in the total volume of production was 2.6 in 1913, 5.7 in 1932, and already 22% in 1940 2. The share of public investments in the military-industrial complex in their total volume was (%):

A source: The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union 1913-1945. Cambrige. - 1994. P. 145.

And in 1941. the military industry has already absorbed 73% of all investments in mechanical engineering. The military sector has become the priority and most significant success of the pre-war five-year plans (see Fig. 4).

Secondly, by 1937 there is a need for updating the equipment, which was introduced in the early 1930s. Despite the fact that the production apparatus was relatively new, it was still subject to disposal due to physical wear and tear. However, for the investment complex, its civilian part, these were already daunting and outrageous tasks.

Thirdly, purges 1936-1938 executives at different levels affected production. Disruptions in production stimulated changes in the administration of enterprises (cleansing from enemies of the people), and the personnel leapfrog negatively affected the output.

The success of the production of civilian industries is evidenced by the data in Fig. 5. Until 1928, the volume of production in natural units differed little from the indicators of 1913, the exception was the production of electricity. The growth in electricity production is the result of the GOELRO plan. In subsequent years, the basic sectors of the industrial economy are gaining momentum, with an almost unchanged rate of growth in the production of cotton fabrics. This revealed the general patterns of the initial stage of industrialization, reinforced by military spending.

The economic stages of industrialization indicated above differ from the periods of five-year plans, since they characterize the economic processes generated by the implementation of plans. Economic processes are reflected in the dynamics of the main components of the gross product: consumer goods, investment goods of civil engineering and an intermediate product (see Fig. 6). In the first stageinvestment overheating of the economy until 1932 (construction of more facilities at the same time) is replaced on the secondstagesa sharp increase in the production of equipment for completed construction projects and an increase to positive values \u200b\u200bof the increase in consumer goods. And at the previous stage of industrialization, the growth in this sector of the economy fluctuated around zero.

This reveals another source of funds for industrialization: along with the agricultural sector, this source was the low standard of living of the bulk of the population. Keeping the population's consumption at a relatively low level saved wages and reduced production costs. This should not be seen as someone's malicious intent. Simply in view of the limited sources of industrialization, and Russia, perhaps more often than others, experienced their deficit, something must be sacrificed. In the early stages of industrialization in many countries, the growth of the well-being of the population was sacrificed.

On third stagepre-war industrialization, the increase in the production of consumer goods turned out to be more stable in comparison with the growth rate of civil engineering. Enterprises built for the production of consumer goods successfully produced their specialized products. At the same time, a conversion began in the civil engineering sector: some tractor plants began to produce tanks, machine-building enterprises began to produce various types of weapons.

It was previously noted that the industrialization of Russia in the pre-revolutionary period relied on foreign financial and technical assistance. In the thirties, one could not count on foreign financial assistance. The source was the sale of works of art, which was secretly organized by the country's leadership.

But foreign technical assistance, as noted, was actively used by the USSR. The necessary equipment was purchased using the income from foreign trade, although they were reduced due to the unfolding Great Depression. Nevertheless, the proceeds from the export of grain, other food products, timber were used to purchase metal and equipment. Figures 7 and 8 give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of Russian exports and imports between 1913 and 1938. The export structure is dominated by the export of grain and food, although the share of this export item is decreasing, while the share of wood and fuel is increasing. Most of all, grain was exported in 1930 and 1931. 4.4-5 million tons each. These were just the sales of the grain that was literally taken away from the peasants in order to compensate for the drop in prices for other exported products by increasing its exports. As a result, grain exports slightly decreased and increased only before the war.

The structure of imports has also changed dramatically. On the eve of the First World War, agricultural raw materials and timber predominated in the structure of imports, accounting for more than 60% of imports of all products. The main suppliers of industrial products - metal and equipment - were Germany and the USA.

During the investment boom, the country's trade balance was negative: they bought more than they sold, despite the fact that the country lived on ration cards, and grain was withdrawn from the village. After 1933 and until 1937, the trade balance becomes positive, and then, due to military preparations, again negative.

