Witnesses of the situation, inspired the society that Columbus was the discoverer of America. He was appreciated during the period of his life as a resourceful person who is not lost in various extraordinary situations. He managed to crush a chicken egg with his bare hands to prove that our planet is a ball in shape.
We have several, different information about Columbus. It somewhat contradicts the current situation.
Setting out on our voyage, the traveler did not plan to discover America. Moreover, it was mentioned as identified by the Scandinavian seafarers. Finally, the merit belongs more to a simple cabin boy, who exclaimed that there was a part of the land ahead.
Many will disagree with our findings. He still didn't discover the American mainland. He just met the natives. At the sight of each other with different skin colors, clothes and communication rules, they were surprised. That's all. After wandering around the islands, seeing each other for the first time, and simply sailing away to his homeland.
Simply, issuing a caustic remark, enlightened individuals uttered: "Oh, I discovered America!" So this sarcastic proposal about long-known information went.
Of course, after a while, the natives, as if for the first time encountered unusual creatures with white skin and strikingly different lifestyles. After all, they walked naked, with tanned skin and no beards, in clothes. Making an exchange it seemed to them that it was easy for them to deceive each other.
The white-faced ones easily rusticated themselves with small masterfully made mirrors and trinkets: beads of plain glass. And the natives did not spare gold pieces and various jewelry items for them. Then, relations and trade ties improved.
After a while, the savages developed weapons, the habit of stealing and drinking. And they generously shared syphilis, potatoes and tobacco with the guests. And it all ended in prison. The King of Spain ordered to keep the traveler in a prison.
Famous people were doomed to huge envious speeches and ended up on the fire or behind bars.
Picture or drawing Discovery of America
Other retellings for the reader's diary
- Summary of the Legend of Larra Gorky (Old Woman Izergil)
It happened in a distant country. A fearless and strong tribe lived there, in which men, after a successful hunt, rejoiced, had fun, and had fun in every possible way.
- Summary Shot of Pushkin (Belkin's Tale)
The life of the army regiment goes on as usual. The boring life of the officers ends when they meet Silvio.
- Summary of the tale About the toad and the rose Garshin
In an abandoned flower garden, a beautiful rose bloomed one morning in May. She grew up on a pink course, surrounded by other beautiful plants, which the lack of grooming of this place did not make it worse, and even more beautiful.
- Summary of Thackeray Vanity Fair
Two friends are finishing their studies at Miss Pinkerton's boarding house and now they have different paths. First of all, because they came from different strata of society, and have a different character: Emilia is the daughter of wealthy parents, full of virtues
And the discovery of America? Would it have been open if Columbus had not traveled? Of course not. Failure to discover America would cause economic turmoil. European dukes and princes, not meeting rich American women, would fall into poverty and die out, and American women, unaware of the existence of a continent chock-full of coats of arms, titles and their high-ranking bearers, would quickly become rich to the point that there was nowhere to put money, their value fell, and the economic crisis, this scourge of peoples, would have fallen from one ocean to another on this wonderful continent.
And what could be more beautiful than a trip to a tropical country, such as Africa? I read about an Englishman who decided to explore the shores of the mysterious Tanganayika; he took with him a tent, porters, camels and suitcases. On the shores of the mysterious Tanganayika, he came across such a voracious tribe that, in addition to the Englishman, they ate camels and porters - even suitcases and edible parts of the tent.
Even in this tragic case, one can observe the benefits and cultural significance of travel: the ignorant savages assumed an extremely civilized appearance, decorating their wives' ears with canned food boxes, and the king with kerosene kitchen pushed on his head instead of a crown.
I could have hundreds of more examples to prove the benefits and significance of travel, but I don't want to break into an open door. It is only high school students who in their class essays on the topic of "the benefits of travel" invent, as it were, more substantiatedly to prove that twice two is four.
The four of us (except for Mitya's servant) unanimously decided to make a trip to Western Europe. Our goals and aspirations were different: some just wanted to "broaden their horizons," some dreamed of "benefiting dear Russia" upon their return, one had a modest desire to "just chat," and the only tempting prospect was drawn to servant Mitya, between we say, rather miserable: to wipe, upon return, your colleagues' nose.
