Alexander I Obrenovich (Serb. Aleksandar Obrenovi; August 14, Belgrade, Serbia - June 11, Belgrade, Serbia) - King of Serbia from 1903, the last representative of the Obrenovic dynasty. Killed by a group of conspiratorial officers along with his wife, Queen Draga, during the so-called May coup.
Biography [ | ]
Young years [ | ]
Alexander Obrenovic was born on August 14, 1876 in Belgrade. He was the only son of the Serbian prince Milan IV Obrenovic and his wife, daughter of the Moldovan landowner Natalia Obrenovic (Keshko). In 1887, after the relationship between the spouses had deteriorated completely, Milan, by that time had already changed the princely title to royal, parted ways with his wife and entered into a formal agreement with her, according to which Alexander was to be brought up in Germany and France under the supervision of his mother ... Natalia took her son with her to Wiesbaden, but soon the king of Serbia sent General Kosta Protic to Germany, who, with the support of the Prussian police, kidnapped Alexander and took him to his father.
Coming to power and the period of regency[ | ]
The conflict with the Serbian Orthodox Church was also settled - Metropolitan Michael (Yovanovic), who was removed in 1881, was returned in 1889. In 1890, a new Law on the Church Authorities of the Eastern Orthodox Church was adopted, which proclaimed Orthodoxy the state religion of the country and fixed the division of Serbia into five dioceses. The bishops' council again consisted only of bishops, but their subordination to the royal power was preserved: for a trip to a metropolitan or bishop abroad, permission was required from the king, the bishop had to be approved by the king before ordination, and after that he was appointed to the diocese by royal decree. The law of 1890 secured the election of the Metropolitan by the Council of Bishops, but with the participation of government officials and with the confirmation of the elected candidate by the king. Also, the law fixed the obligatory state salary for bishops. This law, with some changes, was in effect until 1918.
Self-government[ | ]
Both of these circumstances led to an increase in political tension in Serbia and had fatal consequences for the Obrenovic dynasty.
The death of the royal couple[ | ]
The bodies of the king and queen lay under the palace windows for several more days. In the end, Alexander Obrenovich was buried in the Hungarian (at that time) limits: in the cathedral of the Krushedol na Fruska Gora (Vojvodina) monastery. This is how the long-term reign of the Obrenovich family ended tragically. The previous dynasty was replaced by the Karageorgievichs in the person of King Peter I. Exactly 100 years later, in 2003, Crown Prince Alexander Karageorgievich and his wife Yekaterina lit candles at the grave of Alexander and Draga Obrenovich as a sign of repentance.
Culture [ | ]
References in literature[ | ]
Film incarnations[ | ]
Notes [ | ]
- German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record # 120558106 // General regulatory control (GND) - 2012-2016.
- //
Serbian king-passion-bearer Alexander I Karadjordievich
E.V. Nikolsky
Today the Yugoslav Passion-Bearer King Alexander I Karadjordievich (1888-1934) is little known in Russia. For many years, even in Yugoslavia itself, his name was hushed up, and the significance of his noble activity was deliberately diminished.
The glorious and pious Tsar Alexander I Karageorgievich was born on December 17 (30), 1888 in the family of the future King of Serbia, Peter I Karageorgievich, and Princess Zorka, daughter of the Prince of Montenegro (later King) Nicholas I Njegos.
The heir to the Serbian throne received an excellent education in Russia - in 1904 he graduated from the Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg. In Russia, the Serbian prince made many friends and became very attached to our country. As Baroness E.N. Meyendorf, Tsar Nicholas II asked her grandfather, Adjutant General B.E. Meyendorff, so that he took a kind of guardianship over the heir to the throne on days off. And the heir to the throne, Alexander, became a frequent guest in their house.
After the abdication of his older brother George in 1909, from July 8, 1914, due to the illness of King Peter I, Alexander was appointed Prince Regent of the Serbian Kingdom. During the First and Second Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, the prince Alexander commanded the First Serbian Army. As the Russian envoy to Belgrade, N.G. Hartwig: “In the battle of Kumanov, Crown Prince Alexander showed exceptional courage. While the Turks showered Serbian positions with a continuous shower of shrapnel and rifle bullets, the prince rode around the front on horseback, being a noticeable and attractive target for the Turks. Moreover, when, finally, after a brutal bloody battle, Kumanovo was taken, Prince Alexander was the first to enter the fallen city. Meanwhile, the Albanians and Turks who had settled in their houses were shooting from all the windows, and almost every Muslim shack had to be taken by storm ... "
After the end of the II Balkan War, the heir was awarded the Milos Oblic gold medal. At the same time, the prince Alexander became a knight of the highest Imperial Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called.