These are the general characteristics of the foreign trade turnover of Russia and the USSR from 1913 to 1938.

Per capita production of gross domestic product (GDP) is considered an important indicator characterizing the results of transformations in production. Cross-country comparison of GDP per capita for the period 1913-1940, carried out by Western researchers, is shown in Fig. 9. For all the huge difference in indicators for the USSR and the USA, Germany and Great Britain, one cannot fail to note the growth of per capita GDP after 1932 and its approach to the indicators of Japan and Italy. To complete the picture of the effectiveness of industrialization, data on the structure of GDP are needed. Indeed, if the GDP consists mainly of cars and

Figure: nine.GDP per capita in cross-country comparison, 1913-1940

equipment, it is difficult to talk about the growth in the well-being of the population. If its structure includes a large sector producing consumer goods, then there are important foundations for the growth of welfare. It turns out that in terms of GDP per capita, the USSR is close to Italy and Japan, but differs in its structure. (see table 4.1.)

The data in Table 4.1 give an important characteristic of the Soviet model of industrialization that took shape in the pre-war five-year plans: the low share of personal consumption makes it possible to soften the limitations of industrialization inherent in its market version. State coercion to work with low consumption rates provides both a significant accumulation of financial resources and, at the same time, significant military spending.

Table 10.1.

Structure of GDP by end use (%)

A source:Economic issues. - 1996. - No. 12. - P. 32.

Thus, undoubted progress in solving the problems of industrialization was achieved with the help of very extraordinary measures.

Emphasizing the achievements of industrialization, we note that technological backwardness was consistently overcome. At the same time, it should be noted that industrialization very unevenly covered the sectors of the economy, that modern technologies of that time were concentrated in the main production, while manual ones dominated in the auxiliary (in the automotive industry, 1/2 of the workers were employed in auxiliary work). Even with an undeveloped infrastructure in the USSR, not only new industries and industries were created, but they were equipped with completely advanced technology. This made it possible to ensure the independent development of the domestic economy, reducing the purchase of imported equipment, and the country practically refused to import agricultural machinery and cotton.

However, the indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed capital were inferior to European indicators not only because of the high share of manual labor in auxiliary jobs, but also because of the low technological and labor discipline of the new proletarians, yesterday's peasants. In such a short period of time, it was not possible to achieve indicators of the efficiency of resource use and catch up with the leading countries in terms of per capita GDP. Per capita production of coal, steel, cement, electricity, textiles accounted for a quarter to two-thirds of US production.

In the course of industrialization, there was an increase in the number of industrial growth points and their creation in the Urals, Western Siberia, and the Far East.

Thus, the tasks of industrialization were not fully completed. And then there was a war, a war of motors. Against the background of the results of industrialization, the victory in the war is even more impressive and testifies to the power of the created heavy industry with all the shortcomings and imperfections of the industrial transformations of the 1930s

Let us highlight and formulate the features of the industrialization model that took shape in the USSR in the 30s (the model of industrialization of the Stalinist type).

1. The basis of the industrialization model was state propertyon the main types of resources and state coercion in relation to the employee. In that - institutional feature of the Soviet-type model.

2. High rates of industrialization, mobilization and movement of significant resources were made possible by crowding out and replacing market mechanismsadministrative... Therefore, the considered type of model will be called administrative industrialization .

3. The focus on achieving the country's technological independence, ideological doctrines, and the unfavorable global economic situation in the 1930s stimulated the formation of a closed economy, the desire to replace imported equipment and products with domestic copies. Orientation to import substitution- an important feature of the administrative industrialization model of the 1930s.

4. The economic development model of the 1930s was characterized by the same feature of industrialization as the Russian models of the late 19th - early 20th centuries: the borrowing of foreign technical experience (equipment, organization of production and labor). This feature of the model is natural and inherent in all catch-up modernizations. However, Soviet Russia, unlike tsarist Russia, could not use foreign financial assistance.

