What race are Australians? Racial composition of Australia

The race of masters is the race of slaves From the doctrine of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), who argued that human society consists of people of different qualities - a minority represented by strong personalities - “masters” and a majority consisting of people

Humanity is a mosaic of races and peoples that inhabit our globe. A representative of each race and each people has a number of differences in comparison with representatives of other population systems.

However, all people, despite their racial and ethnic background, are an integral part of a single whole - earthly humanity.

The concept of “race”, division into races

Race is a system of a population of people who have similar biological characteristics that were formed under the influence of the natural conditions of the territory of their origin. Race is the result of the adaptation of the human body to the natural conditions in which it had to live.

The formation of races took place over many millennia. According to anthropologists, at the moment there are three main races on the planet, including more than ten anthropological types.

Representatives of each race are connected by common areas and genes, which provoke the emergence of physiological differences from representatives of other races.

Caucasian race: signs and settlement

The Caucasoid or Eurasian race is the largest race in the world. Characteristic features of the appearance of a person belonging to the Caucasian race are an oval face, straight or wavy soft hair, wide eyes, and average thickness of lips.

The color of eyes, hair and skin varies depending on the region of the population, but always has light shades. Representatives of the Caucasian race evenly populate the entire planet.

The final settlement across the continents occurred after the end of the century of geographical discoveries. Very often, people of the Caucasian race tried to prove their dominant position over representatives of other races.

Negroid race: signs, origin and settlement

The Negroid race is one of the three big races. Characteristic features of people belonging to the Negroid race are elongated limbs, dark skin rich in melanin, a wide flat nose, large eyes, and curly hair.

Modern scientists believe that the first Negroid man arose around the 40th century BC. in the territory of modern Egypt. The main region of settlement of representatives of the Negroid race is South Africa. Over the past centuries, people of the Negroid race have settled significantly in the West Indies, Brazil, France and the USA.

Unfortunately, representatives of the Negroid race have been oppressed by “white” people for many centuries. They faced such anti-democratic phenomena as slavery and discrimination.

Mongoloid race: signs and settlement

The Mongoloid race is one of the largest world races. The characteristic features of this race are: dark skin color, narrow eyes, small stature, thin lips.

Representatives of the Mongoloid race primarily inhabit the territory of Asia, Indonesia, and the islands of Oceania. Recently, the number of people of this race has begun to increase in all countries of the world, which is caused by an intensifying wave of migration.

Peoples inhabiting the earth

A people is a certain group of people who have a common number of historical characteristics - culture, language, religion, territory. Traditionally, a stable common feature of a people is its language. However, in our time, cases are common when different peoples speak a single language.

For example, the Irish and Scots speak English, although they are not English. Today there are several tens of thousands of peoples in the world, which are systematized into 22 families of peoples. Many peoples that existed before disappeared at this point or were assimilated with other peoples.

Socionics and other typologies

Socionics - science or art?

Australoid race

Australoid race

Australoids- the general name of the ancient dark-skinned population of India, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania.

Australoid race 0.3% of the world's population.

In Southeast Asia, Oceania and Australia, populations are widely distributed, in some characteristics (dark skin color, wide nose, thick lips) close to the Negroids of Africa, but differing from them in wavy hair, strong development of tertiary hair, and sometimes weakened pigmentation. For example, the aborigines of Australia are close to African Negroids in pigmentation, and to Caucasians in the shape of their hair and the development of tertiary hair.

Characteristic signs

They differ from representatives of the Negroid race, as a rule, in the strong development of tertiary hair, wavy hair (except for transitional types), and highly developed superciliary ridges. The close similarity between the Australian Aborigines and the Veddas has long been noted by anthropologists and is reflected in the identification of a separate Australo-Veddoid race.

Some young and old Australoids living in western Australia, southern India and the Pacific Islands are natural blondes. This is not the result of crossbreeding, but a mutation that took hold during some period of isolation, similar to the one that took hold among northern Europeans.

