The end of the 9th grade is a kind of rehearsal before the beginning of adulthood. You can try to go to college or high school, and if you fail, go back to school. True, it is worth seriously weighing the pros and cons of the decision. And, of course, prepare well for the final exams, because they affect the final grade in the certificate of basic education. explains what each challenge is and how to prepare for it.
The Ministry of Education plans to introduce. But this does not mean that you will not be able to enter the secondary school or vocational school after the 9th grade. Indeed, in these educational institutions also pass the program for grades 10-11. It's just that a graduate of a basic school has two ways to get a general secondary education: at school or at a college (lyceum). The option not to study after grade 9 and get a job in the future will not work. Therefore, pay special attention to exam preparation if you plan to enroll.
Dictation in Russian and Belarusian
After the 9th grade, graduates write a dictation in the Belarusian and Russian languages. Usually exams are held approximately from 1 to 8 June. The texts of the dictations are taken from special collections of the publishing house "National Institute of Education". We think it is not necessary to write all the dictations. But to look through them, to write down a few will be useful. So you will see your mistakes and can eliminateknowledge gaps.
The exam lasts one hour. In fact, it does not differ from the usual control dictation. Listen carefully to the teacher and do not repeat the sentence aloud when you write it down:you can distort some words by pronouncing them, and therefore make a mistake... Even more tipsyou will find in our material.
The examination dictation contains about 125-145 words, as well as the control
Math exam
Assignments for the mathematics exam are also taken from a special collection of materials published by the National Institute of Education.The logic of decisions can be traced in special collections with exam problems, but you should not mindlessly memorize what is written. You risk spending energy on memorizing a cumbersome solution algorithm that you are unlikely to use. It is better to practice solving problems in pairs, comparing your reasoning with the work of a friend. In the material you will find useful advice from a mathematics teacher.
The exam paper is presented in two versions of ten tasks (basic and advanced). The exam will take four astronomical hours. You can solve tasks in any order, the main thing is that the solution is correct and reasonable. It is important to show the course of the decision in detail and legibly. Try to write correctly and accurately, do not shorten words in your reasoning.
School exams are a big test and nothing more. already now, because you have to pass, and when you go to college or university, you will take the session twice a year. If you know the material well, there is nothing to be afraid of. Good luck!
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The collection contains dictations in the Russian language of various types: vocabulary, spelling, punctuation and complex. The didactic material reflects all the basic rules of spelling and corresponds to the school curriculum. Dictations can be used to diagnose knowledge, to work out the rules that cause the greatest difficulties for students, as well as in preparation for any types of exams (including in the form of the exam). Keys are given to all deformed texts.
For Russian language teachers, tutors, as well as students in grades 10-11 of secondary schools, lyceums, gymnasiums and colleges.
Mother of Russian rivers.
The people of the Volga have long been called the Mother of Russian rivers. From under the frame of an old chapel near the village of Volgino-Verkhovye, an inconspicuous stream flows out, across which a log bridge is thrown.
Having traveled three thousand six hundred and eighty-eight kilometers, the Volga comes to the Caspian Sea.
What kind of ships are not found on the Volga!
A huge oil barge sails heavily, replacing many railroad tank cars. Behind her, wide boats with low sides, loaded to the brim with Kamyshin watermelons, stretch unhurriedly. Take a look from afar from the shore - just like a huge dish with fruits floats down the river. A long street, paved with logs, moves towards. As expected, toy houses lined up on the street, as if on a ruler. A fire burns out in front of the house, tea is boiling in a smoked pot, clothes hung on strings are swaying - and all this economy is slowly moving down the river.
Not one by one, but a caravan stretching huge rafts, numbering fifty thousand logs each. It is a great art to lead such a giant along the wayward bends in the course of the river.
Content
Foreword
I. Vocabulary dictations
Unstressed vowels at the root of a word
Alternating vowels at the root
Vowels after sibilants and Ts
The use of letters E, E
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Unpronounceable consonants
Double consonants
The use of b in all parts of speech and word forms
Vowels S, And root after prefixes
Spelling prefixes
Spelling words with GENDER-, SEMI-
Spelling H and HH in words of different parts of speech
Spelling of numeral names
Spelling compound words
Spelling of adverbs
Spelling NOT and NOR
Spelling of prepositions, conjunctions, particles
II. Spelling dictations
III. Punctuation dictations
IV. Complex dictations
Keys
I. Vocabulary dictations
II. Spelling dictations
III. Punctuation dictations
IV. Complex dictations.
Free download the e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book of 300 dictations for university applicants, Tkachenko N.G., 2011 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
- Training dictations in the Russian language, grades 2-4, Grabchikova E.S., 2018
- Unified State Exam, Russian language, Step-by-step training, Tkachenko E.M., Voskresenskaya E.O., Turok A.V., 2017
- Dictation in Russian, grade 9, Kulaeva L.M., Petrova V.V., 2012
- Training dictations in the Russian language, grades 2-4, Grabchikova E.S., 2018
The following tutorials and books.