At this point, I consider it necessary to say a few words about each of the four members of the expedition, because the reader will subsequently have to repeatedly encounter all four on the pages of this book, not counting Mitya's servant.
Krysakov (pseudonym). He can be wholly classified in the category of "wholesale" people, if such a category exists. He eats a lot, sleeps a lot, works even more, and is even more lazy, laughs incessantly, deep in his heart is extremely delicate, but he will not allow himself to step on his foot. If necessary, he will climb into a fight or into a fire, unnecessarily - lie on the couch for a week, reading some "Evolution of aesthetics" or "Collection of secular anecdotes for fun." Sometimes, for the sake of a curiosity, he is not averse to lying, but, when caught, he does not argue, but instead rushes to the accuser and begins to tickle and bother him, giggling ingratiatingly. Unpretentious in life. Calmly he refills the served cup of coffee with beer, mixes it with sugar, and if there is milk right there, then the milk is poured into the cup. Ashes that have accidentally fallen into this pile are stirred with a spoon "so that it is not noticeable." Likes to ask the waiters ridiculous, meaningless questions. While undressing at the restaurant hanger, he will definitely ask: did Jules Verne come? And he is extremely happy if he receives the answer:
- Half an hour left.
His carelessness and laziness sometimes reach heroism. When we left Russia, starting from Berlin, his buttons gradually began to fall off from all parts of his clothes. Gradually, he replaced them with pins, needles, and a mostly intricate combination of matches and wire from lemonade bottles. To make his trousers fit properly, he had to arrogantly stick out his stomach and incessantly, with seeming carelessness, thrust his hands into his pockets.
His position worsened every day. Although it was still a beautiful spring, the Krysakov's buttons were probably quite ripe, because they fell by themselves, without outside help.
There was a crash in Venice. When we were about to go to dinner at some "Nero Chapel", Krysakov sat down in his room on the bed and said sadly:
- Go, and I'll sit.
- What are you, little rat, - I asked sympathetically, - sick?
- Has anyone offended you?
- What then?
- I have not one left ...
- Buttons.
- Buy another suit.
- Yes, I have a suit.
- Where is he?
- In a suitcase.
- So why are you, eccentric, sad? Get it out, change it and let's go.
- I can not. Lost my key.
- Hack!
- Try it! It is made of crocodile skin.
A huge, monstrously swollen suitcase was pulled out of the corner and pounced on it with brutality. First they grabbed the handles - flew off. Grabbed by the straps - the straps burst.
- Open his jaws, - painter Mifasov advised busily, lying on the bed. - Stick a stick in his mouth.
After a half-hour struggle, the monster surrendered. The lock groaned, grunted, the lids unclenched, and his soul flew to the sky.
The first thing that lay at the very top was a winter coat, underneath were galoshes, a paint box and a silk top hat filled to the brim with chalk, tooth powder and toothbrushes.
- Here they are! - said Krysakov happily. - And I've been looking for them since Verzhbolov. And what's that? A vase for brushes ... Why the hell did I get a vase for brushes?
“You'd better,” Sanders said, “took a glass case for a mantel clock or a wall shelf for books.
- Brothers! - Krysakov said enthusiastically, taking out some part of the toilet. - How many buttons, how many buttons! .. It is dazzling right in the eyes ...
He changed his clothes and, grabbing his suitcase, which looked like an animal with a ripped belly, from which the insides fell out, he dragged it into a corner.
- I feel sorry for him, - he said with emotion, straightening up, - I love animals so much ...
- What is it you have now dropped?
- Ah, damn it! Button.
So he traveled with us - cheerful, unpretentious, sometimes dancing among the noisy boulevards, admiring the beauty of the world and dragging his terrible half-open suitcase by a piece of handle, from which sometimes a tube of paint, now a shoe, now a faience ashtray, now a sleeve fell out. shirts, bouncing happily on the uneven sidewalk.