Types of Australoids

• Aborigines of Australia
• Papuans of New Guinea
• Negritos of Southeast Asia.
• Veddoids of India

Science lesson, 5th grade “Racial composition of the world population. Formation of racial characteristics. Race Equality"

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Races. Race equality.

Settlement of people on planet Earth

Race is a large group of people who have common, inherited, external characteristics. The first classification of human races was published by the French physician and traveler Francois Bernier in 1684. He identified three races: white, black and yellow.

Human races Caucasoid race Mongoloid race Equatorial race

§57, page 171. Race Skin color Hair Other external characteristics Areas of residence Caucasian race (40%) Mongoloid race (20%) Equatorial race (Negros-Australoid) Negroid race (10%) Australoids (0.3%).

Race Skin color Hair Other external features Areas of residence Caucasian race (40%) Whitish or dark-skinned Various shades, wavy or straight Narrow nose, thin lips Eurasia, North America, North Africa Mongoloid race (20%) Yellowish or dark-skinned Hard, straight , dark Narrow eyes, flattened face Asia, America Equatorial race (Negro-Australoid) Negroid race (10%) Australoids (0.3%). Dark Curly or wavy, dark and coarse Wide nose, thick lips, brown eyes Africa, Oceania

Race distribution map

Miklouho-Maclay Based on the results of his anthropological and ethnographic research, Miklouho-Maclay defended the idea of ​​species unity and mutual kinship of human races. He proved that the Papuans and other peoples of Oceania and Southeast Asia lagged behind in their development only due to a number of historical reasons, but in their abilities they are no lower than the Europeans. Having studied the life of the islanders, Miklouho-Maclay came to the conclusion that these peoples are just as capable of mental development as any other people on Earth.

Letter Hello sixth graders! I learned that you are studying the topic “Race” in geography and decided to ask you a question, who am I? About myself I inform you: I was born in the city of Moscow. My parents' names were Nadezhda Osipovna and Sergei Lvovich. One of my ancestors, or rather great-grandfather Abram Petrovich Hannibal (before baptism Ibrahim) was black by blood. At the age of seven he was captured by the Turks and taken from Ethiopia to Istanbul. There the Russian ambassador bought it and presented it to Tsar Peter I. But despite this, I am Russian. The whole world considers me a great Russian. Well, after all, my hair is black and curly, my skin is yellow, and my nose is far from European. Who am I? Your great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

Mixed races Negroid + Caucasoid = MULATTO Caucasoid + Mongoloid = METTIZOS Mongoloid + Negroid = SAMBO

What race are we talking about? Name the regions of settlement of the race.

Name the races shown in the picture. List the factors influencing the formation of races. Basic provisions of the theory of racial equality.

• Nesteruk Ksenia Igorevna
• 22.10.2017

Material number: DB-780880

The author can download the certificate of publication of this material in the “Achievements” section of his website.

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Races of people

Rice. 82. Human races (Negroid, Caucasian, Mongoloid)

Race- this is a group of people united on the basis of their mutual kinship, common origin and some external hereditary physical characteristics (skin and hair color, head shape, structure of the face as a whole and its parts - nose, lips, etc.). There are three main races of people: Caucasian (white), Mongoloid (yellow), Negroid (black).

The peoples of our planet, regardless of skin color, are equal, all people have the right to a happy life and, although the world's population is increasing quite rapidly, no one should believe that wars and epidemics are necessary for humanity. The development of science and technology, the transformation of nature in a number of regions of our planet, the friendship of the peoples of all countries - this is what will help people make the Earth even more beautiful, richer.

Racial characteristics

Naturally, in each population people differ from each other in height, facial structure, skin color, hair and other characteristics. This is the result of individual variability. Racial characteristics are inherent not only to individuals, but also to the entire community and are closely related to certain living conditions.

Racial characteristics arose as a result of people's adaptation to living conditions. Thus, the dark skin of the Negroids protected them from the burning rays of the sun; the narrow slanting voices of the Mongoloids protected them from dust and sand.