5. Limited accumulation within the industrial sector and financial resources from outside determined the search for these resources within the country. The source of steel agrarian populationfirst of all, as well as the export of products of the primary sector of the economy (agriculture, forestry and extractive industries) and the preservation of a relatively low standard of living of the urban population. In other words, such sources of industrialization formulated the following features of the model of administrative industrialization.

5.1. Reliance on the resources of the traditional and original sectors of the economy.

5.2. High share of government (military) spending and investment in GDP. The forced withdrawal of resources made it possible to ensure a high and stable share of savings and government spending in GDP.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The transition of Russia to the industrial stage of development, incomplete within the framework of market industrialization, was continued in Soviet times on the way of administrative regulation. The concept of socialist industrialization carries only an ideological load. Industrialization itself is an objective function of industrial capital. And administrative methods of accelerated creation of the industrial foundation of the economy are used by many modern countries of catching-up development. A classic example of this is South Korea, which, as you know, does not set the task of socialist transformations.

2. The tasks of industrialization reflected both the objective laws of the industrial transition of the transition and the peculiarities of the historical moment associated with the growing isolation of the USSR and the deep economic crisis that developed during the 30s in the capitalist countries.

3. The process of replacing manual labor by machine labor was uneven, both by sectors and branches of the economy, and by types of work. This reflected not only the analogous historical experience of other countries, but also reflected the limited resources for the implementation of industrial transformations. The industrial breakthrough became possible due to the removal of restrictions imposed by the market mechanism on the rate of resource allocation between industries and the amount of resources to be mobilized.

4. The sources of the resources of Soviet industrialization were the relative decline in the living standards of the population (which, in general, corresponds to the laws of the beginning of industrialization), the export of products of the primary (pre-industrial) sector of the economy and the withdrawal of a significant share of the net product from agriculture (surplus and part of the necessary).

The use of the resources of the agricultural sector for industrialization is a world rule. But the scale of the seizure is Soviet specific. The absence and inaccessibility of other sources of accumulation led to an unprecedented scale of withdrawals of resources from agriculture.

5. A feature of the plans of the first Soviet five-year plans was the world's first attempt at practical mastering of the laws of industrial reproduction. The best specialists in the field of technology and economics were involved in the development of plans, examination of parts of the plans. The issues of proportionality and equilibrium of sectors of the economy were central. However, the voluntarism of the political leadership hindered the development of the first experience not only by constantly adjusting the planned targets, but also by increasing interference in the planning procedures. This introduced "planned chaos" into economic life.

6. In the course of industrialization, three phases of the medium-term cycle can be distinguished: an investment boom (1929-33), the completion of the construction of the main part of production facilities and an increase in the return on investments made (1934-36), an increase in crisis phenomena associated with the need to update the production apparatus (1937-40).

7. An important feature of the industrialization of the pre-war five-year plans was the increase in military spending. This aggravated the position of the civil sector, since it could not compete with the military-industrial complex (MIC) for limited production resources. There are examples in history of combining industrialization and militarization of the economy (Germany, Japan), but the significant scale of the redistribution of resources in favor of the military-industrial complex is a special feature of the industrialization model of the 1930s.

8. In the process of industrialization, the structural characteristics of the national economy have changed significantly:

the share of agricultural products in the national income decreased by 40%, while industry increased by 61% (in 1937 prices);

the structure of GDP has changed in favor of government consumption and investment;

new industries and industries appeared that were not in Russia or that were in their infancy;

significant changes have occurred in the structure of exports and imports of goods;

the basis of the investment complex was formed as the basis for the development of the machine foundation of economic activity.

9. At the same time, the tasks of industrialization were not fully completed. Despite overcoming technological dependence on developed countries, it was not possible to achieve their economic characteristics of resource use and production results. At the same time, the lag in terms of GDP per capita production fell sharply during the years of industrialization and amounted to about 3.5 times in 1940. However, one should not forget that in each unit of GDP, half was represented by equipment and weapons. Therefore, it was also not possible to solve the problem of a significant increase in the welfare of the population.