New additionI always go out to a new replenishment in a ceremonial jacket. So that the first meeting with the commander will be remembered for a long time by young sailors, so that everyone will feel brighter and more festive.
And now I paused for a moment near the wall mirror in the corridor, straightened the silver boat on the right side of my chest,
pulled down the visor of his cap - in a word, he assumed an imposing commanding appearance.
The newcomers lined up in front of the barracks. Suitcases and duffel bags are neatly stowed to one side.
- We wish you good health, Comrade Captain! - they quietly, but amicably answered my greeting. I walked along the line. The sailors called their names in the usual way, lightly, as if fearing damage, shook my hand. Only the left-flank one, I myself gently shook hands. Short, with sharp boyish collarbones, he seemed to me a kid who accidentally got into this formation of heroes.
After the presentation ceremony, we led the young sailors to the pier, near which our submarine was stationed. One by one, they climbed to the narrow deck, saluting the stern flag.
In the winter forest
The path along which Savushkin led Anna Vasilievna began immediately behind the school estate. As soon as they stepped into the forest andspruce paws heavily laden with snow closed behind them, as they were immediately transported to another, enchanted world of peace and
soundlessness. Magpies, flying from tree to tree, swayed branches, knocked off cones, sometimes, hitting with a wing, broke off fragile ones,
twigs.
Everything is white and white. Only in the highest do the blackened ones
by the wind, the tops of the tall weeping birches, and the thin twigs seem
drawn with ink on the blue surface of the sky.
The path ran along the stream. Sometimes the trees parted, revealing sunny glades, crossed out by a hare's trail, like a watch chain. There were also large footprints that belonged to some large animal. These footprints went into the very thicket, into the windbreak.
Do not be afraid, - said Savushkin, noticing the look thrown by the teacher into the depths of the forest. - This elf passed.
Slipping under the arch of the bent willow, the path ran back to the stream. in some places the stream was covered with a thick blanket of snow, in some places it was chained in an ice shell.
Winter oak
The forest led the travelers with complicated, confusing moves. It seemed that there would be no end, the edge of the trees, snowdrifts, silence.
Suddenly, in the distance, a smoky-blue crack appeared. The redneck changed the thicket, it became spacious and fresh. And now, not a crack, but a wide, sun-drenched gap appeared in front. Something sparkled, sparkled, ice stars.
The path skirted a hazel bush, and the forest immediately spread to the sides. In the middle of the glade, in shining robes, an oak stood huge and majestic like a cathedral. The trees parted respectfully to let the elder brother unfold with all his might. Its branches spread like a tent over the clearing. Snow crammed into the wrinkles of the bark, and the thick trunk, three girths, seemed to be stitched with silver threads. The foliage, having dried up in the fall, almost did not fly around.
The teacher timidly stepped to the oak, and the mighty, benevolent guardian of the forest quietly swung a branch towards her.
No matter what university you enter, an exam in the Russian language awaits you everywhere. According to statistics, it is this test that turns out to be unexpectedly difficult for applicants. It doesn't hurt to check again how ready you are for the upcoming Test Project.
Step one: external intelligence
The first step is to find out in what form the exam will take place. It is better to find out in advance: a year or two before the start of the entrance examinations. Each form requires its own preparation method. For example, while practicing hard in writing dictations, you can safely not engage in phraseology or text analysis. Spend more time on difficult cases in which you often make mistakes.
But even if you are absolutely sure that you have to write a dictation, it does not hurt to double-check this information. A couple of weeks before the scheduled exams, do not be too lazy to go to the university and check if there will be any changes - universities began to change the content and number of assignments almost every year.
Understanding the requirements of the institute will help the preparation manuals issued by the university publishing house, textbooks for preparatory courses, and notes of diligent freshmen who successfully passed exams last year. Often, reference material is handed out or sold at open houses. Collect the texts of assignments from previous years, work through them and try to derive general patterns. Find the most frequently repeated foreign words and vocabulary words in all texts, write down the most popular syntactic constructions, note on what grammar rules applicants are "caught" - in a word, make your own training program.
Step two: internal audit
If in the ninth grade you had a strong four on your school exam in Russian, this does not mean at all that you will receive the same mark in a serious university. Every examiner knows medalists for whom you gave two marks on admission absolutely deservedly! Applicants and their parents will never get used to the idea that a school is one educational institution, and a university is quite another. And the school is not at all obliged to prepare for admission to universities, especially since their requirements are very different from each other. Imagine, in the final grade, three people enter the Moscow State Linguistic University (write a dictation), four - to Moscow State University (essay) and seven or eight - to MEPhI (test). What should a teacher do in such a situation? He did the main thing - he laid the foundation for literacy in the middle classes, and it is necessary to build on it ourselves.