The second member of our expedition - Mifasov (a pseudonym) was a fellow of a completely different kind. I have never met a person more judicious, more circumspect and more knowledgeable than him. This young man saw everything, knows everything - neither nature, nor technology are not a book of secrets for him. He is 25 years old, but by the calm dignity of his manners and wisdom of judgments - he can be given 50. In appearance and costume, he is the complete opposite of poor Krysakov. Everything is sewn up, fitted, the cuffs neatly protrude out of the sleeves, without hiding inside and without crawling out for a quarter of an arshin, the collar judiciously props up the cheeks, and the neck is tied with a real tie, and not the lining from the sleeve of an old frock coat (Krysakov's favorite manner of dressing smartly).
Mifasov's knowledge astounded us.
Already a few hours after leaving Petrograd, this encyclopedic dictionary, this information machine, started working.
- Are we going to pass through Vilna? - asked Krysakov.
- What do you! - Mifasov raised his shoulders. - Where is our road, and where is Vilno. Quite the opposite side. Don't you even know that?
An affectionate reproach shone in his eyes. We drove through Vilno.
4. Discovery of America
Eyewitnesses claim that America was discovered by Christopher Columbus, who was also famous for his strength and intelligence; During a dispute with scientists, Columbus, as proof of the spherical shape of the Earth, crushed a chicken egg in front of those present - without any adaptations. Everyone gasped and believed Columbus.
Columbus received permission to open America conditionally, that is, in the government agreement with Columbus it was literally said:
“We, Ferdinand of Arragon on the one hand and Christopher Columbus on the other, have entered into this agreement that I, Ferdinand, undertake to give him, Columbus, money and ships, and he, Columbus, undertakes to board these ships and sail where have to. In addition, the aforementioned Columbus undertakes to stumble upon the first land that turned up to him and to open it, for which he receives a viceroyalty and a tenth of the income from open lands.
While treating extremely respectfully the memory of the talented Columbus, we nevertheless consider ourselves obliged to illuminate this person from a completely new side, unlike the one that was created by the historical routine.
Here's what we claim:
1) Leaving for the first time from the harbor of Palos (in Spain), Columbus thought only about finding a sea route to India, not even thinking about the discovery of some kind of America there. So there was no merit on his part.
2) Secondly, no America could even be "discovered", because it was already discovered in the 10th century by Scandinavian sailors.
3) And, thirdly, even if the Scandinavian sailors had not got ahead of themselves, Columbus still did not discover any America. Let the readers follow all his behavior in the "discovery of America ...". He swam, swam on the ocean, until one sailor shouted at the top of his lungs: "Earth!" This is who should really be considered the discoverer of America - this honest, inconspicuous worker, this gray hero ... And Columbus wiped him off, moved forward, the admiral put on his uniform, climbed ashore, wiped his forehead with a foulard handkerchief and sighed with relief:
F-fu! I finally discovered America!
Many will argue with us on this point, many will reject our sailor ... Good, sir. But we have another objection: on his first visit, Columbus did not discover any America. This is what he did: he stumbled upon the island of San Salvador (Gwanagani), caused surprise among the natives, and left. Driving, I came across another island - Cuba, landed, caused surprise among the natives and left. Now he stumbled upon the third island of Haiti - according to his already ingrained habit, he landed, caused surprise among the natives and went home to Spain. The question is, where is the discovery of a new continent here, if the vain sailor turned around among the three islands, caused surprise among the natives and left?
Our skepticism was shared by many even at that time. At least when Columbus returned to Spain and announced his discovery, some enlightened people who knew about the visit of the Scandinavians to a new country as early as the 10th century, shrugged their shoulders and, laughing, snapped Columbus:
Also! Discovered America.
Since then, this phrase has acquired a certain sense of irony and mockery of people who reported with a solemn air about well-known facts.
What can be credited to Columbus is his ability to impress the natives and cause them sincere surprise. True, I must admit that both sides were surprised: the Red Indians, when they first met with a wild look, looked at white Europeans, and white Europeans with stunned faces looked at red beardless people, whose entire clothes consisted of their own scalp, famously shifted to one side.
Having admired each other enough, White and Red began to bargain. Both races sincerely considered each other to be complete fools.