Despite the incompleteness of pre-war industrialization, its achievements made an impression on the whole world, especially against the background of the deepest economic crisis of 1929-33. and 1936-37, and were tested on the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War.

10. At the first stage of Soviet industrialization (1929-40), an administrative model of industrial development was formed, the important features and the basis of which were:

reliance on all-consuming state property;

state mobilization and distribution of resources primarily from the agricultural sector, from export-oriented industries, as well as maintaining a relatively low standard of living of the population;

the closedness of the economy and the related tendency towards import substitution, the country is a food exporter;

focus on borrowing technological experience;

combining the industrialization of the economy with the acceleration of the creation of the defense complex.

This model was formed under the influence of external and internal reasons and provided a quick maneuver with large masses of resources for an industrial breakthrough in a country that was very backward in the past. From this, of course, it does not follow that the model is ideal and there could be no other, but in the historical experience it is large and very diverse in terms of natural-climatic, socio-economic, and other characteristics of the country, having spontaneously formed, it ensured the opposition of one economy to the united economies almost all of Europe during World War II

CONTROL QUESTIONS

What caused the need for industrialization and what are its main tasks?

What is the difference between the first five-year plans in terms of tasks and results?

What stages of industrialization can be distinguished according to the observed economic phenomena and processes?

What are the sources of industrialization?

How has the structure of the industry changed? What sectors of the economy have become priority?

What are the main outcomes and implications of industrialization?

What are the features of the model of industrial development that took shape in the USSR in the 30s?

LITERATURE

Essayseconomic reforms. - M. - Science. - 1993. Ch. 6.

The Communist Partyin resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee. T. 5.

The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union 1913-1945. Cambrige. - 1994 .-- §§ 3, 7, 9.

Gordon L., Elopov E... Thirties - forties. // Knowledge is power. - 1988. - No. 3.

Solutionsparties and governments on economic issues. T. 2.

Historysocialist economy. T.III. M. - Science. - 1977. Ch. 8.

Lenin V.I... To the outline of the plan of scientific and technical work. Full collection op. T. 45.

FOREWORD
This collection is an integral part of the all-Union series of documents and materials on the history of industrialization of the USSR (1926-1941). It contains documents describing the industrial development of the country during the third five-year plan (before the start of the Great Patriotic War) and thus completes the all-union volumes of the series.
By the end of the second five-year plan, the Soviet Union had successfully completed, in the main, the building of a socialist society. The victory of socialism opened up tremendous opportunities for the development and improvement of the productive forces of Soviet society, its political and spiritual life.
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the 18th Congress (March 1939) set the task of completing the construction of socialism and starting a gradual transition to communism. In order to ensure the fulfillment of this task, it was necessary to strengthen and develop the material and technical basis of socialism, to improve socialist production relations, to ensure a high standard of living for the people, to strengthen the education of the working people in the spirit of selfless devotion to the socialist Fatherland and a deep understanding of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism.
The party warned that the path to the goal would not be easy. "However, one cannot underestimate the difficulties of solving this gigantic task, especially in the conditions of a hostile capitalist encirclement," the decisions of the 18th Congress of the CPSU (b) emphasized; At this time, the world was extremely anxious. The military bloc of the fascist states has launched intensified preparations for war and has already begun to implement its aggressive plans in Europe and the Far East. The threat of an attack on the world's first socialist state grew every day. In the fall of 1939, Nazi Germany attacked Poland. The Second World War began.