Are you ready for the exam or not? You can take a little syntax test right now. The two sentences above must have 20 commas, two colons, two dashes and one semicolon.
Tired of a long journey, Gregory took the horse to the stable and, as in a dream, he dragged himself to the hayloft, he wanted to sleep madly, but probably at least half an hour passed and the dream, as luck would have it, did not go and did not go because the damned thoughts did not leave the fellow and the recent events worried all swept through my head. Exhausted, he constantly changed his posture and covered himself with his head and even tried to count the sheep, nothing helped, and all around last year's hay, old clothes and a leaky roof began to cause irritation, perhaps mixed with a desire to talk to himself that they say his brother cannot sleep?
Dictate the text to a tape recorder, and then try to write it under your own dictation - this will help you feel like an entrant.
To prepare for the dictation and presentation, it is better to choose a textbook with more exercises than theory.
Step three: reconnaissance in force
It is clear that you cannot master a language, even your native one, in two or three months. Many universities carry out control and diagnostic work for sponsored schools, which are close in level and requirements to examinations. What if you study at another school and the university you like does not sponsor you? Serious institutes (not one-day ones!) Went to meet the applicant here too. They conduct trainings, which can be harsher than the entrance exams. Your task is just to find out the phone number of the admissions office, call and say: "I want to test my knowledge. How can this be done at your university?" Usually, after the training, the work is analyzed. And this is the most valuable thing: you will see not only gaps in your knowledge, but you will also understand how the works are evaluated, you will be able to estimate the number of points that you need to score in order to pass the competition. Disadvantages of this method: all trainings are paid (from 400-600 rubles for one subject) and there is no individual analysis of mistakes.
You can also advise taking a one-time consultation from a good one - here they will tinker with you in full! You will learn a lot of new and interesting things about yourself and your knowledge, and sometimes amazing discoveries await you. Remember all the topics that you once missed, and those that you did not understand and left "for later" - in a word, get a lot of pleasure for your parents' money. Disadvantages of this method: such "bride shows" are not cheap (from 700 rubles to 1100 rubles per hour), and it is difficult to get to good tutors.
Useful Tips
- How do you usually study or review a subject? Take a good textbook and read chapter by chapter, then it’s the turn of the exercises. In fact, it is better to start repeating the Russian language with the syntax. Along the way, you will still write words, and the ability to see the sentence as a whole will immediately take you to a new level of language proficiency.
- Use different ways to prepare for the Russian exam: hang pieces of paper with difficult words around the apartment, rewrite excerpts from classic works of art.
- Learn how to properly format your work. You will be checked by someone slightly obsessed with calligraphy. Clear handwriting, full spelling of words, dotting over "e", correct hyphenation. There are a lot of things that will show the examiner that you respect the subject, love the Russian language, and treat it anxiously. And it will work in your favor.
Books You Can't Do Without
There is nothing surprising in the fact that applicants make many mistakes on the Russian language exam. You will not find Russian in the school timetable for grades 10-11. Much is forgotten, out of my head. To prepare successfully, you need to study using textbooks and didactic materials approved and recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science.
- 125 basic rules of Russian grammar with exercises for execution. Edited by P.A. Leconte. - M., Bustard, 1999. Pay special attention to the sections: phonetics, graphics, morphemes.
- Baranov M.T. Russian language. Reference materials. - M., Education, 1989. Morphology and syntax are well developed.
- Grekov V.S. Russian language manual for senior classes. - M., Enlightenment, 2000. This book is better for studying and repeating spelling, punctuation.
- N.V. Kozlovskaya Sivakova Yu.I. Russian language: text analysis. A guide to prepare for the exam. - SPb., Nevsky Prospect, 2004
- Collections of control and measuring materials for the exam. They will help you familiarize yourself with the exam format and questioning.
Briefly about everything
- Lasts 1-2 hours.
- The volume of the text is 180-260 words, including service words.
- Artistic or journalistic text. Virtually no individual author's punctuation marks.
- It is read three times: the first - in full, the second - according to sentences, and the third - in full again. In prestigious universities, the text is dictated through headphones, in universities it is easier - live, standing in front of applicants.
Presentation
- Lasts 3 hours.
- The volume of the text is 400-450 words.
- The text is read twice. The first is in slow motion, while you can write down the reference information on the draft. The second is at the usual pace of speech.
- If the text contains proper names, dates, difficult foreign words, archaisms, the teachers write them on the board.
- To get a good grade, you need to state at least 80% of the information.
- Sometimes a presentation is carried out with elements of the composition. It is required to answer the question, state your point of view on the problem or write your own version of the possible development of events. In some universities, instead of a creative task, grammar is given.
Examiner's advice
Galina Zharonkina, Chairperson of the Subject Commission on the Russian Language of the Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics:
Often, applicants do not take the presentation seriously enough, considering it the simplest test of knowledge, but in vain. As practice shows, many applicants convey the text they have heard incorrectly. In the presentation, you do not need to think out anything, try to fit the moments of the work that are not included in the given passage. The challenge is to reproduce the text as accurately as possible. It is desirable to preserve the author's style.