White surprised in secret:
And what idiots are these savages! They give away gold earrings, rings and whole ingots in exchange for a penny mirror or a dozen multi-colored glass beads.
And the savages, too, gently nudged each other with their elbows, giggled and shook their heads with the most hopeless air:
These whites make us laugh to the bone with their stupidity: for a simple yellow piece, no more than a fist, they give a whole unbroken mirror or a whole yard of magnificent red red calico!
With subsequent visits by Columbus to America, the exchange trade grew and developed.
The Spaniards brought the Indians leather, guns, gunpowder, slavery and a penchant for robbery and drunkenness.
Grateful Indians gave them potatoes, tobacco and syphilis.
Both sides got even, and no one could blame each other for the lack of generosity: neither Europe nor America.
After the third voyage to America, Columbus began to think about a quiet, calm life without worries and adventures ... In this he was helped by the Spanish king Ferdinand: he chained Columbus and imprisoned. Since at that time all outstanding people were usually burned, this royal favor to Columbus caused many envious people in the latter.
Of these, Cortez is known in history, who conquered Mexico to Spain and won the same favor with the good-natured king as Columbus ...
Eyewitnesses claim that America was discovered by Christopher Columbus, who was famous, in addition, for his strength and intelligence: during a dispute with scientists, Columbus crushed a chicken egg in front of those present - without any adaptations - to prove the spherical shape of the Earth. Everyone gasped and believed Columbus.
Columbus received permission to open America on a conditional basis, that is, in the government agreement with Columbus it was literally said: “We, Ferdinand of Aragon on the one hand and Christopher Columbus on the other, concluded this agreement that I, Ferdinand, undertake to give him, Columbus , money and ships, and he, Columbus, undertakes to board these ships and sail wherever he has to. In addition, the aforementioned Columbus undertakes to stumble upon the first land that turned up to him and to open it, for which he receives a viceroyalty and a tenth of the income from open lands. "
While treating extremely respectfully the memory of the talented Columbus, we nevertheless consider ourselves obliged to illuminate this person from a completely new side, unlike the one that would have been created by the historical routine.
Here's what we claim:
1) leaving for the first time from the harbor of Palos (in Spain), Columbus thought only about finding a sea route to India, not even thinking about the discovery of some kind of America there. So there was no merit on his part;
2) secondly, no America could even be "discovered", because it had already been discovered in the 10th century by Scandinavian sailors;
3) and thirdly, even if the Scandinavian sailors did not get ahead of themselves, Columbus still did not discover any America. Let the readers follow all his behavior in the "discovery of America". He swam, swam on the ocean, until one sailor shouted at the top of his lungs: "Earth!" This is who should really be considered the discoverer of America - this honest, inconspicuous worker, this gray hero ... And Columbus wiped him off, moved forward, the admiral put on his uniform, climbed ashore, wiped his forehead with a foulard handkerchief and sighed with relief:
Ffu! I finally discovered America!
Many will argue with us on this point, many will reject our sailor ... Good, sir. But we have another objection: on his first visit, Columbus did not discover any America. This is what he did: he stumbled upon the island of San Salvador (Gwanagani), caused surprise among the natives, and left. Driving, I came across another island - Cuba, landed, caused surprise among the natives and left. Now I stumbled upon a third island, Haiti, according to its already ingrained habit, landed, aroused surprise among the natives and went home to Spain. The question is, where is the discovery of a new continent, if the vain sailor turned around among the three islands, aroused surprise among the natives and left?
Our skepticism was shared by many even at that time. At least when Columbus returned to Spain and announced his discovery, some enlightened people, who knew about the Scandinavians visiting a new country in the 10th century, shrugged their shoulders and, laughing, snapped Columbus:
Also! Discovered America!
Since then, this phrase has acquired the meaning of irony and mockery of people who reported with a solemn air about well-known facts.
What can be credited to Columbus is the ability to impress the natives and cause them sincere surprise. True, I must admit that both sides were surprised: the Red Indians, when they first met with a wild look, looked at white Europeans, and white Europeans with stunned faces looked at red beardless people, whose entire clothes consisted of their own scalp, famously shifted to one side.