The third five-year plan, adopted by the 18th Party Congress, opened up clear prospects for the movement of the Soviet Union towards the intended goal. By 1942, it was planned to surpass the level of 1937 in terms of the volume of production of the entire industry by 92%, including the production of means of production by 107% and the production of consumer goods by 72%. One of the main tasks of the new five-year plan was to ensure the introduction of advanced technology in all branches of the national economy, to mechanize labor-intensive work and, on this basis, to achieve a significant increase in labor productivity. Taking into account the difficult international situation, the five-year plan provided for an increase in the capacity of the defense industry, an acceleration in its development and the creation of large state reserves. Fulfillment of the plan was supported by large capital investments in the amount of 192 billion rubles. The plan attached great importance to the comprehensive development of the economy of all major economic regions and the more rapid development of the eastern regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East. All-round development of the coal-metallurgical and oil base (Second Baku), construction of backup enterprises in a number of branches of mechanical engineering, aircraft industry, ammunition, weapons, oil refining, chemistry, light and food industries were planned.
Despite the fact that the third five-year plan paid great attention to strengthening the country's military-industrial base, from the first year of the five-year plan, the party and government took a number of measures to strengthen the defensive power of the Soviet state. The construction of new and backup enterprises in the East of the country was accelerated. Vigorous measures were taken to eliminate the backlog of a number of leading sectors of heavy industry, to reduce the disproportion in their development (non-ferrous, ferrous metallurgy, energy, fuel, etc.). The pace of deployment of defense industry capacities accelerated. In industry and construction, progressive methods of technology and labor organization were introduced, the system of personnel training was improved, the system of management of industry and construction was reorganized, the management apparatus was approaching production. These events played a great role in strengthening the economic and military power of our Motherland.
During the years of the third five-year plan, the creative activity of the working people increased immeasurably, which manifested itself in the broad sweep of the Stakhanov movement.
The documents and materials of this collection contain information about the main directions of the industrial development of the USSR in 1938 - 1941. The collection consists of two sections. The first section contains documents on the development of industry in the USSR (financing, capital construction, organization of production and the results of industry work). The second section is devoted to the size and composition of the working class, the training and distribution of industrial personnel, the creative, heroic work of the Soviet
6

The collection opens with the resolution of the 18th Congress of the Communist Party on the results of the second five-year plan and the tasks of the third five-year plan [inaudible]. The results of the second five-year plan defined the tasks of the new historical period, outlined the ways and methods of achieving them. For the study of all other materials, the published document is fundamental.
Most of the first chapter of the first section of documents is made up of reports of the budgetary department of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR on the execution of the state budget of the USSR for 1938-1940. (doc. No. 1 - 4). These documents contain information on tax and non-tax budget revenues, expenditures for financing all sectors of the national economy on the execution of the budgets of the union republics, as well as an overview of the general conditions in which the budget was executed for the reporting period. The published extracts from the documents contain important information about the financial performance of the industry and the amount of intraindustrial savings, about the ratio and size of budget [inaudible] and their distribution by industry. NKF reports show that in 1938-40. the budgetary financing of the defense [inaudible] industry has been systematically increased. If in 1938 [inaudible] 18.7% of the budget, then in 1940 - 32.6%. During the same time, the share of expenditures on industrial development increased from 41% to 48% of all expenditures on the national economy, and [inaudible] was directed to the leading sectors: [inaudible] energy, metallurgy, chemistry, mechanical engineering. The reports also contain information on the participation of the population in the financing of socialist industry, including mass loans, their size and significance for the development of industry in the USSR
In addition to the documents published in the collection of documents on the financing of socialist industry, of great interest are materials such as the draft state budgets of the USSR and the union republics, the speech of the people's commissars of finance at the meeting of the Supreme Soviets of the USSR [inaudible] budgets published in the reporting [inaudible] at the sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, in monthly surveys of the CSO on the implementation of state plans of the national economy. A number of information on issues related to the financing of industry contains the minutes of the budget commission of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR and other materials. In the chapter "Capital construction [inaudible] materials characterizing [inaudible] construction and revealing the process of improving construction