Typical errors that are taken into account when evaluating work can be divided into three groups.
Towards stylistic refers, first of all, to the inability to correctly construct a phrase. In my opinion, the reason lies in the fact that schoolchildren read much less. Hence the second problem arises: a lot of factual errors are allowed in the presentation, although we try to select for assignments excerpts from the works of the school curriculum on literature. Not knowing the textbook version of the works, the guys even confuse the names of the heroes mentioned in the text.
Spelling errors I would conditionally divide into two categories. The first can be attributed to the spelling of the double "n" in participles and adjectives, the use of the particles "not" and "not". Continuous or separate spelling of adverbs and even spelling of the root vowel. It seems to applicants that in these cases everything is so simple and clear that they do not think about what they are writing. The second category is egregious errors related to excessive communication with the computer. Working on a PC, schoolchildren lose the habit of monitoring the correctness of the letter, relying on an editing program to point out and help correct the error. In recent years, in the expositions, we have seen such blunders that should not be even in the elementary grades: "cha" and "scha" - through "I", "zhy", "shy" - through "s"; the absence of commas before the unions "a" and "but" and even proper names written with a small letter.
The most difficult section for applicants is syntax... The most difficulties are caused by the isolation of participial and adverbial phrases, introductory words, the setting of punctuation marks in complex and complex sentences. It would be nice to repeat the section "Direct speech".
- Each university determines the number of tasks and duration of testing independently.
Examiner's advice
Ivan Pugachev, Professor, Chairman of the Subject Commission on the Russian Language of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Head of the Russian Language Department of the Engineering Faculty of RUDN:
What difficulties do applicants face?
Many get lost when needed apply theory in practice... For example, in the text it is required to find means of artistic expression and determine their role. Applicants, even those who know the definition of a metaphor or epithet, often cannot find them in the text. This suggests that the skills of working with text, the ability to analyze and structure the material are absent.
Applicants do not know language norms well: orthoepic, lexical, morphological. The question of the correct pronunciation of a word can be puzzling: call or call, tvORog or cottage cheese.
Another gap in the basic knowledge of schoolchildren is the definition lexical meaning of words... So, to the question "What is a" cache-pot "?" sometimes they answer: "headdress".
An important role during the exam is played by psychological aspects, mood and composure of applicants. Sometimes they cannot correctly calculate the time of work and, as a result, do not have time to rewrite the finished task for the clean copy. We advise you to divide the time (180 minutes) as follows: take about 60 minutes for the first part of the dough, 30 minutes for the second and 90 minutes for the third. Experience shows that the last section - a short essay - is often short of time. Therefore, it is advisable to speed up the execution of the first part of the task, thereby saving precious minutes for the last.
Elena Lantseva,
Maria Krieger,
Oksana Shcherbakova
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Entrance test program (dictation)
for applicants GOU SPO TO "TPT"
in GOU SPO TO "Tula Industrial College"
based on basic general education
Tula, 2013
EXPLANATORY NOTE
Applicants entering the GOU SPO TO "TPT" (hereinafter referred to as the technical school) on the basis of basic general education (9 classes), pass entrance tests in the Russian language. According to the decision of the selection committee for all specialties of the technical school, entrance examinations in the Russian language are carried out in the form of a dictation (score on a 100-point system). The level of complexity of the dictation meets the requirements for mastering the general education subject "Russian language" within the framework of basic general education. The number of words in the dictation is 150-160.
The exception is applicants entering a technical school on the basis of secondary (complete) general education (11 classes), in this case the result of the exam in the Russian language is counted.
This publication includes a description and description of the exam procedure, assessment criteria, a program of entrance examinations in the Russian language, a sample dictation, a list of recommended literature and questions for self-examination.
Exam characteristics
Dictation in the Russian language is an exam form. The task of the Russian language exam in the form of a dictation is to determine whether the applicant has knowledge in the field of Russian phonetics, morphology, word formation, speech culture and stylistics, as well as spelling and punctuation skills provided for by the State Standard of Basic General Education.
The main requirement for applicants for the entrance exam in the Russian language is knowledge of the theory of the Russian language for the course of basic secondary school (5-9 grades), knowledge of spelling and punctuation norms, knowledge of speech culture skills.
The dictation exam is conducted in writing. The dictation contains material on the spelling and punctuation of the modern language, phonetics, vocabulary, word composition and word formation, morphology, syntax, speech culture and stylistics.
Exam duration - 60 minutes... The use of reference books during the exam is not allowed.
Exam procedure
Before the start of the exam, each entrant receives title pages with insert sheets. Before completing the written work, the applicant fills out the title page of the work. Written work is performed on sheets - inserts, on which no conditional notes are allowed.
After the entrance test, all written works are transferred to the executive secretary of the selection committee or his deputy.