The emergence of races

The ancestors of all races lived 90-92 thousand years ago. Starting from this time, people began to settle in territories that differed sharply from each other in natural conditions.

According to scientists, in the process of the formation of modern man in Southeast Asia and neighboring North Africa, which are considered the ancestral homeland of man, two races arose - southwestern and northeastern. Subsequently, from the first came Caucasoids and Negroids, and from the second - Mongoloids.

The separation of the Caucasoid and Negroid races began approximately 40 thousand years ago.

It should be taken into account that racial characteristics are considered secondary and are not characteristic of the external and internal structure of the human body. Despite the differences in the appearance of people belonging to the Caucasian, Negroid and Mongoloid races, they all develop and produce normal offspring. All this indicates that all races descended from a single ancestor, and modern people, regardless of race and nationality, belong to the same biological species, Homo sapiens.

Displacement of recessive genes to the outskirts of the population range

In 1927, the outstanding geneticist N.I. Vavilov discovered the law of the emergence of individuals with recessive traits beyond the center of origin of new forms of organisms. According to this law, in the center of the species' distribution area forms with dominant characteristics dominate, they are surrounded by heterozygous forms with recessive characters. The marginal part of the range is occupied by homozygous forms with recessive traits.

This law is closely related to the anthropological observations of N.I. Vavilov. In 1924, members of the expedition under his leadership witnessed an amazing phenomenon in Kafiristan (Nuristan), located in Afghanistan at an altitude of 3500-4000 m. They discovered that most of the inhabitants of the northern mountainous areas had blue eyes. According to the prevailing hypothesis at that time, since ancient times northern races were widespread here and these places were considered a center of culture. N.I. Vavilov noted the impossibility of confirming this hypothesis with the help of historical, ethnographic and linguistic evidence. In his opinion, the blue eyes of Nuristans are a clear manifestation of the law of the entry of owners of recessive genes into the outlying part of the range. Later this law was convincingly confirmed. N. Cheboksarov on the example of the population of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The origin of the characteristics of the Caucasian race is explained by migration and isolation.

Characteristics of races

All of humanity can be divided into three large groups, or races: white (Caucasoid), yellow (Mongoloid), black (Negroid). Representatives of each race have their own distinctive, inherited features of body structure, hair shape, skin color, eye shape, skull shape, etc.

Representatives of the white race have light skin, protruding noses, people of the yellow race have cheekbones, a special shape of the eyelid, and yellow skin. Blacks, who belong to the Negroid race, have dark skin, wide noses, and curly hair.

Why are there such differences in the appearance of representatives of different races and why are each race characterized by certain characteristics? Scientists answer this as follows: human races were formed as a result of adaptation to different conditions of the geographical environment, and these conditions left their mark on representatives of different races.

Negroid race (black)

Representatives of the Negroid race are distinguished by black or dark brown skin, black curly hair, a flattened wide nose and thick lips (Fig. 82).

Where black people live, there is an abundance of sun, it is hot - people's skin is exposed to more than enough sunlight. And excessive radiation is harmful. And so the body of people in hot countries has adapted to excess sun over thousands of years: the skin has developed a pigment that blocks some of the sun's rays and, therefore, saves the skin from burns. Dark skin color is inherited. Coarse curly hair, which forms a kind of air cushion on the head, reliably protects a person from overheating.

Caucasian (White)

Representatives of the Caucasian race are characterized by fair skin, soft straight hair, a thick mustache and beard, a narrow nose and thin lips.

Representatives of the white race live in the northern regions, where the sun is a rare guest, and they really need the sun's rays. Their skin also produces pigment, but at the height of summer, when the body, thanks to the sun's rays, is replenished with the required amount of vitamin D. At this time, representatives of the white race become dark-skinned.

Mongoloid race (yellow)

People belonging to the Mongoloid race have dark or lighter skin, straight, coarse hair, sparse or undeveloped mustaches and beards, prominent cheekbones, lips and nose of medium thickness, and almond-shaped eyes.