Body business in the country. Orders of the People's Commissariat for Construction of the USSR and reports of large construction central administrations contain information on the use of high-speed construction methods, on the construction of industrial facilities according to standard designs from enlarged elements, on the introduction of industrial methods into construction practice, new Stakhanov labor methods (doc. No. 11, 12, 20-23 )
The methods of high-speed construction mastered during the years of the third five-year plan found wide application during the years of the Patriotic War.
Materials on the organization of construction are supplemented by statistical tables of the People's Commissariat for Construction (doc. No. 24-27), which contain information on the volume of capital work performed, the mechanization of construction work, the output of production enterprises of the People's Commissariat for Construction of the USSR for 1939-1940. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (doc. Nos. 9, 15, 18) contain information on the implementation of capital construction plans and the launch of the most important enterprises in the first years of the third five-year plan. The documents show that as a result of the implementation of the directive of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the further progressive distribution of the country's productive forces, a large construction program was carried out, the capacities of heavy industry were significantly increased, new backup enterprises were created in a number of industries in the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia. In these areas, coal mining, metal smelting, and the production of machinery and equipment increased.
The party and government, given the growing threat from Nazi Germany, were forced to allocate most of the funds for the construction of the leading branches of the heavy and defense industries. As a result, 3 thousand new large industrial enterprises were built before the start of World War II. The commissioning of these enterprises made the country's industrial base and especially its defense industries more powerful and stable.
To the chapter “Organization of production. The results of the work of industry ”includes documents containing information about the organizational activities of the Party and the state in the field of industrial development. The industry of the Soviet Union in the years of the third five-year plan, as in the previous two five-years, developed along an ascending line. But her path to new frontiers was not easy, as mentioned above. From the end of 1939, the direct danger of a war approaching our borders began to affect the entire national economy. As a result, it was necessary to radically change the initial tasks of annual, quarterly and monthly plans, to switch financial and material resources, as well as production capacities to the deployment of the defense industry. In these difficult conditions, the Communist Party, having mobilized the working class and engineers and technicians to overcome difficulties, achieved a decisive improvement in the work of the most important branches of the heavy industry and a sharp growth in the defense industry. The documents published in the chapter are the resolution of the XVIII party conference "On the tasks of party organizations