Checking the dictation by examiners and reviewing the test results
When checking written works, examiners should not know which of the applicants is the author of the work. To do this, before checking the work, it is necessary to code them. The coding of written works is carried out by the executive secretary of the selection committee or his deputy. In this case, each applicant is assigned a conditional code, which is affixed on the title page and on each sheet - insert. All sheets - inserts with the records of this applicant are fastened into a single set. On the first of the sheets, the total number of sheets is put ("Total sheets __").
The chairman of the subject examination committee additionally checks the written work, assessed by the examiners for "unsatisfactory" and the highest score, as well as 5% of the rest of the work and confirms the correctness of the marks with his signature.
The dictation is checked by the examination board. All mistakes that the examiner made in the work are indicated using generally accepted signs in the margins of the work.
The results of the written entrance test are announced on the day of the test or the next day.
After the announcement of the assessment, the applicant has the right, at the time set by the admissions committee, to familiarize himself with the test results and receive appropriate explanations from the examiners.
ENTRANCE TEST PROGRAM IN RUSSIAN
Phonetics. Orthoepy. Spelling
Speech sounds and letters. Vowels and consonants. Voiceless and voiced, hard and soft consonants. Designation of the softness of consonants in writing. Positional changes of consonants. Unstressed vowels, their spelling. Spelling of consonants in the roots of words. Use Band Bdividing marks. Syllable, stress. Basic rules of literary pronunciation.
Vocabulary and phraseology
The concept of vocabulary. Word as a unit of language. The meaning of the word (direct, figurative). Multiple and unambiguous words. Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms.
The vocabulary wealth of the Russian language. Obsolete words and neologisms. Originally Russian and borrowed words. Neutral and stylistically colored words.
Free combinations of words and phraseological turns.
Morphemics. Word formation. Spelling
Derivative and inflectional morphemes. Word stem and ending. Root, suffix, prefix, ending as significant parts of the word. Single-root words. Alternating consonants and vowels at the root. Spelling of words with alternating vowels in the roots zar-zor; gar-gore; kas-kos; lag-lodge, rast, grow-grew; bir-ber, dir-der, tir-ter, steal-stele, pir-per, gig-zheg, mir-mer, equal-equal, mak-mok. Letters eand aboutafter hissing in different parts of the word. Letters Sand ANDafter Cin different parts of the word. Letters Sand ANDafter prefixes ending in a consonant. Spelling of prefixes. Letters Zand FROMat the end of the attachments; prefixes PRI-and PRE-.
Ways of word formation in Russian.
Difficult words and their spelling.
Parsing the word composition and word-formation analysis.
Morphology. Spelling
Noun.The meaning of a noun and its grammatical features. Nouns are animate and inanimate, proper and common. Rod. Number. Death. Gender of non-declining nouns. Types of declension, spelling of noun endings. Spelling of suffixes of nouns. The syntactic role of nouns.
Adjective.The meaning of an adjective and its grammatical features. Qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. Full and short forms. Declination of adjectives. Comparison of adjectives. Spelling of the endings of adjectives. Spelling of adjective suffixes. Hand NNin full and short adjectives; continuous and separate spelling NOTwith adjectives. The syntactic role of adjectives.
Numeral.The meaning of a numeral name. Classification of numerals. Cardinal and ordinal numbers. Features of declension of numerals. Spelling of numbers. The syntactic role of numerals. Norms of using numerals.
Pronoun.The meaning of pronouns. The categories of pronouns. Declination of pronouns. Spelling of indefinite and negative pronouns. The syntactic role of various categories of pronouns. Using the pronoun as a means of communication.
Verb.The meaning of the verb and its grammatical features. Infinitive. Perfect and imperfect form of the verb. Transitive and intransitive verbs. Indicative, conditional, imperative mood of the verb. First and second conjugation. Spelling of personal endings of verbs, NOTwith a verb, verb suffixes, YOU - YOU.
Participle.Real and Passive participles. Full and short passive participles. Declension of full participles and spelling of case endings. NOTwith participles. Spelling of vowels in participle suffixes. Hand NNin suffixes of participles and verbal adjectives, short participles. Participial. The syntactic role of the participle.
The verbal participle.Participial turnover. Perfective and imperfective gerunds. NOTwith gerunds. The syntactic role of the participle. Norms for constructing sentences with an adverbial turnover.
Adverb.The meaning of adverbs. Classification of adverbs. Word formation of adverbs. Comparison of adverbs. NOTwith adverbs. Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of adverbs. Spelling of indefinite and negative adverbs. Hand NNin adverbs. The syntactic role of adverbs.
Pretext.The concept of a preposition, its use in speech. Derivative and non-derivative prepositions. Spelling of derivative prepositions.
Union.Union as an official part of speech. Writing and subordinate unions. Merged and separate spelling of unions and expressions homonymous to them. The text-forming role of unions.