On the eve of the First World War, Prince Alexander took over the duties of the Supreme Commander of the Serbian Army. For the courage shown by the Serbs in the fight against a common enemy, the Russian Emperor Nicholas II awarded the Serbian prince with the Orders of St. George, 4th and 3rd degrees.
After the death of King Peter in 1921, Alexander was proclaimed sovereign of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and in 1929, after the formation of Yugoslavia, the King of Yugoslavia. In 1922, Alexander married the daughter of King Ferdinand I of Romania, Princess Mary, who came from the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty. Three sons were born in this marriage - Peter, Tomislav and Andrey.
Defender of the Russians
Deeply grateful to Tsarist Russia, who was so attentive to him personally and defended his homeland in 1914, King Alexander gave shelter and protection to numerous Russian emigrants. “Yugoslavia owes the Russian tsar for the fact that I was able to found it,” he said. “And for the fact that in Russia I always felt at home, and for the excellent military training, and for the cordial attitude towards myself."
King Alexander perceived the October Revolution and the exodus of many worthy people of Russia into emigration as a personal tragedy. Under the protection and personal patronage of King Alexander I and members of his family were organizations in charge of helping Russians, professional, scientific and creative associations (Russian Archaeological Society, Russian Scientific Institute in Belgrade, Russian Engineering Society). In Sremski Karlovtsy, on the territory under the jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the activities of the Supreme Church Administration, and later the Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia, headed by Metropolitan Anthony (Khrapovitsky), were launched. Alexander I personally contributed to the establishment of the main Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity in Belgrade for the Russian emigration in Serbia, which became a place of storage of Russian military relics. He also actively contributed to the creation of Russian educational and sports institutions. Here, in Serbia, General P.N. Wrangel created the Russian General Military Union.
King Alexander, who was brought up in the traditions of Russian culture and knew the Russian language perfectly, not only gave refuge to Russian refugees, but also granted all of them equal rights with the indigenous population of the country. “In gratitude, King Alexander presented the Russian community in Belgrade with a house the size of an entire block and several floors high,” recalled Baroness E.N. Meindorf, - ... compare, in France the grand dukes worked as chauffeurs, taxi drivers, peddlers of newspapers. In Yugoslavia, however, all Russians worked in their professions. There were more Russian professors than Serbian professors at the University of Belgrade. " When it became “too sickening for us to live among the general misunderstanding, cruelty, stupidity,” wrote the ataman P. N. Krasnov, “… we prayerfully turned our thoughts to one bright point - King Alexander! A knight-king, a Serb, with an open Russian soul, who grew up in Russia, brought up in Russia, knows what Imperial Russia is, loves her and is faithful to her! "
Recently, many have been increasing interest in the fate of their ancestors. Today no one wants to be Ivan, who does not remember kinship. And this can only be welcomed. The defenders of the Fatherland - those who went missing in the conflagrations of the wars of liberation, laid down their heads in a foreign land, buried in mass graves - arouse particular attention. Establishing their names, revealing the details of the feat is a noble cause, in which, along with the search teams, on the eve of the 70th anniversary of Victory, an increasing number of Russians are involved.
At the request of our correspondents, this is the story that the Dean of the Chekhov District, Priest Alexander Serbsky, told about his family:
- My great-grandmother Serafima Aleksandrovna Serbian, nee Mas-
Lova - the daughter of priest Alexander Maslov, who was the rector of the Church of the Nativity of Christ in the village of Teleshi, Bezhetsk district, Tver region. She graduated from the highest female Bestuzhev courses in St. Petersburg.
And soon she met there my great-grandfather Arseny Petrovich Serbsky, who first graduated from the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, since he was from a family of clergymen - his father was a deacon in the village of Sobakino in the Kalininsky district of the Tver region - and then St. Petersburg University. And so they met, fell in love and got married. And they had three sons. Senior - Vladimir, born in 1916, Boris - in 1918. The city of Vyborg, where my great-grandfather headed one of the gymnasiums, at that time belonged to Finland. In 1918, critical events take place in the fate of the city
- independence is proclaimed, there is a Civil War, famine begins and the family moves to Bezhetsk. Here in 1920 their youngest son was born - my grandfather Viktor Aresenevich.