Having admired each other enough, White and Red began to bargain. Both races sincerely considered each other to be complete fools.
White surprised in secret:
And what idiots are these savages! They give away gold earrings, rings and whole ingots in exchange for a penny mirror or a dozen multi-colored glass beads.
And the savages, too, gently nudged each other with their elbows, giggled and shook their heads with the most hopeless air:
These whites will make us laugh to the bone with their stupidity: for a simple piece of iron, no larger than a fist, they give a whole unbroken mirror or a whole yard of magnificent red red calico!
With subsequent visits by Columbus to America, the exchange trade grew and developed.
The Spaniards brought the Indians leather, guns, gunpowder, slavery and a penchant for robbery and drunkenness.
Grateful Indians gave them potatoes, tobacco and syphilis.
Both sides got even, and no one could blame each other for the lack of generosity: neither Europe nor America.
After the third voyage to America, Columbus began to think about a quiet, calm life without worries and adventures. In this he was helped by the Spanish king Ferdinand himself: he chained Columbus and imprisoned. Since at that time all outstanding people were usually burned, this royal favor to Columbus caused many envious people in the latter.
Of these, Cortez is known in history, who conquered Mexico to Spain and won the same favor with the good-natured king as Columbus ...
In the days of Gutenberg, books were printed like this: they cut out raised letters on a wooden board, smeared it with black paint and, putting the board on the paper, sat on it as a mobile energetic press. The purity and clarity of the print depended on the severity of the typographer.
All the merit of Gutenberg was that he attacked the idea of \u200b\u200bcutting out each letter separately and already from these movable letters to add words for printing. It seems that the thought is trifling, and if it had not come to Gutenberg's head, typography would have stuck on wooden boards and humanity would still be sitting in some seventeenth century, not knowing the reason for its backwardness. Horror!
Being a quick-witted person in the field of printing, Gutenberg was a real child in life, and he was not deceived or cheated only by the lazy ... History says that he entered the company with some goldsmith Faust. He took the printing house for himself, and drove Gutenberg away. Gutenberg again found some kind of, as the story goes, "a very rich, responsive person." The sympathetic person also took over the printing house, and drove Gutenberg away. At this time, an even more sympathetic person was found - the Archbishop of Mainz Adolf. He took Gutenberg to him, but did not pay him a penny of his salary, so Gutenberg got rid of starvation only by a hasty flight. So until the end of his life Gutenberg wandered from one swindler to another, until he died in poverty.
Magnetic needle
As for the magnetic needle, an important invention in the history of human culture, the writer of these lines has not achieved a sense: who, in essence, invented the magnetic needle? According to some sources, it was invented by some Flavio Joyo from Amalfi, according to others - it was known during the time of the Crusades.
So figure it out here.
Just in case, Joyo's compatriots erected a monument, and since no one has claimed a patent for this ingenious invention (not for a monument, but for a magnet), magnetic arrows can now be made by anyone who comes hunting.
According to the writer of these lines, there is still one way left for historians by which one can easily check whether Flavio Gioio really invented the magnetic needle.
One has only to find out: did he die in poverty? If so, then he invented the compass.
The examples of Gutenberg, Columbus and others amply confirm this rule.
No less mysterious is the story of the invention of gunpowder. Rumor attributes this merit to the monk Berthold Schwarz, but since there is no evidence that he died in poverty, Schwarz's involvement in the case of the invention of gunpowder is rather doubtful.
We offer the reader a choice: Berthold Schwartz or another monk Roger Bacon, who was credited with the invention of gunpowder in the 13th century. It is said about the latter in history: "... He knew how to make gunpowder, was suspected of heresy, was persecuted and died in prison."
This shows that even at that time everyone was aware of the destructive power of gunpowder and radical measures were taken against it.
The invention of gunpowder revolutionized the art of war.