Particles.Particle as a service part of speech. The syntactic role of particles in a sentence. Discrimination in writing particles NOTand NO.
Interjection.The meaning of interjections. Punctuation marks for interjections.
Syntax. Punctuation
Word combination.Methods of subordination in the phrase: coordination, management, adjoining.
Complex cases of management and coordination.
Sentence.Types of sentences for the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, incentive. Exclamation clauses. The sentences are simple and complex.
Simple two-part sentences... The main members of the proposal. Ways of expressing the subject. Simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal predicate. Dash between subject and predicate. Minor members of the sentence and ways of expressing them.
Simple one-piece sentences... Definitely personal, vaguely personal, impersonal and nominative sentences.
Incomplete sentences... Punctuation marks in incomplete sentences.
Homogeneous Sentence Members... Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Punctuation marks between homogeneous members and with generalizing words.
Standalone members of the proposal.The concept of isolation. Separate definitions, applications, additions, circumstances and punctuation marks with them. Punctuation marks for qualifying members of a sentence.
Addresses, introductory words and interjections.Punctuation marks with them. The use of introductory words as a means of communication between sentences.
Methods of transferring someone else's speech.Direct speech, dialogue, indirect speech. Punctuation marks in direct and indirect speech. Citation.
Difficult sentence.Complex sentence concept. Types of complex sentences. Allied compositional and subordinate and non-union communication in sentences.
Compound sentencesand punctuation marks between their parts. Complex sentences... Conjunctions and allied words as a means of communication between their parts. Types of subordinate clauses. Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses and punctuation marks in them. Types of subordination: homogeneous, parallel and sequential.
Unionless complex sentence.Semantic relationships between parts. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence. Variety of punctuation marks.
Complex sentences with different types of communication.Punctuation marks in sentences with a compositional, subordinate and non-union connection.
Text. Types and styles of speech
Text as a speech work. Semantic and compositional integrity of the text. Sequential arrangement of parts of the text. Communication means between sentences.
Types of texts by functional and semantic features: description, narration, reasoning. Styles of speech: scientific, official-business, journalistic, artistic, conversational.
Selection of language means in the text. Means of expressiveness of speech: epithet, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, comparison, antithesis, rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, anaphora.
QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CHECK
1. List the vowel sounds of the Russian language.
2. How to check the spelling of vowels and consonants at the root of a word?
4. After which part of the word is a hard sign written?
11. List the ways of forming words in Russian. Determine how the words are formed: starless, cup holder, slightly, in French, exit, car repair, incoherently, line up.
13. When is the letter "E" written in the roots of words after hissing?
14. In the suffixes of nouns, adjectives and adverbs, after the sibilants under stress, is "O" or E "written? And in the endings of verbs?
15. When is a soft sign written after a hissing word at the end?
16. Under what conditions is the letter "Y" written after the prefix?
17. What determines the choice of a vowel in alternating roots? Can they be checked with stress?
18. Remember the meaning of the prefixes PRI- and PRE-. Give examples.
19. Does the "C" prefix have a ringing pair?
20. What is a noun? What permanent features does it have?
21. How to determine the spelling of noun endings?
22. How to determine the gender of non-declining nouns? Determine the gender of nouns: depot, cockatoo, lady, foyer, coffee, Ontario, Sochi, kangaroo, pots, metro.Choose adjectives for them.
24. To what category are adjectives that have degrees of comparison?
25. What member of the sentence is an adjective in the comparative degree?
26. How many H are written in the suffix -an / -yan? What are the exceptions to the rule?
27. When is NOT written together with adjectives, nouns and adverbs on "o"? When separately?
30. List the categories of pronouns, give examples of each of them.
31. What are the features of the spelling of negative and indefinite pronouns?
32. List the permanent morphological features of the verb.
33. How to determine which letter is written in the unstressed personal ending of the verb?
34. What verbs are conjugated by the second conjugation?
35. What conjugation does the verb refer to? lay? How would you write it forms: it spreads across the plain; we spread ... the carpet; they made ... the bed?
36. Formulate the spelling rule for one and two letters "H" in full and short participles.
37. What form of participles is written with NOT separately? Which member of the proposal is this form?
38. What is the peculiarity of the adverbial turnover use?
39. In what ways can adverbs be formed? Which adverbs formed by the prefix-suffix method are hyphenated?
40. From what parts of speech are derived prepositions formed? Think back to the prepositions that cause the most spelling difficulties.
41. How to distinguish the conjunctions “also” and “also” and expressions with particles “the same”: “the same” and “the same”?
42. Define the method of submission in phrases: my version, an order to leave, some rumor, a bouquet of flowers, I remembered myself, Turkish coffee.
43. List the types of one-part sentences, give an example of each of them.
44. What are the features of punctuation for generalizing members of a sentence?
45. What members of the proposal can be isolated? What are the features of punctuation for each of them?
46. \u200b\u200bList the meanings of the introductory words. How not to confuse them with members of the proposal?