Priest Alexander
- my great-grandmother's father
- did not live up to this time. He died in 1916. And here is mother Alexandra
- my grandfather's grandmother - lived to 1937. And my grandfather remembered her very well. I remembered going to church. Unfortunately, the Church of the Nativity of Christ in the village of Tebleshi is now dilapidated - it was closed in the thirties. A huge magnificent temple, very similar to the Trinity Cathedral in Podolsk.
- However, let's return to our topic, - Father Alexander continues the story. - The elder brother Vladimir took part in the Great Patriotic War and survived. My grandfather Victor, the youngest of the brothers, was a railway engineer during the war and did not take part in battles. But the middle brother Boris Arsenievich immediately went along the military line: he studied at the naval school in Leningrad, he did not have time to start a family. And we only knew about him that he died at the beginning of the war. But recently my brother's sister, the historian Svetlana Petrovna Serbskaya, found award documents, which says that Serbian Lieutenant Boris Arsenievich, born in 1918, “since May 1942 took an active part in the execution of combat missions of the command. In battle, he behaves boldly and calmly. Initiative. As an assistant to the boat commander, he always ensured good organization during the landing and shooting of assault forces. So, for example, on September 17-18, 1942, when landing and filming an assault on the enemy's coast in Motovsky Bay, with strong artillery fire and enemy aircraft attacks, he managed to perfectly organize a quick landing and shooting of the assault. At a time when the boat commander was evading enemy fire, Comrade. Serbsky personally supervised the setting of smoke screens, artillery fire, etc. Despite the retirement of some of the personnel out of action, the task assigned to the boat was performed brilliantly.
He took part in the landing on Cape Pikshuev on October 21-22, 1943. When performing assignments for laying minefields in the Va-ranger fiord - November 1942, February-March 1943, being on the group's lead boat, he ensured reliable laying, despite for various meteorological conditions and being permanently for 12 or more hours behind the pad. Many dozen times he participated in escorting both in Motovsky Bay and in the area of \u200b\u200bIokangskaya
VMBase.
On June 26, 1943, while carrying out a mission to rescue the crew of the Swan motorboat in Motovsky Bay, with a sea state of 4 points and low clouds, the boat was attacked by 8 enemy aircraft of the FV-190 type. In this unequal battle, Comrade. Serbian at his combat post and died along with the boat. Awarded posthumously with the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree. "
This is the fate.
As for our Lopasna land, and the places here are special - the Stremilov line of defense, miraculously connected with our Kazan icon of the Mother of God, which is now kept in our Conception Church. The icon, which was on this line of defense, and, according to the testimony of the veterans, miracles were manifested from it. Whether it was so or not, the enemy's advance was stopped there. This icon is very much revered in our church, from it comes the grace-filled help to those who are praying. Once it was in the chapel in the village of Vysokovo, but the chapel was destroyed in the 1930s, and the icon was taken home. The woman with whom she was, since the beginning of the war, three times dreamed of the Mother of God, who ordered to carry her icon to the front. But the woman was afraid of the consequences, because it was Soviet times. Finally, the front reached the Vysokov borders. When a shell hit this woman's house and one corner remained intact, where the icon was located, she took it to the Stremilov line. When our church was returned to believers in 1988, this woman was one of the first to bring this icon to Conception.
We must not forget about that great time. It is our duty to pass on living, real historical memory to future generations. And in this matter there should not be indifferent.
Olga KALININA
The Serbian king Alexander Karageorgievich was born on October 30, 1888 in the family of the future king of Serbia, Peter I Karageorgievich, and Princess Zorka, daughter of the Prince of Montenegro (later - king) Nicholas I Njegos. From a young age, the fate of Alexander was associated with Russia. He was the godson of the Sovereign Emperor Alexander III. In 1904, Alexander graduated from the Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg, after which he returned to his homeland.
During the I and II Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, the prince Alexander commanded the First Serbian Army. As the Russian envoy to Belgrade, N.G. Hartwig: “In the battle of Kumanov, Crown Prince Alexander showed exceptional courage. While the Turks showered Serbian positions with a continuous shower of shrapnel and rifle bullets, the prince circled the front on horseback, being a noticeable and attractive target for the Turks. Moreover, when at last, after a brutal bloody battle, Kumanovo was taken, Prince Alexander was the first to enter the fallen city. Meanwhile, the Albanians and Turks who had settled in their houses were shooting from all windows, and almost every Muslim shack had to be taken by storm ... ”. After that, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
During the First World War, Alexander commanded the Serbian army, showing heroism and courage. In 1921, after the death of his father, Alexander became the king of the Croats and Slovenes.