Previously, experienced, battle-hardened warriors did this: they fettered themselves from head to toe in iron, climbed onto a horse with the help of their servants and rushed into battle. Enemies jumped on such a warrior, chopped him down with sabers, stabbed him with knives, and he sat as if nothing had happened and ironically looked at the enemies. If they pulled him off the horse by the leg, he did not get lost: he lay on the ground and looked ironically at his enemies. They fussed for a long time and in vain around this giant closed oyster, not knowing how to open it, how to get a piece of living human meat from under the iron ... After spending several hours fruitlessly over the knight, the enemies scratched the back of their heads and, cursing, rushed at other enemies, and to loyal servants approached the victor and again dragged him onto his horse.
So they carried this armored scarecrow from place to place until the enemies broke off their edged weapons about it and surrendered.
With the invention of gunpowder, the affairs of the brave introverted knights fell into decay. As soon as such a knight was pulled off his horse and two pounds of gunpowder were placed under him, he immediately opened, scattered to pieces and fell into complete disrepair.
Thus, the invention of gunpowder led to the abolition of personal courage and strength ... Military affairs were reorganized, rifles, cannons appeared, fortified cities crackled, and savages unfamiliar with the use of firearms fell into utter despondency. The Europeans beat them, beat them and despised them on the grounds that they "did not invent gunpowder!"
Discovery of America
Eyewitnesses claim that America was discovered by Christopher Columbus, who was famous, in addition, for his strength and intelligence: during a dispute with scientists, Columbus crushed a chicken egg in front of those present - without any adaptations - to prove the spherical shape of the Earth. Everyone gasped and believed Columbus.
Columbus received permission to open America on a conditional basis, that is, in the government agreement with Columbus it was literally said: “We, Ferdinand of Aragon on the one hand and Christopher Columbus on the other, concluded this agreement that I, Ferdinand, undertake to give him, Columbus , money and ships, and he, Columbus, undertakes to board these ships and sail wherever he has to. In addition, the aforementioned Columbus undertakes to stumble upon the first land that turned up to him and to open it, for which he receives a viceroyalty and a tenth of the income from open lands. "
While treating extremely respectfully the memory of the talented Columbus, we nevertheless consider ourselves obliged to illuminate this person from a completely new side, unlike the one that would have been created by the historical routine.
Here's what we claim:
1) leaving for the first time from the harbor of Palos (in Spain), Columbus thought only about finding a sea route to India, not even thinking about the discovery of some kind of America there. So there was no merit on his part;
2) secondly, no America could even be "discovered", because it had already been discovered in the 10th century by Scandinavian sailors;
3) and thirdly, even if the Scandinavian sailors did not get ahead of themselves, Columbus still did not discover any America. Let the readers follow all his behavior in the "discovery of America". He swam, swam on the ocean, until one sailor shouted at the top of his lungs: "Earth!" This is who should really be considered the discoverer of America - this honest, inconspicuous worker, this gray hero ... And Columbus wiped him off, moved forward, the admiral put on his uniform, climbed ashore, wiped his forehead with a foulard handkerchief and sighed with relief:
Ffu! I finally discovered America!
Many will argue with us on this point, many will reject our sailor ... Good, sir. But we have another objection: on his first visit, Columbus did not discover any America. This is what he did: he stumbled upon the island of San Salvador (Gwanagani), caused surprise among the natives, and left. Driving, I came across another island - Cuba, landed, caused surprise among the natives and left. Now I stumbled upon a third island, Haiti, according to its already ingrained habit, landed, aroused surprise among the natives and went home to Spain. The question is, where is the discovery of a new continent, if the vain sailor turned around among the three islands, aroused surprise among the natives and left?
Our skepticism was shared by many even at that time. At least when Columbus returned to Spain and announced his discovery, some enlightened people, who knew about the Scandinavians visiting a new country in the 10th century, shrugged their shoulders and, laughing, snapped Columbus:
Also! Discovered America!
Since then, this phrase has acquired the meaning of irony and mockery of people who reported with a solemn air about well-known facts.
What can be credited to Columbus is the ability to impress the natives and cause them sincere surprise. True, I must admit that both sides were surprised: the Red Indians, when they first met with a wild look, looked at white Europeans, and white Europeans with stunned faces looked at red beardless people, whose entire clothes consisted of their own scalp, famously shifted to one side.