47. What punctuation marks are used in direct speech? What is the peculiarity of their staging with direct speech, broken by the words of the author?
48. What are the subordinate clauses?
49. What are the features of punctuation in case of uniform subordination?
50. When is a colon placed between parts of a non-union complex sentence?
51. What is text?
52. List the styles of speech of the Russian literary language.
53. What style of speech is used in the above program of entrance examinations in the Russian language?
54. Can there be several functional-semantic types of speech in one text?
55. Remember the verse lines in which the poet uses metaphor / epithet / personification / rhetorical question.
AN EXAMPLE VERSION OF THE DICTANT IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
The dictation below was used as an exam for entrance examinations in 2011.
Birds under the snow.
Sometimes you go skiing in the forest, you look - a head appeared and hid: it's a hazel grouse. Not even two, but three salvations for the hazel grouse under the snow: heat, food, and you can hide from the hawk.
Now he does not run under the snow, he only needs to hide from the bad weather. Grouses do not have large moves, like hazel grouses under the snow, but the arrangement of the apartment is also neat.
Black grouse, I think, is much smarter than a partridge. Once it was with me in the forest: I am going on skis; day is red, good frost. A large clearing opens up in front of me, in the clearing there are tall birches, and black grouse feed on the birches by kidneys. I admired for a long time, but suddenly all the black grouse rushed down and buried themselves in the snow under the birches. At the same moment a hawk appeared, hit the place where the black grouse had buried, and entered. Well, right above the black grouse he walks, but can't guess he can dig his foot and grab it. I was very curious about that. I think: "If he walks, then he feels them under him, and the mind of the hawk is great, but there is no such thing, so that it is not given to him."
I've seen a lot of things in the forest, it's all simple for me, but I still marvel at the hawk: he is so clever, but in this place he turned out to be such a fool. But I think the partridge is the silliest. She spoiled herself between people in the threshing floor, no, she's like a black grouse, so that, seeing a hawk, she throws herself into the snow with all her might. A partridge from a hawk will only hide its head in the snow, and the whole tail is in plain sight. The hawk takes her by the tail and drags her.
Textbooks and educational publications
1. Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L. D. Russian language. Theory: Textbook for 5-9 grades. educational institutions. - 5th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbook", 1996.
2. Berdnikova ED, Petryakova AG Tests on the culture of speech: For high school. - 2nd ed. - M., 2002.
3. Goltsova N.G., Shamshin I.V. Russian language, grades 10 - 11. - M., 2007.
4. Grekov V.F., Kryuchkov S.E., Cheshko L.A. A manual for classes in the Russian language in the upper grades of secondary school (any edition).
5. Gromov S.A. Russian language. - M., 2006.
6. Rosenthal D.E. Russian language: A guide for applicants to universities (any edition).
7. Tkachenko N.G. 300 dictations for those entering universities (any edition).
8. Tkachenko N.G. Russian grammar tests (any edition).
9. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I., Kapinos V.I., Lvov V.V. and others. Russian language: grades 5-9 // Ed. M.M. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lecant. - M .: Bustard, 2003.
10. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language for senior classes. - M .: Verbum, 2001;
Dictionaries and reference books
1. Lekant P.A., Samsonov I.B. Russian language: Difficulties in grammar and spelling. - M., 1998.
2. Russian spelling dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences / Otv. ed. V.V. Lopatin. - M., Azbukovnik, 2000.
3. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of the Russian language; Ed. S.G. Barkhudarova, I.F. Protchenko, L.I. Skvortsova. - 26th ed., Stereotype. - M: Russian language, 1988 (and subsequent editions).
4. Tikhonov A. N. Morphemic-spelling dictionary: About 100,000 words / A. N. Tikhonov. - M .: LLC "AST Publishing House": LLC "Astrel Publishing House", 2002.
5. Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Reference Dictionary / Ed. R.I. Avanesov and S.I. Ozhegova. - M., 1959.
6. School dictionary of foreign words / Odintsov V.V. and others - M., 1989.
7. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / Zhukov VP, Zhukov. - M., 1988.
8. Shansky N.M. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language: the meaning and origin of phrases. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Russian language, 1990.
Criteria for assessing the entrance test in the Russian language
When assessing a dictation on entrance examinations, spelling and punctuation errors are corrected, but not taken into account:
1) In hyphenation;
2) For rules that are not included in the school curriculum;
4) Descriptions, incorrect spelling, distorting the sound of the word.
Corrected, but not taken into account, misspellings, incorrect spellings, distorting the sound of the word, for example: "ratchet" (instead of working), "dulpo" (instead of hollow), "memlya" (instead of earth).
When evaluating dictations, it is also important to take into account the nature of the error. Among the errors, one should single out those that are not rude, that is, they are not significant for the characterization of literacy. When counting errors, two non-rude ones count as one.