Where representatives of the yellow race live, there are frequent winds, even storms with dust and sand. And local residents tolerate such windy weather quite easily. Over the centuries they have adapted to strong winds. Mongoloids have narrow eyes, as if on purpose so that less sand and dust get into them, so that the wind does not irritate them, and they do not water. This trait is also inherited and is found among people of the Mongoloid race and in other geographical conditions. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

Racism (racial theory)

Among people there are those who believe that people with white skin belong to the superior races, and those with yellow and black skin belong to the inferior races. In their opinion, people with yellow and black skin are incapable of mental work and should only do physical work. These harmful ideas are still guiding racists in a number of third world countries. There, the work of blacks is paid lower than that of whites, and blacks are subjected to humiliation and insults. In civilized countries, all peoples have the same rights.

Research by N. N. Miklouho-Maclay on racial equality

The Russian scientist Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay, in order to prove the complete inconsistency of the theory about the existence of “lower” races incapable of mental development, in 1871 settled on the island of New Guinea, where representatives of the black race - the Papuans - lived. He lived for fifteen months among the islanders, became close to them, learned their language and customs. The traveler enjoyed enormous authority among local residents; his word was considered law. In New Guinea, he fell ill with tropical fever and settled on the island of Java for treatment.

In 1882 he returned to Russia. Miklouho-Maclay's friendly relations with the Papuans made a strong impression on many. Leo Tolstoy wrote to him: “You were the first, undoubtedly, to prove by experience that man is everywhere a man, that is, a kind, sociable being, in communication with whom one can and should enter only with goodness and truth, and not with guns and war. And you proved this with feats of true courage.”

In 1883, on his way to Australia, Miklouho-Maclay visited New Guinea for the third time (Fig. 137).

The merit of the Russian scientist is that he decisively raised the question of the unity of races and the mutual kinship of all races.

Races on Earth (Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid; mixed)

Modern people appeared on Earth about 40 thousand years ago. Due to the peculiarities of natural and geographical conditions, differences arose in the appearance of a person. For example, dark skin color protects against sun exposure. Curly hair forms an air cushion on the head and protects against overheating.

Where people with a yellowish skin tone live, there are often winds, dust and sand storms. Therefore, the eyes of those people look like a narrow slit with a fold of skin covering the inner corner of the eye. People of different continents and countries differ in body structure, skin color, hair, eyes, shape and size of nose, lips, etc. These characteristics are called racial. They were formed over a long historical period and are passed on from generation to generation.

Human races - these are large groups of people connected by a common origin and external characteristics.

According to external signs they distinguish four main races: Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid(or equatorial) And Australoid.

To the Caucasian race includes almost half of the planet's humanity. The name itself suggests that most of the peoples of this race live in Europe. With the discovery of America and Australia, Caucasians settled throughout the world. They have fair skin, soft straight or slightly wavy hair, a narrow nose, thin lips, and eye color may vary. In addition to Europeans, Indians, Tajiks, Armenians, and Arabs belong to this race. All Slavs, including Ukrainians, are Caucasians.

People live in Africa and America Negroid race. The peoples of this race live in the equatorial regions. They have dark skin, hair and eyes, curly or wavy hair, poorly developed hair on the face and body, most of them have a wide nose, the upper jaw protrudes forward, and thick lips.

TO Mongoloid race belongs to almost 40% of the world's population. The peoples of the Mongoloid race settled across the vast expanses of Asia, the Pacific Islands and both continents of America. Mongoloids have yellowish skin color, black straight hair, narrow eyes like slits, a flat face, a wide nose, thin, slightly thickened lips. This race includes the Mongols, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans and other peoples of Asia, as well as Indians - the indigenous population of America

Representatives Australoid race inhabit the northeast of mainland Australia and the eastern part of the island. New Guinea. This race is characterized by dark skin, hair, and eyes. The facial hair is well developed, the nose is wide and flat.