In the field of industry and transport ", the resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)" On the work of the coal industry of Donbass "," On increasing the role of the foreman "," On state all-union standards and the procedure for their introduction "show the great work of the party and government aimed at overcoming difficulties and shortcomings in the work of industry (doc. No. 33, 35, 37, 44). The reports of the People's Commissariat for Industry and the People's Commissariat for Ferrous Metallurgy published in the chapter for 1940 (doc. No. 39, 42) tell about the measures taken by the Party and the government to raise the coal industry and ferrous metallurgy. Documents show that in the second half of 1940 a turning point came in the work of the ferrous metallurgy and coal industry. And in the first half of 1941, the level of pig iron production exceeded the average monthly level of 1937 by 25%, steel - by 29%, rolled products - by 26%. The increase in steelmaking was ensured not only by an increase in production capacity, but also by better use of equipment. Coal production increased in 1940 by 30% against the level of 1937.
The largest group of documents of the chapter - orders and reports of industrial people's commissariats - contains information about the large organizational and technical work to improve the production management system, revise production rates and prices, standardize products, mechanize labor-intensive processes and increase labor productivity on this basis. Since the main activities in this area have unfolded since
1939, information for 1938 is presented only as a part of generalizing materials. Since the publication of the reports of all the people's commissariats due to their large volume does not seem possible, preference was given to the reports of the people's commissariats of heavy industry - fuel and energy, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy and medium-sized machine building, since they show the development of the economic potential of the Soviet Union on the eve of the Great Patriotic War ...
The general reporting materials in the chapter are presented by the State Planning Committee's report to the USSR Council of People's Commissars on the progress of the implementation of the third five-year plan for the development of the national economy and statistical materials from the TsUNKhU and the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR on the gross industrial output and production of the most important types of industrial products in the USSR and the main economic regions for 1939-1940. (doc. No. 38, 45, 47). These documents show that, despite a number of significant shortcomings in the organization of production, revealed at the XVIII conference of the All-Union Communist Party), the industry during 1938-1940. has achieved great success. During the first three and a half years of the five-year plan, the main tasks of the plan were successfully completed. With an increase in industrial production from 1937 to 1940 by 45%, the production of means of production increased by 54%, and the production of mechanical engineering - by 75%. The labor productivity of workers in industry during the same period increased by 32%. The defense industry has made especially great strides. The total volume of its products in 3 years increased by 2.8 times (while the task was 3.3 times in general for the five-year period)
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Further technical re-equipment of the national economy took place on the basis of the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and the growth of production of the means of production. The branches of mechanical engineering and metalworking received significant development. Machine-tool building grew rapidly, especially the production of automatic and special machine tools, at the same time their assortment expanded. On the eve of the war, over 500 new types of machine tools were mastered. Let us recall that in 1932 only 40 types of machine tools were produced in the country. The production of improved open-hearth and cut-off equipment, means of transport, as well as equipment for the coal industry increased. In 1939-1941. great success was achieved in the development of new types of weapons, not inferior to the best foreign models. As the materials of the chronicles show, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the SNK systematically examined and directed the activities of design and factory teams to create new tanks - KB and T-34, new aircraft engines and new types of combat aircraft: Yak-1, MIG-3, IL -2 and other models of the latest weapons and the organization of their mass production.
The economic and defense power of the Soviet state grew and strengthened every year, as evidenced by the documents published in the collection. Moreover, it should be noted that they are very important, but not the only ones. When preparing the collection for publication, the compilers took into account that a number of important decisions of the party and government have already been published in well-known collections: "The CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee," "Decisions of the party and government on economic issues," as well as in the periodical print.
In the chapter “The size and composition of the working class. Training and Distribution of Personnel ”documents are published on the ways and methods of solving one of the most important national economic problems in the years of the third five-year plan - providing the growing socialist production with qualified personnel. These documents mainly reflect the peculiarities of the growth in the number and changes in the composition of the working class at the new stage of historical development; the implementation of measures outlined in the five-year plan to raise the cultural and technical level of industrial and production personnel and the creation of a new system for training skilled workers. By the beginning of the third five-year plan, the main form of replenishing workers was still the recruitment of workers directly by enterprises and construction sites and organized recruitment under agreements with collective farms. At the same time, most of the workers were trained or retrained directly in production at the machine. The orders and certificates of the people's commissariats published in the collection on the results of brigade and individual apprenticeship at enterprises, as well as advanced training in Stakhanov schools (doc. No. 67, 77), certificate of the State Planning Committee's labor department
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The sources of replenishment of industry with labor (document No. 73) show that these forms could no longer meet the needs of the national economy. Many branches of industry, armed with advanced technology, needed not just labor, but qualified personnel. Therefore, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) took practical measures to streamline the recruitment and distribution of labor, to introduce a new system of organized replenishment of industry, construction and transport with skilled workers. A system of state labor reserves was created. In this regard, the report of the Main Department of Labor Reserves on the progress of organizing schools and the first enrollment of students is of great interest (doc. No. 75).
The documents of the chapter give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe situation with the provision of labor for all branches of industry and construction, of the change in the number and composition of workers by industry in the republics and large industrial regions of the country. Of great interest are the statistical materials of TsUNKHU on the composition of workers and engineering and technical workers. In 1939, TsUNKhU conducted a survey of the organization of labor and wages in industry. The collection includes statistical tables on the distribution of workers and engineering and technical workers in large industry by sex and age, by length of service in production as of November 1, 1939 (by industry) and by education. The data of the 1939 All-Union Census show the level of education of workers and employees by profession, including women workers (doc. No. 56-60).
On January 1, 1941, the CSO conducted a survey of leading personnel and specialists throughout the USSR (except for Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia). The collection publishes a memorandum of the State Planning Commission on the results of the survey, as well as statistical materials on the composition of leading personnel and specialists in the union and union-republican industrial people's commissariats and their subordinate organizations and enterprises in education and party membership, on the saturation of industrial enterprises with engineers and technicians, on the number of women and on the promotion of new personnel for managerial work (doc. No. 79-82).
The chapter "Labor Activity of the Working Class" publishes documents revealing the selfless struggle of the Soviet people for the fulfillment of the third five-year plan, for new creative forms and methods of labor. The chapter includes information summaries, memoranda, as well as letters from collectives of enterprises and individual workers who spoke with new labor initiatives. Most of the documents are published for the first time. They contain information about the activities of party, economic, trade union and Komsomol organizations, as well as scientific and technical societies on the widespread dissemination of advanced forms of labor organization in the main industries and construction. Letters and appeals from production leaders - miners, metallurgists,