Errors are not rude:
1) In exceptions to the rules;
2) In writing a capital letter in compound proper names;
3) In cases of continuous and separate spelling of prefixes in adverbs formed from nouns with prepositions, the spelling of which is not regulated by the rules;
4) In cases of separate and continuous writing "not" with adjectives and participles acting as a predicate;
5) In writing s and and after prefixes;
6) In cases of difficult distinction, neither and neither (Wherever he turned! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. No one else ...; none other than; nothing else ...; nothing else, etc. );
7) In proper names of non-Russian origin;
8) In cases where instead of one punctuation mark another is put;
9) In the absence of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence.
It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If a mistake is repeated in the same word or in the root of the same root words, then it is counted as one mistake. Spelling is considered the same type of mistake. Regulated by one rule, for example: spelling of unstressed vowels, "not" with verbs, hyphen after prefixes and in adverbs, spelling of indefinite verbs, a combination of "zhi", "shi", etc.
They are not considered to be the same type of mistakes for such a rule, in which, in order to find out the correct spelling of one word, it is required to choose another (supporting) word or its form (water - water, mouth - mouth, sad - to be sad, sharp - harsh).
The first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one.
Dictation is assessed on a one-hundred-point and five-point system.
100 points or a score of "5" is awarded for error-free work, as well as in the presence of one rough spelling or one rough punctuation error.
70 points or score "4" is given if there are no more than 2 spelling and no more than 2 punctuation errors in the dictation, or 2 spelling and no more than 3 punctuation errors, or no more than 4 punctuation errors in the absence of spelling mistakes.
50 points or score "3" is given if there are no more than 4 spelling errors and no more than 4 punctuation errors, or no more than 4 spelling and no more than 4 punctuation errors, or no more than 8 punctuation errors in the absence of spelling errors. A score of "3" can also be given in the presence of 5 spelling and 5 punctuation errors, if among those and others there are the same type and not gross errors.
30 points or score "2" is set from 6 spelling and 7 punctuation errors.
The rules included in the dictation
in Russian:
An unstressed vowel at the root of the word. Speech sounds and letters.
Vowels after sibilants. B after the hissing. Vowels after C.
Root of the word. Prefix and suffix. Word formation.
Alternation of sounds at the root of the word. Spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of the word.
a - about; e - i.
Spelling of roots with alternating vowels e - i.
Spelling of consonants and vowels in prefixes.
Spelling prefixes at- and pre-... Lexical meaning of the word.
Direct and figurative meaning of the word.
The word and its forms. Case and declension of nouns.
Declension of nouns in the plural.
Infinitive. Types of verbs. Face and number of verbs. Conjugation of verbs.
Multi-conjugated verbs. Spelling of verb suffixes.
Adjectives with the suffix - ui... Comparison of adjectives.
Simple, compound and compound numbers.
Declension of cardinal numbers.
Syntactic features of cardinal numbers.
Comparison of adverbs.
Relative and indefinite pronouns. Indefinite pronouns.
Participial. Status words.
Word formation of real and passive participles.
Vowels in participles before - nn - i - n - ... spelling - nn - in the participles.
Spelling not with participles. Participial turnover.
Word formation of gerunds.
Service parts of speech. Spelling of prepositions. Spelling not and neither.
Basic types of simple sentences. Impersonal sentences.
Separation of definitions.
Isolation of adverbial turns.
Sentences with introductory words, phrases and sentences.
Suggestions with appeals. The main types of complex sentences.
The meaning of complex non-union sentences. Punctuation marks in them.
Methods of transferring someone else's speech.
for entrance exams
by academic discipline
"RUSSIAN LANGUAGE"
The old violinist-musician liked to play at the foot of the Pushkin monument. This monument stood in Moscow, at the beginning of Tverskoy Boulevard, poetry is written on it, and marble steps rise to it from all four sides. Having climbed these steps to the very pedestal, the old musician turned his face to the boulevard, to the distant Nikitinsky gates, and touched the strings on the violin with his bow. Children, passers-by, newspaper readers from the local kiosk immediately gathered at the monument, and they all fell silent in anticipation of music, because music comforts people, it promises them happiness and a glorious life. The musician put the case from his violin on the ground opposite the monument, it was closed, and there was a piece of black bread and an apple in it so that you could eat whenever you wanted.
As a rule, the old man went out to play in the evening. It was more useful for his music to make the world quieter and darker. The old man was bored with the thought that he did not bring any good to people, and therefore voluntarily went to play on the boulevard. There, the sounds of his violin were heard in the air, in the gloom, and at least from time to time they reached the depths of the human heart, touching him with a gentle and courageous force that carried him along to live a higher, beautiful life. Some music listeners took out money to give it to the old man, but did not know where to put it; the violin case was closed, and the musician himself was high at the foot of the monument, almost next to Pushkin.
He left home late, sometimes already at midnight, when the people became rare and only some random lonely person listened