With the growth of the Earth's population, peoples of different races communicated with each other more and more. This is how they appeared mixed race - mulattoes(descendants of blacks and Europeans), mestizos(descendants of Indians and Europeans), sambo(descendants of Indians and blacks). Material from the site http://worldofschool.ru

For a long time, Europeans did not recognize the equality of races. Representatives of the Mongoloid race, and especially the Negroid race, were considered to be at the lowest level of development and incapable of creating their own civilization. One of the first to refute this erroneous and inherently racist theory was the world-famous scientist, great-grandson of the Zaporozhye Cossack Makhlai N. N. Miklouho-Maclay. He was a famous traveler, lived for many years among the Papuans of New Guinea and proved that they were in no way inferior to Europeans in their mental development. He argued that all people, regardless of place of residence, skin color, hair and other external features, are the same in their biological characteristics. The Papuans considered Nikolai Nikolaevich their friend. On the coast of New Guinea has a territory named after him Maclay coast. Driver's license of a foreign citizen in Russia: validity, use, exchange The main document of any driver is the license. In Russia, a driver's license (VU) is a standard document in the form of [...]

Southern Mongoloids

Anthropologically, the majority of the Indonesian population belongs to the southern Mongoloids, who are characterized by a combination of Mongoloid characteristics (tight black hair, poorly developed tertiary hair, yellowish skin tone, flat face, prominent cheekbones, low nose bridge, pronounced fold of the upper eyelid and epicanthus - a fold covering the lacrimal tubercle ) with some Australoid features (a protruding jaw, a relatively wide nose, thickened lips, etc.) Paleoanthropological materials show that population groups transitional between Mongoloids and Australoids existed in Southeast Asia back in the Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic.

Several variants can be distinguished within the South Asian minor race.

In some areas of Indonesia, southern Mongoloid forms are common, with more pronounced Australoid features. These groups, which are often called “proto-Malay” or “Indonesian” in the special anthropological literature, include the small mountain peoples of Vietnam and Cambodia, the Nias, Mentawai and Bataks of Sumatra, the Badui and Tenggers of Java, and partly the Dayaks of Kalimantan and the Toraja of Sulawesi. They are characterized by small stature, an elongated skull, a significantly flattened nose, and fairly light skin.

The short-headed type of the South Asian race, which has more pronounced Mongoloid features, includes the majority of the Malays of Malaysia and Indonesia, the Minangkabau, the Ache, the Javanese, the Sundas (the Sundas have more rounded facial features than the Javanese), the Madurese, the Balinese, the Bugs and the Makassars. This type is characterized by the following features: average or below average height, brown skin, medium thick lips, slightly flattened rather wide nose, black straight hair, weak facial hair, moderately pronounced epicanthus.

Australoid race

The vast majority of the population of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) and some islands of Indonesia belongs to the Australoid large race.

Australoids are characterized by dark skin, black (children of some Melanesian peoples often have “red hair”) wavy or curly hair, brown eyes, an intensively growing beard and mustache, a protruding jaw, a wide nose and thick lips.

Within the Austroloid race in Oceania and Indonesia, five anthropological types are distinguished: Papuan, Negrito, Melanesian, Veddoid and New Caledonian.

The Papuan anthropological type is widespread throughout most of New Guinea. It is characterized by curly hair, a peculiar shape of the nose, which has a hook-shaped bend in the cartilaginous part, and a relatively narrow face.

The Melanesian anthropological type is common in some coastal areas of New Guinea and on a number of nearby islands. Its representatives differ from other Australoids in their tall stature, less curly hair (in childhood, “red hair” is characteristic) and a face of medium width.

The Veddoid racial type is common on some islands of Indonesia (Sumatra, Sulawesi). They have moderately dark skin, wavy hair, medium lip thickness and moderate prognathism. The tertiary hairline is rather weak. Body length is average and below average. These include the Kuku of Sumatra, the Toals of Sulawesi and a number of other tribes.

The Negrito anthropological type is found in the interior of New Guinea, on some islands of the Philippines and in the interior of Malacca. Distinctive features of this type are short stature, very curly hair, a wide face and an almost complete absence of prognathism (protrusion of the jaws forward).