Machine builders - economic and party organizations show a high political consciousness of the advanced detachments of the Soviet working class (doc. Nos. 85, 88, 97). At the suggestion of the Stakhanovites of the steelworkers of the Donetsk Metallurgical Plant, a competition was launched between the leading professions of metallurgical enterprises in order to withdraw the lagging industry from the breakthrough and promote the dissemination of best practices among steelworkers and furnaces. The collection also contains materials on the implementation of this valuable initiative (doc. No. 101, 113, 123, 124). Numerous materials highlight the emergence and development of multi-station service and combination of professions, i.e. such forms of production activity of workers, which played a large role in the fulfillment of production targets not only in peaceful conditions, but also during the Great Patriotic War (doc. No. 102, 114).
In the goals of the third five-year plan, the movement of the Komsomol youth brigades, which originated in the early years of industrialization, gained wide scope. Among the published materials, one should especially note the reports of the central committees of a number of trade unions on mass production work, information from the Narkomchermet and some other institutions on the Stakhanov movement (doc. No. 104, 106, 129, 131). These materials contain information about the number of workers - participants in the Stakhanov movement, about the spread of new promising forms of socialist competition, about the main shortcomings in work and about ways to overcome them. Of great interest are the reports and resolutions of the Presidium of the All-Union Scientific and Technical Society on the participation of engineers and technicians in the dissemination of advanced labor methods, in carrying out organizational and technical measures in production in accordance with the tasks of the third five-year plan (doc. No. 86, 90, 91, 94 and etc.). The chapter ends with statistical materials from the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions on the number of workers who participated in socialist competition in 19383-1940, and on the number of rationalization proposals. The published documents summarize the great organizational work of the Communist Party, the Soviet government and the trade unions to provide conditions for mass labor enthusiasm and heroism of the Soviet working class.
. . .
Published documents have been extracted from the funds of the Central State Archive of the National Economy of the USSR (TSGANKH USSR), the Central State Archive of the October Revolution, the highest bodies of state power and government bodies of the USSR (TSGAOR USSR), the Central Party Archives of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU (TsPA IML) , The Central archive of the Komsomol and the Central archive of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
Archaeographic processing of documents was carried out in accordance with generally accepted publication rules. Typos in documents
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As well as minor errors, including inaccurate names of enterprises (if the correctness of the names of the latter is beyond doubt) have been corrected without reservations. All abbreviated words not included in the abbreviation list are also expanded without square brackets, unless the correctness of the expansion is in doubt or may be twofold.
Some of the documents are published in extracts. Omitted without reservation information that is not related to the topic of the collection or is of secondary importance, as well as extracts from the resolutions of the XVIII Congress and the XVIII Conference of the CPSU (b), resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and from statistical tables, the information of which is beyond the scope of published documents ... In other cases, the omitted parts of the documents are specified in the textual notes, which indicate the names of the entire omitted sections, chapters and paragraphs or the content of the omitted parts of the text. In the reports of the people's commissariats and central administrations, omitted information is indicated only for that section or chapter, the material of which is published in the collection. All extracts from documents are marked in the title with the preposition "from" and dashes in the places where the text is missing. Outlines are not put in the event that the part of the document limited by an independent heading is published in full.
In the documents of the collection, the numbering of tables has been changed in accordance with the extracts. Published materials and statistical tables that do not have dates are dated by content, since it is not possible to establish an exact date. Summary statistics are located at the end of each section, regardless of their date.
Document notes are specified in textual notes. The overwhelming majority of documents are typewritten, so only other ways of reproducing the text are stipulated.
The appendices to the collection contain notes, a list of abbreviations, a list of sources used, an index of industrial enterprises, as well as a chronicle of decisions of the Communist Party and the Soviet government on industrialization for the period from January 3, 1938 to December 31, 1940.