In 1922, Alexander married Princess Mary of Romania, great-granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II. Queen Mary possessed a delicate taste, patronized art, and painted herself. The Queen also patronized the Mariinsky Don Institute, which was located in the Serbian city of Belaya Tserkov from 1919 to 1941 and was closed only with the beginning of the occupation of Yugoslavia.
In general, the royal couple did a lot for the Russian emigrants. In Sremski Karlovtsy the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army Lieutenant General P.N. Wrangel and the Higher Church Administration later - the Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia. Russian educational institutions, publishing houses, theaters, libraries operated on the territory of the Kingdom, the system of full school and special education was recreated.In the early 1930s, the construction of the Russian House began in Belgrade - the spiritual center of Russian science, art and education. The idea of \u200b\u200bits construction was also supported by King Alexander I, who took on the role of the sovereign patron. Funds for the construction and equipment of the building were donated by the king himself, members of the Royal House of Yugoslavia, Serbian Patriarch Barnabas and many others. The Russian House played an important role in the life of the emigration as a cultural, organizational and social center. Before the opening, King Alexander told Academician Alexander Belich: “You must keep the Russian soul for the Russians. Look, they came with their families. Each family is a miniature people, this is the beginning of each nation. Believe me, Russians will find their homeland within their four walls if the family breathes the Russian atmosphere. The Russian school - primary and secondary - must forever consolidate their Russian nationality, without which their family is a torn leaf from a mighty tree. And this is not all, and this is not enough. A Russian person cannot live without satisfying his spiritual needs. Remember this always. It is good, necessary and very useful to shelter, feed, heal. But if at the same time you do not allow the Russian person to take his heart out at lectures, concerts, exhibitions, and especially in your theater, in your opera, you have not done anything for him ... Always remember that there are people in the world who donate bread for spiritual benefits, to whom art, science, theater are also a piece of bread. These are our Russians. "
In Serbia, Emperor Nicholas II is called the protector of the Serbs, so we can say that King Alexander is the protector of the Russians.
It was King Alexander who created the state of Yugoslavia, the Orthodox Slavic monarchy, the existence of which was like a bone in the throat of the Communists, the Democrats, the Catholic Vatican, and the Croatian bandits Ustasha. In the mid-1920s, confusion reigned in public opinion, in the minds, generated, on the one hand, by communist propaganda, which denied everything monarchical, Orthodox, and national. On the other hand, the pressure of radical nationalist parties grew, demanding an ever larger piece of the political pie. The situation was in many ways reminiscent of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. In these conditions, King Alexander makes a difficult decision to introduce a dictatorship in the country. Here are the words of his address to his people: “The hour has come when there should no longer be any intermediaries between the people and the King ... Parliamentary institutions, which my blessedly deceased father used as a political instrument, remain my ideal ... But blind political passions the parliamentary system was so abused that it became an obstacle to all useful national activities. Consent and even normal relationships between parties and individuals have become completely impossible.
Of course, with his noble and courageous actions, the king signed his own death warrant.
On October 9, 1934, during a visit to France, Alexander Karadjordievich and French Foreign Minister Louis Bartoux were shot dead in Marseille. "Keep Yugoslavia ..." - were the last words of the dying 55-year-old king. Queen Mary was regent under the minor heir Peter, and in 1945 the royal family of Yugoslavia was forced to move to London and leave their homeland. The testament of the dying king was not fulfilled, Yugoslavia was not saved, jackals flew in and tore it apart.
Used materials from the article by E. Bondareva "Orthodox Serbian King".