The transitional East Indonesian racial type developed in the east of the Malay Archipelago (Moluccas, Timor, Flores and some other Lesser Sunda Islands, partly Sulawesi). The population of these islands is distinguished by curly hair, but is significantly taller than the neighboring Mongoloid peoples, which brings them closer to the Melanesians of Oceania.

The latest data on the genogeography of blood groups, dermatoglyphics, and odontology indicate deep genetic connections between the Australoids and Mongoloids of Southeast Asia.

Other types

The Chinese of Indonesia are generally classified as East Asian Mongoloids, although many of them have South Asian racial characteristics.

In the country there are Caucasians and racial groups in transition with them - these are descendants of immigrants from India, the Arab East and Europe.

Caucasian features are also noticeable among the “Indo” - Indonesian-European mestizos.

Like the Khoisan peoples, representatives of the Australoid (small Negroid) race belong to the oldest surviving population of the Earth. Once upon a time, Australoids inhabited almost half the globe from the Hindustan Peninsula to the Hawaiian Islands and from the Kuril Islands to Tasmania. But gradually representatives of this race were forced out and mixed with migrants belonging to other races. Thus, as Hindustan was settled by Caucasians (Aryan tribes), the Australoids (Veddas, Dravidians), who originally inhabited the peninsula, were pushed south and gradually mixed with the newcomers. (And today, representatives of the “lower castes” in India have darker skin color and more pronounced Negroid facial features.) In the Philippines, Indonesia and Indochina, the small Negroid race mixed with the southern Mongoloids, in China and on the Japanese Islands - with the eastern ones.

Despite their external similarity, genetically Australoids are more distant from Negroids than from other races. The similarity of a number of external features, such as dark skin pigmentation and curly hair, is explained by the preservation of ancient features in Australoids, which were later lost by other races.

The Australoid race includes several groups: Polynesian, Melanesian, Australian, Veddoid, Ainu and is distinguished by an extraordinary variety of external characteristics. Moreover, the Polynesian type is intermediate between the Australoid and Mongoloid races. Currently, the race in its best preserved form is represented by the aboriginal population of Australia (about 0.5 million people) and Oceania. The appearance features of indigenous Australians are lighter than other Negroids, brown skin, a large nose, long wavy hair, a massive eyebrow. At the same time, there are significant differences in the appearance of Australian aborigines from different parts of the mainland, which suggests several migration waves of the settlement of Australia in ancient times. Australoids are sharply distinguished from African Negroids by their powerful jaws. The genetic distance between them is also great. However, among the Melanesians (Papuans), spiral hair, a narrow face and a convex nasal bridge are common.

The total number of peoples belonging to the Australoid race is 10-12 million people, of which more than half live in Papua New Guinea (see Fig. 10.1).

Since all human races are of the same species Homo sapiens, this allows them to form a racially mixed population through intermarriage. The descendants of representatives of the Negroid and Caucasian races are called mulattoes, Mongoloids and Caucasoids - mestizos and Mongoloids and Negroids - sambo

The areas of the most intense racial contacts, resulting in population mixing, are:

• The Sahara (from the Atlantic Ocean to the Abyssinian Highlands) and the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia) is the contact zone of the Caucasoid and large Negroid races;
• Latin America is the contact zone of the Caucasoid, Negroid and American races;
• Southern India and Sri Lanka are the contact zone of the Caucasoid race and the ancient Australoid (Veddoid) population;
• Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan) and Russia (Urals, Volga region, Siberia) is the contact zone of the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races.

The total racially mixed population is about 10% of all humanity.

Modern population genetics admits that the currently existing racial types do not exhaust the entire morphological diversity of people and that in ancient times there were races that either disappeared without a trace, or whose characteristics were later blurred as a result of assimilation with carriers of other races.

• Descendants of Caucasians and American Indians are also called Mestizos. Often the term "mestizo" refers to the descendant of any mixture on the racial or ethnic level.
• Almost half of the population of Latin America is mestizo and mulatto.