(1876-1903), the only son of Prince Milan IV Obrenovic (later King Milan I) and his wife Natalia, nee Keshko. When there was a gap between Milan and Natalia (see Natalia), the latter took her son with her to Wiesbaden. The Prussian police, at the request of Milan, captured him and handed him over to his father. On March 6, 1889, Milan abdicated power, and Alexander ascended the throne, first under the regency of Ristic, Protic and Belimarkovic. On the night of April 2, 1893, A., led by Milan, arrested the regents and ministers and proclaimed himself an adult. From that day on, a series of coups d'états began, and A. did not act independently, but led by Milan, first from abroad, then directly. In general, the king was a plaything in the hands of his father, showing a very weak understanding of state affairs, even a very weak interest in them. Settled by his father against his mother, he treated her with complete indifference: during her expulsion from Belgrade and the street unrest caused by this, he calmly played bowling (1891). In January 1894 Milan, unexpectedly for the ministry, but by agreement with his son, returned to Serbia, into which he had no right to enter by virtue of an obligation he had signed earlier. May 9, 1894 A. abolished the constitution and handed power to Nikola Khristich, who acted with the help of the prison and the police. In the following years, the ministries replaced one another (see Serbia), and the driving impetus of all these changes was not considerations of state benefits, but mainly the personal, mostly monetary interests of the king and especially his father. A. tried to strengthen the international position of Serbia by visiting foreign courts. On July 9, 1900, A. unexpectedly became engaged to his mother's maid of honor Draga, the widow of Colonel Mashina, nee Lunevitsa, who was more than 10 years older than him. This was a big surprise for everyone; Djordjevic's ministry resigned. The planned marriage was opposed by Milan and Natalia, who were looking for a bride for their son from some reigning house; but even among the democratic Serbian people, this marriage did not arouse sympathy, because Draga and especially her brothers, the officers of Lunevitsa, enjoyed a very bad reputation. Nevertheless, the king showed completely unexpected firmness and in August 1900 he married Draga. If earlier the influence of Milan acted on Serbia in a corrupting way, now it was replaced by the same influence of Draghi. Nepotism in the army and in the civil service manifested itself in the most rude forms. The old creatures of Milan were displaced and, just as unlawfully as they were appointed, were replaced by those of Draghi. At the beginning of 1901, in his speech to the throne at the opening of the assembly, the king spoke of the hope for a near appearance of an heir to him. The futility of this hope was soon revealed. Whether Draga deliberately told a lie about her pregnancy, or whether she herself was a victim of delusion is unknown; but this incident finally undermined the reputation of the king and queen. In May 1903, a conspiracy was made among the officers of the Belgrade garrison for the life of the king. On the night of May 29, the conspirators, including the two brothers of the Queen's late first husband, the Machines, entered the palace and, with extreme composure and cruelty, shot the king and queen. With the death of A., the Obrenovichi house died out.
- - Vladimir Petrovich, doctor, one of the founders of forensic psychiatry in Russia, founder of a scientific school. Author of the manual "Forensic Psychopathology" ...
Russian encyclopedia
- - the only son of Prince Milan IV Obrenovic and his wife Natalia, nee Keshko. When there was a gap between Milan and Natalia, the latter took her son with her to Wiesbaden ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - Artist of the author's song; was born in Kiev on February 7, 1947. By profession - a developer of control systems. He began to write both music and poetry at school, but separately instrumental music and separately poetry ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- - Vladimir Petrovich, Russian psychiatrist, one of the founders of forensic psychiatry in Russia. Graduated in 1880 from the Physics and Mathematics, and in 1883 - from the Medical Faculty of Moscow University ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - Prince, founder of the monastery in Mileshev, son of St. Stefan Serbsky. Memory in the Orthodox Church on September 24 ...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
- - about the old order in a new form Cf. This evil - the acquisition of huge fortunes without difficulty, as was the case with the ransoms - only changed its form ...
Explanatory phraseological dictionary of Michelson
- - From French: Le roi est mort! Vive le roi! With these words in France, from the windows of the royal palace, they informed the people of the death of one king and the beginning of the reign of another ...
Dictionary of winged words and expressions
- - ...
Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
- - ...
Together. Apart. Hyphened. Dictionary-reference
- - KING, -I, ...
Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- - SERBIAN, th, th. 1.see Serbs. 2. Related to Serbs, to their language, national character, way of life, culture, as well as to Serbia, its territory, internal structure, history; like the Serbs, like in Serbia ...
Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- - SERBIAN, Serbian, Serbian. adj. to the Serb ...
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
- - Serbian adj. 1. Pertaining to Serbia, Serbs, associated with them. 2. Typical for Serbs, typical for them and for Serbia. 3. Belonging to Serbia, Serbs. 4. Created, derived, etc. in Serbia or Serbs ...
Efremova's explanatory dictionary
- - with"...
Russian spelling dictionary
- - The king is dead, long live the king about the old order in a new form. Wed This evil - the development of enormous states of effortlessness, as it was during the ransom - only changed the form ...
Michelson's Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
- - ...
Word forms
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